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Silveira AF, Santos MB, Collange NZ, Hayashi CY, Vilela GHF, Almeida SLSD, Andrade JBCD, Rojas S, Moraes FMD, Veiga VC, Flato UAP, Russo TL, Silva GS. Intracranial compliance in patients with COVID-19: a multicenter observational study. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2024; 82:1-8. [PMID: 39121935 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) may require the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) for prolonged periods. Aggressive MV parameters have been associated with changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with acute intracranial disorders. Significant ICP elevation could compromise intracranial compliance (ICC) and cerebrovascular hemodynamics (CVH). However, the effects of these parameters in individuals without neurological disorders have not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate ICC in patients on MV with COVID-19 infection compared to other diagnoses, to better characterize the effects of MV and COVID-19 upon ICC. We also compared between the ICC in patients with COVID-19 who did not require MV and healthy volunteers, to assess the isolated effect of COVID-19 upon ICC. METHODS This was an exploratory, observational study with a convenience sample. The ICC was evaluated with a noninvasive ICP monitoring device. The P2/P1 ratio was calculated by dividing the amplitude of these two points, being defined as "abnormal" when P2 > P1. The statistical analysis was performed using a mixed linear model with random effects to compare the P2/P1 ratio in all four groups on the first monitoring day. RESULTS A convenience sample of 78 subjects (15 MV-COVID-19, 15 MV non-COVID-19, 24 non-MV-COVID-19, and 24 healthy participants) was prospectively enrolled. There was no difference in P2/P1 ratios between MV patients with and without COVID-19, nor between non-MV patients with COVID-19 and healthy volunteers. However, the P2/P1 ratio was higher in COVID-19 patients with MV use than in those without it. CONCLUSION This exploratory analysis suggests that COVID-19 does not impair ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Silveira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Fisioterapia, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Marcella Barreto Santos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Nelci Zanon Collange
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Centro de Neurocirurgia Pediátrica (CENEPE), São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Brainer Clares de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Salómon Rojas
- Beneficência Portuguesa Hospital, Divisão da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neurológica, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Moulin de Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Cordeiro Veiga
- Beneficência Portuguesa Hospital, Divisão da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neurológica, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Uri Adrian Prync Flato
- Hospital Samaritano, Américas Serviços Médicos, Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Geral, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luiz Russo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Fisioterapia, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Sampaio Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Shukla AK, Awasthi K, Usman K, Banerjee M. Role of renin-angiotensin system/angiotensin converting enzyme-2 mechanism and enhanced COVID-19 susceptibility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:606-622. [PMID: 38680697 PMCID: PMC11045416 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease that caused a global pandemic and is caused by infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus. It has affected over 768 million people worldwide, resulting in approximately 6900000 deaths. High-risk groups, identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, include individuals with conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, chronic lung disease, serious heart conditions, and chronic kidney disease. Research indicates that those with T2DM face a heightened susceptibility to COVID-19 and increased mortality compared to non-diabetic individuals. Examining the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a vital regulator of blood pressure and pulmonary stability, reveals the significance of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 enzymes. ACE converts angiotensin-I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin-II, while ACE2 counters this by converting angiotensin-II to angiotensin 1-7, a vasodilator. Reduced ACE2 expression, common in diabetes, intensifies RAS activity, contributing to conditions like inflammation and fibrosis. Although ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers can be therapeutically beneficial by increasing ACE2 levels, concerns arise regarding the potential elevation of ACE2 receptors on cell membranes, potentially facilitating COVID-19 entry. This review explored the role of the RAS/ACE2 mechanism in amplifying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and associated complications in T2DM. Potential treatment strategies, including recombinant human ACE2 therapy, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, and epigenetic signature detection, are discussed as promising avenues in the battle against this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Shukla
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Komal Awasthi
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kauser Usman
- Department of Medicine, King Georges’ Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Institute of Advanced Molecular Genetics, and Infectious Diseases (IAMGID), University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Siratavičiūtė V, Pangonytė D, Utkienė L, Jusienė L, Marcinkevičienė J, Stanionienė Z, Radikė R. Myocardial Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Protein Expression in Ischemic Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17145. [PMID: 38138974 PMCID: PMC10743033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis plays a significant role in regulating myocardial remodeling and the development of heart failure (HF), with ACE2 being the primary focus. However, contemporary understanding of the membrane-bound form of the human ACE2 protein remains insufficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of ACE2 protein in different cells of the left ventricular myocardium in non-diseased hearts and at various stages of ischemic HF. A total of 103 myocardial tissue samples from the left ventricle underwent quantitative and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Upon assessing ACE2 immunostaining in all myocardial cells through unselective digital image analysis, there was no change in the stage A HF group. Nevertheless, the expression of ACE2 membrane protein in cardiomyocytes showed a tendency to increase, while non-cardiomyocyte ACE2 expression decreased significantly (p < 0.001). In the stage B HF group, the intensity of ACE2 immunostaining continued to increase with rising cardiomyocyte ACE2 expression (p < 0.001). Non-cardiomyocyte expression, in contrast, remained similar to that observed in the stage A HF group. In the stages C/D HF group, ACE2 expression reached its highest level in cardiomyocytes (p < 0.001), while ACE2 expression in non-cardiomyocytes was the lowest (p < 0.001). These changes in ACE2 protein levels are associated with left ventricular remodeling in ischemic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia Pangonytė
- Laboratory of Cardiac Pathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.S.); (L.U.); (L.J.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (R.R.)
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4
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Wang J, Xiang Y, Yang SX, Zhang HM, Li H, Zong QB, Li LW, Zhao LL, Xia RH, Li C, Bao LY, Zhang TC, Liao XH. MIR99AHG inhibits EMT in pulmonary fibrosis via the miR-136-5p/USP4/ACE2 axis. J Transl Med 2022; 20:426. [PMID: 36138468 PMCID: PMC9502606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Abnormally expressed lncRNA can be used as a diagnostic marker for cancer. In this study, we aim to investigate the clinical significance of MIR99AHG expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and its biological roles in LUAD progression. Methods The relative expression of MIR99AHG in LUAD tissues and cell lines was analyzed using public databases and RT-qPCR. The biological functions of MIR99AHG were investigated using a loss-of-function approach. The effect of MIR99AHG on lung fibrosis was assessed by scratch assay, invasion assay and lung fibrosis rat model. FISH, luciferase reporter assay and immunofluorescence were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results LncRNA MIR99AHG expression level was downregulated in LUAD tissues and cell lines. Low MIR99AHG levels were associated with poorer patient overall survival. Functional analysis showed that MIR99AHG is associated with the LUAD malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanistic studies showed that, MIR99AHG functions as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to antagonize miR-136-5p-mediated ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4) degradation, thereby unregulated the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a downstream target gene of USP4, which in turn affected alveolar type II epithelial cell fibrosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In summary, the MIR99AHG/miR-136-5p/USP4/ACE2 signalling axis regulates lung fibrosis and EMT, thus inhibiting LUAD progression. Conclusion This study showed that downregulated MIR99AHG leads to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, overexpression of MIR99AHG may provide a new approach to preventing LUAD progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03633-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xiang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, Tongji Medical College, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Bei Zong
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Wei Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Han Xia
- Yangtze University Health Science Center, Hubei, 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Le-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China.
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Liao PH, Cheng YC, Liu PY, Lee IT. Primary hypothyroidism with an episode of ventricular tachycardia in a patient with COVID-19: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29243. [PMID: 35758352 PMCID: PMC9276193 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a systemic disease with major clinical manifestations in the respiratory system. However, thyroid involvement has also been reported. We present a case of hypothyroidism with ventricular tachycardia following diagnosis with COVID-19. PATIENT CONCERNS A 77-year-old man was admitted to the isolation ward due to COVID-19. After respiratory support and medical treatment, the patient was successfully weaned off the ventilator. However, an episode of short-run ventricular tachycardia was detected, and primary hypothyroidism was also diagnosed. DIAGNOSIS Ventricular tachycardia was detected by electrocardiography. INTERVENTIONS Intravenous amiodarone administration and oral levothyroxine replacement. OUTCOMES No arrhythmia detected following treatment. LESSONS Awareness of the association between hypothyroidism and COVID-19 is important in preventing possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hsu Liao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Te Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Zhao M, Tian C, Cong S, Di X, Wang K. From COVID-19 to Sarcoidosis: How Similar Are These Two Diseases? Front Immunol 2022; 13:877303. [PMID: 35615369 PMCID: PMC9124764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), leads to the dysregulation of the immune system, exacerbates inflammatory responses, and even causes multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with severe disease. Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic granulomatous multisystem disease characterized by dense epithelioid non-necrotizing lesions with varying degrees of lymphocytic inflammation. These two diseases have similar clinical manifestations and may also influence each other and affect their clinical courses. In this study, we analyzed some possible connections between sarcoidosis and COVID-19, including the role of the renin–angiotensin system in the respiratory system, immune response, and cell death pathways, to understand the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, predisposing patients to severe forms of COVID-19. This review will provide a new prospect for the treatment of COVID-19 and an opportunity to explore the pathogenesis and development of sarcoidosis.
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7
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Badraoui R, Alrashedi MM, El-May MV, Bardakci F. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:6842-6851. [PMID: 32752936 PMCID: PMC7484582 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1803139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a form of respiratory failure in human. The number of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing this severe pneumonia (ARDS) is relatively high. In fact, COVID-19 might get worsen in ARDS and provoke respiratory failure. A better understood of ARDS key features and the pathophysiological injuries of the pulmonary parenchyma are linked to lessons learned from previous severe diseases associated previous coronaviruses outbreaks (especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more the ongoing SARS-CoV-2. The ARDS mechanism includes a diffuse alveolar damage associated disruption of alveolar capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, damaged endothelium and increased permeability. A diffuse inflammation, with acute onset, on the lung tissue accompanied by release of biochemical signal and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6) leading to hypoxemia, low PaO2/FiO2 ratio and the chest radiological expression of bilateral infiltrates in ARDS. The ongoing outbreak could lead to a better understood of ARDS pathophysiology and prognostic. An overview is also highlighted about the seven coronaviruses proved to infect human especially those having ability to cause severe disease SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we focused on the major pathological mechanisms leading to the ARDS development as a result of viral infection, severe COVID-19 worsening. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Badraoui
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of General Biology, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
- Section of Histology - Cytology, Medicine College of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, La Rabta-Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Histo-Embryology and Cytogenetic, Medicine College of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mousa M. Alrashedi
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of General Biology, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michèle Véronique El-May
- Section of Histology - Cytology, Medicine College of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, La Rabta-Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fevzi Bardakci
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of General Biology, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genetics, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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8
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Onohuean H, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Batiha GES. Covid-19 and development of heart failure: mystery and truth. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:2013-2021. [PMID: 34480616 PMCID: PMC8417660 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a novel worldwide pandemic caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During Covid-19 pandemic, socioeconomic deprivation, social isolation, and reduced physical activities may induce heart failure (HF), destabilization, and cause more complications. HF appears as a potential hazard due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, chiefly in elderly patients with underlying comorbidities. In reality, the expression of cardiac ACE2 is implicated as a target point for SARS-CoV-2-induced acute cardiac injury. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, like other febrile illnesses, high blood viscosity, exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, and endothelial dysfunction-induced coagulation disorders may increase risk of HF development. Hypoxic respiratory failure, as in pulmonary edema, severe acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may affect heart hemodynamic stability due to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Indeed, Covid-19-induced HF could be through the development of cytokine storm, characterized by high proliferation pro-inflammatory cytokines. In cytokine storm-mediated cardiac dysfunction, there is a positive correlation between levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and myocarditis-induced acute cardiac injury biomarkers. Therefore, Covid-19-induced HF is more complex and related from a molecular background in releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines to the neuro-metabolic derangements that together affect cardiomyocyte functions and development of HF. Anti-heart failure medications, mainly digoxin and carvedilol, have potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory properties that may mitigate Covid-19 severity and development of HF. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to the development of HF due to direct acute cardiac injury or through the development of cytokine storms, which depress cardiomyocyte function and cardiac contractility. Anti-heart failure drugs, mainly digoxin and carvedilol, may attenuate severity of HF by reducing the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent the development of cytokine storms in severely affected Covid-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Onohuean
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biopharmaceutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western-Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida M. Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511 Egypt
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9
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Almengló C, Couselo-Seijas M, Agra RM, Varela-Román A, García-Acuña JM, González-Peteiro M, González-Juanatey JR, Eiras S, Álvarez E. Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme levels in heart failure or acute coronary syndrome: revisiting its modulation and prognosis value. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1741-1753. [PMID: 34529122 PMCID: PMC8443916 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main objective was to compare the meaning of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (sACE2) plasma levels modulation on the prognosis of two cohorts of heart failure (HF) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We conducted an observational clinical study where sACE2 was measured in two cohorts of HF or ACS (102 patients each), matched by age and gender. The primary endpoint (cardiac death) and the secondary endpoints (non-fatal myocardial infarction or HF readmission) were registered during a 5-year follow-up period. Association with pharmacotherapy was studied, and the effects of cardiovascular drugs on ACE isoforms expression were analysed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. The levels of sACE2 were significantly higher in the HF than ACS cohort. sACE2 was inversely related with the leukocytes number and directly with urea levels. In the ACS cohort, sACE2 was associated with age and glycaemic parameters, but in the HF cohort, the association was with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. The levels of sACE2 were related to long-term prognosis and confirmed as a non-independent predictor in the HF cohort. Soluble ACE2 was higher in patients treated with angiotensin receptors blockers and β-blockers, accordingly with losartan and metoprolol upregulation of ACE1 and ACE2 in HUVECs. Plasma levels of sACE2 were higher in HF than in ACS, independently of age and gender, and were related to long-term cardiac death in the HF cohort. Losartan and metoprolol, but not enalapril, upregulated ACE expression in endothelial cells, accordingly with higher levels of sACE2 in patients using these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Almengló
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marinela Couselo-Seijas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rosa M Agra
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad de Hemodinámica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alfonso Varela-Román
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad de Hemodinámica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - José M García-Acuña
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad de Hemodinámica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mercedes González-Peteiro
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - José R González-Juanatey
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad de Hemodinámica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana S/N, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain. .,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The present review discusses the peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recent Findings Nerve pain and skeletal muscle injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome, cranial polyneuritis, neuromuscular junction disorders, neuro-ophthalmological disorders, neurosensory hearing loss, and dysautonomia have been reported as PNS manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Summary Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19. COVID-19 has shown syndromic complexity. Not only does SARS-CoV-2 affect the central nervous system but also it involves the PNS. The PNS involvement may be due to dysregulation of the immune system attributable to COVID-19. Here we review the broad spectrum of PNS involvement of COVID-19.
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Tuli HS, Sood S, Kaur J, Kumar P, Seth P, Punia S, Yadav P, Sharma AK, Aggarwal D, Sak K. Mechanistic insight into anti-COVID-19 drugs: recent trends and advancements. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:110. [PMID: 33552835 PMCID: PMC7851641 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been established now to be a deadly disease afflicting the whole world with worst consequences on healthcare, economy and day-to-day life activities. Being a communicable disease, which is highly pathogenic in humans, causing cough, throat infection, breathing problems, high fever, muscle pain, and may lead to death in some cases especially those having other comorbid conditions such as heart or kidney problems, and diabetes. Finding an appropriate drug and vaccine candidate against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains an ultimate and immediate goal for the global scientific community. Based on previous studies in the literature on SARS-CoV infection, there are a number of drugs that may inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and its infection. Such drugs comprise of inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2), nonstructural protein 3C-like protease, nonstructural RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and many more. The antiviral drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir as inhibitors for HIV protease, nucleotide analogue remdesivir, and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are available to treat the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, this review article is planned to gain insight into the mechanism for blocking the entry of SARS-CoV-2, its validation, other inhibition mechanisms, and development of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Shivani Sood
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), The Volcani Center, 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Prachi Seth
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana India
| | - Sandeep Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala, India
| | - Priya Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
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SARS-CoV-2 and the reproductive system: known and the unknown..!! MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 26:1. [PMID: 33437145 PMCID: PMC7789900 DOI: 10.1186/s43043-020-00046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is the most recent zoonotic outbreak of coronaviruses. Mostly, it invades the cells of the respiratory system by binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is also present in other organs like the kidney, testis, ovaries, breast, heart, and intestine, rendering them prone to be infected. The reproductive potential is a must for the sustenance of any species and it is our prime duty to safeguard the reproductive system of the present generation from such a deadly virus. The previously reported coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) had a detrimental impact on reproductive organs. There is a dearth of sufficient research to provide substantial evidence for the harmful effects of this novel virus on the reproductive system. Hence, our review compiles the knowledge available until now to boost research in this regard and to take the necessary steps in time. Main body of abstract Here we tried to compile all the data available on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the reproductive system as well as vertical transmission of the virus. All related articles published from February to August 2020 were reviewed and thoroughly analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 has been found to affect the sperm concentration and motility, thus degrading the fertility of males. In females, it is suspected that this virus affects the oocyte quality and ovarian function, resulting in infertility or miscarriage. Traces of SARS-CoV-2 virus have also been found in the breast milk of the infected mothers and the semen of infected males. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has also been reported in some cases. Conclusion Based on the literature review, SARS-CoV-2 seems to have the potential of affecting both male and female reproductive tracts. This review brings together the findings and observations made in the area of reproductive health during the current pandemic. The reproductive system of the young population is preordained for subsequent disorders, infertility, reduced sperm count, and motility. Therefore, the research and medical practices should focus on possible vulnerability being posed by SARS-CoV-2 to the gametes and future generations. We, hereby, recommend close monitoring of young and pregnant COVID-19 patients concerning reproductive health with utmost priority.
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Rathi H, Burman V, Datta SK, Rana SV, Mirza AA, Saha S, Kumar R, Naithani M. Review on COVID-19 Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Treatment Available with Emphasis on ACE2. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 36:3-22. [PMID: 33424145 PMCID: PMC7778574 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, Wuhan city in the Hubei province of China reported for the first time a cluster of patients infected with a novel coronavirus, since then there has been an outburst of this disease across the globe affecting millions of human inhabitants. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a member of beta coronavirus family which upon exposure caused a highly infectious disease called novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19, a probably bat originated disease was declared by World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic in March 2020. Since then, despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the disease has affected nearly 56,261,952 laboratory confirmed human population and caused deaths of over 1,349,506 lives worldwide. Virus passes in majority through respiratory droplets and then enters lung epithelial cells by binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and there it undergoes replication and targeting host cells causing severe pathogenesis. Majority of human population exposed to SARS-CoV-2 having fully functional immune system undergo asymptomatic infection while 5-10% are symptomatic and only 1-2% are critically affected and requires ventilation support. Older people or people with co-morbidities are severely affected by COVID-19. These categories of patients also display cytokine storm due to dysfunctional immune response which brutally destroys the affected organs and may lead to death in some. Real time PCR is still considered as standard method of diagnosis along with other serology, radiological and biochemical investigations. Till date, no specific validated medication is available for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Thus, this review provides detailed knowledge about the different landscapes of disease incidence, etiopathogenesis, involvement of various organs, diagnostic criteria's and treatment guidelines followed for management of COVID-19 infection since its inception. In conclusion, extensive research to recognize novel pathways and their cross talk to combat this virus in precarious settings is our future positive hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Rathi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Vishakha Burman
- Department of Biotechnology, SVBP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sudip Kumar Datta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Satya Vati Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Anissa Atif Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Manisha Naithani
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global health crisis of our time. The disease arises from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on host cells for its internalization. COVID-19 has a wide range of respiratory symptoms from mild to severe and affects several other organs, increasing the complexity of the treatment. There is accumulating evidence to suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can target the nervous system. In this review, we provide an account of the COVID-19 central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. Recent Findings A broad spectrum of the CNS manifestations including headache, impaired consciousness, delirium, loss of smell and taste, encephalitis, seizures, strokes, myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neurogenic respiratory failure, encephalopathy, silent hypoxemia, generalized myoclonus, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and Kawasaki syndrome has been reported in patients with COVID-19. Summary CNS manifestations associated with COVID-19 should be considered in clinical practice. There is a need for modification of current protocols and standing orders to provide better care for COVID-19 patients presenting with neurological symptoms.
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15
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Cheng H, Wang Y, Wang G. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:726-730. [PMID: 32221983 PMCID: PMC7317908 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the correlation between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and severe risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the possible mechanisms. ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The classical RAS ACE-Ang II-AT1R regulatory axis and the ACE2-Ang 1-7-MasR counter-regulatory axis play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in humans. ACE2 is widely distributed in the heart, kidneys, lungs, and testes. ACE2 antagonizes the activation of the classical RAS system and protects against organ damage, protecting against hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Similar to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 also uses the ACE2 receptor to invade human alveolar epithelial cells. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical high-mortality disease, and ACE2 has a protective effect on this type of acute lung injury. Current research shows that the poor prognosis of patients with COVID-19 is related to factors such as sex (male), age (>60 years), underlying diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), secondary ARDS, and other relevant factors. Because of these protective effects of ACE2 on chronic underlying diseases and ARDS, the development of spike protein-based vaccine and drugs enhancing ACE2 activity may become one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Angiotensin I/therapeutic use
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
- Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/complications
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Pandemics
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/complications
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sex Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver DiseasesPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver DiseasesPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Gui‐Qiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver DiseasesPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Liver DiseasesPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
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16
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Tomasoni D, Italia L, Adamo M, Inciardi RM, Lombardi CM, Solomon SD, Metra M. COVID-19 and heart failure: from infection to inflammation and angiotensin II stimulation. Searching for evidence from a new disease. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22:957-966. [PMID: 32412156 PMCID: PMC7273093 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cardiovascular disease and, namely, heart failure are more susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and have a more severe clinical course once infected. Heart failure and myocardial damage, shown by increased troponin plasma levels, occur in at least 10% of patients hospitalized for COVID‐19 with higher percentages, 25% to 35% or more, when patients critically ill or with concomitant cardiac disease are considered. Myocardial injury may be elicited by multiple mechanisms, including those occurring with all severe infections, such as fever, tachycardia, adrenergic stimulation, as well as those caused by an exaggerated inflammatory response, endotheliitis and, in some cases, myocarditis that have been shown in patients with COVID‐19. A key role may be that of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infects human cells binding to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme responsible for the cleavage of angiotensin II into angiotensin 1–7, which has vasodilating and anti‐inflammatory effects. Virus‐mediated down‐regulation of ACE2 may increase angiotensin II stimulation and contribute to the deleterious hyper‐inflammatory reaction of COVID‐19. On the other hand, ACE2 may be up‐regulated in patients with cardiac disease and treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE2 up‐regulation may increase the susceptibility to COVID‐19 but may be also protective vs. angiotensin II‐mediated vasoconstriction and inflammatory activation. Recent data show the lack of untoward effects of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for COVID‐19 infection and severity. Prospective trials are needed to ascertain whether these drugs may have protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tomasoni
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Italia
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo M Inciardi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo M Lombardi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Metra
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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17
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Assessment of Pregabalin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats: Mechanistic Role of Angiotensin 1–7. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 20:301-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Binder C, Poglitsch M, Agibetov A, Duca F, Zotter-Tufaro C, Nitsche C, Aschauer S, Kammerlander AA, Oeztuerk B, Hengstenberg C, Mascherbauer J, Bonderman D. Angs (Angiotensins) of the Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System Predict Outcome in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Hypertension 2019; 74:285-294. [PMID: 31230551 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the development and progression of heart failure (HF). In addition to the classical renin-angiotensin pathway, an alternative pathway produces Angs (angiotensins), which counteract the negative effects of Ang II. We hypothesized that Ang profiling could provide insights into the pathogenesis and prognosis of HF with preserved ejection fraction. We aimed to investigate the effects of Angs on outcome in HF with preserved ejection fraction. Consecutive patients were included into a prospective single-center registry. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters were assessed and serum samples were taken at baseline and measured by mass spectroscopy. Serum equilibrium levels were analyzed in regard to the combined clinical end point of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization. In total, 155 patients were included during a median follow-up time of 22.5 (interquartile range, 4.0-61.0) months, 52 individuals (34%) reached the combined end point. We identified higher levels of Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-5 as predictors for poor outcome. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, Ang 1-5 remained predictive for poor outcome. In addition to Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-5, the novel ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) independent Ang composite marker [Ang 1-7+Ang 1-5] was shown to predict adverse events. We conclude that Angs of the alternative renin-angiotensin system seem to play a role in HF with preserved ejection fraction and are linked to outcome in patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction. Ang 1-5 and the alternative renin-angiotensin system composite marker [Ang 1-7+Ang 1-5] are independent predictors of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Binder
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Asan Agibetov
- Section for Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (A.A.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Duca
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Zotter-Tufaro
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Nitsche
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Aschauer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas A Kammerlander
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Beguem Oeztuerk
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Mascherbauer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Bonderman
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (C.B., F.D., C.Z.-T., C.N., S.A., A.A.K., B.O., C.H., J.M., D.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Castardeli C, Sartório CL, Pimentel EB, Forechi L, Mill JG. The ACE 2 activator diminazene aceturate (DIZE) improves left ventricular diastolic dysfunction following myocardial infarction in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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20
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Araújo AAD, Araújo LDS, Medeiros CACXD, Leitão RFDC, Brito GADC, Costa DVDS, Guerra GCB, Garcia VB, Lima MLDS, Araújo Junior RFD. Protective effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker against oxidative stress and inflammation in an oral mucositis experimental model. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:972-984. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Postgraduate Programs in Public Health and Pharmaceutical Science Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology Federal University of Rio Grande Norte Natal Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Addison Carvalho Xavier de Medeiros
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology UFRN Natal Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science and Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia/Renorbio Federal University of Rio Grande Norte Natal Brazil
| | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Postgraduate Programs in Pharmacology and Morphology Department of Morphology/Pharmacology Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
| | | | - Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra
- Postgraduate Programs in Postgraduate Program in Biological Science/Pharmaceutical Science Department of Biophysical and Pharmacology UFRN Natal Brazil
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21
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Feng Q, Lu C, Wang L, Song L, Li C, Uppada RC. Effects of renal denervation on cardiac oxidative stress and local activity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system in acute myocardial infracted dogs. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:65. [PMID: 28212603 PMCID: PMC5316157 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study sought to evaluate the therapeutic effects of renal denervation (RDN) on acute myocardial infarction (MI) in canines and explore its possible mechanisms of action. Methods Eighteen healthy mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to either the control group, the MI group or the MI + RDN group. To assess cardiac function, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) and fraction shortening (FS) were recorded. Additionally, haemodynamic parameters such as left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and heart rate (HR) were measured. Cardiac oxidative stress levels were evaluated based on the expression of p47phox mRNA, malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-superoxide anion free radical (ASAFR) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). To measure the local activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), angiotensin II (AngII), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1–7) [Ang(1–7)] and Mas receptor (MasR) in myocardial tissues were recorded. The expression of TH in renal tissue and serum creatinine were used to assess the effectiveness of the RDN procedure and renal function, respectively. Results We found that MI deteriorated heart function and activated cardiac oxidative stress and the local neurohumoral system, while RDN partially reversed these changes. Compared with the control group, parameters including LVEDD, LVESD, LVEDP and the levels of ASAFR, MDA, p47phox,ACE2, Ang(1–7), MasR, AngII and TH-positive nerves were increased (all P < 0.05) in myocardial infracted dogs; meanwhile, LVEF, FS, LVSP and SOD expression were decreased (all P < 0.05). However, after RDN therapy, these changes were significantly improved (P < 0.05), except that there were no significant differences observed in FS or LVSP between the two groups (P = 0.092 and 0.931, respectively). Importantly, the expression of TH, AngII and Ang(1–7) was positively correlated with MDA and negatively correlated with SOD. Between-group comparisons demonstrated no differences in serum creatinine (P = 0.706). Conclusions RDN attenuated cardiac remodelling and improved heart function by decreasing the level of cardiac oxidative stress and the local activity of the SNS and RAS in cardiac tissues. Additionally, the safety of the RDN procedure was established, as no significant decrease in LVSP or rise in serum creatinine was observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Feng
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Department of Digestion, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ravi Chandra Uppada
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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22
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Abstract
The health of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems is inextricably linked to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Physiologically speaking, a balance between the vasodeleterious (Angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]/Angiotensin II [Ang II]/Ang II type 1 receptor [AT1R]) and vasoprotective (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2]/Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor [MasR]) components of the RAS is critical for cardiopulmonary homeostasis. Upregulation of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis shifts the system toward vasoconstriction, proliferation, hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis, all factors that contribute to the development and progression of cardiopulmonary diseases. Conversely, stimulation of the vasoprotective ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis produces a counter-regulatory response that promotes cardiovascular health. Current research is investigating novel strategies to augment actions of the vasoprotective RAS components, particularly ACE2, in order to treat various pathologies. Although multiple approaches to increase the activity of ACE2 have displayed beneficial effects against experimental disease models, the mechanisms behind its protective actions remain incompletely understood. Recent work demonstrating a non-catalytic role for ACE2 in amino acid transport in the gut has led us to speculate that the therapeutic effects of ACE2 can be mediated, in part, by its actions on the gastrointestinal tract and/or gut microbiome. This is consistent with emerging data which suggest that dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiomes is associated with cardiopulmonary disease. This review highlights new developments in the protective actions of ACE2 against cardiopulmonary disorders, discusses innovative approaches to targeting ACE2 for therapy, and explores an evolving role for gut and lung microbiota in cardiopulmonary health.
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Agrawal V, Gupta JK, Qureshi SS, Vishwakarma VK. Role of cardiac renin angiotensin system in ischemia reperfusion injury and preconditioning of heart. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:856-861. [PMID: 27931559 PMCID: PMC5143827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-vascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Ischemia is a state of oxygen deprivation in tissues, whereas reperfusion is restoration of blood flow in ischemic tissues. Myocardial damage of tissue during reperfusion after ischemic insult is known as myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. It induces damage to cardiac muscle via increasing expression of oxygen, sodium and calcium ions which are responsible in the activation of proteases and cell death. Heart renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Angiotensin (1–7) is responsible for vasodilation and angiotensin II for vasoconstriction. Here-in we reviewed how myocardial I/R injury sets in by up-regulation of angiotensin II that leads to increased infarct size, which can be reduced by the use of ACE inhibitors, ACE2 activators and angiotensin II antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India
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Pan WQ, He YH, Su Q, Yang J, Fang YH, Ding FH, Yan XX, Liu ZH, Wang XQ, Yang K, Zhang RY, Shen WF, Zhang FR, Lu L. Association of decreased serum vasostatin-2 level with ischemic chronic heart failure and with MACE in 3-year follow-up: Vasostatin-2 prevents heart failure in myocardial infarction rats. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:1-11. [PMID: 27395818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether serum vasostatin-2 level is related to chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) and MACE in 3-year follow-up. The biological effect of vasostatin-2 on ischemic HF was evaluated in animal experiments. METHODS After exclusion of the subjects not eligible, this study included 450 patients with CHF and previous MI, and 149 healthy controls. Serum vasostatin-2 level was analyzed. CHF patients were followed up for three years and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were recorded, defined as reinfarction, target-vessel revascularization, cardiovascular death and refractory HF requiring hospitalizations. RESULTS Notably, serum vasostatin-2 level was decreased in CHF patients than in controls, and significant difference was observed between CHF patients with MACE and those without (both P<0.05). Vasostatin-2 level was correlated with HF stages (Spearman's r=-0.288, P<0.05), LVEF (r=0.377, P<0.05) and pro-BNP level (r=-0.294, P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that vasostatin-2, conventional risk factors, severity of HF stages and LVEF were independently associated with MACE in CHF patients. Vasostatin-2 (100μg) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally every other day in MI rats, follow by echocardiography, hemodynamic analysis after 2months. Compared with PBS, vasostatin-2 treatment prevented ischemic HF in MI rats, accompanied with reduction of infarct size, remodeling, fibrosis and inflammation, mainly through inhibition of Rho, Wnt and TLR-4 pathways and modulation of renin-angiotensin system. CONCLUSION Decreased serum vasostatin-2 level is associated with ischemic CHF and with MACE in three-year follow-up. Intraperitoneal injection of vasostatin-2 protects against ischemic HF in MI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qi Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hu He
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Hua Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xiang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Qun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ru Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Li N, Gao F, Song R, Zhu S, Geng Z. Balance between angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in patients with chronic heart failure. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16:553-8. [PMID: 25869724 DOI: 10.1177/1470320315576257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an endogenous counter-regulator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. However, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/ACE2 balance in the development of human heart failure is not well established. METHODS Here we evaluated the expression of ACE and ACE2 at the mRNA and protein levels in the myocardium of 78 patients with mild or moderate to severe heart failure and in 13 cases with normal myocardium. RESULTS In the myocardium of patients with dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy, ACE and ACE2 expression at the mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased compared with those in normal myocardium (P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively). The ratios of ACE/ACE2 mRNA and ACE/ACE2 were lower in the myocardium of patients with mild heart failure than those in normal myocardium but higher than those in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. CONCLUSIONS ACE and ACE2 expression at the mRNA and protein levels are significantly increased in the myocardium of patients with heart failure. The compensatory mechanism of patients with mild heart may cause the decreased ACE/ACE2 ratio. However, increased ACE/ACE2 ratios may induce angiotensin II over-activation and accelerate cardiac remodeling in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Rong Song
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Shanjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Zhaohua Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, China
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders. Angiotensin II (Ang-II), the final product of this pathway, is known for its vasoconstrictive and proliferative effects. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a newly discovered homolog of ACE, plays a key role as the central negative regulator of the RAS. It diverts the generation of vasoactive Ang-II into the vasodilatory and growth inhibiting peptide angiotensin(1-7) [Ang(1-7)], thereby providing counter-regulatory responses to neurohormonal activation. There is substantial experimental evidence evaluating the role of ACE2/Ang(1-7) in hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we aim to focus on the conceptual facts of the ACE2-Ang(1-7) axis with regards to clinical implications and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disorders, with emphasis on the potential therapeutic role in cardiovascular diseases.
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Patel SK, Velkoska E, Freeman M, Wai B, Lancefield TF, Burrell LM. From gene to protein-experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension. Front Physiol 2014; 5:227. [PMID: 25009501 PMCID: PMC4067757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary events, heart and renal failure, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in its pathogenesis. Within the RAS, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin (Ang) I into the vasoconstrictor Ang II. An “alternate” arm of the RAS now exists in which ACE2 counterbalances the effects of the classic RAS through degradation of Ang II, and generation of the vasodilator Ang 1-7. ACE2 is highly expressed in the heart, blood vessels, and kidney. The catalytically active ectodomain of ACE2 undergoes shedding, resulting in ACE2 in the circulation. The ACE2 gene maps to a quantitative trait locus on the X chromosome in three strains of genetically hypertensive rats, suggesting that ACE2 may be a candidate gene for hypertension. It is hypothesized that disruption of tissue ACE/ACE2 balance results in changes in blood pressure, with increased ACE2 expression protecting against increased blood pressure, and ACE2 deficiency contributing to hypertension. Experimental hypertension studies have measured ACE2 in either the heart or kidney and/or plasma, and have reported that deletion or inhibition of ACE2 leads to hypertension, whilst enhancing ACE2 protects against the development of hypertension, hence increasing ACE2 may be a therapeutic option for the management of high blood pressure in man. There have been relatively few studies of ACE2, either at the gene or the circulating level in patients with hypertension. Plasma ACE2 activity is low in healthy subjects, but elevated in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular disease. Genetic studies have investigated ACE2 gene polymorphisms with either hypertension or blood pressure, and have produced largely inconsistent findings. This review discusses the evidence regarding ACE2 in experimental hypertension models and the association between circulating ACE2 activity and ACE2 polymorphisms with blood pressure and arterial hypertension in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Patel
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Elena Velkoska
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan Wai
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia ; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Terase F Lancefield
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia ; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia ; Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, University of Melbourne Epping, VIC, Australia
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Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Liu FF, Zhang K, Zhang C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24776703 PMCID: PMC7097196 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and its product angiotensin 1–7 are thought to have effects that counteract the adverse actions of other, better-known renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components Numerous experimental studies have suggested that ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 have notable protective effects in the heart and blood vessels ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the functional importance and signalling mechanisms of angiotensin-1–7-induced actions remain unclear New pharmacological interventions targeting ACE2 are expected to be useful in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially those associated with overactivation of the conventional RAS More studies, especially randomized controlled clinical trials, are needed to clearly delineate the benefits of therapies targeting angiotensin 1–7 actions
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of the better-known members of the renin–angiotensin system and might, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professor Jiang and colleagues review the evidence for the potential roles of these proteins in various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has pivotal roles in the regulation of normal physiology and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other, better known and understood, members of the RAS. The physiological and pathological importance of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 in the cardiovascular system are not completely understood, but numerous experimental studies have indicated that these components have protective effects in the heart and blood vessels. Here, we provide an overview on the basic properties of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 and a summary of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies of various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes mellitus. ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the relevant functions and signalling mechanisms of actions induced by angiotensin 1–7 have not been conclusively determined. The ACE2–angiotensin 1–7 pathway, however, might provide a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Varagic J, Ahmad S, Nagata S, Ferrario CM. ACE2: angiotensin II/angiotensin-(1-7) balance in cardiac and renal injury. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:420. [PMID: 24510672 PMCID: PMC4286874 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our current recognition of the renin-angiotensin system is more convoluted than originally thought due to the discovery of multiple novel enzymes, peptides, and receptors inherent in this interactive biochemical cascade. Over the last decade, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has emerged as a key player in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease due to its pivotal role in metabolizing vasoconstrictive/hypertrophic/proliferative angiotensin II into favorable angiotensin-(1-7). This review addresses the considerable advancement in research on the role of tissue ACE2 in the development and progression of hypertension and cardiac and renal injury. We summarize the results from recent clinical and experimental studies suggesting that serum or urine soluble ACE2 may serve as a novel biomarker or independent risk factor relevant for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiorenal disease. We also review recent proceedings on novel therapeutic approaches to enhance ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Varagic
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA,
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Qi Y, Zhang J, Cole-Jeffrey CT, Shenoy V, Espejo A, Hanna M, Song C, Pepine CJ, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. Diminazene aceturate enhances angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and attenuates ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology. Hypertension 2013; 62:746-52. [PMID: 23959549 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a critical role against myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that activation of intrinsic ACE2 would be protective against ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology. Diminazene aceturate (DIZE), a small molecule ACE2 activator, has been used to evaluate this hypothesis. DIZE (15 mg/kg per day, s.c.) was injected 2 days before MI surgery and continued throughout the study period. MI rats showed a 62% decrease in fractional shortening (%; control, 51.1±3.2; DIZE alone, 52.1±3.2; MI, 19.1±3.0), a 55% decrease in contractility (dP/dtmax mm Hg/s; control, 9480±425.3; DIZE alone, 9585±597.4; MI, 4251±657.7), and a 27% increase in ventricular hypertrophy (mg/mm; control, 26.5±1.5; DIZE alone, 26.9±1.4; MI, 33.4±1.1). DIZE attenuated the MI-induced decrease in fractional shortening by 89%, improved dP/dtmax by 92%, and reversed ventricular hypertrophy by 18%. MI also significantly increased ACE and angiotensin type 1 receptor levels but decreased ACE2 activity by 40% (control, 246.2±25.1; DIZE alone, 254.2±20.6; MI, 148.9±29.2; RFU/min), which was reversed by DIZE treatment. Thus, DIZE treatment decreased the infarct area, attenuated LV remodeling post-MI, and restored normal balance of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. In addition, DIZE treatment increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells, increased engraftment of cardiac progenitor cells, and decreased inflammatory cells in peri-infarct cardiac regions. All of the beneficial effects associated with DIZE treatment were abolished by C-16, an ACE2 inhibitor. Collectively, DIZE and DIZE-like small molecules may represent promising new therapeutic agents for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Qi
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.
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Song B, Jin H, Yu X, Zhang Z, Yu H, Ye J, Xu Y, Zhou T, Oudit GY, Ye JY, Chen C, Gao P, Zhu D, Penninger JM, Zhong JC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates oxidative stress and VSMC proliferation via the JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3 and profilin-1/MAPK signaling pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 185:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Patel SK, Velkoska E, Burrell LM. Emerging markers in cardiovascular disease: Where does angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 fit in? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:551-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Patel
- Department of Medicine; University of Melbourne; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Elena Velkoska
- Department of Medicine; University of Melbourne; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine; University of Melbourne; Austin Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Usefulness of angiotensin-(1-7) to predict myocardial salvage after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:614-6. [PMID: 23473823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Combination renin-angiotensin system blockade and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in experimental myocardial infarction: implications for future therapeutic directions. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:649-58. [PMID: 22715807 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is activated after MI (myocardial infarction), and RAS blockade with ACEis [ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors] or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) slows but does not completely prevent progression to heart failure. Cardiac ACE is increased after MI and leads to the formation of the vasoconstrictor AngII (angiotensin II). The enzyme ACE2 is also activated after MI and degrades AngII to generate the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)]. Overexpression of ACE2 offers cardioprotective effects in experimental MI, but there is conflicting evidence as to whether the benefits of ACEis and ARBs are mediated through increasing ACE2 after MI. In the present study, we assessed the effect of an ACEi and ARB, alone and in combination, on cardiac ACE2 in a rat MI model. MI rats received vehicle, ACEi (ramipril; 1 mg/kg of body weight), ARB (valsartan; 10 mg/kg of body weight) or combination (ramipril at 1 mg/kg of body weight and valsartan at 10 mg/kg of body weight) orally for 28 days. Sham-operated rats were also studied and received vehicle alone. MI increased LV (left ventricular) mass (P<0.0001), impaired cardiac contractility (P<0.05) and activated cardiac ACE2 with increased gene (P<0.05) and protein expression (viable myocardium, P<0.05; border zone, P<0.001; infarct, P<0.05). Ramipril and valsartan improved remodelling (P<0.05), with no additional effect of dual therapy. Although ramipril inhibited ACE, and valsartan blocked the angiotensin receptor, neither treatment alone nor in combination augmented cardiac ACE2 expression. These results suggest that the cardioprotective effects of ramipril and valsartan are not mediated through up-regulation of cardiac ACE2. Strategies that do augment ACE2 after MI may be a useful addition to standard RAS blockade after MI.
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Alghamri MS, Weir NM, Anstadt MP, Elased KM, Gurley SB, Morris M. Enhanced angiotensin II-induced cardiac and aortic remodeling in ACE2 knockout mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012; 18:138-51. [PMID: 23043153 DOI: 10.1177/1074248412460124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is present in the heart and thought to exert protective functions. We conducted studies in ACE2 deficient mice to determine whether enzyme loss would exacerbate the cardiac and vascular pathological responses to chronic subcutaneous (sc) angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. Eight-week-old male ACE2 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice were infused with Ang II (1000 ng/kg per min, 4 weeks) using mini-osmotic pumps. Blood pressure (radiotelemetry), cardiac function (echocardiography, echo), cardiac/aortic structure (histology, collagen, and oxidative stress), and vascular inflammation were examined. Before Ang II infusion, ACE2 KO mice showed unaltered cardiac function and blood pressure. After 4 weeks of Ang II infusion, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased from 96 ± 2 to 136 ± 17 mm Hg (∼40%) in WT and from 104 ± 5 to 141 ± 13 mm Hg (∼ 35%) in ACE2 KO. While there were no differences in MAP between groups, the ACE2 KO responded differently to the hypertensive stimulus. Echo analysis revealed severe myocardial dysfunction in Ang II-infused ACE2 KO (Ang ACE2 KO). Ejection fraction was lower (39% versus 50%) as was fractional shortening (27% versus 38%) in ACE2 KO versus WT, respectively. Cardiac dysfunction was associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy shown by increased left-ventricular wall thickness, average cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, and heart weight/body weight ratio. Collagen staining in the myocardium and aorta revealed increased collagen in Ang ACE2 KO, suggestive of remodeling. Results also showed enhanced oxidative stress in the myocardium and aorta of Ang ACE2 KO. There was a 3-fold elevation in macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP 1α) in the aorta of ACE2 KO. Studies in the ACE2 KO model reveal the importance of ACE2 in the maladaptive cardiac and aortic responses to Ang II stimulation, seen as enhanced remodeling using physiological, structural, and biochemical markers. Results document a cardio- and vascular-protective role of ACE2 under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
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36
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The ACE2 gene: its potential as a functional candidate for cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 124:65-76. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20120269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RAS (renin–angiotensin system) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of CVD (cardiovascular disease), and RAS blockade is an important therapeutic strategy in the management of CVD. A new counterbalancing arm of the RAS is now known to exist in which ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2 degrades Ang (angiotensin) II, the main effector of the classic RAS, and generates Ang-(1–7). Altered ACE2 expression is associated with cardiac and vascular disease in experimental models of CVD, and ACE2 is increased in failing human hearts and atherosclerotic vessels. In man, circulating ACE2 activity increases with coronary heart disease, as well as heart failure, and a large proportion of the variation in plasma ACE2 levels has been attributed to hereditary factors. The ACE2 gene maps to chromosome Xp22 and this paper reviews the evidence associating ACE2 gene variation with CVD and considers clues to potential functional ACE2 variants that may alter gene expression or transcriptional activity. Studies to date have investigated ACE2 gene associations in hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary artery disease, but the results have been inconsistent. The discrepancies may reflect the sample size of the studies, the gender or ethnicity of subjects, the cardiovascular phenotype or the ACE2 SNP investigated. The frequent observation of apparent sex-dependence might be of special importance, if confirmed. As yet, there are no studies to concurrently assess ACE2 gene polymorphisms and circulating ACE2 activity. Large-scale carefully conducted clinical studies are urgently needed to clarify more precisely the potential role of ACE2 in the CVD continuum.
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Novel aspects of angiotensin II action in the heart. Implications to myocardial ischemia and heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 166:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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