1
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Kiani P, Hassanzadeh G, Jameie SB, Batouli SAH. Exploration of the white matter bundles connected to the pineal gland: A DTI study. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:1571-1584. [PMID: 39102045 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pineal gland (PG) is a structure located in the midline of the brain, and is considered as a main part of the epithalamus. There are reports on the role of this area for brain function by hormone secretion, as well as few reports on its role in brain cognition. However, little knowledge is available on the PG, and in particular on the structural connectivity of this region with the other brain structures. METHODS Using diffusion-weighted images collected by a 3T MRI scanner, and using a sample of 61 (29 F) mentally and physically healthy young individuals in the age range of 20-30 years old, we tried to extract the white matter bundles connected to the PG. Based on prior knowledge, seven target bundles were suggested to be between the PG body and the PG roots, Pons, Periventricular region, thalamus, caudate, lentiform, suprachiasmatic nuclei, and the supercervical ganglia. RESULTS Nearly all the target bundles were successfully extracted, with the exception of the lentiform. Rate of identification of the tracts was different, with the bundle between the PG body and roots having the highest identification rate (97%); then it was with the Pons (70%), Periventricular region (57%), SCN (55%), left thalamus (52%), right thalamus (47%), left caudate (27%) and right caudate (22%). CONCLUSION This study is an attempt to expand our knowledge on the neuroanatomy of the PG, which might help for identifying further roles for it in brain functionality, and also be a help for the treatment of some disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Kiani
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No.88, Italia Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No.88, Italia Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Digital Health, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No.88, Italia Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran.
- BrainEE Research Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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McDowell MM, Kim S, Greene S. Clinical and Radiographic Features of Pineal Cysts in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients. World Neurosurg 2023; 176:e719-e727. [PMID: 37315894 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M McDowell
- Division of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Song Kim
- Division of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Greene
- Division of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Takahashi T, Wood SJ, Yung AR, Nelson B, Lin A, Yuen HP, Phillips LJ, Suzuki M, McGorry PD, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C. Pineal morphology of the clinical high-risk state for psychosis and different psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2022; 244:1-7. [PMID: 35487129 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pineal volume reductions have been reported in schizophrenia and clinical high-risk states for the development of psychosis, supporting the role of melatonin dysregulation in the pathophysiology of psychosis. However, it remains unclear whether pineal volume is associated with the later onset of psychosis in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) of psychosis or if pineal atrophy is specific to schizophrenia among different psychotic disorders. METHODS This magnetic resonance imaging study examined the volume of and cyst prevalence in the pineal gland in 135 individuals at CHR of psychosis [52 (38.5%) subsequently developed psychosis], 162 with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 89 with chronic schizophrenia, and 87 healthy controls. The potential contribution of the pineal morphology to clinical characteristics was also examined in the CHR and FEP groups. RESULTS Pineal volumes did not differ significantly between the CHR, FEP, and chronic schizophrenia groups, but were significantly smaller than that in healthy controls. However, pineal volumes were not associated with the later onset of psychosis in the CHR group or FEP sub-diagnosis (i.e., schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, affective psychosis, and other psychoses). No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of pineal cysts between the groups, and it also did not correlate with clinical characteristics in the CHR and FEP groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pineal atrophy is a general vulnerability marker of psychosis, while pineal cysts do not appear to contribute to the pathophysiology of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison R Yung
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Lisa J Phillips
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia; Neuropsychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; North Western Mental Health, Western Hospital Sunshine, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Sisakhti M, Shafaghi L, Batouli SAH. The Volumetric Changes of the Pineal Gland with Age: An Atlas-based Structural Analysis. Exp Aging Res 2022; 48:474-504. [DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2033593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Sisakhti
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Shafaghi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Computational Cognition, Humanlab Technologies, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Leon-Llamas JL, Villafaina S, Murillo-Garcia A, Rohlfs Domínguez P, Gusi N. Relationship between pineal gland, sleep and melatonin in fibromyalgia women: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2021; 34:1-9. [PMID: 34903309 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A total of 80% of fibromyalgia (FM) population have reported poor sleep. In this regard, the pineal gland, involved in circadian rhythm processes as a key neuroendocrine organ which mainly synthesises and secretes melatonin, has never been studied before in this population. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the parenchyma pineal volume and its relation to sleep hours, sleep quality index and melatonin level at night. A total of 50 participants, 30 women with FM and 20 healthy control women underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging. The total pineal volume, cyst pineal volume and parenchyma pineal volume were manually calculated in cubic millimetres. Also, the total pineal volume was estimated using Hasehawa method. Parenchyma pineal volume was significantly correlated with sleep hours (p-value = 0.041) and nocturnal melatonin level (p-value = 0.027). Moreover, there was also a non-significant correlation between parenchyma pineal volume and sleep quality index (p-value = 0.055). Furthermore, a mean parenchyma pineal volume of 102.00 (41.46) mm³ was observed, with a prevalence of 29.60% cyst in FM group. This is the first study that has reported pineal gland volumes, cyst prevalence and correlative relationships between parenchyma pineal volume and sleep hours and melatonin levels in women with FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Leon-Llamas
- AFYCAV Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Santos Villafaina
- AFYCAV Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Teacher Training Collegue, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alvaro Murillo-Garcia
- AFYCAV Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez
- AFYCAV Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, School of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Psychology and Education, Faculty of Education, University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Narcis Gusi
- AFYCAV Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Potential contribution of pineal atrophy and pineal cysts toward vulnerability and clinical characteristics of psychosis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102805. [PMID: 34461434 PMCID: PMC8405969 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies reported pineal gland atrophy in schizophrenia patients and individuals at a clinical high risk of developing psychosis, implicating abnormalities in melatonin secretion in the pathophysiology of psychosis. However, it currently remains unclear whether the morphology of the pineal gland contributes to symptomatology and sociocognitive functions. METHODS This MRI study examined pineal gland volumes and the prevalence of pineal cysts as well as their relationship with clinical characteristics in 57 at risk mental state (ARMS) subjects, 63 patients with schizophrenia, and 61 healthy controls. The Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) were used to assess sociocognitive functions, while the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was employed to evaluate clinical symptoms in ARMS subjects and schizophrenia patients. RESULTS Pineal gland volumes were significantly smaller in the ARMS and schizophrenia groups than in the controls, while no significant differences were observed in the prevalence of pineal cysts. Although BACS, SCoRS, and SOFAS scores were not associated with pineal morphology, patients with pineal cysts in the schizophrenia group exhibited severe positive psychotic symptoms with rather mild negative symptoms. CONCLUSION The present results indicate the potential of pineal atrophy as a vulnerability marker in various stages of psychosis and suggest that pineal cysts influence the clinical subtype of schizophrenia.
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7
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Razavi F, Raminfard S, Kalantar Hormozi H, Sisakhti M, Batouli SAH. A Probabilistic Atlas of the Pineal Gland in the Standard Space. Front Neuroinform 2021; 15:554229. [PMID: 34079447 PMCID: PMC8165226 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2021.554229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pineal gland (PG) is a structure located in the midline of the brain, and is considered as a main part of the epithalamus. There are numerous reports on the facilitatory role of this area for brain function; hormone secretion and its role in sleep cycle are the major reports. However, reports are rarely available on the direct role of this structure in brain cognition and in information processing. A suggestion for the limited number of such studies is the lack of a standard atlas for the PG; none of the available MRI templates and atlases has provided parcellations for this structure. In this study, we used the three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted MRI data of 152 healthy young volunteers, and provided a probabilistic map of the PG in the standard Montreal Neurologic Institute (MNI) space. The methods included collecting the data using a 64-channel head coil on a 3-Tesla Prisma MRI Scanner, manual delineation of the PG by two experts, and robust template and atlas construction algorithms. This atlas is freely accessible, and we hope importing this atlas in the well-known neuroimaging software packages would help to identify other probable roles of the PG in brain function. It could also be used to study pineal cysts, for volumetric analyses, and to test any associations between the cognitive abilities of the human and the structure of the PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Razavi
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Raminfard
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Kalantar Hormozi
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Sisakhti
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Is there any relationship between autism and pineal gland volume? Pol J Radiol 2021; 86:e225-e231. [PMID: 34093919 PMCID: PMC8147713 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2021.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abnormalities in melatonin physiology and circadian rhythm are detected in patients with autism. Melatonin is produced predominantly in the pineal gland and the amount of melatonin released is proportional to the pineal gland volume. This study aimed to examine whether the pineal gland volume in children with autism is different from that in healthy children. Material and methods Brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 120 paediatric patients with autism and 82 control paediatric subjects were examined; pineal parenchymal volume (PPV), pineal cyst rate (PCR), and total pineal gland volume (TPGV) were measured using a multimodality viewer (MMV), but only the TPGVs were measured using a tumour tracking (TT) method. Measurements were taken by 2 separate radiologists. Results In patients with autism, the PPV and TPGV according to MMV, and the TPGV according to TT were significantly lower, and the PCR was significantly higher. Moreover, the ratio of PPV to TPGV was significantly lower in the autism patient group. In both groups, the TPGVs were significantly lower in the autism patient group than the controls among all age groups. Conclusions Our study was the first to examine TPGVs in detail in paediatric patients with autism using 2 different methods. Low PPV-TPGV and high PCR have been observed in autism. This study also provides comparable reference values for pineal gland size in healthy children or autistic children aged 2-17 years. These results show promising potential for further research to understand the relationship between autism pathogenesis and the pineal gland.
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9
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Gheban BA, Colosi HA, Gheban-Rosca IA, Pop B, Domșa AMT, Georgiu C, Gheban D, Crișan D, Crișan M. Age-Related Changes of the Pineal Gland in Humans: A Digital Anatomo-Histological Morphometric Study on Autopsy Cases with Comparison to Predigital-Era Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57040383. [PMID: 33921100 PMCID: PMC8071372 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The pineal gland is a photoneuroendocrine organ in the midline of the brain, responsible primarily for melatonin synthesis. It is composed mainly of pinealocytes and glial tissue. This study examined human postmortem pineal glands to microscopically assess age-related changes using digital techniques, and offers a perspective on evolutionary tendencies compared to the past. Materials and Methods: A retrospective autopsy study has been performed on 72 pediatric and adult autopsy cases. The glands have been processed for histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Slides were assessed under polarized light and digitally scanned. Morphometric data were obtained using CaseViewer and ImageJ. Results: Thirty-three females and 39 males were included in the study, grouped under three age groups: 0–25, 46–65, and 66–96 years of age. The peak gland volume was found within the 46–65 age group, the overall mean volume was 519 mm3, the main architectural types were lobular and insular, and the mean percentage of pineal calcification was 15% of the gland, peaking within the 66–96 age group, with a predominantly globular shape. Glial cysts were found in 20.8% of cases. The intensity of GFAP stain was maximal in the pediatric age group, but the extent of glial tissue was much larger in elderly patients. Discussion: The degenerative process of the pineal gland can be quantified by measuring normal parenchyma, calcifications, glial tissue, and glial cysts. Morphometric differences have been observed and compared to a similar studies performed in the published literature. The current study, unfortunately, lacks a 26–45 age group. Digital techniques seemed to offer a more exact analysis, but returned similar results to studies performed over 40 years ago, therefore offering important information on evolutionary tendencies. Conclusions: Increase in glial tissue, calcifications, and glial cysts have a defining role as age-related changes in the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan-Alexandru Gheban
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.P.); (A.-M.T.D.); (C.G.); (D.G.); (D.C.)
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (B.-A.G.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Horațiu Alexandru Colosi
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.-A.G.); (H.A.C.)
| | | | - Bogdan Pop
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.P.); (A.-M.T.D.); (C.G.); (D.G.); (D.C.)
- The Oncology Institute “Ion Chiricuţă”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Teodora Domșa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.P.); (A.-M.T.D.); (C.G.); (D.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Carmen Georgiu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.P.); (A.-M.T.D.); (C.G.); (D.G.); (D.C.)
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dan Gheban
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.P.); (A.-M.T.D.); (C.G.); (D.G.); (D.C.)
- Children’s Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doinița Crișan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.P.); (A.-M.T.D.); (C.G.); (D.G.); (D.C.)
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Maria Crișan
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Park J, Han JW, Lee JR, Byun S, Suh SW, Kim T, Yoon IY, Kim KW. Lifetime coffee consumption, pineal gland volume, and sleep quality in late life. Sleep 2019; 41:5053876. [PMID: 30011049 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Previous studies have shown that coffee consumption may suppress the production of melatonin in pinealocytes through competitive inhibition of adenosine A2 receptors by caffeine. We investigated the impact of lifetime coffee consumption on pineal gland volume and the resulting effects on sleep quality. Methods We enrolled 162 cognitively normal elderly individuals among the participants in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging and Dementia. We evaluated the patterns and amounts of coffee consumption using a study-specific standardized interview and assessed sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. We measured the volume of pineal parenchyma (VPP) by manually segmenting the pineal gland on high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. We examined the impact of lifetime coffee consumption on the VPP and the resulting effects on sleep quality using analysis of covariance, multiple linear regression, and mediation analyses. Results We found that smaller VPP was associated with higher cumulative lifetime coffee consumption. Participants who consumed more than 60 cup-years of coffee had VPPs that were smaller by about 20% than individuals who consumed less than 60 cup-years of coffee. The VPP mediated the association between lifetime coffee consumption and sleep efficiency and quality. Conclusions Our findings suggest that high lifetime coffee consumption may reduce VPP, and that this reduction in VPP may impair the quality of sleep in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongbin Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ju Ri Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seonjeong Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seung Wan Suh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - In Young Yoon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Matsuoka T, Imai A, Fujimoto H, Kato Y, Shibata K, Nakamura K, Yokota H, Yamada K, Narumoto J. Neural Correlates of Sleep Disturbance in Alzheimer's Disease: Role of the Precuneus in Sleep Disturbance. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:957-964. [PMID: 29710710 PMCID: PMC6004892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sleep disturbance may affect the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the neural correlates of sleep disturbance in AD have not been fully clarified. Objective: To examine the factors associated with sleep disturbance in AD. Methods: A retrospective study was performed in 63 patients with AD. None of the patients had been prescribed antidementia or psychoactive drugs, and all underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before medication. Sleep disturbance was defined as a score of at least 1 point on the sleep disturbance subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Whole brain image analysis was performed using SPM8 and VBM8. A two-sample t-test was used to compare patients with AD with (n = 19) and without (n = 44) sleep disturbance, with age and gender included as covariates. The statistical thresholds were set to an uncorrected p-value of 0.001 at the voxel level and a corrected p-value of 0.05 at the cluster level. In addition, pineal gland volume (PGV) measured using MRI, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) assessed with the modified Fazekas scale were compared between patients with AD with and without sleep disturbance using independent group t-tests. Results: In whole brain analysis, the precuneus volume in patients with AD with sleep disturbance was significantly smaller than those without sleep disturbance. There were no significant differences in PGV and WMH between the two groups. Conclusion: Sleep disturbance in AD was associated with reduction of precuneus volume. This suggests that the precuneus might be an important region in sleep disturbance in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayu Imai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shibata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaeko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Yokota
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin Narumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Takahashi T, Nakamura M, Sasabayashi D, Nishikawa Y, Takayanagi Y, Nishiyama S, Higuchi Y, Furuichi A, Kido M, Noguchi K, Suzuki M. Reduced pineal gland volume across the stages of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:163-170. [PMID: 30527931 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A few magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies reported reduced pineal gland volume in chronic schizophrenia (Sz), implicating the involvement of melatonin in the pathophysiology of the illness. However, it is not known whether this abnormality, if present, exists at the early illness stages and/or develops progressively over the course of the illness. This MRI study examined pineal gland volume in 64 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FESz), 40 patients with chronic Sz, 22 individuals with at-risk mental state (ARMS), and 84 healthy controls. Longitudinal changes in pineal volume (mean inter-scan interval = 2.5 ± 0.7 years) were also examined in a subsample of 23 FESz, 16 chronic Sz, and 21 healthy subjects. In the cross-sectional comparison, the ARMS, FESz, and chronic Sz groups had significantly smaller pineal volume to the same degree as compared with healthy controls. A longitudinal comparison demonstrated that pineal volume did not change over time in any group. There was no association between pineal volume and clinical variables (e.g., symptom severity, medication) in the ARMS and Sz groups. The results suggest that a smaller pineal gland may be a static vulnerability marker of Sz, which probably reflects an early neurodevelopmental abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Mihoko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Daiki Sasabayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nishikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Takayanagi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shimako Nishiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuko Higuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Furuichi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mikio Kido
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyo Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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13
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Raghuprasad MS, Manivannan M. Volumetric and Morphometric Analysis of Pineal and Pituitary Glands of an Indian Inedial Subject. Ann Neurosci 2019; 25:279-288. [PMID: 31000968 DOI: 10.1159/000487067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inedia (Latin for "fasting") is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone. Purpose In this study, we report the unusual sizes and volumes of both the pineal and pituitary glands in a subject with inedia state for nearly 70 years. Methods The pineal and pituitary glands were located in the MRI of the subject from coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Segmentation of the pineal and pituitary glands was performed using level set active contours method. Results The overall volume, size, and shape of the glands were calculated as 38.7604 mm3 for the pineal gland and 272.552 mm3 for the pituitary gland and compared with that of the normal volumes (94.2 ± 40.65 mm3 and 320-718 mm3 , respectively). Conclusion It was found that the subject has significantly low pineal and pituitary volumes, which fall under the category of normal young child and we could show that the neurohormonal morphology of inedia subject is within childhood range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Raghuprasad
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M Manivannan
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
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14
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Maruani A, Dumas G, Beggiato A, Traut N, Peyre H, Cohen-Freoua A, Amsellem F, Elmaleh M, Germanaud D, Launay JM, Bourgeron T, Toro R, Delorme R. Morning Plasma Melatonin Differences in Autism: Beyond the Impact of Pineal Gland Volume. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:11. [PMID: 30787884 PMCID: PMC6372551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While low plasma melatonin, a neuro-hormone synthesized in the pineal gland, has been frequently associated with autism, our understanding of the mechanisms behind it have remained unclear. In this exploratory study, we hypothesized that low melatonin levels in ASD could be linked to a decrease of the pineal gland volume (PGV). PGV estimates with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a voxel-based volumetric measurement method and early morning plasma melatonin levels were evaluated for 215 participants, including 78 individuals with ASD, 90 unaffected relatives, and 47 controls. We first found that both early morning melatonin level and PGV were lower in patients compared to controls. We secondly built a linear model and observed that plasma melatonin was correlated to the group of the participant, but also to the PGV. To further understand the relationship between PGV and melatonin, we generated a normative model of the PGV relationship with melatonin level based on control participant data. We found an effect of PGV on normalized melatonin levels in ASD. Melatonin deficit appeared however more related to the group of the subject. Thus, melatonin variations in ASD could be mainly driven by melatonin pathway dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maruani
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anita Beggiato
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Traut
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Cohen-Freoua
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Amsellem
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Monique Elmaleh
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David Germanaud
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Neuropaediatric Team, UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Biochemistry Department, INSERM U942, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris EA 3621, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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15
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Weaver LK, Wilson SH, Lindblad AS, Churchill S, Deru K, Price R, Williams CS, Orrison WW, Patel JB, Walker JM, Meehan A, Mirow S. Comprehensive Evaluation of Healthy Volunteers Using Multi-Modality Brain Injury Assessments: An Exploratory, Observational Study. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1030. [PMID: 30631299 PMCID: PMC6315163 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Even though mild traumatic brain injury is common and can result in persistent symptoms, traditional measurement tools can be insensitive in detecting functional deficits after injury. Some newer assessments do not have well-established norms, and little is known about how these measures perform over time or how cross-domain assessments correlate with one another. We conducted an exploratory study to measure the distribution, stability, and correlation of results from assessments used in mild traumatic brain injury in healthy, community-dwelling adults. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, healthy adult men and women without a history of brain injury underwent a comprehensive brain injury evaluation that included self-report questionnaires and neurological, electroencephalography, sleep, audiology/vestibular, autonomic, visual, neuroimaging, and laboratory testing. Most testing was performed at 3 intervals over 6 months. Results: The study enrolled 83 participants, and 75 were included in the primary analysis. Mean age was 38 years, 58 were male, and 53 were civilians. Participants did not endorse symptoms of post-concussive syndrome, PTSD, or depression. Abnormal neurological examination findings were rare, and 6 had generalized slowing on electroencephalography. Actigraphy and sleep diary showed good sleep maintenance efficiency, but 21 reported poor sleep quality. Heart rate variability was most stable over time in the sleep segment. Dynavision performance was normal, but 41 participants had abnormal ocular torsion. On eye tracking, circular, horizontal ramp, and reading tasks were more likely to be abnormal than other tasks. Most participants had normal hearing, videonystagmography, and rotational chair testing, but computerized dynamic posturography was abnormal in up to 21% of participants. Twenty-two participants had greater than expected white matter changes for age by MRI. Most abnormal findings were dispersed across the population, though a few participants had clusters of abnormalities. Conclusions: Despite our efforts to enroll normal, healthy volunteers, abnormalities on some measures were surprisingly common. Trial Registration: This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov, trial identifier NCT01925963.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindell K. Weaver
- Division of Hyperbaric Medicine Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, United States
- Intermountain LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | | | - Susan Churchill
- Division of Hyperbaric Medicine Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, United States
- Intermountain LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kayla Deru
- Division of Hyperbaric Medicine Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, United States
- Intermountain LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Robert Price
- Evans Army Community Hospital, Fort Carson, CO, United States
| | | | | | - Jigar B. Patel
- Lovelace Biomedical Research, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - James M. Walker
- Lovelace Biomedical Research, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Anna Meehan
- Lovelace Biomedical Research, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Susan Mirow
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Lovelace Biomedical Research, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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16
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Carpenter JS, Abelmann AC, Hatton SN, Robillard R, Hermens DF, Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB. Pineal volume and evening melatonin in young people with affective disorders. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1741-1750. [PMID: 27812851 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Affective disorders in young people have been associated with disruptions in circadian rhythms, including abnormalities in secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin. Previous research reports relationships between pineal gland volumes, melatonin secretion, and sleep-wake cycles, but the relationship between these factors has not been explored in affective disorders. This study aimed to characterize these factors and explore associations with mood symptoms and functioning in a sample of young people with affective disorders. Pineal volume from magnetic resonance imaging and melatonin assay from evening dim-light saliva collection were evaluated in 50 individuals (15-30 years old; 72 % female) with bipolar, depressive, or anxiety disorders. Actigraphy monitoring was also conducted for approximately two weeks to derive sleep-wake measures. Pineal volume was associated with melatonin secretion across the evening, replicating previous findings in psychiatrically healthy individuals. Pineal volume was smaller in participants in which melatonin onset was not detected. Timing of melatonin secretion was related to sleep timing, but amount of melatonin and pineal volume were not related to any sleep-wake measures. A shorter phase angle between onset of melatonin secretion and sleep onset was associated with longer total sleep time. Lower melatonin levels were associated with poorer social and occupational functioning. Although pineal volume is not directly related to sleep disturbances or symptoms, melatonin may influence both sleep-wake cycles and functioning in the early stages of affective disorder. Causal links remain to be established, however, treatments that target circadian rhythms may be useful in improving functioning in young people with affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S Carpenter
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Amy C Abelmann
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rébecca Robillard
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Maxwell R Bennett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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17
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Matsuoka T, Imai A, Fujimoto H, Kato Y, Shibata K, Nakamura K, Yokota H, Yamada K, Narumoto J. Reduced Pineal Volume in Alzheimer Disease: A Retrospective Cross-sectional MR Imaging Study. Radiology 2018; 286:239-248. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Matsuoka
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Ayu Imai
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Fujimoto
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Yuka Kato
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Keisuke Shibata
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Kaeko Nakamura
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Hajime Yokota
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Kei Yamada
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Jin Narumoto
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.M., A.I., H.F., Y.K., K.S., K.N., J.N.) and Radiology (H.Y., K.Y.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (H.Y.)
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18
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Tsutsumi S, Ono H, Yasumoto Y. The suprapineal recess of the third ventricle: an anatomic study with magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 39:725-730. [PMID: 27942944 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The suprapineal recess (SPR) is a small, backward extension of the third ventricle. Few radiological studies have investigated the morphology of the SPR. Here, we explore the SPR with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. METHODS A total of 124 patients underwent thin-slice MR imaging examinations with T2-weighted imaging and the constructive interference steady-state (CISS) sequence. Imaging data were transferred to a workstation for analysis. RESULTS The pineal gland (P) was delineated in 99% of the patients on T2-weighted imaging and 100% of the patients on the CISS sequence. In contrast, the SPR was identified in 27% of the patients on T2-weighted imaging and 82% of the patients on the CISS sequence. The location of the P relative to the lowest point of the splenium was roughly classified into two types. Of them, the anterior P location was the more frequent type and observed in 73% of the patients. The angle formed by the roof and floor of the SPR showed remarkable interindividual diversity. A membranous posterior extension with variable length, spanning between the posterosuperior margin of the P and Galenic complex was found in 55% of the identified SPRs on T2-weighted imaging and 45% on the CISS sequence. CONCLUSIONS The SPR is a distinct structure with diversity in appearance among individuals but commonly extends posterior to the P. High-resolution MR imaging is useful for delineating the SPR in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan.
| | - Hideo Ono
- Division of Radiological Technology, Medical Satellite Yaesu Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Yasumoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
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19
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Starke RM, Cappuzzo JM, Erickson NJ, Sherman JH. Pineal cysts and other pineal region malignancies: determining factors predictive of hydrocephalus and malignancy. J Neurosurg 2016; 127:249-254. [PMID: 27767399 DOI: 10.3171/2016.8.jns16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cystic lesions of the pineal gland are most often uncomplicated benign lesions with typical MRI characteristics. The authors aimed to study pineal lesion characteristics on MRI to better distinguish benign pineal cysts from other pineal region malignancies as well as to determine which characteristics were predictive of the latter malignancies. They also aimed to study risk factors predictive of hydrocephalus or malignancy in patients harboring these lesions. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of a prospectively compiled database documenting the outcomes of patients with suspected pineal cysts on MRI who had presented in the period from 1998 to 2004. Inherent patient and lesion characteristics were assessed in a univariate logistic regression analysis to predict the following dependent variables: development of hydrocephalus, biopsy-confirmed malignancy, and intervention. Possible inherent patient and lesion characteristics included age, sex, T1 and T2 MRI signal pattern, contrast enhancement pattern, presence of cyst, presence of blood, complexity of lesion, presence of calcification, and duration of follow-up. Inherent patient and lesion characteristics that were predictive in the univariate analysis (p < 0.15) were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 79 patients with benign-appearing pineal cysts, 26 (33%) were male and 53 (67%) were female, with a median age of 38 years (range 9-86 years). The median cyst radius was 5 mm (range 1-20 mm). Two patients (2.5%) had evidence of calcifications, 7 (9%) had multicystic lesions, and 25 (32%) had some evidence of contrast enhancement. The median follow-up interval was 3 years (range 0.5-13 years). Seven patients (9%) had an increase in the size of their lesion over time. Eight patients (10%) had a hemorrhage, and 11 patients (14%) developed hydrocephalus. Nine (11%) received ventriculoperitoneal shunts for the development of hydrocephalus, and 12 patients (16%) were found to have malignancies following biopsy or resection. In the multivariate analysis, contrast enhancement on MRI (OR 1.6, 95% CI 2.86-74.74, p = 0.013) and hemorrhage (OR 26.9, 95% CI 3.4-212.7, p = 0.022) were predictive of hydrocephalus. Increasing lesion size and hydrocephalus were near perfect predictors of malignancy and thus were removed from multivariate analysis. In addition, contrast enhancement on MRI (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.0-38.6, p = 0.004) and hemorrhage (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.1-40.5, p = 0.036) were predictive of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Although cystic abnormalities of the pineal gland are often benign lesions, they are frequently monitored over time, as other pineal region pathologies may appear similarly on MRI. Patients with growing lesions, contrast enhancement, and hemorrhage on MRI are more likely to develop hydrocephalus and have malignant pathology on histological examination and should therefore be followed up with serial MRI with a lower threshold for neurosurgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Starke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | - Jonathan H Sherman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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20
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Sigurdardottir LG, Markt SC, Sigurdsson S, Aspelund T, Fall K, Schernhammer E, Rider JR, Launer L, Harris T, Stampfer MJ, Gudnason V, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW, Valdimarsdottir UA, Mucci LA. Pineal Gland Volume Assessed by MRI and Its Correlation with 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Levels among Older Men. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:461-9. [PMID: 27449477 DOI: 10.1177/0748730416656948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin, and its volume may influence melatonin levels. We describe an innovative method for estimating pineal volume in humans and present the association of pineal parenchyma volume with levels of the primary melatonin metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin. We selected a random sample of 122 older Icelandic men nested within the AGES-Reykjavik cohort and measured their total pineal volume, their parenchyma volume, and the extent of calcification and cysts. For volume estimations we used manual segmentation of magnetic resonance images in the axial plane with simultaneous side-by-side view of the sagittal and coronal plane. We used multivariable adjusted linear regression models to estimate the association of pineal parenchyma volume and baseline characteristics, including 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels. We used logistic regression to test for differences in first morning urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels among men with or without cystic or calcified glands. The pineal glands varied in volume, shape, and composition. Cysts were present in 59% of the glands and calcifications in 21%. The mean total pineal volume measured 207 mm(3) (range 65-536 mm(3)) and parenchyma volume 178 mm(3) (range 65-503 mm(3)). In multivariable-adjusted models, pineal parenchyma volume was positively correlated with 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels (β = 0.52, p < 0.001). Levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin did not differ significantly by presence of cysts or calcification. By using an innovative method for pineal assessment, we found pineal parenchyma volume to be positively correlated with 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels, in line with other recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara G Sigurdardottir
- Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sarah C Markt
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thor Aspelund
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistcs, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer R Rider
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Unnur A Valdimarsdottir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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MRI-based assessment of the pineal gland in a large population of children aged 0-5 years and comparison with pineoblastoma: part I, the solid gland. Neuroradiology 2016; 58:705-12. [PMID: 27130616 PMCID: PMC4958126 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-016-1684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Differentiation between normal solid (non-cystic) pineal glands and pineal pathologies on brain MRI is difficult. The aim of this study was to assess the size of the solid pineal gland in children (0–5 years) and compare the findings with published pineoblastoma cases. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the size (width, height, planimetric area) of solid pineal glands in 184 non-retinoblastoma patients (73 female, 111 male) aged 0–5 years on MRI. The effect of age and gender on gland size was evaluated. Linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the relation between size and age. Ninety-nine percent prediction intervals around the mean were added to construct a normal size range per age, with the upper bound of the predictive interval as the parameter of interest as a cutoff for normalcy. Results There was no significant interaction of gender and age for all the three pineal gland parameters (width, height, and area). Linear regression analysis gave 99 % upper prediction bounds of 7.9, 4.8, and 25.4 mm2, respectively, for width, height, and area. The slopes (size increase per month) of each parameter were 0.046, 0.023, and 0.202, respectively. Ninety-three percent (95 % CI 66–100 %) of asymptomatic solid pineoblastomas were larger in size than the 99 % upper bound. Conclusion This study establishes norms for solid pineal gland size in non-retinoblastoma children aged 0–5 years. Knowledge of the size of the normal pineal gland is helpful for detection of pineal gland abnormalities, particularly pineoblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00234-016-1684-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Assessment of Pineal Gland Volume and Calcification in Healthy Subjects: Is it Related to Aging? J Belg Soc Radiol 2016; 100:13. [PMID: 30038974 PMCID: PMC5854269 DOI: 10.5334/jbr-btr.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The human pineal gland is a small neuroendocrine organ which produces melatonin. The main goal of this study was to provide a reference range for pineal volume in all age groups and to determine calcified and noncalcified tissue and their proportions, which may be a reflection of melatonin production in all age groups, by using very thin computerized tomography (CT) slices. Materials and methods: A total of 167 outpatients had undergone cranial CT. Each of the subject’s total pineal volume (TPV), calcified pineal volume (CPV) and noncalcified pineal volume (NPV) according to age groups were calculated in cubic millimeters. Also, proportion of calcification (POC) was noted. Results: The median values were 88.5 mm3 (12.3 mm3–411mm3) for TPV, 74.3 mm3 (12.3 mm3–298 mm3) for NPV, and 3.9 mm3 (0 mm3–141 mm3) for CPV. POC showed a gradual increase from 0–49 years. In the ≥70 group, when compared with the 60–69 age group, CPV and POC values were significantly lower (P: 0.036, P: 0.034, respectively). Conclusion: This study brings a radiological point of view to the distribution of pineal calcification according to age that has a link with melatonin secretion.
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Update on the management of pineal cysts: Case series and a review of the literature. Neurochirurgie 2014; 61:201-7. [PMID: 24907165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The natural history of pineal cysts still remains unclear. Incidental pineal cysts have become more common which raises the question of their management. Symptomatic pineal cysts may require a surgical solution but therapeutic indications have not yet been clearly established. METHOD From 1986 to 2012, 26 patients with pineal cysts were identified. Their medical records were retrospectively assessed focusing on the initial symptoms, imaging characteristics of the cyst, management strategy, operative technique and their complications, as well as the latest follow-up. A systematic review of the literature is also presented. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with pineal cysts were identified. The mean age was 23.5 years ranging from 7 to 49 years. Symptoms included intracranial hypertension with obstructive hydrocephalus in 18 cases and oculomotor anomalies in 12 cases. Two adult cases presented with non-specific headaches and did not require surgery. Twenty patients were operated via a suboccipital transtentorial approach with total removal of the cyst in 70% of the cases, while the remaining 4 cases were treated with an intraventricular endoscopic marsupialization associating a third ventriculostomy. Four patients required a preoperative ventriculo-peritoneal shunt due to life-threatening obstructive hydrocephalus. Overall, peri-operative mortality was nil. In the two non-operated patients, the cyst remained stable and no recurrences were observed in all operated patients with a mean follow-up of 144 months. CONCLUSION In the majority of incidental pineal cysts, a clinical and imaging follow-up is sufficient but occasionally not required especially in adults as very rare cases of increase in size have been reported.
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Simon E, Afif A, M'Baye M, Mertens P. Anatomy of the pineal region applied to its surgical approach. Neurochirurgie 2014; 61:70-6. [PMID: 24856313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pineal region is situated in the posterior part of the incisural space. This region includes the pineal body inside the quadrigeminal arachnoidal cistern. This article reviews the anatomic features of this region, with particular emphasis on those aspects of importance for surgical access to the pineal region. MATERIAL & METHODS Five cadaver heads fixed in 10% formalin and injected with colored latex were used for anatomic dissection (five other specimens were also prepared and dissected to illustrate the articles on surgical techniques and approaches presented elsewhere in this issue). RESULTS The pineal body is surrounded by several important structures such as: posterior part of the third ventricle, tectum, the complex of the great cerebral vein of Galen, pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus and splenium of corpus callosum. CONCLUSION The surgical approach of the pineal body, whatever the route or the technique used (microsurgical, endoscopic or stereotactic), creates a great challenge for the neurosurgeons due to its location in the deep part of the brain and its close relationships with complex surrounded vascular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simon
- Department of anatomy, faculté de médecine Lyon EST, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France; Department of neurosurgery, hôpital P.-Wertheimer, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Lyon, France.
| | - A Afif
- Department of anatomy, faculté de médecine Lyon EST, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France; Department of neurosurgery, hôpital P.-Wertheimer, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Lyon, France
| | - M M'Baye
- Department of anatomy, faculté de médecine Lyon EST, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France; Department of neurosurgery, hôpital P.-Wertheimer, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Lyon, France
| | - P Mertens
- Department of anatomy, faculté de médecine Lyon EST, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France; Department of neurosurgery, hôpital P.-Wertheimer, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Lyon, France
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Bumb JM, Schilling C, Enning F, Haddad L, Paul F, Lederbogen F, Deuschle M, Schredl M, Nolte I. Pineal gland volume in primary insomnia and healthy controls: a magnetic resonance imaging study. J Sleep Res 2014; 23:274-80. [PMID: 24456088 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relation between pineal volume and insomnia. Melatonin promotes sleep processes and, administered as a drug, it is suitable to improve primary and secondary sleep disorders in humans. Recent magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that human plasma and saliva melatonin levels are partially determined by the pineal gland volume. This study compares the pineal volume in a group of patients with primary insomnia to a group of healthy people without sleep disturbance. Pineal gland volume (PGV) was measured on the basis of high-resolution 3 Tesla MRI (T1-magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo) in 23 patients and 27 controls, matched for age, gender and educational status. Volume measurements were performed conventionally by manual delineation of the pineal borders in multi-planar reconstructed images. Pineal gland volume was significantly smaller (P < 0.001) in patients (48.9 ± 26.6 mm(3) ) than in controls (79 ± 30.2 mm(3) ). In patients PGV correlated negatively with age (r = -0.532; P = 0.026). Adjusting for the effect of age, PGV and rapid eye movement (REM) latency showed a significant positive correlation (rS = 0.711, P < 0.001) in patients. Pineal volume appears to be reduced in patients with primary insomnia compared to healthy controls. Further studies are needed to clarify whether low pineal volume is the basis or the consequence of functional sleep changes to elucidate the molecular pathology for the pineal volume loss in primary insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Bumb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Whitehead MT, Oh CC, Choudhri AF. Incidental pineal cysts in children who undergo 3-T MRI. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:1577-83. [PMID: 23852563 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pineal cysts, both simple and complex, are commonly encountered in children. More cysts are being detected with MR technology; however, nearly all pineal cysts are benign and require no follow-up. OBJECTIVE To discover the prevalence of pineal cysts in children at our institution who have undergone high-resolution 3-T MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive 3-T brain MRIs in children ages 1 month to 17 years (mean 6.8 ± 5.1 years). We evaluated 3-D volumetric T1-W imaging, axial T2-W imaging, axial T2-W FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) and coronal STIR (short tau inversion recovery) sequences. Pineal parenchymal and cyst volumes were measured in three planes. Cysts were analyzed for the presence and degree of complexity. RESULTS Pineal cysts were present in 57% of children, with a mean maximum linear dimension of 4.2 mm (range 1.5-16 mm). Of these cysts, 24.6% showed thin septations or fluid levels reflecting complexity. None of the cysts demonstrated complete T2/FLAIR signal suppression. No cyst wall thickening or nodularity was present. There was no significant difference between the ages of children with and without cysts. Cysts were more commonly encountered in girls than boys (67% vs. 52%; P = 0.043). There was a slight trend toward increasing pineal gland volume with age. CONCLUSION Pineal cysts are often present in children and can be incidentally detected by 3-T MRI. Characteristic-appearing pineal cysts in children are benign, incidental findings, for which follow-up is not required if there are no referable symptoms or excessive size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Whitehead
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
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Liebrich LS, Schredl M, Findeisen P, Groden C, Bumb JM, Nölte IS. Morphology and function: MR pineal volume and melatonin level in human saliva are correlated. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:966-71. [PMID: 24214660 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relation between circadian saliva melatonin levels and pineal volume as determined by MRI. Plasma melatonin levels follow a circadian rhythm with a high interindividual variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 103 healthy individuals saliva melatonin levels were determined at four time points within 24 h and MRI was performed once (3.0 Tesla, including three-dimensional T2 turbo spin echo [3D-T2-TSE], susceptibility-weighted imaging [SWI]). Pineal volume as well as cyst volume were assessed from multiplanar reconstructed 3D-T2-TSE images. Pineal calcification volume tissue was determined on SWI. To correct for hormonal inactive pineal tissue, cystic and calcified areas were excluded. Sleep quality was assessed with the Landeck Inventory for sleep quality disturbance. RESULTS Solid and uncalcified pineal volume correlated to melatonin maximum (r = 0.28; P < 0.05) and area under the curve (r = 0.29; P < 0.05). Of interest, solid and uncalcified pineal volume correlated negatively with the sleep rhythm disturbances subscore (r = -0.17; P < 0.05) despite a very homogenous population. CONCLUSION Uncalcified solid pineal tissue measured by 3D-T2-TSE and SWI is related to human saliva melatonin levels. The analysis of the sleep quality and pineal volume suggests a linkage between better sleep quality and hormonal active pineal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa-Sophie Liebrich
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Kahilogullari G, Massimi L, Di Rocco C. Pineal cysts in children: case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:753-60. [PMID: 23283557 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-2011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pineal cysts (PC) are found in children as often asymptomatic and without change in their size over the time. However, there are some debatable issues about their evolution and management in the pediatric population. The aim of the present paper is to update the information regarding pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of these lesions. METHODS All the pertinent literature was reviewed, and a meta-analysis of operated on cases was carried out. An illustrative case regarding the clinical evolution of a 13-year-old girl is also presented. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS PC are often asymptomatic and do not evolve over the time. However, since there is a certain risk of clinical and/or radiological progression, or even sudden and severe clinical onset (apoplexy), both a clinical and radiological follow-up is recommended in the pediatric age. The surgical excision is usually limited to symptomatic patients or to cases with clear radiological evolution.
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Bumb JM, Brockmann MA, Groden C, Nolte I. Microstructural analysis of pineal volume using trueFISP imaging. World J Radiol 2013; 5:166-172. [PMID: 23671752 PMCID: PMC3647208 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v5.i4.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the spectrum of pineal microstructures (solid/cystic parts) in a large clinical population using a high-resolution 3D-T2-weighted sequence.
METHODS: A total of 347 patients enrolled for cranial magnetic resonance imaging were randomly included in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The exclusion criteria were artifacts or mass lesions prohibiting evaluation of the pineal gland in any of the sequences. True-FISP-3D-imaging (1.5-T, isotropic voxel 0.9 mm) was performed in 347 adults (55.4 ± 18.1 years). Pineal gland volume (PGV), cystic volume, and parenchyma volume (cysts excluded) were measured manually.
RESULTS: Overall, 40.3% of pineal glands were cystic. The median PGV was 54.6 mm3 (78.33 ± 89.0 mm3), the median cystic volume was 5.4 mm3 (15.8 ± 37.2 mm3), and the median parenchyma volume was 53.6 mm3 (71.9 ± 66.7 mm3). In cystic glands, the standard deviation of the PGV was substantially higher than in solid glands (98% vs 58% of the mean). PGV declined with age (r = -0.130, P = 0.016).
CONCLUSION: The high interindividual volume variation is mainly related to cysts. Pineal parenchyma volume decreased slightly with age, whereas gender-related effects appear to be negligible.
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Abstract
Pineal cysts (PCs) are benign and often asymptomatic lesions of the pineal region that are typically small and do not change in size over time. PCs appear as small, well circumscribed, unilocular masses that either reside within or completely replace the pineal gland. This article reviews and discusses the characteristic features of PCs-clinical, histological, and identifiable by various imaging modalities-which assist clinicians in narrowing the differential diagnosis for pineal lesions.
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Acer N, Ilıca AT, Turgut AT, Ozçelik O, Yıldırım B, Turgut M. Comparison of three methods for the estimation of pineal gland volume using magnetic resonance imaging. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:123412. [PMID: 22619577 PMCID: PMC3349090 DOI: 10.1100/2012/123412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pineal gland is a very important neuroendocrine organ with many physiological functions such as regulating circadian rhythm. Radiologically, the pineal gland volume is clinically important because it is usually difficult to distinguish small pineal tumors via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although many studies have estimated the pineal gland volume using different techniques, to the best of our knowledge, there has so far been no stereological work done on this subject. The objective of the current paper was to determine the pineal gland volume using stereological methods and by the region of interest (ROI) on MRI. In this paper, the pineal gland volumes were calculated in a total of 62 subjects (36 females, 26 males) who were free of any pineal lesions or tumors. The mean ± SD pineal gland volumes of the point-counting, planimetry, and ROI groups were 99.55 ± 51.34, 102.69 ± 40.39, and 104.33 ± 40.45 mm3, respectively. No significant difference was found among the methods of calculating pineal gland volume (P > 0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that each technique is an unbiased, efficient, and reliable method, ideally suitable for in vivo examination of MRI data for pineal gland volume estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Acer
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Erciyes University Kayseri, Turkey.
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Sarrazin S, Etain B, Vederine FE, d'Albis MA, Hamdani N, Daban C, Delavest M, Lépine JP, Leboyer M, Mangin JF, Poupon C, Houenou J. MRI exploration of pineal volume in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2011; 135:377-9. [PMID: 21700342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythm instability and abnormalities of melatonin secretion are considered as trait markers of bipolar disorder. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland. We investigated pineal volume in patients with bipolar disorder, and expected to observe smaller than normal pineal glands in cases of bipolar disorder. METHODS The primary outcome was the total pineal volume measured for each pineal gland with T1 MRI sequence. Twenty patients with bipolar I and II disorder and twenty controls were recruited. Pineal glands with large cysts (type 3) were excluded. RESULTS After exclusion of individuals with type 3 cysts, 32 subjects were analyzed for total pineal volume (16 patients with bipolar disorder and 16 controls). Total pineal volume did not differ significantly between patients (total pineal volume=115+/-54.3mm(3)) and controls (total pineal volume=110+/-40.5mm(3)). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, no difference in total pineal volume between patients with bipolar disorder and healthy subjects was observed. These results indicate that the putative dysfunction of the pineal gland in bipolar disorder could be not directly related to an abnormal volume of the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sarrazin
- AP-HP, University Paris-East, Department of Psychiatry, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier Hospitals, Créteil, F-94010, France
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Bumb JM, Brockmann MA, Groden C, Al-Zghloul M, Nölte I. TrueFISP of the pediatric pineal gland: volumetric and microstructural analysis. Clin Neuroradiol 2011; 22:69-77. [PMID: 22101692 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-011-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although high-resolution 3D-imaging has markedly improved the imaging of the pediatric pineal gland, the prevalences of typical and atypical cysts as well as in vivo volumes are unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of typical and atypical cysts using high-resolution 3D-sequence true fast imaging with steady state precession (trueFISP) and standard sequences and to directly measure the pineal volume in a large pediatric population. METHODS In 54 consecutively examined children (age 0-17 years, mean age 5.4 ± 5.6 years, 44% female, 56% male) the prevalence of typical and atypical cysts (thickened rim, trabeculations, asymmetry) was determined using trueFISP (isotropic, 0.8 mm) and standard sequences, 1.5-T, T1-weighted spin echo (T1-SE), T2-weighted turbo spin echo (T2-TSE) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). Indistinct findings were noted separately. Volumetry was based on the trueFISP datasets. Solid and cystic compartments were approached separately. The pineal volume was correlated to gender and age. RESULTS The detected frequency of pineal cysts was higher in trueFISP (57.4%) than in standard sequences (T1-SE 7.4%, T2-TSE 14.8%, and FLAIR 13.0%). In trueFISP 66.3% of the detected cysts were classified as atypical (standard sequences 0%). Indistinct findings were lowest in trueFISP. The mean pineal volume was 94.3 ± 159.1 mm³ and no gender related differences were found. Age and volume showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.382) which was remarkably higher in completely solid glands (r = 0.659). CONCLUSIONS TrueFISP imaging improves the detection of pineal cysts in children. A typical cysts are frequently detected as an incidental finding. Volumetric analysis of the pediatric pineal gland is feasible and reveals enormous variation. Whereas gender effects are negligible, the pineal volume in children is dependant on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bumb
- University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Neuroradiology, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, Mannheim, Germany
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Cho ZH, Choi SH, Chi JG, Kim YB. Classification of the venous architecture of the pineal gland by 7T MRI. J Neuroradiol 2011; 38:238-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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