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Obadimu AA, Adebayo OL, Tugbobo-Amisu AO, Fagbohunka BS, Adenuga GA. Effect of Selenium and Zinc Supplementation on Reproductive Organs Following Postnatal Protein Malnutrition. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1126-1139. [PMID: 37393387 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein diets are required for the normal development of the reproductive system and their inadequacy or deficiency might have hazardous functional complications during maturational and developmental stages. The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on the male and female reproductive organs of rats with postnatal protein malnutrition. Male and female weanling rats were randomly assigned to six groups respectively. The adequate protein diet rats were fed with 16% casein diet while the protein malnourished diet (PMD) rats were fed with 5% casein diet. After the 8th week of feeding, Se (sodium selenite; Na2SeO3) and Zn (zinc sulfate; ZnSO4·7H2O) were supplemented for 3 weeks. The growth curve of body weights, lipid profile, testosterone and progesterone level, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status were evaluated. The results showed that PMD reduced the body weights of male and female rats. It also reduced the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the testes, but reductions in superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities, glutathione, vitamins C and E, testosterone, and progesterone levels were observed in both the testes and ovaries. Furthermore, PMD increased the nitric oxide level in both organs and altered the plasma lipid profiles in both sexes. Se and Zn supplementation, however, restored almost all the alterations observed in all the parameters analyzed. In conclusion, Se and Zn supplementation protects the male and female reproductive organs of rats against postnatal protein malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo Adedeji Obadimu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun Lateef Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, P.M.B. 230, Nigeria.
| | - Adesewa Omolara Tugbobo-Amisu
- Department of Food Technology,, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO), Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Sanya Fagbohunka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Gbenga Adebola Adenuga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Coley EJL, Hsiao EY. Malnutrition and the microbiome as modifiers of early neurodevelopment. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:753-764. [PMID: 34303552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition refers to a dearth, excess, or altered differential ratios of calories, macronutrients, or micronutrients. Malnutrition, particularly during early life, is a pressing global health and socioeconomic burden that is increasingly associated with neurodevelopmental impairments. Understanding how perinatal malnutrition influences brain development is crucial to uncovering fundamental mechanisms for establishing behavioral neurocircuits, with the potential to inform public policy and clinical interventions for neurodevelopmental conditions. Recent studies reveal that the gut microbiome can mediate dietary effects on host physiology and that the microbiome modulates the development and function of the nervous system. This review discusses evidence that perinatal malnutrition alters brain development and examines the maternal and neonatal microbiome as a potential contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J L Coley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Macronutrient Intake in Pregnancy and Child Cognitive and Behavioural Outcomes. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050425. [PMID: 34065501 PMCID: PMC8161020 DOI: 10.3390/children8050425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nutrient exposures can impact on brain development and disease susceptibility across the lifespan. It is well established that maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy influences foetal and infant development. Therefore, we hypothesise that macronutrient intakes during pregnancy are correlated with cognitive development during early childhood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy and child cognitive and behavioural outcomes at age 4 years. We analysed prospective data from a cohort of 64 Australian mother-child dyads. Maternal macronutrient intake was assessed using a validated 74-item food frequency questionnaire at 2 timepoints during pregnancy. Child cognition and behaviour were measured at age 4 years using the validated Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd version (WPPSI-III) and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBC). Linear regression models were used to quantify statistical relationships and were adjusted for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, breastfeeding duration and birthweight. Child Performance IQ was inversely associated with maternal starch intake (b = -11.02, p = 0.03). However, no other associations were found. Further research is needed to explore the association between different types of starch consumed during pregnancy and child cognitive development.
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Abstract
Abstract
Lactation is a critical period during which maternal nutritional and environmental challenges affect milk composition and, therefore, organ differentiation, structure, and function in offspring during the early postnatal period. Evidence to date shows that lactation is a vulnerable time during which transient insults can have lasting effects, resulting in altered health outcomes in offspring in adult life. Despite the importance of the developmental programming that occurs during this plastic period of neonatal life, there are few comprehensive reviews of the multiple challenges—especially to the dam—during lactation. This review presents milk data from rodent studies involving maternal nutritional challenges and offspring outcome data from studies involving maternal manipulations during lactation. Among the topics addressed are maternal nutritional challenges and the effects of litter size and artificial rearing on offspring metabolism and neural and endocrine outcomes. The lactation period is an opportunity to correct certain functional deficits resulting from prenatal challenges to the fetus, but, if not personalized, can also lead to undesirable outcomes related to catch up-growth and overnutrition.
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Ajuogu PK, Wolden M, McFarlane JR, Hart RA, Carlson DJ, Van der Touw T, Smart NA. Effect of low- and high-protein maternal diets during gestation on reproductive outcomes in the rat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5680668. [PMID: 31853549 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies with animal models have consistently demonstrated adverse health outcomes in offspring born following nutritional manipulation during gestation. However, the effects of gestational dietary protein modification on reproductive outcomes at birth are less clear. We, therefore, conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials to determine whether high- or low-protein diets are associated with altered reproductive outcomes in a commonly studied species, the rat. Included studies were identified through a systematic search using electronic databases and manual literature review to identify randomized studies published between June 1972 and March 2019. Thirty-two studies were identified and used to analyze the effects of low- and high-protein gestational diets on litter size, litter weight, gestational weight gain, and gestational feed intake. The results indicate that low-protein diets significantly reduced litter weight (P < 0.00001) and gestational weight gain (P < 0.0006), but did not influence litter size (P = 0.62) or gestational feed intake (P = 0.25). In contrast, high-protein diets were found to reduce gestational feed intake (P = 0.004) but did not influence litter size (P = 0.56), litter weight (P = 0.22), or gestational weight gain (P = 0.35). The results suggest that low but not high-protein gestational diets alter reproductive outcomes at birth in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Ajuogu
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell Wolden
- Physical Therapy Program, University of Jamestown, Fargo, ND
| | - James R McFarlane
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert A Hart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Debra J Carlson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University Australia, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Tom Van der Touw
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil A Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Promoting DOHaD in Latin America. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:105-107. [PMID: 31937388 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li C, Hu Q, Lesuisse J, Schallier S, Bautil A, Lamberigts C, Driessen B, Everaert N, Lin H, Buyse J. The effect of reduced balanced protein diet on the behavior of female broiler breeders in 2 generations. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4301-4312. [PMID: 31250010 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of 2 generations of broiler breeders undergoing a 25% reduced balanced protein (RP) dietary treatment was investigated in the current study. There were 2 treatments for the F0 generation: control (C) breeders fed with standard C diets and RP breeders fed with RP diets. The female progeny of each treatment was again subjected to 2 dietary treatments, resulting in 4 treatments for F1 generation: C/C, C/RP, RP/C, and RP/RP (breeder feed in F0/F1 generation). To maintain the target body weights throughout the trial, breeders on RP diet received on average 10% more feed than C diet breeders. The behavior of the breeders at 8h30 (30 min before feeding at 9h00), 12h00, and 15h30 in weeks 23 and 37 of the F0 generation and in week 6, 11, and 22 of the F1 generation was observed. Litter scratching, feather pecking, and object pecking were occasionally increased by RP diet feeding which indicated feeding frustration. Drinking behavior decreased dramatically by the RP dietary feeding and resulting in a better litter condition which could benefit dust bathing behavior. In addition, feeding the breeders RP diet in the F0 generation decreased litter scratching (week 6) and feather pecking (week 22, 15h30) but increased sitting (week 11, 15h30) and drinking (a tendency in week 6 and a significant effect in week 11) behavior of offspring breeders (F1 generation). In general, breeders fed with reduced balanced protein diets, to some extent, spent less time drinking and their offspring could have an adaptation to the maternal RP diet. The mechanism of this adaptation still needs to be further investigated. In general, positive effects were found by reducing protein level of breeder diets. However, negative side effects such as feeding frustration were also observed, which merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Q Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - J Lesuisse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - S Schallier
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - A Bautil
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - C Lamberigts
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - B Driessen
- Research Group Animal Welfare, 3583 Paal, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Precision livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - H Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - J Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Effects of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on milk composition and offspring development. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:141-151. [PMID: 31345278 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Before weaning, breast milk is the physiological form of neonatal nutrition, providing pups with all nutrient requirements. Maternal low-protein diet (LPD) during pregnancy and lactation induces adverse changes in key maternal organs, which have negative effects on pup development. We studied the effects of maternal LPD on liver weight, mammary gland (MG) cell differentiation, milk composition and production and pup development throughout lactation. We fed rats with control (C) or LPD (R) during pregnancy and lactation. At 7 d early, 14 d mid and 21 d late lactation stages, maternal biochemical parameters, body, liver and MG weights were analysed. MG cell differentiation was analysed by haematoxylin and eosin staining; milk nutrient composition and production were studied; pup body, liver and brain weights, hippocampal arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA were quantified. Results showed lower body and liver weights, minor MG cell differentiation and lower serum insulin and TAG in R compared with C. R milk contained less protein and higher AA at early and mid stages compared with C. R pup milk and fat intake were lower at all stages. R protein intake at early and mid stages and DHA intake at mid and late stages were lower compared with C. In R pups, lower body, liver and brain weights were associated with decreased hippocampal AA and DHA. We conclude that maternal LPD impairs liver and MG function and induces significant changes in maternal milk composition, pup milk intake and organ development.
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The learning ability and memory retention of broiler breeders: 2 transgenerational effects of reduced balanced protein diet on reward-based learning. Animal 2019; 13:1260-1268. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ye W, Pitlock MD, Javors MA, Thompson BJ, Lechleiter JD, Hensler JG. The long-term effect of maternal dietary protein restriction on 5-HT 1A receptor function and behavioral responses to stress in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:116-124. [PMID: 29660440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition impacts fetal development, and may play a role in determining resilience to stress and vulnerability to stress-precipitated psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, we examined the effect of a reduction in maternal dietary protein during pregnancy on the brain neurochemistry and behavior of offspring. We focused specifically on the serotonin system, the 5-HT1A receptor and the responsivity of offspring as adults to stress. Dams were fed either a low protein diet (10% protein by weight) or isocaloric control diet (20% protein by weight). The low protein diet did not alter maternal food intake and body weight, or litter size and the average birth weight of male or female littermates. 5-HT1A receptor function, as measured by quantitative autoradiography of 8-OH-DPAT (1 μM)-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, was markedly reduced in hippocampus of weanling female, but not male offspring (postnatal day, PND 21) of dams fed the low protein diet. The number of serotonergic cell bodies in the rostral raphe, and 5-HT metabolism in the limbic system of weanling offspring was not altered by maternal low protein diet. The deficit in hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor function observed in weanling female offspring persisted into adulthood (PND 112), and was accompanied by an increased sensitivity to stress, specifically increased immobility during a 15-minute forced swim challenge and increased anorexia following 30-minute restraint (PND 97-100). The present work begins to uncover important future directions for understanding the early developmental origins of resilience to stress, and factors that may put individuals at greater risk for stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Ye
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Michael Duffy Pitlock
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Martin A Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Brent J Thompson
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Julie G Hensler
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Reyes-Castro LA, Padilla-Gómez E, Parga-Martínez NJ, Castro-Rodríguez DC, Quirarte GL, Díaz-Cintra S, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E. Hippocampal mechanisms in impaired spatial learning and memory in male offspring of rats fed a low-protein isocaloric diet in pregnancy and/or lactation. Hippocampus 2017; 28:18-30. [PMID: 28843045 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal nutritional challenges during fetal and neonatal development result in developmental programming of multiple offspring organ systems including brain maturation and function. A maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy and lactation impairs associative learning and motivation. We evaluated effects of a maternal low-protein diet during gestation and/or lactation on male offspring spatial learning and hippocampal neural structure. Control mothers (C) ate 20% casein and restricted mothers (R) 10% casein, providing four groups: CC, RR, CR, and RC (first letter pregnancy, second lactation diet). We evaluated the behavior of young adult male offspring around postnatal day 110. Corticosterone and ACTH were measured. Males were tested for 2 days in the Morris water maze (MWM). Stratum lucidum mossy fiber (MF) area, total and spine type in basal dendrites of stratum oriens in the hippocampal CA3 field were measured. Corticosterone and ACTH were higher in RR vs. CC. In the MWM acquisition test CC offspring required two, RC three, and CR seven sessions to learn the maze. RR did not learn in eight trials. In a retention test 24 h later, RR, CR, and RC spent more time locating the platform and performed fewer target zone entries than CC. RR and RC offspring spent less time in the target zone than CC. MF area, total, and thin spines were lower in RR, CR, and RC than CC. Mushroom spines were lower in RR and RC than CC. Stubby spines were higher in RR, CR, and RC than CC. We conclude that maternal low-protein diet impairs spatial acquisition and memory retention in male offspring, and that alterations in hippocampal presynaptic (MF), postsynaptic (spines) elements and higher glucocorticoid levels are potential mechanisms to explain these learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
| | - E Padilla-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - N J Parga-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - D C Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
| | - G L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - S Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3684
| | - E Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
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Crossland RF, Balasa A, Ramakrishnan R, Mahadevan SK, Fiorotto ML, Van den Veyver IB. Chronic Maternal Low-Protein Diet in Mice Affects Anxiety, Night-Time Energy Expenditure and Sleep Patterns, but Not Circadian Rhythm in Male Offspring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170127. [PMID: 28099477 PMCID: PMC5242516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring of murine dams chronically fed a protein-restricted diet have an increased risk for metabolic and neurobehavioral disorders. Previously we showed that adult offspring, developmentally exposed to a chronic maternal low-protein (MLP) diet, had lower body and hind-leg muscle weights and decreased liver enzyme serum levels. We conducted energy expenditure, neurobehavioral and circadian rhythm assays in male offspring to examine mechanisms for the body-weight phenotype and assess neurodevelopmental implications of MLP exposure. C57BL/6J dams were fed a protein restricted (8%protein, MLP) or a control protein (20% protein, C) diet from four weeks before mating until weaning of offspring. Male offspring were weaned to standard rodent diet (20% protein) and single-housed until 8–12 weeks of age. We examined body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, spontaneous rearing activity and sleep patterns and performed behavioral assays for anxiety (open field activity, elevated plus maze [EPM], light/dark exploration), depression (tail suspension and forced swim test), sociability (three-chamber), repetitive (marble burying), learning and memory (fear conditioning), and circadian behavior (wheel-running activity during light-dark and constant dark cycles). We also measured circadian gene expression in hypothalamus and liver at different Zeitgeber times (ZT). Male offspring from separate MLP exposed dams had significantly greater body fat (P = 0.03), less energy expenditure (P = 0.004), less rearing activity (P = 0.04) and a greater number of night-time rest/sleep bouts (P = 0.03) compared to control. MLP offspring displayed greater anxiety-like behavior in the EPM (P<0.01) but had no learning and memory deficit in fear-conditioning assay (P = 0.02). There was an effect of time on Per1, Per 2 and Clock circadian gene expression in the hypothalamus but not on circadian behavior. Thus, transplacental and early developmental exposure of dams to chronic MLP reduces food intake and energy expenditure, increases anxiety like behavior and disturbs sleep patterns but not circadian rhythm in adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy F. Crossland
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alfred Balasa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Ramakrishnan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sangeetha K. Mahadevan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Marta L. Fiorotto
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ignatia B. Van den Veyver
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Naik AA, Patro IK, Patro N. Slow Physical Growth, Delayed Reflex Ontogeny, and Permanent Behavioral as Well as Cognitive Impairments in Rats Following Intra-generational Protein Malnutrition. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:446. [PMID: 26696810 PMCID: PMC4672086 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors including protein malnutrition (PMN) during pre-, neo- and post-natal age have been documented to affect cognitive development and cause increased susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Most studies have addressed either of the three windows and that does not emulate the clinical conditions of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). Such data fail to provide a complete picture of the behavioral alterations in the F1 generation. The present study thus addresses the larger window from gestation to F1 generation, a new model of intra-generational PMN. Naive Sprague Dawley (SD) dams pre-gestationally switched to LP (8% protein) or HP (20% protein) diets for 45 days were bred and maintained throughout gestation on same diets. Pups born (HP/LP dams) were maintained on the respective diets post-weaningly. The present study aimed to show the sex specific differences in the neurobehavioral evolution and behavioral phenotype of the HP/LP F1 generation pups. A battery of neurodevelopmental reflex tests, behavioral (Open field and forelimb gripstrength test), and cognitive [Elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM)] assays were performed. A decelerated growth curve with significantly restricted body and brain weight, delays in apparition of neuro-reflexes and poor performance in the LP group rats was recorded. Intra-generational PMN induced poor habituation-with-time in novel environment exploration, low anxiety and hyperactive like profile in open field test in young and adult rats. The study revealed poor forelimb neuromuscular strength in LP F1 pups till adulthood. Group occupancy plots in MWM test revealed hyperactivity with poor learning, impaired memory retention and integration, thus modeling the signs of early onset Alzehemier phenotype. In addition, a gender specific effect of LP diet with severity in males and favoring female sex was also noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz A Naik
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India ; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India ; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India
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Dutra-Tavares AC, Manhães AC, Silva JO, Nunes-Freitas AL, Conceição EPS, Moura EG, Lisboa PC, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Ribeiro-Carvalho A. Locomotor response to acute nicotine in adolescent mice is altered by maternal undernutrition during lactation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:278-85. [PMID: 26482122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition during brain development causes long lasting alterations in different neurotransmitter systems that may alter responses to psychoactive drugs. Despite the recognized effects of early undernutrition on the cholinergic system, no evidence that demonstrates the influence of this insult on nicotine susceptibility has been reported. We investigated the effects of protein/calorie restriction during lactation on the susceptibility to nicotine in adolescent mice. Dams were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Control (C, 20 litters)--free access to standard laboratory diet (23% protein); Protein Restricted (PR, 12 litters)--free access to a isoenergetic, 8% protein diet; Calorie Restricted (CR, 12 litters)--access to standard laboratory diet in restricted quantities (mean ingestion of PR: pair-fed group). Undernutrition extended from postnatal day 2 (PN2) to weaning (PN21). At PN30, animals either received an i.p. injection of nicotine (0.5mg/Kg) or saline and were immediately placed in open field (OF). After the OF, adrenal glands and serum were collected for the analyses of stress-related endocrine parameters and leptin concentration. PR and CR offspring showed less body mass gain and visceral fat mass. PR offspring presented reduced serum leptin concentration. In the OF, nicotine increased locomotor activity of C and PR, but not of CR. CR and PR offspring showed decreased adrenal catecholamine content, which was not dependent on nicotine exposure. Our results indicate that early undernutrition interferes with nicotine-elicited locomotor effects in adolescent mice and suggest that endocrine parameters alterations in malnourished animals do not influence the behavioral response to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Dutra-Tavares
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Juliana O Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - André L Nunes-Freitas
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Ellen P S Conceição
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Egberto G Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Cláudio C Filgueiras
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela 1470-Patronato, São Gonçalo, RJ 24435-005, Brazil.
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15
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Adebayo OL, Sandhir R, Adenuga GA. Protective roles of selenium and zinc against postnatal protein‐undernutrition‐induced alterations in Ca
2+
‐homeostasis leading to cognitive deficits in Wistar rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun L. Adebayo
- Department of Chemical SciencesCollege of Natural SciencesRedeemer's UniversityP.M.B. 230EdeOsun StateNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science BuildingPanjab UniversityChandigarh160014India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityP.M.B. 2005, Remo CampusIkenneOgun StateNigeria
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science BuildingPanjab UniversityChandigarh160014India
| | - Gbenga A. Adenuga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityP.M.B. 2005, Remo CampusIkenneOgun StateNigeria
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16
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Zohdi V, Lim K, Pearson JT, Black MJ. Developmental programming of cardiovascular disease following intrauterine growth restriction: findings utilising a rat model of maternal protein restriction. Nutrients 2014; 7:119-52. [PMID: 25551250 PMCID: PMC4303830 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, studies have demonstrated links between risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood and adverse events that occurred very early in life during fetal development. The concept that there are embryonic and fetal adaptive responses to a sub-optimal intrauterine environment often brought about by poor maternal diet that result in permanent adverse consequences to life-long health is consistent with the definition of "programming". The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on long-term cardiac structure and function, with particular emphasis on the effects of maternal protein restriction. Much of our recent knowledge has been derived from animal models. We review the current literature of one of the most commonly used models of IUGR (maternal protein restriction in rats), in relation to birth weight and postnatal growth, blood pressure and cardiac structure and function. In doing so, we highlight the complexity of developmental programming, with regards to timing, degree of severity of the insult, genotype and the subsequent postnatal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Zohdi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kyungjoon Lim
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492 St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne 8008, Australia.
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - M Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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17
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Akitake Y, Katsuragi S, Hosokawa M, Mishima K, Ikeda T, Miyazato M, Hosoda H. Moderate maternal food restriction in mice impairs physical growth, behavior, and neurodevelopment of offspring. Nutr Res 2014; 35:76-87. [PMID: 25433908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) occurs in 3% to 7% of all pregnancies. Recent human studies have indicated that neurodevelopmental disabilities, learning disorders, memory impairment, and mood disturbance are common in IUGR offspring. However, the interactions between IUGR and neurodevelopmental disorders are unclear because of the wide range of causes of IUGR, such as maternal malnutrition, placental insufficiency, pregnancy toxemia, and fetal malformations. Meanwhile, many studies have shown that moderate food restriction enhances spatial learning and improves mood disturbance in adult humans and animals. To date, the effects of maternal moderate food restriction on fetal brain remain largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that IUGR would be caused by even moderate food restriction in pregnant females and that the offspring would have neurodevelopmental disabilities. Mid-pregnant mice received moderate food restriction through the early lactation period. The offspring were tested for aspects of physical development, behavior, and neurodevelopment. The results showed that moderate maternal food restriction induced IUGR. Offspring had low birth weight and delayed development of physical and coordinated movement. Moreover, IUGR offspring exhibited mental disabilities such as anxiety and poor cognitive function. In particular, male offspring exhibited significantly impaired cognitive function at 3 weeks of age. These results suggested that a restricted maternal diet could be a risk factor for developmental disability in IUGR offspring and that male offspring might be especially susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Akitake
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Shinji Katsuragi
- Department of Perinatology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masato Hosokawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
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18
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Boersma GJ, Bale TL, Casanello P, Lara HE, Lucion AB, Suchecki D, Tamashiro KL. Long-term impact of early life events on physiology and behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:587-602. [PMID: 24690036 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the effects of stress and nutrition throughout development and summarises studies investigating how exposure to stress or alterations in nutrition during the pre-conception, prenatal and early postnatal periods can affect the long-term health of an individual. In general, the data presented here suggest that that anything signalling potential adverse conditions later in life, such as high levels of stress or low levels of food availability, will lead to alterations in the offspring, possibly of an epigenetic nature, preparing the offspring for these conditions later in life. However, when similar environmental conditions are not met in adulthood, these alterations may have maladaptive consequences, resulting in obesity and heightened stress sensitivity. The data also suggest that the mechanism underlying these adult phenotypes might be dependent on the type and the timing of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Modeling combined schizophrenia-related behavioral and metabolic phenotypes in rodents. Behav Brain Res 2014; 276:130-42. [PMID: 24747658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating disorder with a complex behavioral and cognitive phenotype underlined by a similarly complex etiology involving an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors during early development. Limited progress has been made in developing novel pharmacotherapy, partly due to a lack of valid animal models. The recent recognition of the potentially causal role of central and peripheral energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia raises the need of research on animal models that combine both behavioral and metabolic phenotypic domains, similar to what have been identified in humans. In this review we focus on selected genetic (DBA/2J mice, leptin receptor mutants, and PSD-93 knockout mice), early neurodevelopmental (maternal protein deprivation) and pharmacological (acute phencyclidine) animal models that capture the combined behavioral and metabolic abnormalities shown by schizophrenic patients. In reviewing behavioral phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia we apply the principles established by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) for better translation. We demonstrate that etiologically diverse manipulations such as specific breeding, deletion of genes that are primarily involved in metabolic regulation and in synaptic plasticity, as well as early metabolic deprivation and adult pharmacological challenge of the glutamate system can lead to schizophrenia-related behavioral and metabolic phenotypes, which suggest that these pathways might be interlinked. We propose that using animal models that combine different domains of schizophrenia can be used as a translationally valid approach to capture the system-level complex interplay between peripheral and central processes in the development of psychopathology.
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20
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Zambrano E, Guzmán C, Rodríguez-González GL, Durand-Carbajal M, Nathanielsz PW. Fetal programming of sexual development and reproductive function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:538-549. [PMID: 24045010 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent growth of interest in developmental programming of physiological systems has generally focused on the cardiovascular system (especially hypertension) and predisposition to metabolic dysfunction (mainly obesity and diabetes). However, it is now clear that the full range of altered offspring phenotypes includes impaired reproductive function. In rats, sheep and nonhuman primates, reproductive capacity is altered by challenges experienced during critical periods of development. This review will examine available experimental evidence across commonly studied experimental species for developmental programming of female and male reproductive function throughout an individual's life-course. It is necessary to consider events that occur during fetal development, early neonatal life and prior to and during puberty, during active reproductive life and aging as reproductive performance declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México.
| | - Carolina Guzmán
- HIPAM, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Hospital General de México, México
| | - Guadalupe L Rodríguez-González
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
| | - Marta Durand-Carbajal
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, TX, United States
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21
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Adebayo OL, Adenuga GA, Sandhir R. Postnatal protein malnutrition induces neurochemical alterations leading to behavioral deficits in rats: Prevention by selenium or zinc supplementation. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:268-78. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Bautista CJ, Rodríguez-González GL, Torres N, Hernández-Pando R, Ramírez V, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E. Protein restriction in the rat negatively impacts long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and mammary gland development at the end of gestation. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:429-36. [PMID: 24051037 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maternal nutrition during gestation is critical for mammary gland cell proliferation and differentiation and development of optimal delta-6 (Δ6D) and delta-5 (Δ5D) desaturase and elongase 2 and 5 (Elovl 2 and 5) activity for synthesis of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, important for normal fetal and neonatal brain development. We hypothesized that maternal low protein diet (LPD) impairs mammary gland preparation for lactation and PUFA synthesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate consequences of maternal LPD on mammary gland structure and development and expression of enzymes responsible for LC-PUFA production. METHODS Pregnant rats were assigned to control or protein restricted, isocaloric diet (R). At 19 days gestation, mammary gland tissue was removed for histological analysis and lipid, AA, EPA and DHA determination by gas chromatography. Gene transcription was quantified by RT-PCR and protein by Western blot. RESULTS In R mothers, mammary gland lobuloalveolar development was decreased and showed fat cell infiltration. Δ6D, Δ5D, and Elovl 5 mRNA were lower in R, whereas protein levels measured by Western blot were unchanged. This is the first report that detects mammary gland desaturase and elongase protein. Although Elovl 2 mRNA was not detectable by RT-PCR, Elovl 2 protein was not different between groups. AA and DHA were lower and EPA undetectable in the mammary gland of R mothers. CONCLUSIONS Maternal LPD decreased late gestation mammary gland lobuloalveolar development and LC-PUFAs. Protein restriction negatively impacts maternal mammary gland development prior to lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Bautista
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán," Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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23
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Grissom NM, Reyes TM. Gestational overgrowth and undergrowth affect neurodevelopment: similarities and differences from behavior to epigenetics. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23201144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of an infant at birth, a measure of gestational growth, has been recognized for many years as a biomarker of future risk of morbidity. Both being born small for gestational age (SGA) and being born large for gestational age (LGA), are associated with increased rates of obesity and metabolic disorder, as well as a number of mental disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety, and depression. The common risks raise the question of what neurobiological mechanisms are altered in SGA and LGA offspring. Here we review recent findings allowing for direct comparison of neurobiological outcomes of SGA and LGA in human and animal models. We also present new data highlighting similarities and differences in behavior and neurobiology in our mouse models of SGA and LGA. Overall, there is significant data to support aberrant epigenetic mechanisms, particularly related to DNA methylation, in the brains of SGA and LGA offspring, leading to disruptions in the cell cycle in development and gene expression in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Grissom
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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24
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Abstract
AbstractThe science of genetics is undergoing a paradigm shift. Recent discoveries, including the activity of retrotransposons, the extent of copy number variations, somatic and chromosomal mosaicism, and the nature of the epigenome as a regulator of DNA expressivity, are challenging a series of dogmas concerning the nature of the genome and the relationship between genotype and phenotype. According to three widely held dogmas, DNA is the unchanging template of heredity, is identical in all the cells and tissues of the body, and is the sole agent of inheritance. Rather than being an unchanging template, DNA appears subject to a good deal of environmentally induced change. Instead of identical DNA in all the cells of the body, somatic mosaicism appears to be the normal human condition. And DNA can no longer be considered the sole agent of inheritance. We now know that the epigenome, which regulates gene expressivity, can be inherited via the germline. These developments are particularly significant for behavior genetics for at least three reasons: First, epigenetic regulation, DNA variability, and somatic mosaicism appear to be particularly prevalent in the human brain and probably are involved in much of human behavior; second, they have important implications for the validity of heritability and gene association studies, the methodologies that largely define the discipline of behavior genetics; and third, they appear to play a critical role in development during the perinatal period and, in particular, in enabling phenotypic plasticity in offspring. I examine one of the central claims to emerge from the use of heritability studies in the behavioral sciences, the principle of minimal shared maternal effects, in light of the growing awareness that the maternal perinatal environment is a critical venue for the exercise of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. This consideration has important implications for both developmental and evolutionary biology.
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Alamy M, Bengelloun WA. Malnutrition and brain development: an analysis of the effects of inadequate diet during different stages of life in rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1463-80. [PMID: 22487135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein malnutrition or undernutrition can result in abnormal development of the brain. Depending on type, age at onset and duration, different structural and functional deficits can be observed. In the present review, we discuss the neuroanatomical, behavioral, neurochemical and oxidative status changes associated with protein malnutrition or undernutrition at different ages during prenatal and immediately postnatal periods as well as in adult rat. Analysis of all data suggests that protein malnutrition as well as undernutrition induced impaired learning and retention when imposed during the immediately postnatal period and in adulthood, whereas hyperactivity including increased impulsiveness and greater reactivity to aversive stimuli occurred when malnutrition or undernutrition was imposed either pre or postnatally. This general state of hyperreactivity may be linked essentially to an alteration in dopaminergic system. Hence, the present review shows that in spite of the attention devoted in the literature to prenatal effects, cognitive deficits are more serious following malnutrition or undernutrition after birth. We thus clearly establish a special vulnerability to malnutrition after weaning in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Alamy
- Faculty of Science, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
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26
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Rodriguez JS, Bartlett TQ, Keenan KE, Nathanielsz PW, Nijland MJ. Sex-dependent cognitive performance in baboon offspring following maternal caloric restriction in pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:493-504. [PMID: 22344725 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111424439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans a suboptimal diet during development has negative outcomes in offspring. We investigated the behavioral outcomes in baboons born to mothers undergoing moderate maternal nutrient restriction (MNR). Maternal nutrient restriction mothers (n = 7) were fed 70% of food eaten by controls (CTR, n = 12) fed ad libitum throughout gestation and lactation. At 3.3 ± 0.2 (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]) years of age offspring (controls: female [FC, n = 8], male [MC, n = 4]; nutrient restricted: female [FR, n = 3] and male [MR, n = 4]) were administered progressive ratio, simple discrimination, intra-/extra-dimension set shift and delayed matching to sample tasks to assess motivation, learning, attention, and working memory, respectively. A treatment effect was observed in MNR offspring who demonstrated less motivation and impaired working memory. Nutrient-restricted female offspring showed improved learning, while MR offspring showed impaired learning and attentional set shifting and increased impulsivity. In summary, 30% restriction in maternal caloric intake has long lasting neurobehavioral outcomes in adolescent male baboon offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Rodriguez
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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27
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Pre- and/or postnatal protein restriction developmentally programs affect and risk assessment behaviors in adult male rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Rodriguez J, Rodríguez‐González G, Reyes‐Castro L, Ibáñez C, Ramírez A, Chavira R, Larrea F, Nathanielsz P, Zambrano E. Maternal obesity in the rat programs male offspring exploratory, learning and motivation behavior: prevention by dietary intervention pre‐gestation or in gestation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Rodriguez
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Sciences CenterSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - G.L. Rodríguez‐González
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - L.A. Reyes‐Castro
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - C. Ibáñez
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - A. Ramírez
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - R. Chavira
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - F. Larrea
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - P.W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Sciences CenterSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - E. Zambrano
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
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29
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Reyes‐Castro L, Rodriguez J, Charco R, Bautista C, Larrea F, Nathanielsz P, Zambrano E. Maternal protein restriction in the rat during pregnancy and/or lactation alters cognitive and anxiety behaviors of female offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 30:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L.A. Reyes‐Castro
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico City14000Mexico
| | - J.S. Rodriguez
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn ResearchDepartment of ObstetricsUniversity of TexasHealth Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - R. Charco
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico City14000Mexico
| | - C.J. Bautista
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico City14000Mexico
| | - F. Larrea
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico City14000Mexico
| | - P.W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn ResearchDepartment of ObstetricsUniversity of TexasHealth Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - E. Zambrano
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico City14000Mexico
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Bonaparte KM, Riffle-Yokoi C, Burley NT. Getting a head start: diet, sub-adult growth, and associative learning in a seed-eating passerine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23775. [PMID: 21949684 PMCID: PMC3176201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental stress, and individual variation in response to it, can have important fitness consequences. Here we investigated the consequences of variable dietary protein on the duration of growth and associative learning abilities of zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, which are obligate graminivores. The high-protein conditions that zebra finches would experience in nature when half-ripe seed is available were mimicked by the use of egg protein to supplement mature seed, which is low in protein content. Growth rates and relative body proportions of males reared either on a low-protein diet (mature seed only) or a high-protein diet (seed plus egg) were determined from body size traits (mass, head width, and tarsus) measured at three developmental stages. Birds reared on the high-protein diet were larger in all size traits at all ages, but growth rates of size traits showed no treatment effects. Relative head size of birds reared on the two diets differed from age day 95 onward, with high-diet birds having larger heads in proportion to both tarsus length and body mass. High-diet birds mastered an associative learning task in fewer bouts than those reared on the low-protein diet. In both diet treatments, amount of sub-adult head growth varied directly, and sub-adult mass change varied inversely, with performance on the learning task. Results indicate that small differences in head growth during the sub-adult period can be associated with substantial differences in adult cognitive performance. Contrary to a previous report, we found no evidence for growth compensation among birds on the low-protein diet. These results have implications for the study of vertebrate cognition, developmental stress, and growth compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Bonaparte
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Riffle-Yokoi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy Tyler Burley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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