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Cid-Pérez TS, Munguía-Pérez R, Nevárez-Moorillón GV, Ochoa-Velasco CE, Navarro-Cruz AR, Avila-Sosa R. Carvacrol and thymol effect in vapor phase on Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium growth inoculated in a fresh salad. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29638. [PMID: 38694112 PMCID: PMC11058290 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of thymol and carvacrol in inhibiting Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium inoculated on a fresh green salad through the vapor phase. A film-forming solution was prepared by dissolving starch, sorbitol, and variying concentrations of carvacrol, thymol, and a mixture of both. The film-forming solution containing the respective antimicrobial agent was then added lid, which was sealed rigidly and hermetically to achieve different concentrations (105 mg/L of air of carvacrol, 105 mg/L of air of thymol, and a mixture of 52 mg/L of air of carvacrol and 52 mg/L of air of thymol). Each active package contained fresh green salad inoculated with E. coli or Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. The active packages were then sealed and refrigerated at a temperature of 6 °C for 48 h. Growth/inhibition curves were modelled using the Weibull equation, and consumer acceptance was evaluated. Carvacrol can reduce up to 0.5 log-cycles, while thymol can reach almost 1 log cycle. Blending the components with half the concentration has a synergistic effect, inhibiting up to 2.5 log cycles. Consumer ratings revealed no significant differences between the packages. However, the average score was 5.4 on a 9-point hedonic scale, evaluators' comments did not indicate dislike or a strong taste characteristic of thymol and carvacrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Munguía-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Micología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Raúl Avila-Sosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
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2
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Pandey S, Bhushan K, Kocher GS, Sahota PP. Microbiological assessment of ready-to-eat foods and drinking water sources as a potential vehicle of bacterial pathogens in northern India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:547. [PMID: 38743188 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of contaminated foods have frequent occurrences in developing countries. The incorporation of contaminated water in food processes, preparation, and serving is directly linked to several gastrointestinal infections. Keeping in view, this study was conducted to assess the microbial quality of both drinking water sources and commonly consumed fresh ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in the region. The drinking water samples from water sources and consumer points, as well as food samples from canteens, cafes, hotels, and restaurants, were collected for the microbiological analysis. Fifty-five percent (n = 286) of water samples were found to be positive for total coliforms with MPN counts ranging from 3 to 2600 (100 ml) -1. E. coli was detected in nearly 30% of the total water samples. Overall, 65% tap water samples were found unsatisfactory, followed by submersible (53%), filter (40%), and WTP (30%) sources. Furthermore, the examination of RTE foods (n = 80) found that 60% were of unsatisfactory microbial quality with high aerobic plate counts. The salads were the most contaminated category with highest mean APC 8.3 log CFU/g followed by pani puri, chats, and chutneys. Presence of coliforms and common enteropathogens was observed in both water and food samples. The detected isolates from the samples were identified as Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Based on these findings, microbiological quality was found compromised and this may pose hazard to public health. This exploratory study in the Punjab region also suggests that poor microbiological quality of water sources can be an important source of contamination for fresh uncooked RTE foods, thus transferring pathogens to the food chain. Therefore, only safe potable drinking water post-treatment should be used at all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pandey
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Keshani Bhushan
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Gurvinder Singh Kocher
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Param Pal Sahota
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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3
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Francis Gbedemah S, Attasse Gbeasor A, Selorm Hosu-Porbley G, Kusi Frimpong L, Amfo-Otu R, Kofi Adanu S, Doe EK. Analysis of heavy metals and pathogen levels in vegetables cultivated using selected water bodies in urban areas of the Greater Accra Metropolis of Ghana. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27924. [PMID: 38586413 PMCID: PMC10998063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Open-surfaced water sources have been used to irrigate vegetable farms in cities. Open-surface water often contains unmonitored concentrations of health-threatening contaminants that pose health risks, especially when used to produce vegetables for human consumption. However, information on levels of heavy metals and faecal coliform bacteria in such vegetables in selected sites, especially in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) of Ghana is rare. This study examines the levels of heavy metals and faecal coliform in two vegetables-lettuce and bell pepper - that were cultivated using open-surface wastewater from drains and constructed reservoirs at different locations of the GAMA. Using concurrent mixed methods, questionnaires were administered to 67 vegetable farmers, followed by the collection of vegetable samples from three urban farm sites, Haatso and Dzorwulu and Weija irrigation scheme site (WISS) for laboratory analysis. The concentrations of Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave digestion of the vegetables while total faecal coliform was quantified using MacConkey-Endo broth method. The results from all three sites showed that the concentrations of Cd (=0.001 μg/mg) and Pb (=0.005 μg/mg) in lettuce were within the World Health Organization's (WHO) permissible levels. However, the Hg (≥0.309 μg/mg) and faecal coliform (>5 count/100 ml) in the vegetables from all three sites exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Therefore, consumers of vegetables from such urban farms are exposed to health risks associated with Hg and faecal coliforms. There is the need to intensify education on the health risks of consuming vegetables produced from open-surface water sources from the observed sites. The enforcement of existing phytosanitary standards to enhance food safety and the quality of urban vegetables is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shine Francis Gbedemah
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | | | | | - Louis Kusi Frimpong
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Richard Amfo-Otu
- Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Selase Kofi Adanu
- Department of Environmental Science, Ho Technical University, P. O. Box HP 217, Ho, Ghana
| | - Eric Kofi Doe
- Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Tran TD, Lee SI, Hnasko R, McGarvey JA. Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Enterobacter asburiae AEB30 on intact cantaloupe melons. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14437. [PMID: 38465735 PMCID: PMC10926056 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes >73,000 foodborne illnesses in the United States annually, many of which have been associated with fresh ready-to-eat produce including cantaloupe melons. In this study, we created a produce-associated bacterial (PAB) library containing >7500 isolates and screened them for the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7 using an in vitro fluorescence-based growth assay. One isolate, identified by 16S and whole-genome sequence analysis as Enterobacter asburiae, was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli by ~30-fold in vitro and produced zones of inhibition between 13 and 21 mm against 12 E. coli outbreak strains in an agar spot assay. We demonstrated that E. asburiae AEB30 was able to grow, persist and inhibit the growth of E. coli on cantaloupe melons under simulated pre- and post-harvest conditions. Analysis of the E. asburiae AEB30 genome revealed an operon encoding a contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) system that when mutated resulted in the loss of E. coli growth inhibition. These data suggest that E. asburiae AEB30 is a potential biocontrol agent to prevent E. coli contamination of cantaloupe melons in both pre- and post-harvest environments and that its mode of action is via a CDI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao D. Tran
- USDA, ARS, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research UnitAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sang In Lee
- USDA, ARS, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research UnitAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert Hnasko
- USDA, ARS, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research UnitAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffery A. McGarvey
- USDA, ARS, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research UnitAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
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5
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Thomas GA, Paradell Gil T, Müller CT, Rogers HJ, Berger CN. From field to plate: How do bacterial enteric pathogens interact with ready-to-eat fruit and vegetables, causing disease outbreaks? Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104389. [PMID: 37919001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Ready-to-eat fruit and vegetables are a convenient source of nutrients and fibre for consumers, and are generally safe to eat, but are vulnerable to contamination with human enteric bacterial pathogens. Over the last decade, Salmonella spp., pathogenic Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes have been linked to most of the bacterial outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce. The origins of these outbreaks have been traced to multiple sources of contamination from pre-harvest (soil, seeds, irrigation water, domestic and wild animal faecal matter) or post-harvest operations (storage, preparation and packaging). These pathogens have developed multiple processes for successful attachment, survival and colonization conferring them the ability to adapt to multiple environments. However, these processes differ across bacterial strains from the same species, and across different plant species or cultivars. In a competitive environment, additional risk factors are the plant microbiome phyllosphere and the plant responses; both factors directly modulate the survival of the pathogens on the leaf's surface. Understanding the mechanisms involved in bacterial attachment to, colonization of, and proliferation, on fresh produce and the role of the plant in resisting bacterial contamination is therefore crucial to reducing future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A Thomas
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Teresa Paradell Gil
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Cedric N Berger
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Balbuena-Alonso MG, Camps M, Cortés-Cortés G, Carreón-León EA, Lozano-Zarain P, Rocha-Gracia RDC. Strain belonging to an emerging, virulent sublineage of ST131 Escherichia coli isolated in fresh spinach, suggesting that ST131 may be transmissible through agricultural products. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1237725. [PMID: 37876872 PMCID: PMC10591226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1237725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food contamination with pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause severe disease. Here, we report the isolation of a multidrug resistant strain (A23EC) from fresh spinach. A23EC belongs to subclade C2 of ST131, a virulent clone of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Most A23EC virulence factors are concentrated in three pathogenicity islands. These include PapGII, a fimbrial tip adhesin linked to increased virulence, and CsgA and CsgB, two adhesins known to facilitate spinach leaf colonization. A23EC also bears TnMB1860, a chromosomally-integrated transposon with the demonstrated potential to facilitate the evolution of carbapenem resistance among non-carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales. This transposon consists of two IS26-bound modular translocatable units (TUs). The first TU carries aac(6')-lb-cr, bla OXA-1, ΔcatB3, aac(3)-lle, and tmrB, and the second one harbors bla CXT-M-15. A23EC also bears a self-transmissible plasmid that can mediate conjugation at 20°C and that has a mosaic IncF [F(31,36):A(4,20):B1] and Col156 origin of replication. Comparing A23EC to 86 additional complete ST131 sequences, A23EC forms a monophyletic cluster with 17 other strains that share the following four genomic traits: (1) virotype E (papGII+); (2) presence of a PAI II536-like pathogenicity island with an additional cnf1 gene; (3) presence of chromosomal TnMB1860; and (4) frequent presence of an F(31,36):A(4,20):B1 plasmid. Sequences belonging to this cluster (which we named "C2b sublineage") are highly enriched in septicemia samples and their associated genetic markers align with recent reports of an emerging, virulent sublineage of the C2 subclade, suggesting significant pathogenic potential. This is the first report of a ST131 strain belonging to subclade C2 contaminating green leafy vegetables. The detection of this uropathogenic clone in fresh food is alarming. This work suggests that ST131 continues to evolve, gaining selective advantages and new routes of transmission. This highlights the pressing need for rigorous epidemiological surveillance of ExPEC in vegetables with One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Balbuena-Alonso
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Manel Camps
- Departament of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Gerardo Cortés-Cortés
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Departament of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Eder A. Carreón-León
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rosa del Carmen Rocha-Gracia
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Msimango T, Duvenage S, Du Plessis EM, Korsten L. Microbiological quality assessment of fresh produce: Potential health risk to children and urgent need for improved food safety in school feeding schemes. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5501-5511. [PMID: 37701226 PMCID: PMC10494634 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
About 388 million school-going children worldwide benefit from school feeding schemes, which make use of fresh produce to prepare meals. Fresh produce including leafy greens and other vegetables were served at 37% and 31% of school feeding programs, respectively, in Africa. This study aimed at assessing the microbiological quality of fresh produce grown onsite or supplied to South African schools that are part of the national school feeding programs that benefit over 9 million school-going children. Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated from fresh produce (n = 321) samples. The occurrence of E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae was determined. Presumptive pathogens were tested for antimicrobial resistance. E. coli was further tested for diarrheagenic virulence genes. Enterobacteriaceae on 62.5% of fresh produce samples (200/321) exceeded previous microbiological guidelines for ready-to-eat food, while 86% (276/321 samples) and 31.6% (101/321 samples) exceeded coliform and E. coli criteria, respectively. A total of 76 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from fresh produce including E. coli (n = 43), Enterobacter spp. (n = 15), and Klebsiella spp. (n = 18). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was confirmed in 11 E. coli, 13 Enterobacter spp., and 17 Klebsiella spp. isolates. No diarrheagenic virulence genes were detected in E. coli isolates. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 60.5% (26/43) of the E. coli isolates, while all (100%; n = 41) of the confirmed ESBL and AmpC Enterobacteriaceae showed MDR. Our study indicates the reality of the potential health risk that contaminated fresh produce may pose to school-going children, especially with the growing food safety challenges and antimicrobial resistance crisis globally. This also shows that improved food safety approaches to prevent foodborne illness and the spread of foodborne pathogens through the food served by school feeding schemes are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Msimango
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food SecurityPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Stacey Duvenage
- Natural Resources Institute, Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversity of GreenwichLondonUK
| | - Erika M. Du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food SecurityPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food SecurityPretoriaSouth Africa
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Osaili TM, Hasan F, Al-Nabulsi AA, Olaimat AN, Ayyash M, Obaid RS, Holley R. A worldwide review of illness outbreaks involving mixed salads/dressings and factors influencing product safety and shelf life. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104238. [PMID: 36906321 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The trends toward healthy living, vegetarianism, and busy schedules have increased salad popularity. Salads are usually consumed raw without any thermal treatment, and therefore, without proper care they can become major vehicles for foodborne illness outbreaks. This review examines the microbial quality of 'dressed' salads which contain two or more vegetables/fruits and salad dressings. The possible sources of ingredient contamination, recorded illnesses/outbreaks, and overall microbial quality observed worldwide, besides the antimicrobial treatments available are discussed in detail. Noroviruses were most frequently implicated in outbreaks. Salad dressings usually play a positive role in influencing microbial quality. However, this depends on several factors like the type of contaminating microorganism, storage temperature, dressing pH and ingredients, plus the type of salad vegetable. Very limited literature exists on antimicrobial treatments that can be used successfully with salad dressings and 'dressed' salads. The challenge with antimicrobial treatments is to find ones sufficiently broad in spectrum, compatible with produce flavour which can be applied at competitive cost. It is evident that renewed emphasis on prevention of produce contamination at the producer, processor, wholesale and retail levels plus enhanced hygiene vigilance at foodservice will have a major impact on reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses from salads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, The University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Fayeza Hasan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad S Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, The University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Developing Countries and Their Food Safety Guidelines. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4141914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of humans is of paramount importance in the vegetable production chain. Evidence of microbial and parasitic contamination of these products poses a great threat to consumers. This is an emerging issue the world is battling, and it is still in the process of unravelling. However, one of the contributing factors responsible for the rapid spread of these pathogens to millions of people among other factors is the distribution of food in our food systems. The purpose of this study was to draw the attention of producers, retailers, consumers, and various stakeholders to the occurrence and potential hazard of these organisms, their contamination origin, and food safety protocols. Among the food system, vegetables play a major role, and their consumption has increased as they form a larger portion of daily diets. This urge for healthy diets coupled with changing dietary habits and human population explosion has therefore accelerated their production. This has resulted in parasitic and microbial contamination gaining grounds in salad vegetables, and as such, a wide range of microbes such as Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella, and Staphylococcus, and parasites such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Cystoisospora belli, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichuris trichiura, and Ascaris lumbricoides have been isolated from them. Therefore, major routes for salad vegetable contamination and prevention methods have been pointed out in this review article. The topic of protective countermeasures will also be covered here in this review. Notwithstanding, several control measures have been reported to be effective and efficient in removing or eliminating pathogens, including treatment of irrigation water and fertilizers, use of disinfectants like vinegar and saltwater, irradiation, ozone, and bacteriophages. Though consumption of vegetables and salads is encouraged due to their nutritional advantage, appropriate systems should be put in place to ensure their safety.
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Chicken Meat and Edible Poultry Organs Collected from Retail Shops and Supermarkets of North Western Province in Sri Lanka. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8962698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium that lives in human and animal intestines. Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli STECs are responsible for most food-related E. coli infections. Pathogenic E. coli transmits to human bodies due to the consumption of contaminated, raw, or undercooked food. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of E. coli contamination in edible poultry meat and meat organs in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. A total of 250 samples consisting of chicken meat (n = 144) and edible organs (n = 106) were collected from retail shops (n = 181) and supermarkets (n = 69), in both Kurunegala and Puttlam districts. The prevalence of E. coli from 250 chicken meat samples was 66.80% (167/250); E. coli prevalence at retail shops (66.85%) was higher than that at supermarkets (66.67%) and was not statistically significant. E. coli prevalence in chicken meat and edible organs was 65.73% and 69.16%, respectively. Molecular confirmation for the positive samples was done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously designed primers. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI using nine antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (80.84%) and amoxicillin (76.05%), while the least resistance was observed for gentamicin (4.79%). This study indicates the potential public health risk associated with chicken sold at retail and supermarket levels in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka.
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Zhou Y, Wan Q, Bao H, Guo Y, Zhu S, Zhang H, Pang M, Wang R. Application of a novel lytic phage vB_EcoM_SQ17 for the biocontrol of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Enterotoxigenic E. coli in food matrices. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:929005. [PMID: 35992713 PMCID: PMC9389114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are important foodborne pathogens, causing serious food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. Bacteriophages, as novel antibacterial agents, have been increasingly exploited to control foodborne pathogens. In this study, a novel broad-host range lytic phage vB_EcoM_SQ17 (SQ17), was isolated, characterized, and evaluated for its potential to control bacterial counts in vitro and in three different food matrices (milk, raw beef, and fresh lettuce). Phage SQ17 was capable of infecting EHEC O157:H7, ETEC, and other E. coli strains. Morphology, one-step growth, and stability assay showed that phage SQ17 belongs to the Caudovirales order, Myoviridae family, and Mosigvirus genus. It has a short latent period of 10 min, a burst size of 71 PFU/infected cell, high stability between pH 4 to 12 as well as thermostability between 30°C and 60°C for 60 min. Genome sequencing analysis revealed that the genome of SQ17 does not contain any genes associated with antibiotic resistance, toxins, lysogeny, or virulence factors, indicating the potential safe application of phage SQ17 in the food industry. In Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, phage SQ17 significantly decreased the viable counts of EHEC O157:H7 by more than 2.40 log CFU/ml (p < 0.05) after 6 h of incubation at 37°C. Phage SQ17 showed great potential to be applied for biocontrol of EHEC O157:H7 in milk and raw beef. In fresh lettuce, treatment with SQ17 also resulted in significant reduction of viable cell counts of EHEC O157:H7 and ETEC at both 4°C and 25°C. Our results demonstrate that SQ17 is a good candidate for application as an EHEC O157:H7 and ETEC biocontrol agent in the processing stages of food production and food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Zhou,
| | - Qiyang Wan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghao Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujiao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoda Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Ran Wang,
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12
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Uhlig E, Kjellström A, Oscarsson E, Nurminen N, Nabila Y, Paulsson J, Lupan T, Velpuri NSBP, Molin G, Håkansson Å. The live bacterial load and microbiota composition of prepacked "ready-to-eat" leafy greens during household conditions, with special reference to E. coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109786. [PMID: 35716582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy greens are popular products that unfortunately have been associated with numerous foodborne illness outbreaks. Since the influence of consumer practices is essential for their quality and safety, the objective of this study was to analyze the microbiota of RTE products throughout shelf life during simulated household conditions. Products from different companies were analyzed in terms of plate counts, and resealed and unopened packages were compared. High bacterial loads were found, up to a total plate count of 9.6 log10 CFU/g, and Enterobacteriaceae plate counts up to 6.0 CFU/g on the expiration date. The effect of consumer practice varied, thus no conclusions regarding resealed or unopened bags could be drawn. The tested products contained opportunistic pathogens, such as Enterobacter homaechei, Hafnia paralvei and Pantoea agglomerans. Amplicon sequencing revealed that the relative abundance of major taxonomic groups changed during shelf life; Pseudomonadaceae and Xanthomonadaceae decreased, while Flavobacteriaceae and Marinomonadaceae inceased. Inoculation with E. coli CCUG 29300T showed that the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella was lower on rocket than on other tested leafy greens. Inoculation with E. coli strain 921 indicate growth at the beginning of shelf-life time, while E. coli 731 increases at the end, seemingly able to adapt to cold storage conditions. The high levels of live microorganisms, the detection of opportunistic pathogens, and the ability of E. coli strains to grow at refrigeration temperature raise concerns and indicate that the shelf life may be shortened to achieve a safer product. Due to variations between products, further studies are needed to define how long the shelf-life of these products should be, to ensure a safe product even at the end of the shelf-life period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Uhlig
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - A Kjellström
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - E Oscarsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - N Nurminen
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Y Nabila
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Paulsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - T Lupan
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - N S B P Velpuri
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - G Molin
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Å Håkansson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Beshiru A, Okoh AI, Igbinosa EO. Processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Yenagoa Nigeria were colonized by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli which constitute a probable hazard to human health. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266059. [PMID: 35381048 PMCID: PMC8982850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to recover diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains from processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Yenagoa, Nigeria and characterize them using culture-based and molecular methods. Three hundred RTE food samples were collected randomly from different food outlets between February 2021 and August 2021 and assessed for the occurrence of E. coli using standard bacteriological procedures. The virulence factor formation and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was carried out using standard microbiological procedures. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the identity of the isolates via specific primers and further used to assay the diarrheagenic determinants of the E. coli isolates. The prevalence of E. coli positive samples based on the proliferation of E. coli on Chromocult coliform agar forming purple to violet colonies was 80(26.7%). The population density of E. coli from the RTE foods ranged from 0–4.3 × 104 ± 1.47 CFU/g. The recovered E. coli isolates (n = 62) were resistant to antibiotics in different proportions such as ampicillin 62(100%), aztreonam 47(75.81%) and chloramphenicol 43(69.35%). All the recovered E. coli isolates were resistant to ≥ 2 antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic-resistant index (MARI) ranged from 0.13–0.94 with 47(75.8%) of isolates having MARI >2. A total of 48(77.4%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The proportion of extracellular virulence factor formation is as follows: protease 12(19.35%), curli 39(62.9%), cellulose 21(33.89%), ornithine decarboxylase 19(30.65%) and aesculin hydrolysis 14(22.58%). The overall proportion of diarrheagenic E. coli was 33/62(53.2%). The distributions of typical diarrheagenic E. coli includes: tETEC 9(14.5%), tEPEC 13(20.9%), tEAEC 6(9.7%), tEIEC 2(3.2%) and tEHEC 3(4.8%). The proportions of atypical strains include aETEC 10(16.1%), aEAEC 5(8.1%), aEPEC 1(1.6%) and aEIEC 3(4.8%). This study demonstrated that some RTE foods sold in Yenagoa, Nigeria, are contaminated and constitute a probable human health hazard. Thus, there is a need for intensive surveillance of this isolate in RTE foods variety to spot evolving AMR phenotypes and avert food-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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14
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Microbiological Risk Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Leafy Green Salads via a Novel Electrochemical Sensor. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the growing interest in a healthy lifestyle, to compensate for modern stressful habits, has led to an increased demand for wholesome products with quick preparation times. Fresh and ready-to-eat leafy green vegetables are generally perceived as salutary and safe, although they have been recognized as a source of food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. The reason is that these products retain much of their indigenous microflora after minimal industrial processing, and are expected to be consumed without any additional treatment by consumers. Microbiological safety requires a systematic approach that encompasses all aspects of production, processing and distribution. Nevertheless, the most common laboratory techniques used for the detection of pathogens are expensive, time consuming, need laboratory professionals and are not able to provide prompt results, required to undertake effective corrective actions. In this context, the solution proposed in this work is a novel electrochemical sensing system, able to provide real-time information on microbiological risk, which is also potentially embeddable in an industrial production line. The results showed the sensor ability to detect leafy green salad bacterial contaminations with adequate sensibility, even at a low concentration.
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15
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Mihalache OA, Møretrø T, Borda D, Dumitraşcu L, Neagu C, Nguyen-The C, Maître I, Didier P, Teixeira P, Lopes Junqueira LO, Truninger M, Izsó T, Kasza G, Skuland SE, Langsrud S, Nicolau AI. Kitchen layouts and consumers' food hygiene practices: Ergonomics versus safety. Food Control 2022; 131:108433. [PMID: 34980942 PMCID: PMC8474550 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Our paper emphasizes the importance of the kitchen layout in facilitating consumers' food hygiene practices. A significant correlation was found between the sink placement (inside or outside the kitchen) and hygienic practices during food handling based on a survey performed on consumers from ten European countries, indicating that those who had the sink in the kitchen were more likely to perform proper hygiene practices than those who have not. The self-reported practices were supported by observed practices in 64 households from five European countries. The observational study combined with the examination of kitchen layouts revealed that the kitchen work triangle with its apexes represented by the kitchen sink, cooking stove and refrigerator, which is recommended for ergonomic reasons by architects and designers, did not necessarily support food hygiene practices in kitchens. Cross-contamination events were associated with the sink – countertop distances longer than 1 m. Based on this, a new kitchen triangle with its apexes represented by the kitchen sink, working place (usually countertop) and cooking stove, with the distance between the sink and the working place less than 1 m is proposed to be used as norm in kitchen designs for combining ergonomics with safety. This triangle is proposedly named the food safety triangle and is aimed to mitigate the risks of foodborne illnesses by creating an arrangement that facilitates hygiene practices. This study is the first to highlight the importance of implementing the concept of food safety in the kitchen design based on significant correlations between kitchen equipment placement and consumers’ food safety practices. Sink placement in kitchens correlates with self-reported food handling practices. Sink placement is also correlated with observed cross-contamination events. Kitchen layouts based on the work triangle do not support food hygiene practices. A new triangle named food safety triangle is suggested for kitchens' organisation. Sink – countertop distances ≤1 m favour consumers' food hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Augustin Mihalache
- Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street 111, 800201, Galati, Romania
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, N-1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Daniela Borda
- Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street 111, 800201, Galati, Romania
| | - Loredana Dumitraşcu
- Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street 111, 800201, Galati, Romania
| | - Corina Neagu
- Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street 111, 800201, Galati, Romania
| | | | - Isabelle Maître
- USC1422 GRAPPE, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures (ESA), INRAE, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 55 Rue Rabelais, BP 30748, 49007, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Pierrine Didier
- INRAE, Avignon Université, UMR SQPOV, 84000, Avignon, France.,USC1422 GRAPPE, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures (ESA), INRAE, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 55 Rue Rabelais, BP 30748, 49007, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Orlando Lopes Junqueira
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Aníbal de Bettencourt 9, 1600-189, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monica Truninger
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Aníbal de Bettencourt 9, 1600-189, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tekla Izsó
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Keleti Károly u. 24, H-1024, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Kasza
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Keleti Károly u. 24, H-1024, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, N-1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street 111, 800201, Galati, Romania
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16
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Chukwu VA, Smith JU, Strachan NJC, Avery LM, Obiekezie SO. Impacts of different treatment methods for cattle manure on the spread of faecal indicator organisms from soil to lettuce in Nigeria. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:618-632. [PMID: 34161637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated impacts of different organic waste treatment methods on reduction and spread of faecal indicator organisms to food crops in a developing country. METHODS AND RESULTS Fresh cattle manure was subjected to three different treatments; anaerobic digestion, burning and composting. Escherichia coli, coliforms and nitrogen content of cattle manure were measured before and after treatment in the amended soil and harvested lettuce. All treatments significantly reduced E. coli and coliform counts but differed in the ratio of E. coli or coliforms to nitrogen. Application of the recommended nitrogen dose of 120 kg ha-1 as bioslurry resulted in significantly lower E. coli and coliform contamination of soil than the same nitrogen rate applied as compost or ash. The E. coli content of lettuces grown on soil amended with treated wastes at recommended rates did not differ between treatments but was significantly lower than in lettuces grown on soil amended with untreated manure. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of manure before use as an organic fertilizer significantly reduces potential contamination of both soil and food crops with E. coli and coliforms. To best reduce the spread of E. coli from organic fertilizers, manures should be treated by anaerobic digestion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Information from this study quantifies potential risks associated with use of manures in growing food crops by determining the ratio between pathogen content and required nitrogen application rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince A Chukwu
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jo U Smith
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Norval J C Strachan
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Smart O Obiekezie
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
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17
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Use of bacterial strains antagonistic to Escherichia coli for biocontrol of spinach: A field trial. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Dagher LA, Hassan J, Kharroubi S, Jaafar H, Kassem II. Nationwide Assessment of Water Quality in Rivers across Lebanon by Quantifying Fecal Indicators Densities and Profiling Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070883. [PMID: 34356804 PMCID: PMC8300662 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of contaminated water has been associated with severe disease outbreaks. Due to widespread pollution with untreated sewage, concerns have been raised over water quality in Lebanon, a country with well-documented challenges in infrastructure. Here, we evaluated the water quality of major rivers in Lebanon by quantifying the densities of fecal indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli). Additionally, we assessed the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in river water. Composite water samples (n = 132) were collected from fourteen rivers, and 378 E. coli were isolated and analyzed. Fecal coliforms and E. coli were detected in 96.29% and 95.5% of the samples, respectively. Additionally, 73.48–61.3% and 31.81% of the samples exceeded the microbiological acceptability standards for irrigation and the fecal coliform limit for recreational activities, respectively. The E. coli exhibited resistance to ampicillin (40% of isolates), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (42%), cefepime (4%), cefotaxime (14%), cefalexin (46%), cefixime (17%), doripenem (0.3%), imipenem (0.5%), gentamicin (6%), kanamycin (9%), streptomycin (35%), tetracycline (35%), ciprofloxacin (10%), norfloxacin (7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (32%), and chloramphenicol (13%). Notably, 45.8% of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). Our results highlight the need to urgently address fecal pollution and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Lebanese rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea A. Dagher
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (L.A.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Jouman Hassan
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Samer Kharroubi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (L.A.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Hadi Jaafar
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Issmat I. Kassem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (L.A.D.); (S.K.)
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Control Measures of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Shelf-Life Extension of Fresh-Cut Vegetables. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030655. [PMID: 33808683 PMCID: PMC8003346 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the combined effect of using slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), ultrasounds (US), and ultraviolet-C light-emitting diodes (UV-C LED; 275 nm) for decreasing pathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (SEA) in fresh-cut vegetables, including carrots, celery, paprika, and cabbage. Survival of pathogenic E. coli and SEA and quality properties of fresh-cut vegetables at 5 and 15 °C for 7 days were also investigated. When combined treatment (SAEW + US + UV-C LED) was applied to fresh-cut vegetables for 3 min, its microbial reduction effect was significantly higher (0.97~2.17 log CFU/g) than a single treatment (p < 0.05). Overall, the reduction effect was more significant for SEA than for pathogenic E. coli. At 5 °C, SAEW + US and SAEW + US + UV-C LED treatments reduced populations of pathogenic E. coli and SEA in all vegetables. At 15 °C, SAEW + US + UV-C LED treatment inhibited the growth of both pathogens in carrot and celery and extended the shelf life of fresh-cut vegetables by preventing color changes in all vegetables. Although the effects of treatments varied depending on the characteristics of the vegetables and pathogens, UV-C LED can be suggested as a new hurdle technology in fresh-cut vegetable industry.
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Occurrence, pathotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains in animal source food products from public markets in Mashhad, Iran. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Franco-Lira M, Kulesza R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Brito-Aguilar R, García-Arreola B, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Barrera-Velázquez JA, García-Alonso G, García-Rojas E, Mukherjee PS, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:479-503. [PMID: 32955466 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Colegio de Bachilleres Militarizado, "General Mariano Escobedo", Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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Arienzo A, Murgia L, Fraudentali I, Gallo V, Angelini R, Antonini G. Microbiological Quality of Ready-to-Eat Leafy Green Salads during Shelf-Life and Home-Refrigeration. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101421. [PMID: 33049952 PMCID: PMC7601731 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The market of ready-to-eat leafy green salads is experiencing a noticeable growth in Europe. Since they are intended to be consumed without additional treatments, these ready-to-eat products are associated with a high microbiological risk. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat leafy green salads sold in widespread supermarket chains in Lazio, Italy, on the packaging date during shelf-life and during home-refrigeration. The study also aimed to determine the differences between low-, medium-, and high-cost products. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were chosen as safety indicators as specified by European regulations while total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Escherichia coli were chosen as quality indicators as suggested by national guidelines. Analyses were performed following the ISO standards and in parallel for the evaluation of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, with an alternative colorimetric system, the Micro Biological Survey method, in order to propose a simple, affordable and accurate alternative for testing the microbiological quality of products, especially suitable for small and medium enterprises and on-site analyses. The study revealed high, unsatisfactory, total bacterial loads in all analyzed samples on the packaging date and expiry date and a very high prevalence of Salmonella spp. (67%) regardless of the selected varieties and cost categories; L. monocytogenes was not recovered aligning with the results obtained in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyexandra Arienzo
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (I.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Lorenza Murgia
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro, 305, 00136 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Ilaria Fraudentali
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (I.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro, 305, 00136 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (I.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (I.F.); (R.A.)
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro, 305, 00136 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang B, Fan Y, Li Y, Yan J, Fang X, Kong J. Rapid and simultaneous analysis of twelve virulence factor genes by a microfluidic-CFPA chip for identifying diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Analyst 2020; 145:3814-3821. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic system based on circular fluorescent probe-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification for identification of five diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Yiling Fan
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control
- Shanghai 201203
- PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Suxin Biotechnology Co. Ltd
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Jun Yan
- Shanghai Suxin Biotechnology Co. Ltd
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- PR China
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The Role of Pathogenic E. coli in Fresh Vegetables: Behavior, Contamination Factors, and Preventive Measures. Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:2894328. [PMID: 31885595 PMCID: PMC6899298 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2894328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many raw vegetables, such as tomato, chili, onion, lettuce, arugula, spinach, and cilantro, are incorporated into fresh dishes including ready-to-eat salads and sauces. The consumption of these foods confers a high nutritional value to the human diet. However, the number of foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produce has been increasing, with Escherichia coli being the most common pathogen associated with them. In humans, pathogenic E. coli strains cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and other indications. Vegetables can be contaminated with E. coli at any point from pre- to postharvest. This bacterium is able to survive in many environmental conditions due to a variety of mechanisms, such as adhesion to surfaces and internalization in fresh products, thereby limiting the usefulness of conventional processing and chemical sanitizing methods used by the food industry. The aim of this review is to provide a general description of the behavior and importance of pathogenic E. coli in ready-to-eat vegetable dishes. This information can contribute to the development of effective control measures for enhancing food safety.
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Anihouvi DGH, Kpoclou YE, Assogba MF, Iko Afé OH, Lègba G, Scippo M, Hounhouigan DJ, Anihouvi VB, Mahillon J. Microbial contamination associated with the processing of grilled pork, a ready‐to‐eat street food in Benin. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dona G. H. Anihouvi
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Yénoukounmè E. Kpoclou
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Mahunan F. Assogba
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Ogouyôm H. Iko Afé
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Gertrude Lègba
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Marie‐Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Djidjoho J. Hounhouigan
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Victor B. Anihouvi
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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Iwu CD, Okoh AI. Preharvest Transmission Routes of Fresh Produce Associated Bacterial Pathogens with Outbreak Potentials: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4407. [PMID: 31717976 PMCID: PMC6888529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of contaminated vegetables and fruits pose a significant problem to human health. The sources of contamination of these food products at the preharvest level of agricultural production, most importantly, agricultural soil and irrigation water, serve as potential reservoirs of some clinically significant foodborne pathogenic bacteria. These clinically important bacteria include: Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and pathogenic E. coli (and E. coli O157:H7) all of which have the potential to cause disease outbreaks. Most of these pathogens acquire antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants due to AR selective pressure within the agroecosystem and become resistant against most available treatment options, further aggravating risks to human and environmental health, and food safety. This review critically outlines the following issues with regards to fresh produce; the global burden of fresh produce-related foodborne diseases, contamination between the continuum of farm to table, preharvest transmission routes, AR profiles, and possible interventions to minimize the preharvest contamination of fresh produce. This review reveals that the primary production niches of the agro-ecosystem play a significant role in the transmission of fresh produce associated pathogens as well as their resistant variants, thus detrimental to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie Declan Iwu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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de Bruin W, Kritzinger Q, Bornman R, Korsten L. Occurrence, fate and toxic effects of the industrial endocrine disrupter, nonylphenol, on plants - A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:419-427. [PMID: 31220782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) and its detrimental effects on the environment, humans, wildlife, fish and birds is an increasingly important global research focus. The number of investigations on the toxicity and metabolic fate of NP in plants is however limited. This paper reviews the prevalence and source of NP in plants and the effect it has on its morphological, physiological and ultrastructural status. Fruit and vegetables have been found to contain levels of NP that is twenty-fold exceeding the no observable effect level (NOEL) of freshwater algae. Apart from the potential risk this poses to the health of consumers, it can overburden the plant's natural defence system, leading to growth disorders. Plants exposed to NP show signs of overall growth reduction, changes in organelle structure and oxidative damage. These adverse effects may exacerbate the food security dilemma faced by many countries and impede their progress towards attaining the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke de Bruin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation: Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Quenton Kritzinger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation: Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
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Sapkota S, Adhikari S, Pandey A, Khadka S, Adhikari M, Kandel H, Pathak S, Pandey A. Multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli and Salmonella on raw vegetable salads served at hotels and restaurants in Bharatpur, Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:516. [PMID: 31420003 PMCID: PMC6697966 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antimicrobial resistance among the bacteria present in ready-to-eat foods like vegetable salads is an emerging concern today. The current study was undertaken to investigate the presence of multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and Salmonella spp. in raw vegetable salads served at hotels and restaurants in Bharatpur. A total of 216 salad samples were collected from three different grades of hotels and restaurants and examined for the presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in Microbiology laboratory of Birendra Multiple Campus by conventional microbiological techniques. RESULTS Out of 216 samples, 66 samples (35.2%) showed the presence of Salmonella spp. whereas E. coli was recovered from 29 (13.4%) samples of which 3 samples harbored E. coli O157: H7. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 9 (13.6%) Salmonella and 4 (13.8%) E. coli isolates were detected as multi-drug resistant. Total ESBL producers reported were 5 (7.57%) Salmonella and 4 (13.8%) E. coli. The study also assessed a significant association between occurrence of E. coli and Salmonella with different grades of hotels and restaurants, personal hygiene and literacy rate of chefs and with the type of cleaning materials used to wash knives and chopping boards (p < 0.05). The findings suggest an immediate need of attention by the concerned authorities to prevent the emergence and transmission of food-borne pathogens and infections antimicrobial resistance among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeep Sapkota
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Sanjib Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Pandey
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sujan Khadka
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Madhuri Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Hemraj Kandel
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Sandhya Pathak
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
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29
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Konishi N, Obata H, Kai A, Ohtsuka K, Nishikawa Y, Terajima J, Hara-Kudo Y. Major Vehicles and O-Serogroups in Foodborne Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Outbreaks in Japan, and Effective Detection Methods of the Pathogen in Food Associated with An Outbreak. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2018; 59:161-166. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.59.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Rangel-Vargas E, Luna-Rojo AM, Cadena-Ramírez A, Torres-Vitela R, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Villarruel-López A, Téllez-Jurado A, Villagómez-Ibarra JR, Reynoso-Camacho R, Castro-Rosas J. Behavior of 11 Foodborne Bacteria on Whole and Cut Mangoes var. Ataulfo and Kent and Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chemical Sanitizers Directly onto Mangoes Contaminated with Foodborne Bacteria. J Food Prot 2018; 81:743-753. [PMID: 29620488 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of foodborne bacteria on whole and cut mangoes and the antibacterial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts and chemical sanitizers against foodborne bacteria on contaminated mangoes were investigated. Mangoes var. Ataulfo and Kent were used in the study. Mangoes were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Montevideo, Escherichia coli strains (O157:H7, non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative). The antibacterial effect of five roselle calyx extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against foodborne bacteria were evaluated on contaminated mangoes. The dry extracts obtained with ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine solvent residues. Separately, contaminated whole mangoes were immersed in five hibiscus extracts and in sanitizers for 5 min. All foodborne bacteria attached to mangoes. After 20 days at 25 ± 2°C, all foodborne bacterial strains on whole Ataulfo mangoes had decreased by approximately 2.5 log, and on Kent mangoes by approximately 2 log; at 3 ± 2°C, they had decreased to approximately 1.9 and 1.5 log, respectively, on Ataulfo and Kent. All foodborne bacterial strains grew on cut mangoes at 25 ± 2°C; however, at 3 ± 2°C, bacterial growth was inhibited. Residual solvents were not detected in any of the dry extracts by nuclear magnetic resonance. Acetonic, ethanolic, and methanolic roselle calyx extracts caused a greater reduction in concentration (2 to 2.6 log CFU/g) of all foodborne bacteria on contaminated whole mangoes than the sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid. Dry roselle calyx extracts may be a potentially useful addition to disinfection procedures of mangoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Anais M Luna-Rojo
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Arturo Cadena-Ramírez
- 2 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Km. 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Refugio Torres-Vitela
- 3 Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán No. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- 3 Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán No. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Téllez-Jurado
- 2 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Km. 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - José R Villagómez-Ibarra
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | | | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the predominant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotype among irrigation water and food sources in South Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 278:44-51. [PMID: 29702315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) has been implicated in foodborne outbreaks worldwide and have been associated with childhood stunting in the absence of diarrhoea. Infection is extraordinarily common, but the routes of transmission have not been determined. Therefore, determining the most prevalent pathotypes in food and environmental sources may help provide better guidance to various stakeholders in ensuring food safety and public health and advancing understanding of the epidemiology of enteric disease. We characterized 205 E. coli strains previously isolated from producer distributor bulk milk (PDBM)(118), irrigation water (48), irrigated lettuce (29) and street vendor coleslaw (10) in South Africa. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) were sought. We used PCR and partial gene sequencing for all 205 strains while 46 out of 205 that showed poor resolution were subsequently characterized using cell adherence (HeLa cells). PCR and partial gene sequencing of aatA and/or aaiC genes confirmed EAEC (2%, 5 out of 205) as the only pathotype. Phylogenetic analysis of sequenced EAEC strains with E. coli strains in GenBank showing ≥80% nucleotide sequence similarity based on possession of aaiC and aatA generated distinct clusters of strains separated predominantly based on their source of isolation (food source or human stool) suggesting a potential role of virulence genes in source tracking. EAEC 24%, 11 out of 46 strains (PDBM = 15%, irrigation water = 7%, irrigated lettuce = 2%) was similarly the predominant pathotype followed by strains showing invasiveness to HeLa cells, 4%, 2 out of 46 (PDBM = 2%, irrigated lettuce = 2%), among stains characterized using cell adherence. Therefore, EAEC may be the leading cause of DEC associated food and water-borne enteric infection in South Africa. Additionally, solely using molecular based methods targeting virulence gene determinants may underestimate prevalence, especially among heterogeneous pathogens such as EAEC.
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Gómez-Aldapa C, Torres-Vitela M, Rangel-Vargas E, Villaruel-López A, Santiesteban-López N, Cruz-Gálvez A, Castro-Rosas J. Comparison of the antimicrobial activities of roselle calyx extracts and chemical sanitizers directly onto contaminated cucumbers. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Gómez-Aldapa
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - M.R. Torres-Vitela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán No. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - E. Rangel-Vargas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - A. Villaruel-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán No. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - N.A. Santiesteban-López
- Facultad de Administración. Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edificio ‘J’ Av. San Claudio y 20 Sur Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A.M. Cruz-Gálvez
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - J. Castro-Rosas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Rivera-Sánchez G, Lira-Méndez K, Reyes-López MÁ, Bocanegra-García V. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:266-272. [PMID: 29501529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determinate the prevalence of Escherichia coli and its resistance to antimicrobials and the presence of virulence genes in retail samples of beef and pork in several locations in Tamaulipas, Mexico. METHODS A total of 106 samples (54 beef and 52 pork) collected from August 2013 to March 2014 were analysed to detect E. coli isolates. The E. coli isolates were then analysed for detection of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents was also determined. RESULTS A total of 158 E. coli isolates were obtained, among which 3 (1.9%) harboured the virulence gene stx1, 28 (17.7%) harboured stx2 and 34 (21.5%) harboured hlyA. High phenotypic resistance was observed in almost all isolates, since 146 (92.4%) showed a multiresistant phenotype with resistance to cefalotin (92%), ampicillin (92%), cefotaxime (78%), nitrofurantoin (76%) and tetracycline (75%). The antimicrobial resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) were detected in 56% of isolates, strA in 9.6%, aadA in 17% and aac(3)-IV in only 0.6% of strains. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, it can be concluded that retail beef and pork meat may play a role in the spread of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Krystal Lira-Méndez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
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Mir SA, Shah MA, Mir MM, Dar B, Greiner R, Roohinejad S. Microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat vegetable salads in developing countries and potential solutions in the supply chain to control microbial pathogens. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Torres-Vitela MR, Villarruel-López A, Acevedo-Sandoval OA, Gordillo-Martínez AJ, Godínez-Oviedo A, Castro-Rosas J. Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chemical Sanitizers Directly on Green Leaves Contaminated with Foodborne Pathogens. J Food Prot 2018; 81:209-217. [PMID: 29320233 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leafy greens have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks in different countries. To decrease microbial contamination of leafy greens, chemical agents are commonly used; however, a number of studies have shown these agents to have limited antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria on vegetables. The objective of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts (water, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid, and colloidal silver against foodborne bacteria on leafy greens. Thirteen foodborne bacteria were used in the study: Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium Typhi, and Montevideo, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, five E. coli pathotypes (Shiga toxin-producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative), and Vibrio cholerae O1. Each foodborne bacterium was separately inoculated on romaine lettuce, spinach, and coriander leaves. Separately, contaminated leafy greens were immersed in four hibiscus extracts and in sanitizers for 5 min. Next, green leaves were washed with sterile tap water. Separately, each green leaf was placed in a bag that contained 0.1% sterile peptone water and was rubbed for 2 min. Counts were done by plate count using appropriate dilutions (in sterile peptone water) of the bacterial suspensions spread on Trypticase soy agar plates and incubated at 35 ± 2°C for 48 h. Statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05) were calculated with an analysis of variance and Duncan's test. All 13 foodborne bacteria attached to leafy greens. Roselle calyx extracts caused a significantly greater reduction ( P < 0.05) in concentration of all foodborne bacteria on contaminated romaine lettuce, spinach, and coriander than did the sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid. Dry roselle calyx extracts may potentially be a useful addition to disinfection procedures for romaine lettuce, spinach, and coriander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Ma Refugio Torres-Vitela
- 2 Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán no. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; and
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- 2 Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán no. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; and
| | - Otilio A Acevedo-Sandoval
- 3 Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, UAEH, Avenida Universidad kilometro 1, Ex Hacienda Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal no. 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alberto J Gordillo-Martínez
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Angélica Godínez-Oviedo
- 3 Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, UAEH, Avenida Universidad kilometro 1, Ex Hacienda Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal no. 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC, formerly known as "EAggEC") cause acute or persistent watery diarrhoea (with or without mucus) in children, predominantly in low-income countries, and are associated with travellers' diarrhoea in children and adults in middle and high income countries. The diverse nature of EAEC is such that not all strains cause disease. Conversely, certain strains of EAEC possess additional virulence determinants associated with the ability to cause severe diarrhoea and other symptoms, which might be life-threatening in vulnerable patients. The EAEC virulence factors described to date are either encoded on the large virulence plasmid of EAEC (plasmid of aggregative adherence) or on pathogenicity islands on the chromosome. Testing of food and faecal samples involves the detection of EAEC-associated traits in the matrix followed by isolation of the organism and confirmation of the presence of EAEC-associated genes using PCR. The variability of the plasmid structure and virulence gene sequences and the possibility that this mobile genetic element may be lost has necessitated the inclusion of chromosomal markers in the molecular screening assays. There is evidence in the literature of foodborne transmission of EAEC, but currently no evidence of a zoonotic reservoir. Fimbriae-mediated adhesion and biofilm formation are likely to be involved in both clinical manifestations of infection and attachment to foodstuffs. Multidrug resistance appears to be common in EAEC and geographically widespread. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed the mosaic genomic structure of EAEC and provided evidence that horizontal gene transfer and recombination are the driving force for acquisition of novel genome features and potentially novel pathogenic mechanisms. This has significant public health implications in terms of the diversity and pathogenesis of EAEC and its ability to colonise and cause disease in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jenkins
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK.
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37
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Uhlig E, Olsson C, He J, Stark T, Sadowska Z, Molin G, Ahrné S, Alsanius B, Håkansson Å. Effects of household washing on bacterial load and removal of Escherichia coli from lettuce and "ready-to-eat" salads. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:1215-1220. [PMID: 29188050 PMCID: PMC5694878 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Customer demands for fresh salads are increasing, but leafy green vegetables have also been linked to food‐borne illness due to pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7. As a safety measure, consumers often wash leafy vegetables in water before consumption. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of household washing to reduce the bacterial content. Romaine lettuce and ready‐to‐eat mixed salad were washed several times in flowing water at different rates and by immersing the leaves in water. Lettuce was also inoculated with E. coli before washing. Only washing in a high flow rate (8 L/min) resulted in statistically significant reductions (p < .05), “Total aerobic count” was reduced by 80%, and Enterobacteriaceae count was reduced by 68% after the first rinse. The number of contaminating E. coli was not significantly reduced. The dominating part of the culturable microbiota of the washed lettuce was identified by rRNA 16S sequencing of randomly picked colonies. The majority belonged to Pseudomonadaceae, but isolates from Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceaceae were also frequently found. This study shows the inefficiency of tap water washing methods available for the consumer when it comes to removal of bacteria from lettuce. Even after washing, the lettuce contained high levels of bacteria that in a high dose and under certain circumstances may constitute a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Uhlig
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Crister Olsson
- Department of Biosystems and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Therese Stark
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Zuzanna Sadowska
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Göran Molin
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Siv Ahrné
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Beatrix Alsanius
- Department of Biosystems and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - Åsa Håkansson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition Lund University Lund Sweden
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Sethi S, Chauhan OP, Anurag RK. Effect of high-pressure processing on quality and stability of green mango blended mayonnaise. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2341-2350. [PMID: 28740291 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present work was aimed to study and optimize the high pressure treated green mango blended mayonnaise in terms of oxidative and emulsion stability, as a function of technical parameters; pressure intensity, dwell period and level of green mango pulp. Mayonnaise samples were treated at different combinations of pressure (400-600 MPa), holding time (5-10 min) and level of green mango pulp (10-30%) following Box-Behnken design. Mayonnaise quality was evaluated in terms of oxidative stability and emulsion stability using response surface methodology to optimize the best possible combination among all. Analysis of variance showed that the second-order polynomial model fitted well with the experimental results. Pressure and time were the most important factors determining the oxidative stability (free fatty acids, peroxide value and anisidine value) whereas; the emulsion stability (creaming and thermal creaming) was most significantly affected by the level of green mango pulp. The optimized conditions for preparing green mango blended mayonnaise with high oxidative and emulsion stability were: 435 MPa pressure, 5 min of holding time with the addition of green mango pulp at the rate of 28%. The product prepared at optimum conditions showed good correlations between predicted and actual values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sethi
- Food Grains and Oilseeds Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - O P Chauhan
- Fruits and Vegetables Technology Division, DRDO-Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka 570011 India
| | - Rahul K Anurag
- Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
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Gómez‐Aldapa CA, Portillo‐Torres LA, Villagómez‐Ibarra JR, Rangel‐Vargas E, Téllez‐Jurado A, Cruz‐Gálvez AM, Castro‐Rosas J. Survival of foodborne bacteria on strawberries and antibacterial activities of
Hibiscus sabdariffa
extracts and chemical sanitizers on strawberries. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Gómez‐Aldapa
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Lizbeth A. Portillo‐Torres
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - José R. Villagómez‐Ibarra
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel‐Vargas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Alejandro Téllez‐Jurado
- Universidad Politécnica de PachucaCarretera Pachuca–Cd. Sahagún Km. 20, C.P. 43830, Rancho Luna, Ex‐Hacienda Santa Barbara, Zempoala, Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Andrés M. Cruz‐Gálvez
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
- Universidad Politécnica de PachucaCarretera Pachuca–Cd. Sahagún Km. 20, C.P. 43830, Rancho Luna, Ex‐Hacienda Santa Barbara, Zempoala, Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Javier Castro‐Rosas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
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Ding T, Liao XY, Dong QL, Xuan XT, Chen SG, Ye XQ, Liu DH. Predictive modeling of microbial single cells: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:711-725. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1217193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Li Dong
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Xuan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Guo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Qian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Hong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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41
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Kim NH, Cho TJ, Rhee MS. Current Interventions for Controlling Pathogenic Escherichia coli. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 100:1-47. [PMID: 28732552 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This review examined scientific reports and articles published from 2007 to 2016 regarding the major environmental sources of pathogenic Escherichia coli and the routes by which they enter the human gastrointestinal tract. The literature describes novel techniques used to combat pathogenic E. coli transmitted to humans from livestock and agricultural products, food-contact surfaces in processing environments, and food products themselves. Although prevention before contamination is always the best "intervention," many studies aim to identify novel chemical, physical, and biological techniques that inactivate or eliminate pathogenic E. coli cells from breeding livestock, growing crops, and manufactured food products. Such intervention strategies target each stage of the food chain from the perspective of "Farm to Table food safety" and aim to manage major reservoirs of pathogenic E. coli throughout the entire process. Issues related to, and recent trends in, food production must address not only the safety of the food itself but also the safety of those who consume it. Thus, research aims to discover new "natural" antimicrobial agents and to develop "multiple hurdle technology" or other novel technologies that preserve food quality. In addition, this review examines the practical application of recent technologies from the perspective of product quality and safety. It provides comprehensive insight into intervention measures used to ensure food safety, specifically those aimed at pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Baloch AB, Yang H, Feng Y, Xi M, Wu Q, Yang Q, Tang J, He X, Xiao Y, Xia X. Presence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Ready-to-Eat Foods in Shaanxi, China. J Food Prot 2017; 80:420-424. [PMID: 28199148 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the presence and characteristics of Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. A total of 300 RTE foods samples were collected in Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China: 50 samples of cooked meat, 165 samples of vegetable salad, 50 samples of cold noodles, and 35 samples of salted boiled peanuts. All samples were collected during summer (in July to October) 2011 and 2012 and surveyed for the presence of E. coli . E. coli isolates recovered were classified by phylogenetic typing using a PCR assay. The presence of Shiga toxin genes 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) was determined for these E. coli isolates by PCR, and all isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of class 1 integrons. Overall, 267 (89.0%) RTE food samples were positive for E. coli : 49 cold noodle, 46 cooked meat, 150 salad vegetable, and 22 salted boiled peanut samples. Of the 267 E. coli isolates, 73.0% belong to phylogenetic group A, 12.4% to group B1, 6.4% to group B2, and 8.2% to group D. All isolates were negative for both Shiga toxin genes. Among the isolates, 74.2% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 17.6% were resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents. Resistance to ampicillin (75.6% of isolates) and tetracycline (73.1% of isolates) was most frequently detected; 26.2% of E. coli isolates and 68.8% of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates were positive for class 1 integrons. All isolates were sensitive to amikacin. Our findings indicate that RTE foods in Shaanxi were commonly contaminated with antibiotic-resistant E. coli , which may pose a risk for consumer health and for transmission of antibiotic resistance. Future research is warranted to track the contamination sources and develop appropriate steps that should be taken by government, industry, and retailers to reduce microbial contamination in RTE foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Bux Baloch
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meili Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinhao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsi Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China.,Sino-U.S. Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 72100, People's Republic of China
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Rangel-Vargas E, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Falfan-Cortes RN, Rodríguez-Marín ML, Godínez-Oviedo A, Acevedo-Sandoval OA, Castro-Rosas J. Attachment of 13 Types of Foodborne Bacteria to Jalapeño and Serrano Peppers and Antibacterial Effect of Roselle Calyx Extracts, Sodium Hypochlorite, Colloidal Silver, and Acetic Acid against These Foodborne Bacteria on Peppers. J Food Prot 2017; 80:406-413. [PMID: 28199144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chili peppers are a very important crop in Mexico. However, these peppers have been associated with Salmonella infection outbreaks in the United States, and Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes have been isolated from jalapeño and serrano peppers in Mexico. To decrease microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables, chemical agents are commonly used; however, chemical agents used to eliminate pathogenic bacteria on vegetables have a limited antimicrobial effect. Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) calyces have been reported to have an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of four roselle calyx extracts (water, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against foodborne bacteria was evaluated on contaminated jalapeño and serrano peppers. The 13 types of foodborne bacteria evaluated were Listeria monocytogenes , Shigella flexneri , Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Montevideo, Staphylococcus aureus , E. coli O157:H7, five E. coli pathotypes (Shiga toxin producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative), and Vibrio cholerae O1. All 13 types attached to both pepper types, with no significant differences in attachment between jalapeño and serrano peppers. Roselle calyx extract treatment resulted in a greater reduction in levels of all foodborne bacteria than did treatment with sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid on both pepper types. Roselle calyx extracts may be a useful for disinfection of chili peppers in the field, processing plants, restaurants, and homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Reyna N Falfan-Cortes
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México.,Catedrática CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez C.P. 03940, México, D.F. México
| | - María L Rodríguez-Marín
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México.,Catedrática CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez C.P. 03940, México, D.F. México
| | - Angélica Godínez-Oviedo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Avenida Universidad km 1, Ex Hacienda Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Otilio A Acevedo-Sandoval
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Avenida Universidad km 1, Ex Hacienda Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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44
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An Update on Aptamer-Based Multiplex System Approaches for the Detection of Common Foodborne Pathogens. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gómez-Aldapa CA, Refugio Torres-Viela M, Amaya-Acosta MA, Rangel-Vargas E, Villaruel-López A, Castro-Rosas J. Behavior of thirteen foodborne bacteria on whole Hass avocado and potential of roselle calyx extracts as alternative disinfectant agents of avocado. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Gómez-Aldapa
- Área Académica de Química; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma; Hidalgo México
| | - Ma. Refugio Torres-Viela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán No. 1421; Guadalajara Jalisco 44430 México
| | - Mariel A. Amaya-Acosta
- Área Académica de Química; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma; Hidalgo México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Área Académica de Química; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma; Hidalgo México
| | - Angélica Villaruel-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán No. 1421; Guadalajara Jalisco 44430 México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Área Académica de Química; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma; Hidalgo México
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Liang WL, Pan YL, Cheng HL, Li TC, Yu PHF, Chan SW. The microbiological quality of take-away raw salmon finger sushi sold in Hong Kong. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Lai Z, Zhu X. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in retail ready-to-eat foods in China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kouchakkhani H, Dehghan P, Moosavy MH, Sarmadi B. Occurrence, Molecular Detection and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Vegetable Salads in Iran. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ranjbar R, Sheikhshahrokh A, Jonaidi Jafari N. Shiga (vero) toxin producingEscherichia coliin various types of food stuffs; virulence factors, O-serogroups and antimicrobial resistance properties. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Abuelhassan NN, Mutalib SA, Gimba FI, Yusoff WM. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) from imported beef meat in Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17553-17562. [PMID: 27234829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the presence and characterization of Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) from imported frozen beef meats. Seventy-four (74) frozen imported beef meat samples from two countries, India (42 samples) and Australia (32 samples), were collected and tested for E. coli. These samples were purchased from the frozen meat sections of five different supermarkets in different locations in Selangor, Malaysia, from April 2012 to October 2014. A total of 222 E. coli strains were isolated from the meat samples; 126 strains were isolated from country A (India), and 96 E. coli strains were from country of origin B (Australia), respectively. A total of 70 E. coli strains were identified and characterized. All E. coli strains were isolated into Fluorocult medium and identified using API 20E kit. All selected E. coli strains were characterized for Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2). All biochemically identified E. coli in this study were further subjected to molecular detection through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and characterization using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Of the 70 E. coli strains, 11 strains were positive for both Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and 11 (11/70) strains were positive for stx1 gene, while 25 (25/70) strains were positive for stx2 gene. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene of all the E. coli isolates in this study was successfully sequenced and analyzed, and based on sequence data obtained, a phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using Clustal W programme in MEGA 6.06 software. Phylogenetic tree showed that the E. coli isolates in our study cluster with the strain of E. coli isolated in other countries, which further confirm that the isolates of E. coli in this study are similar to those obtained in other studies. As a result, all the strains obtained in this study proved to be a strain of pathogenic E. coli, which may cause a serious outbreak of food-borne disease. The isolation of pathogenic E. coli strains from the imported meat samples calls for prudent management of imported meats by the relevant authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Nouridaim Abuelhassan
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sahilah Abdul Mutalib
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fufa Ido Gimba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Putra Malaysia, Darul Ehsan, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohtar Yusoff
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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