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da Silva LAGA, Piacentini KC, Caramês ETDS, Silva NCC, Wawroszová S, Běláková S, Rocha LDO. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for estimating the presence of Fusarium and its mycotoxins in barley grains. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1369-1387. [PMID: 37640447 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2250474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Members within the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC) are able to produce mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN) and enniatins (ENNs) in food products. Consequently, alternative methods for assessing the levels of these mycotoxins are relevant for quick decision-making. In this context, qPCR based on key mycotoxin biosynthetic genes could aid in determining the toxigenic fungal biomass, and could therefore infer mycotoxin content. The aim of this study was to verify the use of qPCR as a technique for estimating DON, NIV, ENNs and ZEN, as well as Fusarium graminearum sensu lato (s.l.) and F. poae in barley grains. For this purpose, 53 barley samples were selected for mycobiota, mycotoxin and qPCR analyses. ENNs were the most frequent mycotoxins, followed by DON, ZEN and NIV. 83% of the samples were contaminated by F. graminearum s.l. and 51% by F. poae. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations for TRI12/15-ADON with DON, ESYN1 with ENNs, TRI12/15-ADON and ZEB1 with F. graminearum s.l., as well as ESYN1 and TRI12/NIV with F. poae. Based on the results, qPCR could be useful for the assessment of Fusarium presence, and therefore, provide an estimation of its mycotoxins' levels from the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Cristina Piacentini
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DECAN), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Simona Wawroszová
- Regional Department Brno, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Běláková
- Malting Institute Brno, Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Liliana de Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DECAN), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Supronienė S, Kadžienė G, Shamshitov A, Veršulienė A, Šneideris D, Ivanauskas A, Žvirdauskienė R. Soil Fungistasis against Fusarium Graminearum under Different tillage Systems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:966. [PMID: 36840316 PMCID: PMC9961288 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the harmful pathogen Fusarium graminearum in different agroecosystems may strongly depend on the ability of the soils to suppress its development and survival. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage systems (i.e., conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage) on soil fungistasis against F. graminearum. Soil samples were collected three times during the plant growing season in 2016 and 2017 from a long-term, 20-year soil tillage experiment. The F. graminearum in the soil samples was quantified by real-time qPCR. The soil fungistasis was evaluated by the reduction in the radial growth of F. graminearum in an in vitro assay. The antagonistic activity of the soil bacteria was tested using the dual culture method. The F. graminearum DNA contents in the soils were negatively correlated with soil fungistasis (r = -0.649 *). F. graminearum growth on the unfumigated soil was reduced by 70-87% compared to the chloroform fumigated soil. After the plant vegetation renewal, the soil fungistasis intensity was higher in the conventionally tilled fields than in the no-tillage. However, no significant differences were obtained among the tillage treatments at the mid-plant growth stage and after harvesting. 23 out of 104 bacteria isolated from the soil had a moderate effect, and only 1 had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of F. graminearum. This bacterium was assigned 100% similarity to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Hy7 strain (gene bank no: JN382250) according to the sequence of the 16S ribosome subunit coding gene. The results of our study suggest that the presence of F. graminearum in soil is suppressed by soil fungistasis; however, the role of tillage is influenced by other factors, such as soil biological activity, type and quantity of plant residues and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skaidrė Supronienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT−58344 Kedainiai Distr., Lithuania
| | - Gražina Kadžienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT−58344 Kedainiai Distr., Lithuania
| | - Arman Shamshitov
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT−58344 Kedainiai Distr., Lithuania
| | - Agnė Veršulienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT−58344 Kedainiai Distr., Lithuania
| | - Donatas Šneideris
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT−608412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Renata Žvirdauskienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT−58344 Kedainiai Distr., Lithuania
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3
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Quantitative PCR assays for the species-specific detection of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium asiaticum in winter wheat growing regions in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110061. [PMID: 36566702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is one of the most devastating fungal plant pathogens of cereal crops worldwide, resulting in a corresponding mycotoxins contamination in cereal-based food. The detection of FGSC to study its population structure and species distribution is of great concern for the integrated control of mycotoxins contamination in grains entering food supply chains. In this study, real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) methods were developed for the species-specific detection of Fusarium graminearum species complex in winter wheat growing regions in China. Primers and probes were designed basing the on the sequence of Fg-16 SCAR fragment (sequence characterized amplified regions analysis) and confirmed to make a distinguishment between the two prevailing species including Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium asiaticum. The assay specificity was tested against 24 isolates of target Fusarium species and several non-target Fusarium species that were frequently isolated from wheat in China. Consistent results could be obtained by the developed RT-qPCR and ddPCR assays, and both of them were sensitive enough for the detection of FGSC in these regions. Population structure and species distribution of FGSC in North China plain and Yangtze River plain by the developed qPCR assays accorded with previous results obtained by fungal isolation method. The newly developed qPCR assays are time-saving and will provide new insights during the routine surveillance of FGSC in winter wheat growing regions in China and possibly other countries.
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Rai S, Omar AF, Rehan M, Al-Turki A, Sagar A, Ilyas N, Sayyed RZ, Hasanuzzaman M. Crop microbiome: their role and advances in molecular and omic techniques for the sustenance of agriculture. PLANTA 2022; 257:27. [PMID: 36583789 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is an effort to provide in-depth knowledge of microbe's interaction and its role in crop microbiome using combination of advanced molecular and OMICS technology to translate this information for the sustenance of agriculture. Increasing population, climate change and exhaustive agricultural practices either influenced nutrient inputs of soil or generating biological and physico-chemical deterioration of the soils and affecting the agricultural productivity and agro-ecosystems. Alarming concerns toward food security and crop production claim for renewed attention in microbe-based farming practices. Microbes are omnipresent (soil, water, and air) and their close association with plants would help to accomplish sustainable agriculture goals. In the last few decades, the search for beneficial microbes in crop production, soil fertilization, disease management, and plant growth promotion is the thirst for eco-friendly agriculture. The crop microbiome opens new paths to utilize beneficial microbes and manage pathogenic microbes through integrated advanced biotechnology. The crop microbiome helps plants acquire nutrients, growth, resilience against phytopathogens, and tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity. Despite the emergent functionality of the crop microbiome as a complicated constituent of the plant fitness, our understanding of how the functionality of microbiome influenced by numerous factors including genotype of host, climatic conditions, mobilization of minerals, soil composition, nutrient availability, interaction between nexus of microbes, and interactions with other external microbiomes is partially understood. However, the structure, composition, dynamics, and functional contribution of such cultured and uncultured crop microbiome are least explored. The advanced biotechnological approaches are efficient tools for acquiring the information required to investigate the microbiome and extract data to develop high yield producing and resistant variety crops. This knowledge fills the fundamental gap between the theoretical concepts and the operational use of these advanced tools in crop microbiome studies. Here, we review (1) structure and composition of crop microbiome, (2) microbiome-mediated role associated with crops fitness, (3) Molecular and -omics techniques for exploration of crop microbiome, and (4) current approaches and future prospectives of crop microbiome and its exploitation for sustainable agriculture. Recent -omic approaches are influential tool for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management of crops microbiome. Identification of crop microbiome, using system biology and rhizho-engineering, can help to develop future bioformulations for disease management, reclamation of stressed agro-ecosystems, and improved productivity of crops. Nano-system approaches combined with triggering molecules of crop microbiome can help in designing of nano-biofertilizers and nano-biopesticides. This combination has numerous merits over the traditional bioinoculants. They stimulate various defense mechanisms in plants facing stress conditions; provide bioavailability of nutrients in the soil, helps mitigate stress conditions; and enhance chances of crops establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, SHEPA, Varanasi, India.
| | - Ayman F Omar
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory and EPCRS Excellence Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Medhat Rehan
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, College of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Al-Turki
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alka Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, MIET, Meerut, India
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - R Z Sayyed
- Asian PGPR Society, Auburn Venture, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
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Bamforth J, Chin T, Ashfaq T, Gamage NW, Pleskach K, Tittlemier SA, Henriquez MA, Kurera S, Lee SJ, Patel B, Gräfenhan T, Walkowiak S. A survey of Fusarium species and ADON genotype on Canadian wheat grain. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1062444. [PMID: 37746237 PMCID: PMC10512222 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1062444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Wheat is a staple food that is important to global food security, but in epidemic years, fungal pathogens can threaten production, quality, and safety of wheat grain. Globally, one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat is Fusarium head blight (FHB). This disease can be caused by several different Fusarium species with known differences in aggressiveness and mycotoxin-production potential, with the trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives being of particular concern. In North America, the most predominant species causing FHB is F. graminearum, which has two distinct sub-populations that are commonly classified into two main chemotypes/genotypes based on their propensity to form trichothecene derivatives, namely 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON). Materials and methods We used a panel of 13 DNA markers to perform species and ADON genotype identification for 55, 444 wheat kernels from 7, 783 samples originating from across Canada from 2014 to 2020. Results and discussion Based on single-seed analyses, we demonstrate the relationships between Fusarium species and trichothecene chemotype with sample year, sample location, wheat species (hexaploid and durum wheat), severity of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), and accumulation of DON. Results indicate that various Fusarium species are present across wheat growing regions in Canada; however, F. graminearum is the most common species and 3-ADON the most common genotype. We observed an increase in the occurrence of the 3-ADON genotype, particularly in the western Prairie regions. Our data provides important information on special-temporal trends in Fusarium species and chemotypes that can aid with the implementation of integrated disease management strategies to control the detrimental effects of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Bamforth
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tiffany Chin
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tehreem Ashfaq
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Kerri Pleskach
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Maria Antonia Henriquez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Plant Science, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shimosh Kurera
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sung-Jong Lee
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bhaktiben Patel
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tom Gräfenhan
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Julius-Maximilian-University, Core Unit Systems Medicine, Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Plant Science, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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6
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Góral T, Przetakiewicz J, Ochodzki P, Wiewióra B, Wiśniewska H. Quantification of DNA of Fusarium culmorum and Trichothecene Genotypes 3ADON and NIV in the Grain of Winter Wheat. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121449. [PMID: 36558783 PMCID: PMC9788549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a wheat disease caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. The aim of the study was to find relationships between the weather conditions in the experimental years and the locations and the amount of F. culmorum DNA and trichothecene genotypes, as well as the proportions between them. A three-year field experiment (2017, 2018 and 2019) was established in two locations (Poznań, Radzików). The DNA of F. culmorum was detected in all grain samples in an average amount of 20,124 pg per 1 μg of wheat DNA. The average amount of DNA from the 3ADON genotype was 4879 pg/μg and the amount of DNA from the NIV genotype was 3330 pg/μg. Weather conditions strongly affected the amount of DNA of F. culmorum and trichothecene genotypes detected in the grain. In the three experimental years, a high variability was observed in the coefficients of correlation between DNA concentrations and the FHB index, FDK, ergosterol and the corresponding toxins. There were significant correlations between disease incidence, fungal biomass (quantified as the total amount of fungal DNA or DNA trichothecene genotypes) and toxins (DON, 3AcDON and NIV) concentrations. The 3ADON trichothecene genotype dominated over the NIV genotype (ratio 1.5); however, this varied greatly depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-733-4636
| | - Jarosław Przetakiewicz
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiewióra
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska Str., 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Del Ponte EM, Moreira GM, Ward TJ, O'Donnell K, Nicolli CP, Machado FJ, Duffeck MR, Alves KS, Tessmann DJ, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, Zhang H, Chulze SN, Stenglein SA, Pan D, Vero S, Vaillancourt LJ, Schmale DG, Esker PD, Moretti A, Logrieco AF, Kistler HC, Bergstrom GC, Viljoen A, Rose LJ, van Coller GJ, Lee T. Fusarium graminearum Species Complex: A Bibliographic Analysis and Web-Accessible Database for Global Mapping of Species and Trichothecene Toxin Chemotypes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:741-751. [PMID: 34491796 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0277-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is ranked among the five most destructive fungal pathogens that affect agroecosystems. It causes floral diseases in small grain cereals including wheat, barley, and oats, as well as maize and rice. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed studies reporting species within the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) and created two main data tables. The first contained summarized data from the articles including bibliographic, geographic, methodological (ID methods), host of origin and species, while the second data table contains information about the described strains such as publication, isolate code(s), host/substrate, year of isolation, geographical coordinates, species and trichothecene genotype. Analyses of the bibliographic data obtained from 123 publications from 2000 to 2021 by 498 unique authors and published in 40 journals are summarized. We describe the frequency of species and chemotypes for 16,274 strains for which geographical information was available, either provided as raw data or extracted from the publications, and sampled across six continents and 32 countries. The database and interactive interface are publicly available, allowing for searches, summarization, and mapping of strains according to several criteria including article, country, host, species and trichothecene genotype. The database will be updated as new articles are published and should be useful for guiding future surveys and exploring factors associated with species distribution such as climate and land use. Authors are encouraged to submit data at the strain level to the database, which is accessible at https://fgsc.netlify.app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Gláucia M Moreira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Todd J Ward
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria 61604, U.S.A
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria 61604, U.S.A
| | - Camila P Nicolli
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Maíra R Duffeck
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Kaique S Alves
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Dauri J Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sofia N Chulze
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, 5800 Argentina
| | - Sebastian A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Buenos Aires, 7300, Argentina
| | - Dinorah Pan
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Silvana Vero
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061-0390, U.S.A
| | - Paul D Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Moretti
- National Research Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- National Research Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H Corby Kistler
- Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, St. Paul 55108, U.S.A
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-5904, U.S.A
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lindy J Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Gert J van Coller
- Plant Science, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
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8
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Gagkaeva T, Orina A, Gavrilova O. Fusarium head blight in the Russian Far East: 140 years after description of the 'drunken bread' problem. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12346. [PMID: 34760369 PMCID: PMC8557700 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first appearance of Fusarium head blight (FHB)—and the beginning of scientific research of this disease—occurred the Far East region of Russia at the end of the 19th century. In the summer of 2019, in the Amur region, which comprises 60–70% of grain production in the Russian Far East, flooding caused a state of emergency. The quality of wheat and barley grains grown under natural conditions of FHB outbreaks, including grain infection, fungal species composition, DNA content of F. graminearum and chemotypes, and the presence of various mycotoxins, was studied. Fusarium infection rates reached extremely high percentages, 51–98%, the majority of which were F. graminearum infections. The amount of F. graminearum DNA in wheat grain samples was higher than in the barley grain samples and averaged 6.1 and 2.1 pg/ng, respectively. The content of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the wheat samples reached 13,343 ppb and in barley reached 7,755 ppb. A multilocus genotyping assay was conducted on the partially sequenced fragments of the translation elongation factor EF-1a, ammonium ligase gene, reductase gene, and 3-O-acetyltransferase gene in 29 Fusarium graminearum sensu lato strains from the grain harvested in the Amur region. All strains from the Far East region were characterized as F. graminearum sensu stricto; 70% were the 15-AcDON chemotype, while the other strains were the 3-AcDON chemotype. According to the results, after 140 years of study of FHB, we are still not very successful in controlling this disease if conditions are favorable for pathogen development. Even at present, some of the grain harvested must be destroyed, as high contamination of mycotoxins renders it unusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra Orina
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Gavrilova
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russian Federation
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9
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Simultaneous quantitation of 3ADON and 15ADON chemotypes of DON-producing Fusarium species in Chinese wheat based on duplex droplet digital PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 190:106319. [PMID: 34480973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens within Fusarium species are the primary agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, which bring about yield reduction and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination and are of great concern worldwide. DON-producing Fusarium species can be classified into 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) chemotypes according to the trichothecene metabolites they produce. The detection of these two chemotypes of pathogens is paramount to the successful implementation of disease management strategies and pathogen-related DON forecasting models. In this study, a duplex droplet digital PCR (duplex ddPCR) assay was developed that allowed for the simultaneous quantitation of 3ADON and 15ADON chemotypes of DON-producing Fusarium species. The assay specificity was tested against 30 isolates of target Fusarium species and several non-target Fusarium species that are frequently isolated from wheat in China. Analyzing 90 wheat samples collected from the North China plain and Yangtze River plain demonstrated that the duplex ddPCR assay coupled with magnetic bead-based DNA extraction was competent for investigating composition of 3ADON and 15ADON chemotypes in Chinese wheat. This assay will be useful for monitoring the epidemic and geographic distribution of 3ADON and 15ADON chemotypes of FHB pathogens, which will help with the disease control and DON management.
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10
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Sohrabi H, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Khataee A, Majidi MR, Orooji Y. Patulin and Trichothecene: characteristics, occurrence, toxic effects and detection capabilities via clinical, analytical and nanostructured electrochemical sensing/biosensing assays in foodstuffs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5540-5568. [PMID: 33624529 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1887077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patulin and Trichothecene as the main groups of mycotoxins in significant quantities can cause health risks from allergic reactions to death on both humans and animals. Accordingly, rapid and highly sensitive determination of these toxics agents is of great importance. This review starts with a comprehensive outlook regarding the characteristics, occurrence and toxic effects of Patulin and Trichothecene. In the following, numerous clinical and analytical approaches have been extensively discussed. The main emphasis of this review is placed on the utilization of novel nanomaterial based electrochemical sensing/biosensing tools for highly sensitive determination of Patulin and Trichothecene. Furthermore, a detailed and comprehensive comparison has been performed between clinical, analytical and sensing methods. Subsequently, the nanomaterial based electrochemical sensing platforms have been approved as reliable tools for on-site analysis of Patulin and Trichothecene in food processing and manufacturing industries. Different nanomaterials in improving the performance of detecting assays were investigated and have various benefits toward clinical and analytical methods. This paper would address the limitations in the current developments as well as the future challenges involved in the successful construction of sensing approaches with the functionalized nanomaterials and also allow exploring into core-research works regarding this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Arbabzadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Khaaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Shen Y, Nie J, Kuang L, Zhang J, Li H. DNA sequencing, genomes and genetic markers of microbes on fruits and vegetables. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:323-362. [PMID: 32207561 PMCID: PMC7936329 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of DNA sequencing technology has provided an effective method for studying foodborne and phytopathogenic microorganisms on fruits and vegetables (F & V). DNA sequencing has successfully proceeded through three generations, including the tens of operating platforms. These advances have significantly promoted microbial whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA polymorphism research. Based on genomic and regional polymorphisms, genetic markers have been widely obtained. These molecular markers are used as targets for PCR or chip analyses to detect microbes at the genetic level. Furthermore, metagenomic analyses conducted by sequencing the hypervariable regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have revealed comprehensive microbial communities in various studies on F & V. This review highlights the basic principles of three generations of DNA sequencing, and summarizes the WGS studies of and available DNA markers for major bacterial foodborne pathogens and phytopathogenic fungi found on F & V. In addition, rDNA sequencing‐based bacterial and fungal metagenomics are summarized under three topics. These findings deepen the understanding of DNA sequencing and its application in studies of foodborne and phytopathogenic microbes and shed light on strategies for the monitoring of F & V microbes and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Shen
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lixue Kuang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Haifei Li
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
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12
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Cowger C, Ward TJ, Nilsson K, Arellano C, McCormick SP, Busman M. Regional and field-specific differences in Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with blighted North Carolina wheat. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 323:108594. [PMID: 32229393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, while Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in small-grain cereals, a diversity of FHB-causing species belonging to different species complexes has been found in most countries. In the U.S., FHB surveys have focused on the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) and the frequencies of 3-ADON, 15-ADON, and nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes. A large-scale survey was undertaken across the state of North Carolina in 2014 to explore the frequency and distribution of F. graminearum capable of producing NIV, which is not monitored at grain intake points. Symptomatic wheat spikes were sampled from 59 wheat fields in 24 counties located in three agronomic zones typical of several states east of the Appalachian Mountains: Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Tidewater. Altogether, 2197 isolates were identified to species using DNA sequence-based methods. Surprisingly, although F. graminearum was the majority species detected, species in the Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC) that produce "emerging mycotoxins" were frequent, and even dominant in some fields. The FTSC percentage was 50-100% in four fields, 30-49% in five fields, 20-29% in five fields, and < 20% in the remaining 45 fields. FTSC species were at significantly higher frequency in the Coastal Plain than in the Piedmont or Tidewater (P < .05). Moniliformin concentrations in samples ranged from 0.0 to 38.7 μg g-1. NIV producing isolates were rare statewide (2.2%), and never >12% in a single field, indicating that routine testing for NIV is probably unnecessary. The patchy distribution of FTSC species in wheat crops demonstrated the need to investigate the potential importance of their mycotoxins and the factors that allow them to sometimes outcompete trichothecene producers. An increased sampling intensity of wheat fields led to the unexpected discovery of a minority FHB-causing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cowger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), USA; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Todd J Ward
- USDA-ARS, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Kathryn Nilsson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Consuelo Arellano
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Mark Busman
- USDA-ARS, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Villafana RT, Ramdass AC, Rampersad SN. TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E64. [PMID: 31973043 PMCID: PMC7076749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select species of Fusarium and cause acute and chronic toxicity in animals and humans upon exposure either through consumption and/or contact. There are over 100 trichothecene metabolites and they can occur in a wide range of commodities that form food and feed products. This review discusses strategies to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin production and exposure by examining the Fusarium-trichothecene model. Fundamental to mitigation of risk is knowing the identity of the pathogen. As such, a comparison of current, recommended molecular approaches for sequence-based identification of Fusaria is presented, followed by an analysis of the rationale and methods of trichothecene (TRI) genotyping and chemotyping. This type of information confirms the source and nature of risk. While both are powerful tools for informing regulatory decisions, an assessment of the causes of incongruence between TRI genotyping and chemotyping data must be made. Reconciliation of this discordance will map the way forward in terms of optimization of molecular approaches, which includes data validation and sharing in the form of accessible repositories of genomic data and browsers for querying such data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sephra N. Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
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Casquete R, Benito MJ, Aranda E, Martín A, Hernández A, Córdoba MDG. Cyclopiazonic acid gene expression as strategy to minimizing mycotoxin contamination in cheese. Fungal Biol 2019; 125:160-165. [PMID: 33518206 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of genes associated with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) biosynthesis by Penicillium strains in a cheese-based medium has not been previously studied. To control CPA biosynthesis, it would be useful to understand the changes in gene expression during cheese production and relate them to toxin production. The objective was to evaluate the influence of pH, aw, and temperature on expression of dmaT, which encodes the enzyme dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase involved in the biosynthesis of CPA. We assayed three Penicillium strains, Penicillium commune CBS311 and CBS341 and Penicillium camemberti CBS273, using reverse transcription real-time PCR. Our results showed that the expression patterns of the gene were influenced by strain and environmental conditions. The highest expression for the P. commune strains was observed at pH 6.0, 0.95 aw, at 25 or 30 °C, depending on the strain. In contrast, P. camemberti CBS273 showed a lower dmaT expression with a maximum at 25 °C, pH 5.0 and 0.95 aw. Correlation analysis indicated that the three toxigenic strains showed a strong correlation between the relative expression of the dmaT gene and concentration of CPA under conditions simulating cheese ripening. This method could be used to control CPA production in cheese by detection of dmaT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Casquete
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María José Benito
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Emilio Aranda
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Suproniene S, Kadziene G, Irzykowski W, Sneideris D, Ivanauskas A, Sakalauskas S, Serbiak P, Svegzda P, Auskalniene O, Jedryczka M. Weed species within cereal crop rotations can serve as alternative hosts for Fusarium graminearum causing Fusarium head blight of wheat. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Selection of Fusarium Trichothecene Toxin Genes for Molecular Detection Depends on TRI Gene Cluster Organization and Gene Function. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010036. [PMID: 30646506 PMCID: PMC6357111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security is a global concern. Fusarium are among the most economically important fungal pathogens because they are ubiquitous, disease management remains a challenge, they produce mycotoxins that affect food and feed safety, and trichothecene mycotoxin production can increase the pathogenicity of some Fusarium species depending on the host species. Although trichothecenes may differ in structure by their patterns of hydroxylation or acetylation, these small changes have a significant impact on toxicity and the biological activity of these compounds. Therefore, detecting and identifying which chemotype is present in a given population are important to predicting the specific toxins that may be produced and, therefore, to evaluating the risk of exposure. Due to the challenges of inducing trichothecene production by Fusarium isolates in vitro for subsequent chemical analysis, PCR assays using gene-specific primers, either singly or in combination, designed against specific genes of the trichothecene gene cluster of multiple species of Fusarium have been developed. The establishment of TRI genotypes that potentially correspond to a specific chemotype requires examination of an information and knowledge pipeline whose critical aspects in sequential order are: (i) understanding the TRI gene cluster organization which differs according to Fusarium species under study; (ii) knowledge of the re-arrangements to the core TRI gene cluster over evolutionary time, which also differs according to Fusarium species; (iii) the functions of the TRI genes in the biosynthesis of trichothecene analogs; and (iv) based on (i)⁻(iii), selection of appropriate target TRI gene(s) for primer design in PCR amplification for the Fusarium species under study. This review, therefore, explains this pipeline and its connection to utilizing TRI genotypes as a possible proxy to chemotype designation.
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Góral T, Wiśniewska H, Ochodzki P, Nielsen LK, Walentyn-Góral D, Stępień Ł. Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:E2. [PMID: 30577649 PMCID: PMC6357003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter wheat lines were evaluated for their reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB) after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum in two field experiments. A mixture of two F. culmorum chemotypes was applied (3ADON-deoxynivalenol producing, NIV-nivalenol producing). Different types of resistance were evaluated, including head infection, kernel damage, Fusarium biomass content and trichothecenes B (deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV)) accumulation in grain. The aim of the study was to find relationships between different types of resistance. Head infection (FHB index) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) were visually scored. Fusarium biomass was analysed using real-time PCR. Trichothecenes B accumulation was analysed using gas chromatography. Wheat lines differ in their reaction to inoculation for all parameters describing FHB resistance. We found a wide variability of FHB indexes, FDK, and Fusarium biomass content. Both toxins were present. DON content was about 60% higher than NIV and variability of this proportion between lines was observed. Significant correlation was found between head infection symptoms and FDK. Head infection was correlated with F. culmorum biomass and NIV concentration in grain. No correlation was found between the FHB index and DON concentration. Similarly, FDK was not correlated with DON content, but it was with NIV content; however, the coefficients were higher than for the FHB index. Fusarium biomass amount was positively correlated with both toxins as well as with the FHB index and FDK. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the DON/NIV ratio in grain. In locations where less F. culmorum biomass was detected, the DON amount was higher than NIV, while in locations where more F. culmorum biomass was observed, NIV prevailed over DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | | | - Dorota Walentyn-Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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Bilska K, Jurczak S, Kulik T, Ropelewska E, Olszewski J, Żelechowski M, Zapotoczny P. Species Composition and Trichothecene Genotype Profiling of Fusarium Field Isolates Recovered from Wheat in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E325. [PMID: 30103473 PMCID: PMC6115980 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals is the major head disease negatively affecting grain production worldwide. In 2016 and 2017, serious outbreaks of FHB occurred in wheat crops in Poland. In this study, we characterized the diversity of Fusaria responsible for these epidemics using TaqMan assays. From a panel of 463 field isolates collected from wheat, four Fusarium species were identified. The predominant species were F. graminearum s.s. (81%) and, to a lesser extent, F. avenaceum (15%). The emergence of the 15ADON genotype was found ranging from 83% to 87% of the total trichothecene genotypes isolated in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Our results indicate two dramatic shifts within fungal field populations in Poland. The first shift is associated with the displacement of F. culmorum by F. graminearum s.s. The second shift resulted from a loss of nivalenol genotypes. We suggest that an emerging prevalence of F. graminearum s.s. may be linked to boosted maize production, which has increased substantially over the last decade in Poland. To detect variation within Tri core clusters, we compared sequence data from randomly selected field isolates with a panel of strains from geographically diverse origins. We found that the newly emerged 15ADON genotypes do not exhibit a specific pattern of polymorphism enabling their clear differentiation from the other European strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Jurczak
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ropelewska
- Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Heweliusza 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jacek Olszewski
- Experimental Education Unit, Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Żelechowski
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zapotoczny
- Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Heweliusza 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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21
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Zhu F. Triticale: Nutritional composition and food uses. Food Chem 2017; 241:468-479. [PMID: 28958555 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), a man-made cereal from wheat and rye hybridization, is mainly used as animal feed. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in utilising triticale for food production. Some chemical constituents (e.g., starch and non-starch polysaccharides) of triticale as well as the genetic variability in nutritional composition have been much studied. Various food and beverage products of triticale have been developed, including bakery products (e.g., bread and cookie), pasta, malt, spirit, yoghurt, and biodegradable and edible films. Focusing on the literatures from the last 5years, this mini-review summarises the recent advances in the nutritional composition and diverse food uses of triticale. There is a wide variation in the chemical composition of triticale, which suggests the potential of triticale asa cereal alternative for various food and beverage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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22
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Ivanova L, Sahlstrøm S, Rud I, Uhlig S, Fæste C, Eriksen G, Divon H. Effect of primary processing on the distribution of free and modified Fusarium mycotoxins in naturally contaminated oats. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa L.) ranks seventh in the world cereal production and is considered to be an important source for many valuable components of nutritional and biological importance, i.e. proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, minerals and vitamins. Because of these properties the amount of oat used for human consumption has increased progressively during the last years. Unfortunately, the quality of this grain crop is often compromised by mycotoxin contamination, which is relatively ubiquitous despite efforts to control the problem. Therefore, it is important to investigate the distribution pattern of mycotoxins and their conjugated derivatives in contaminated oat grains. For this purpose we have developed a state-of-the-art multi-mycotoxin high-resolution mass spectrometry method and analysed oat samples for their content of the most important mycotoxins commonly occurring in Norwegian cereal grain. Quantitative mapping of selected Fusarium free and modified mycotoxins was performed in fractions collected during processing trials consisting of dehulling and sequential pearling. Both the derivative free mycotoxins and their metabolites were mainly present in the hulls compared to the oat kernel, thus dehulling resulted in a significant reduction of the total mycotoxin load, followed by some further reduction by pearling. Furthermore, free and modified mycotoxins were unevenly distributed in relation to each other throughout the grain fractions, showing a shift towards glucosidated forms, such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and HT-2-3-glucoside in the oat kernel, which highlights potential food safety concerns associated with in planta modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - I. Rud
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - S. Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - C.K. Fæste
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - H.H. Divon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Kulik T, Abarenkov K, Buśko M, Bilska K, van Diepeningen AD, Ostrowska-Kołodziejczak A, Krawczyk K, Brankovics B, Stenglein S, Sawicki J, Perkowski J. ToxGen: an improved reference database for the identification of type B-trichothecene genotypes in Fusarium. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2992. [PMID: 28229023 PMCID: PMC5314956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes, which pose a serious hazard to consumer health, occur worldwide in grains. These mycotoxins are produced mainly by three different trichothecene genotypes/chemotypes: 3ADON (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol), 15ADON (15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and NIV (nivalenol), named after these three major mycotoxin compounds. Correct identification of these genotypes is elementary for all studies relating to population surveys, fungal ecology and mycotoxicology. Trichothecene producers exhibit enormous strain-dependent chemical diversity, which may result in variation in levels of the genotype's determining toxin and in the production of low to high amounts of atypical compounds. New high-throughput DNA-sequencing technologies promise to boost the diagnostics of mycotoxin genotypes. However, this requires a reference database containing a satisfactory taxonomic sampling of sequences showing high correlation to actually produced chemotypes. We believe that one of the most pressing current challenges of such a database is the linking of molecular identification with chemical diversity of the strains, as well as other metadata. In this study, we use the Tri12 gene involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis for identification of Tri genotypes through sequence comparison. Tri12 sequences from a range of geographically diverse fungal strains comprising 22 Fusarium species were stored in the ToxGen database, which covers descriptive and up-to-date annotations such as indication on Tri genotype and chemotype of the strains, chemical diversity, information on trichothecene-inducing host, substrate or media, geographical locality, and most recent taxonomic affiliations. The present initiative bridges the gap between the demands of comprehensive studies on trichothecene producers and the existing nucleotide sequence databases, which lack toxicological and other auxiliary data. We invite researchers working in the fields of fungal taxonomy, epidemiology and mycotoxicology to join the freely available annotation effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anne D. van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Krawczyk
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, CONICET, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología-Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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24
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Drakulic J, Kahar MH, Ajigboye O, Bruce T, Ray RV. Contrasting Roles of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Host-Mediated Interactions between Fusarium graminearum and Sitobion avenae. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E353. [PMID: 27916862 PMCID: PMC5198548 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal species of Fusarium head blight in Europe and North America. Different chemotypes of the species exist, each producing a plethora of mycotoxins. Isolates of differing chemotypes produce nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON), which differ in toxicity to mammals and plants. However, the effect of each mycotoxin on volatile emissions of plant hosts is not known. Host volatiles are interpreted by insect herbivores such as Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, during host selection. Previous work has shown that grain aphids are repelled by wheat infected with DON-producing F. graminearum, and this study seeks to determine the influence of pathogen mycotoxins to host volatile chemistry. Volatile collections from infected hosts and olfactometer bioassays with alate aphids were performed. Infections with isolates that produced DON and NIV were compared, as well as a trichothecene deficient transformant derived from the NIV-producing isolate. This work confirmed the repellent nature of infected hosts with DON accumulation. NIV accumulation produced volatiles that were attractive to aphids. Attraction did not occur when NIV was absent and was, therefore, a direct consequence of NIV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassy Drakulic
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Rd., Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Mohd Haziq Kahar
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Rd., Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Olubukola Ajigboye
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Rd., Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Toby Bruce
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Rumiana V Ray
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Rd., Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
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25
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Kulik T, Buśko M, Bilska K, Ostrowska-Kołodziejczak A, van Diepeningen AD, Perkowski J, Stenglein S. Depicting the Discrepancy between Tri Genotype and Chemotype on the Basis of Strain CBS 139514 from a Field Population of F. graminearum Sensu Stricto from Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E330. [PMID: 27845742 PMCID: PMC5127127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on a field population of F. graminearum sensu stricto from Argentina revealed an atypical panel of strains identified through PCR genotyping as 15ADON genotypes, but producing high levels of 3ADON. Based on representative strain CBS 139514, we asked if the discrepancy between the trichothecene genotype and chemotype might result from an inter-chemotype recombination of the chemotype-determining genes. To answer this, we sequenced the complete core Tri gene cluster (around 30,200 bp) from this strain and compared its sequence to sequence data of typical type B trichothecene genotypes/chemotypes. Sequence alignment showed that CBS 139514 has an identical sequence within the entire core Tri cluster to the 15ADON genotype. The revealed discrepancy underlines the need for using both molecular and chemical methods for reliable characterization of toxigenic strains of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, Olsztyn 10-727, Poland.
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, Olsztyn 10-727, Poland.
| | | | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires-Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CICBA-INBIOTEC, CONICET), Av. República de Italia 780, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Microbiología-Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Hellin P, Dedeurwaerder G, Duvivier M, Scauflaire J, Huybrechts B, Callebaut A, Munaut F, Legrève A. Relationship between Fusarium spp. diversity and mycotoxin contents of mature grains in southern Belgium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1228-40. [PMID: 27181458 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1185900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over a 4-year period (2010-13), a survey aiming at determining the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their relations to mycotoxins in mature grains took place in southern Belgium. The most prevalent species were F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. culmorum, with large variations between years and locations. An even proportion of mating type found for F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis and F. tricinctum is usually a sign of ongoing sexual recombination. In contrast, an unbalanced proportion of mating type was found for F. poae and no MAT1-2 allele was present in the F. langsethiae population. Genetic chemotyping indicates a majority of deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing strains in F. culmorum (78%, all 3-ADON producers) and F. graminearum (95%, mostly 15-ADON producers), while all F. cerealis strains belong to the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. Between 2011 and 2013, DON, NIV, enniatins (ENNs) and moniliformin (MON) were found in each field in various concentrations. By comparison, beauvericin (BEA) was scarcely detected and T-2 toxin, zearalenone and α- and β-zearalenols were never detected. Principal component analysis revealed correlations of DON with F. graminearum, ENNs and MON with F. avenaceum and NIV with F. culmorum, F. cerealis and F. poae. BEA was associated with the presence of F. tricinctum and, to a lesser extent, with the presence of F. poae. The use of genetic chemotype data revealed that DON concentrations were mostly influenced by DON-producing strains of F. graminearum and F. culmorum, whereas the concentrations of NIV were influenced by the number of NIV-producing strains of both species added to the number of F. cerealis and F. poae strains. This study emphasises the need to pay attention to less-studied Fusarium spp. for future Fusarium head blight management strategies, as they commonly co-occur in the field and are associated with a broad spectrum of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hellin
- a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Géraldine Dedeurwaerder
- a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Maxime Duvivier
- b Plant Protection and Ecotoxicology Unit , Walloon Agricultural Research Centre , Gembloux , Belgium
| | - Jonathan Scauflaire
- a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- c Toxins and Natural components , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Tervuren , Belgium
| | - Alfons Callebaut
- c Toxins and Natural components , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Tervuren , Belgium
| | - Françoise Munaut
- a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Anne Legrève
- a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
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27
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Kim DW, Kim GY, Kim HK, Kim J, Jeon SJ, Lee CW, Lee HB, Yun SH. Characterization of Nivalenol-Producing Fusarium culmorum Isolates Obtained from the Air at a Rice Paddy Field in Korea. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:182-189. [PMID: 27298593 PMCID: PMC4892814 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2015.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Together with the Fusarium graminearum species complex, F. culmorum is a major member of the causal agents of Fusarium head blight on cereals such as wheat, barley and corn. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. In Korea, F. culmorum is listed as a quarantine fungal species since it has yet to be found in the country. In this paper, we report that two isolates (J1 and J2) of F. culmorum were collected from the air at a rice paddy field in Korea. Species identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using multi-locus sequence data derived from five genes encoding translation elongation factor, histone H3, phosphate permease, a reductase, and an ammonia ligase and by morphological comparison with reference strains. Both diagnostic PCR and chemical analysis confirmed that these F. culmorum isolates had the capacity to produce nivalenol, the trichothecene mycotoxin, in rice substrate. In addition, both isolates were pathogenic on wheat heads and corn stalks. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. culmorum in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Gi-Yong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sun Jeong Jeon
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
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28
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Pasquali M, Beyer M, Logrieco A, Audenaert K, Balmas V, Basler R, Boutigny AL, Chrpová J, Czembor E, Gagkaeva T, González-Jaén MT, Hofgaard IS, Köycü ND, Hoffmann L, Lević J, Marin P, Miedaner T, Migheli Q, Moretti A, Müller MEH, Munaut F, Parikka P, Pallez-Barthel M, Piec J, Scauflaire J, Scherm B, Stanković S, Thrane U, Uhlig S, Vanheule A, Yli-Mattila T, Vogelgsang S. A European Database of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum Trichothecene Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:406. [PMID: 27092107 PMCID: PMC4821861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000-2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum, 479 F. culmorum, and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. graminearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F. culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marco Beyer
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research CouncilBari, Italy
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Jana Chrpová
- Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research InstitutePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Elżbieta Czembor
- Department of Grasses, Legumes and Energy Plants, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research InstituteRadzikow, Poland
| | - Tatiana Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant ProtectionSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - María T. González-Jaén
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | | | - Nagehan D. Köycü
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Namık Kemal UniversityTekirdag, Turkey
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jelena Lević
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Entomology, Maize Research Institute Zemun PoljeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Patricia Marin
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Miedaner
- Plant Breeding Institute, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Department of Agriculture, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research CouncilBari, Italy
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute for Landscape BiogeochemistryMüncheberg, Germany
| | - Françoise Munaut
- Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Päivi Parikka
- Department Natural Resources and Bioproduction, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Marine Pallez-Barthel
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan Piec
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan Scauflaire
- Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Barbara Scherm
- Department of Agriculture, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Slavica Stanković
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Entomology, Maize Research Institute Zemun PoljeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Adriaan Vanheule
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Research Division Grassland Sciences and Agro-Ecosystems, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, AgroscopeZürich, Switzerland
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29
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Tralamazza SM, Braghini R, Corrêa B. Trichothecene Genotypes of the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Isolated from Brazilian Wheat Grains by Conventional and Quantitative PCR. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 26973624 PMCID: PMC4771741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared two well-established methods, fungal isolation followed by conventional PCR and DNA analysis by quantitative PCR (qPCR), to define trichothecene genotypes in Brazilian wheat grains from different locations. For this purpose, after fungal isolation from 75 wheat samples, 100 isolates of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) were genotyped by PCR to establish their trichothecene profile. For profiling by qPCR, DNA was extracted from the wheat samples and analyzed. The methods provided similar and divergent results. The FGSC isolates were classified as NIV (55%), 15-ADON (43%), and 3-ADON (2%). Analysis by qPCR showed 100% contamination with 15-ADON strains in all wheat samples, 80% contamination with the NIV genotype, and only 33.3% contamination with 3-ADON strains. Further analysis revealed that 96% of all quantified DNA was attributed to the 15-ADON profile, while 3.4% was attributed to NIV and only 0.06% to 3-ADON. A positive correlation was observed between 15-ADON genotype DNA concentration and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in the wheat samples. The high frequency of fungi, DNA levels and positive correlation with DON strongly indicate that 15-ADON producers are the main trichothecene genotype in Brazilian wheat grains. Surprisingly, although many isolates (55%) carried the NIV genotype and this genotype was identified in 80% of the wheat samples, only 3.4% of fungal DNA was in fact from NIV producers. Although, our findings showed that each method provided a different perspective about the trichothecene profile, DNA analysis by qPCR gave us new insight about fungal contamination levels in Brazilian wheat grains. Nevertheless, both techniques should be used to obtain more robust results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina M Tralamazza
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Braghini
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M, Andrade MJ, Córdoba JJ. Detection of filamentous fungi in foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Góral T, Stuper-Szablewska K, Buśko M, Boczkowska M, Walentyn-Góral D, Wiśniewska H, Perkowski J. Relationships between Genetic Diversity and Fusarium Toxin Profiles of Winter Wheat Cultivars. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 31:226-44. [PMID: 26361471 PMCID: PMC4564148 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2015.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is one of the most important and most common diseases of winter wheat. In order to better understanding this disease and to assess the correlations between different factors, 30 cultivars of this cereal were evaluated in a two-year period. Fusarium head blight resistance was evaluated and the concentration of trichothecene mycotoxins was analysed. Grain samples originated from plants inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and naturally infected with Fusarium species. The genetic distance between the tested cultivars was determined and data were analysed using multivariate data analysis methods. Genetic dissimilarity of wheat cultivars ranged between 0.06 and 0.78. They were grouped into three distinct groups after cluster analysis of genetic distance. Wheat cultivars differed in resistance to spike and kernel infection and in resistance to spread of Fusarium within a spike (type II). Only B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and nivalenol) produced by F. culmorum in grain samples from inoculated plots were present. In control samples trichothecenes of groups A (H-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, scirpentriol, diacetoxyscirpenol) and B were detected. On the basis of Fusarium head blight assessment and analysis of trichothecene concentration in the grain relationships between morphological characters, Fusarium head blight resistance and mycotoxins in grain of wheat cultivars were examined. The results were used to create of matrices of distance between cultivars - for trichothecene concentration in inoculated and naturally infected grain as well as for FHB resistance Correlations between genetic distance versus resistance/mycotoxin profiles were calculated using the Mantel test. A highly significant correlation between genetic distance and mycotoxin distance was found for the samples inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Significant but weak relationships were found between genetic distance matrix and FHB resistance or trichothecene concentration in naturally infected grain matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie,
Poland
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Maja Boczkowska
- National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – NRI, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie,
Poland
| | - Dorota Walentyn-Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie,
Poland
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań,
Poland
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Gong L, Jiang Y, Chen F. Molecular strategies for detection and quantification of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1767-1776. [PMID: 25255897 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium contamination is considered a major agricultural problem, which could not only significantly reduce yield and quality of agricultural products, but produce mycotoxins that are virulence factors responsible for many diseases of humans and farm animals. One strategy to identify toxigenic Fusarium species is the use of modern molecular methods, which include the analysis of DNA target regions for differentiation of the Fusarium species, particularly the mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species such as F. verticillioides and F. graminearum. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction assays are used to determine the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the toxins in order to facilitate a qualitative and quantitative detection of Fusarium-producing mycotoxins. Also, it is worth mentioning that some factors that modulate the biosynthesis of mycotoxins are not only determined by their biosynthetic gene clusters, but also by environmental conditions. Therefore, all of the aforementioned factors which may affect the molecular diagnosis of mycotoxins will be reviewed and discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Berry D, Takach JE, Schardl CL, Charlton ND, Scott B, Young CA. Disparate independent genetic events disrupt the secondary metabolism gene perA in certain symbiotic Epichloë species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2797-807. [PMID: 25681180 PMCID: PMC4375322 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03721-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peramine is an insect-feeding deterrent produced by Epichloë species in symbiotic association with C3 grasses. The perA gene responsible for peramine synthesis encodes a two-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Alleles of perA are found in most Epichloë species; however, peramine is not produced by many perA-containing Epichloë isolates. The genetic basis of these peramine-negative chemotypes is often unknown. Using PCR and DNA sequencing, we analyzed the perA genes from 72 Epichloë isolates and identified causative mutations of perA null alleles. We found nonfunctional perA-ΔR* alleles, which contain a transposon-associated deletion of the perA region encoding the C-terminal reductase domain, are widespread within the Epichloë genus and represent a prevalent mutation found in nonhybrid species. Disparate phylogenies of adjacent A2 and T2 domains indicated that the deletion of the reductase domain (R*) likely occurred once and early in the evolution of the genus, and subsequently there have been several recombinations between those domains. A number of novel point, deletion, and insertion mutations responsible for abolishing peramine production in full-length perA alleles were also identified. The regions encoding the first and second adenylation domains (A1 and A2, respectively) were common sites for such mutations. Using this information, a method was developed to predict peramine chemotypes by combining PCR product size polymorphism analysis with sequencing of the perA adenylation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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van der Lee T, Zhang H, van Diepeningen A, Waalwijk C. Biogeography of Fusarium graminearum species complex and chemotypes: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:453-60. [PMID: 25530109 PMCID: PMC4376211 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.984244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the geographic distribution of distinct trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat and barley were first recorded two decades ago. The different toxicological properties of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated derivatives require careful monitoring of the dynamics of these mycotoxins and their producers. The phylogenetic species concept has become a valuable tool to study the global occurrence of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species. This has revolutionised our views on the terrestrial distribution of trichothecene-producing Fusaria in the context of agronomics, climatic conditions, and human interference by the global trade and exchange of agricultural commodities. This paper presents an overview of the dynamics of the different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species as well as their chemotypes and genotypes across different continents. Clearly not one global population exists, but separate ones can be distinguished, sometimes even sympatric in combination with different hosts. A population with more pathogenic strains and chemotypes can replace another. Several displacement events appear to find their origin in the inadvertent introduction of new genotypes into new regions: 3-acetyl-DON-producing F. graminearum in Canada; 3-acetyl-DON-producing F. asiaticum in Eastern China; 15-acetyl-DON F. graminearum in Uruguay; and NIV-producing F asiaticum in the southern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo van der Lee
- Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Cees Waalwijk
- Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:164-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Spolti P, Del Ponte EM, Cummings JA, Dong Y, Bergstrom GC. Fitness attributes of Fusarium graminearum isolates from wheat in New York possessing a 3-ADON or 15-ADON trichothecene genotype. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:513-519. [PMID: 24283539 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-13-0206-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In all, 50 isolates of Fusarium graminearum from wheat spikes in New York, including 25 isolates each of the 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and 3-ADON genotype, were tested to determine whether 3-ADON isolates are more fit for saprophytic survival and pathogenicity on wheat spikes than are 15-ADON isolates. The isolates were characterized and compared for 14 different attributes of saprophytic fitness and pathogenic fitness on a susceptible wheat variety. Isolates of the two genotypes could not be differentiated for most of these traits. Three principle components-ascospore production on corn stalks, total trichothecene amount in wheat kernels, and incidence of diseased spikelets up from the point of inoculation-accounted for 29.4, 18.9, and 10.8% of the variation among the isolates, respectively. A bootstrapping procedure grouped the isolates into two distinct groups, with 27 and 23 isolates each, with isolates from both genotypes represented in similar proportions (15-ADON/3-ADON, n = 14/13 and 11/12). Within the contemporary population of F. graminearum causing wheat head blight in New York, isolates with a 3-ADON genotype did not possess any detectable advantage over isolates with a 15-ADON genotype in saprophytic fitness or in pathogenic fitness on a susceptible wheat cultivar.
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Foroud NA, Chatterton S, Reid LM, Turkington TK, Tittlemier SA, Gräfenhan T. Fusarium Diseases of Canadian Grain Crops: Impact and Disease Management Strategies. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yli-Mattila T, Rämö S, Hietaniemi V, Hussien T, Carlobos-Lopez AL, Cumagun CJR. Molecular Quantification and Genetic Diversity of Toxigenic Fusarium Species in Northern Europe as Compared to Those in Southern Europe. Microorganisms 2013; 1:162-174. [PMID: 27694770 PMCID: PMC5029496 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms1010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species produce important mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2-toxins in cereals. The highest DON and T-2/HT-2 toxin levels in northern Europe have been found in oats. About 12%-24% of Finnish oat samples in 2012 contained >1.75 mg·kg-1 of DON, which belongs to type B trichothecenes. Fusarium graminearum is the most important DON producer in northern Europe and Asia and it has been displacing the closely related F. culmorum in northern Europe. The 3ADON chemotype of F. graminearum is dominant in most northern areas, while the 15ADON chemotype of F. graminearum is predominating in Central and southern Europe. We suggest that the northern population of F. graminearum may be more specialized to oats than the southern population. Only low levels of F. culmorum DNA were found in a few oat samples and no correlation was found between F. culmorum DNA and DON levels. DNA levels of F. graminearum were in all cases in agreement with DON levels in 2011 and 2012, when DON was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When the RIDA®QUICK SCAN kit results (DON) were compared to DNA levels of F. graminearum, the variation was much higher. The homogenization of the oats flour by grinding oats with 1 mm sieve seems to be connected to this variation. There was a significant correlation between the combined T-2 and HT-2 and the combined DNA levels of F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides in Finland in 2010-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Sari Rämö
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | | | - Taha Hussien
- Mycotoxins Lab, Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt.
| | - Ana Liza Carlobos-Lopez
- Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4030, Philippines.
| | - Christian Joseph R Cumagun
- Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4030, Philippines.
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Deoxynivalenol and other selected Fusarium toxins in Swedish oats — Occurrence and correlation to specific Fusarium species. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:276-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Uhlig S, Eriksen GS, Hofgaard IS, Krska R, Beltrán E, Sulyok M. Faces of a changing climate: semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin analysis of grain grown in exceptional climatic conditions in Norway. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1682-97. [PMID: 24084167 PMCID: PMC3813906 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent climatological research predicts a significantly wetter climate in Southern Norway as a result of global warming. Thus, the country has already experienced unusually wet summer seasons in the last three years (2010–2012). The aim of this pilot study was to apply an existing multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for the semi-quantitative determination of 320 fungal and bacterial metabolites in Norwegian cereal grain samples from the 2011 growing season. Such knowledge could provide important information for future survey and research programmes in Norway. The method includes all regulated and well-known mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and zearalenone. In addition, a wide range of less studied compounds are included in the method, e.g., Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids and other metabolites produced by fungal species within Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. Altogether, 46 metabolites, all of fungal origin, were detected in the 76 barley, oats and wheat samples. The analyses confirmed the high prevalence and relatively high concentrations of type-A and -B trichothecenes (e.g., deoxynivalenol up to 7230 µg/kg, HT-2 toxin up to 333 µg/kg). Zearalenone was also among the major mycotoxins detected (maximum concentration 1670 µg/kg). Notably, several other Fusarium metabolites such as culmorin, 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol and avenacein Y were co-occurring. Furthermore, the most prevalent Alternaria toxin was alternariol with a maximum concentration of 449 µg/kg. A number of Penicillium and Aspergillus metabolites were also detected in the samples, e.g., sterigmatocystin in concentrations up to 20 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Uhlig
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Oslo N-0454, Norway; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-23-21-62-64; Fax: +47-23-21-62-01
| | - Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Oslo N-0454, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Ingerd Skow Hofgaard
- Bioforsk Plant Health and Plant Protection, Høgskoleveien 7, Ås N-1430, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln A-3430, Austria; E-Mails: (R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I., Castellón de la Plana E-12071, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln A-3430, Austria; E-Mails: (R.K.); (M.S.)
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Umpiérrez-Failache M, Garmendia G, Pereyra S, Rodríguez-Haralambides A, Ward T, Vero S. Regional differences in species composition and toxigenic potential among Fusarium head blight isolates from Uruguay indicate a risk of nivalenol contamination in new wheat production areas. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G, Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:323-41. [PMID: 23279114 PMCID: PMC6638779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. This review summarizes recent research activities related to F. culmorum, including studies into its population diversity, mycotoxin biosynthesis, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, the development of diagnostic tools and preliminary genome sequence surveys. We also propose potential research areas that may expand our basic understanding of the wheat-F. culmorum interaction and assist in the management of the disease caused by this pathogen. TAXONOMY Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Foot and root rot (also known as Fusarium crown rot): seedling blight with death of the plant before or after emergence; brown discoloration on roots and coleoptiles of the infected seedlings; brown discoloration on subcrown internodes and on the first two/three internodes of the main stem; tiller abortion; formation of whiteheads with shrivelled white grains; Fusarium head blight: prematurely bleached spikelets or blighting of the entire head, which remains empty or contains shrunken dark kernels. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION: Morphological identification is based on the shape of the macroconidia formed on sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The conidiophores are branched monophialides, short and wide. The macroconidia are relatively short and stout with an apical cell blunt or slightly papillate; the basal cell is foot-shaped or just notched. Macroconidia are thick-walled and curved, usually 3-5 septate, and mostly measuring 30-50 × 5.0-7.5 μm. Microconidia are absent. Oval to globose chlamydospores are formed, intercalary in the hyphae, solitary, in chains or in clumps; they are also formed from macroconidia. The colony grows very rapidly (1.6-2.2 cm/day) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at the optimum temperature of 25 °C. The mycelium on PDA is floccose, whitish, light yellow or red. The pigment on the reverse plate on PDA varies from greyish-rose, carmine red or burgundy. A wide array of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR tools, as well as complementary methods, which are summarised in the first two tables, have been developed for the detection and/or quantification of F. culmorum in culture and in naturally infected plant tissue. HOST RANGE Fusarium culmorum has a wide range of host plants, mainly cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum and various grasses. In addition, it has been isolated from sugar beet, flax, carnation, bean, pea, asparagus, red clover, hop, leeks, Norway spruce, strawberry and potato tuber. Fusarium culmorum has also been associated with dermatitis on marram grass planters in the Netherlands, although its role as a causal agent of skin lesions appears questionable. It is also isolated as a symbiont able to confer resistance to abiotic stress, and has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent to control the aquatic weed Hydrilla spp. USEFUL WEBSITES http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/; http://sppadbase.ipp.cnr.it/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; http://www.phi-base.org/; http://www.uniprot.org/; http://www.cabi.org/; http://www.indexfungorum.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria-Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia and Centro Interdisciplinare per lo Sviluppo della Ricerca Biotecnologica e per lo Studio della Biodiversità della Sardegna e dell'Area Mediterranea, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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Harrach BD, Baltruschat H, Barna B, Fodor J, Kogel KH. The mutualistic fungus Piriformospora indica protects barley roots from a loss of antioxidant capacity caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Fusarium culmorum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:599-605. [PMID: 23405867 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0216-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum causes root rot in barley (Hordeum vulgare), resulting in severely reduced plant growth and yield. Pretreatment of roots with chlamydospores of the mutualistic root-colonizing basidiomycete Piriformospora indica (subdivision Agaricomycotina) prevented necrotization of root tissues and plant growth retardation commonly associated with Fusarium root rot. Quantification of Fusarium infections with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay revealed a correlation between root rot symptoms and the relative amount of fungal DNA. Fusarium-infected roots showed reduced levels of ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), along with reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, GSH reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase. Consistent with this, Fusarium-infected roots showed elevated levels of lipid hydroperoxides and decreased ratios of reduced to oxidized forms of ascorbate and GSH. In clear contrast, roots treated with P. indica prior to inoculation with F. culmorum showed levels of ascorbate and GSH that were similar to controls. Likewise, lipid peroxidation and the overall reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities were largely attenuated by P. indica in roots challenged by F. culmorum. These results suggest that P. indica protects roots from necrotrophic pathogens, at least partly, through activating the plant's antioxidant capacity.
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Morcia C, Rattotti E, Stanca AM, Tumino G, Rossi V, Ravaglia S, Germeier CU, Herrmann M, Polisenska I, Terzi V. Fusarium genetic traceability: Role for mycotoxin control in small grain cereals agro-food chains. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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