1
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Zhang J, Ma W, Li Y, Zhong D, Zhou Z, Ma J. The resistance change and stress response mechanisms of chlorine-resistant bacteria under microplastic stress in drinking water distribution system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124331. [PMID: 38848962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The presence of both chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) and microplastics (MPs) in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) poses a threat to water quality and human health. However, the risk of CRB bio evolution under the stress of MPs remains unclear. In this study, polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were selected to study the adsorption and desorption behavior of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and it was clear that MPs had the risk of carrying pollutants into DWDS and releasing them. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility test and disinfection experiment confirmed that MPs could enhance the resistance of CRB to antibiotics and disinfectants. Bacteria epigenetic resistance mechanisms were approached from multiple perspectives, including physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as molecular regulatory networks. When MPs enter DWDS, CRB could attach to the surface of MPs and directly interact with both MPs and the antibiotics they release. This attachment process promoted changes in the composition and content of extracellular polymers (EPS) within cells, enhanced surface hydrophobicity, stimulated oxidative stress function, and notably elevated the relative abundance of certain antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study elucidates the mechanism by which MPs alter the intrinsic properties of CRB, providing valuable insights into the effective avoidance of biological risks to water quality during CRB evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China; Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing 401151, China
| | - Yibing Li
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China; Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing 401151, China.
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
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2
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Ferrer-Bustins N, Yvon C, Martín B, Leclerc V, Leblanc JC, Corominas L, Sabaté S, Tolosa-Muñoz E, Chacón-Villanueva C, Bover-Cid S, Cadel-Six S, Jofré A. Genomic insights of Salmonella isolated from dry fermented sausage production chains in Spain and France. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11660. [PMID: 38777847 PMCID: PMC11111747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in dry fermented sausages is source of recalls and outbreaks. The genomic diversity of 173 Salmonella isolates from the dry fermented sausage production chains (pig carcasses, pork, and sausages) from France and Spain were investigated through their core phylogenomic relationships and accessory genome profiles. Ten different serovars and thirteen sequence type profiles were identified. The most frequent serovar from sausages was the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-, 72%) while S. Derby was in pig carcasses (51%). Phylogenomic clusters found in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby, S. Rissen and S. Typhimurium serovars identified closely related isolates, with less than 10 alleles and 20 SNPs of difference, displaying Salmonella persistence along the pork production chain. Most of the S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- contained the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), Tn21 and IncFIB plasmid. More than half of S. Derby strains contained the SGI-1 and Tn7. S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- genomes carried the most multidrug resistance genes (91% of the strains), whereas extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes were found in Typhimurium and Derby serovars. Salmonella monitoring and characterization in the pork production chains, specially S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- serovar, is of special importance due to its multidrug resistance capacity and persistence in dry fermented sausages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ferrer-Bustins
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Claire Yvon
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Belén Martín
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Vincent Leclerc
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leblanc
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laura Corominas
- LASPCAT_Girona, Public Health Agency, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Sol Street 15, 17004, Gerona, Spain
| | - Sara Sabaté
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona (ASPB), Lesseps Square 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tolosa-Muñoz
- Surveillance Service, Food Control and Alerts Management, General Subdirectorate of Food Safety and Health Protection, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Chacón-Villanueva
- Public Health Office, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Bover-Cid
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Anna Jofré
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain.
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3
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Chen Z, Zhang Y, Mao D, Wang X, Luo Y. NaClO Co-selects antibiotic and disinfectant resistance in Klebsiella pneumonia: Implications for the potential risk of extensive disinfectant use during COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134102. [PMID: 38554506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The inappropriate use of antibiotics is widely recognized as the primary driver of bacterial antibiotic resistance. However, less attention has been given to the potential induction of multidrug-resistant bacteria through exposure to disinfectants. In this study, Klebsiella pneumonia, an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with hospital and community-acquired infection, was experimentally exposed to NaClO at both minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC levels over a period of 60 days. The result demonstrated that NaClO exposure led to enhanced resistance of K. pneumonia to both NaClO itself and five antibiotics (erythromycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin). Concurrently, the evolved resistant strains exhibited fitness costs, as evidenced by decreased growth rates. Whole population sequencing revealed that both concentrations of NaClO exposure caused genetic mutations in the genome of K. pneumonia. Some of these mutations were known to be associated with antibiotic resistance, while others had not previously been identified as such. In addition, 11 identified mutations were located in the virulence factors, demonstrating that NaClO exposure may also impact the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae. Overall, this study highlights the potential for the widespread use of NaClO-containing disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic to contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Considering the potential hazardous effects of disinfectant residues on environment, organisms and biodiversity, the sharp rise in use of disinfectants during COVID-19 pandemic has been considered highly likely to cause worldwide secondary disasters in ecosystems and human health. This study demonstrated that NaClO exposure enhanced the resistance of K. pneumonia to both NaClO and five antibiotics (erythromycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin), highlighting the widespread use of NaClO-containing disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyou Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Jaleta M, Junker V, Kolte B, Börger M, Werner D, Dolsdorf C, Schwenker J, Hölzel C, Zentek J, Amon T, Nübel U, Kabelitz T. Improvements of weaned pigs barn hygiene to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1393923. [PMID: 38812683 PMCID: PMC11135127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal husbandry is usually attributed to the use of antibiotics and poor hygiene and biosecurity. We therefore conducted experimental trials to improve hygiene management in weaned pig houses and assessed the impact on the spread. For each of the two groups examined, the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG), three replicate batches of piglets from the same pig breeder, kept in pre-cleaned flat decks, were analyzed. In the flat decks of the experimental groups, the hygiene conditions (cleaning, disinfection, dust removal and fly control) were improved, while regular hygiene measures were carried out in the control groups. The occurrence and spread of AMR were determined in Escherichia coli (E. coli; resistance indicator) using cultivation-dependent (CFU) and -independent (qPCR) methods as well as whole genome sequencing of isolates in samples of various origins, including feces, flies, feed, dust and swabs. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of resistant E. coli between the flat decks managed with conventional techniques and those managed with improved techniques. Selective cultivation delivered ampicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant E. coli proportions of up to 100% and 1.2%, respectively. While 0.5% E. coli resistant to cefotaxime and no ciprofloxacin resistance were detected. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the abundance of the blaTEM-1 gene in fecal samples between EG and CG groups. The colonization of piglets with resistant pathogens before arrival, the movement of flies in the barn and the treatment of bacterial infections with antibiotics obscured the effects of hygiene improvement. Biocide tolerance tests showed no development of resistance to the farm regular disinfectant. Managing hygiene alone was insufficient for reducing antimicrobial resistances in piglet rearing. We conclude that the complex factors contributing to the presence and distribution of AMR in piglet barns underscore the necessity for a comprehensive management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megarsa Jaleta
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Dahlem Research School, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Junker
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baban Kolte
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute of Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Börger
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dolsdorf
- Teaching and Research Station for Animal Breeding and Husbandry (LVAT), Ruhlsdorf, Germany
| | - Julia Schwenker
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Hölzel
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Amon
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health (ITU), Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nübel
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute of Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Braunschweig-Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tina Kabelitz
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Martinez-Soto CE, McClelland M, Kropinski AM, Lin JT, Khursigara CM, Anany H. Multireceptor phage cocktail against Salmonella enterica to circumvent phage resistance. MICROLIFE 2024; 5:uqae003. [PMID: 38545601 PMCID: PMC10972627 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide, with poultry products being the major vehicle for pathogenesis in humans. The use of bacteriophage (phage) cocktails has recently emerged as a novel approach to enhancing food safety. Here, a multireceptor Salmonella phage cocktail of five phages was developed and characterized. The cocktail targets four receptors: O-antigen, BtuB, OmpC, and rough Salmonella strains. Structural analysis indicated that all five phages belong to unique families or subfamilies. Genome analysis of four of the phages showed they were devoid of known virulence or antimicrobial resistance factors, indicating enhanced safety. The phage cocktail broad antimicrobial spectrum against Salmonella, significantly inhibiting the growth of all 66 strains from 20 serovars tested in vitro. The average bacteriophage insensitive mutant (BIM) frequency against the cocktail was 6.22 × 10-6 in S. Enteritidis, significantly lower than that of each of the individual phages. The phage cocktail reduced the load of Salmonella in inoculated chicken skin by 3.5 log10 CFU/cm2 after 48 h at 25°C and 15°C, and 2.5 log10 CFU/cm2 at 4°C. A genome-wide transduction assay was used to investigate the transduction efficiency of the selected phage in the cocktail. Only one of the four phages tested could transduce the kanamycin resistance cassette at a low frequency comparable to that of phage P22. Overall, the results support the potential of cocktails of phage that each target different host receptors to achieve complementary infection and reduce the emergence of phage resistance during biocontrol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Martinez-Soto
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, 93 Stone Rd W, N1G 5C9, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological
Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, N1G 2W1,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine,
University of California, Irvine, 811 Health Sciences Road,
CA 92614, United States
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of
Guelph, Guelph, 419 Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G
2W1, Canada
| | - Janet T Lin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, 93 Stone Rd W, N1G 5C9, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological
Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, N1G 2W1,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, 93 Stone Rd W, N1G 5C9, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological
Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, N1G 2W1,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Chen Z, Niu C, Wei L, Huang Z, Ran S. Genome-wide analysis of acid tolerance genes of Enterococcus faecalis with RNA-seq and Tn-seq. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:261. [PMID: 38454321 PMCID: PMC10921730 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a formidable nosocomial and community-acquired opportunistic pathogen, can persist a wide range of extreme environments, including low pH and nutrient deficiency. Clarifying the survival mechanism of E. faecalis in low-pH conditions is the key to combating the infectious diseases caused by E. faecalis. In this study, we combined transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) and transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) to comprehensively understand the genes that confer these features on E. faecalis. The metadata showed that genes whose products are involved in cation transportation and amino acid biosynthesis were predominantly differentially expressed under acid conditions. The products of genes such as opp1C and copY reduced the hydrion concentration in the cell, whereas those of gldA2, gnd2, ubiD, and ubiD2 mainly participated in amino metabolism, increasing matters to neutralize excess acid. These, together with the folE and hexB genes, which are involved in mismatch repair, form a network of E. faecalis genes necessary for its survival under acid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyi Chen
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifan Wei
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Nucleic acid drug Research and Development Institute, CSPC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Wang M, Masoudi A, Wang C, Wu C, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Liu Y, Yu Z, Liu J. Impacts of net cages on pollutant accumulation and its consequence on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) dissemination in freshwater ecosystems: Insights for sustainable urban water management. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108357. [PMID: 38056093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the role of human activities in disseminating antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems. However, the influence of pollutant accumulation on anthropogenic pollutant-ARG synergistic actions is limited. This study explored the association of net cages with the propagation of anthropogenic pollutants and their consequences for influencing the enrichment of ARGs using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. We showed that net cages could substantially impact the ecology of freshwater systems by enhancing i) ARG diversity and the tendency for ARG-horizontal gene transfer and ii) the overlap of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) with biocide-metal resistance genes (BMRGs) and ARGs. These findings suggested that the cotransfer of these three genetic determinants would be favored in net cage plots and that nonantibiotic factors such as metal(loid)s, particularly iron (Fe), displayed robust selective pressures on ARGs exerted by the net cage. The resistome risk scores of net cage sediments and biofilms were higher than those from off-net cage plots, indicating that the net cage-origin antibiotic resistome should be of great concern. The combination of deterministic and stochastic processes acting on bacterial communities could explain the higher ARG variations in cage plots (8.2%) than in off-cage plots (3.4%). Moreover, MGEs and pollutants together explained 43.3% of the total variation in ARG communities, which was higher than that of off-cage plots (8.8%), considering pollutants, environmental variables, MGEs, and assembly processes. These findings will inform the development of policies and guidelines to more effectively limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance and achieve the goal of sustainability in freshwater systems in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Abolfazl Masoudi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China.
| | - Can Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Changhao Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China.
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8
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Li L, Short FL, Hassan KA, Naidu V, Pokhrel A, Nagy SS, Prity FT, Shah BS, Afrin N, Baker S, Parkhill J, Cain AK, Paulsen IT. Systematic analyses identify modes of action of ten clinically relevant biocides and antibiotic antagonism in Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1995-2005. [PMID: 37814070 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Concerns exist that widespread use of antiseptic or disinfectant biocides could contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. To investigate this, we performed transposon-directed insertion-site sequencing (TraDIS) on the multidrug-resistant pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii, exposed to a panel of ten structurally diverse and clinically relevant biocides. Multiple gene targets encoding cell envelope or cytoplasmic proteins involved in processes including fatty acid biogenesis, multidrug efflux, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, cell respiration and cell division, were identified to have effects on bacterial fitness upon biocide exposure, suggesting that these compounds may have intracellular targets in addition to their known effects on the cell envelope. As cell respiration genes are required for A. baumannii fitness in biocides, we confirmed that sub-inhibitory concentrations of the biocides that dissipate membrane potential can promote A. baumannii tolerance to antibiotics that act intracellularly. Our results support the concern that residual biocides might promote antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francesca L Short
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karl A Hassan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Varsha Naidu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alaska Pokhrel
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection (AIMI), University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie S Nagy
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Farzana T Prity
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bhumika S Shah
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nusrat Afrin
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy K Cain
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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James C, James SJ, Onarinde BA, Dixon RA, Williams N. A Critical Review of AMR Risks Arising as a Consequence of Using Biocides and Certain Metals in Food Animal Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37998771 PMCID: PMC10668721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review was to assess what evidence exists on whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitizers) and certain metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production (both land and aquatic) leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain. A comprehensive literature search identified 3434 publications, which after screening were reduced to 154 relevant publications from which some data were extracted to address the focus of the review. The review has shown that there is some evidence that biocides and metals used in food animal production may have an impact on the development of AMR. There is clear evidence that metals used in food animal production will persist, accumulate, and may impact on the development of AMR in primary animal and food production environments for many years. There is less evidence on the persistence and impact of biocides. There is also particularly little, if any, data on the impact of biocides/metal use in aquaculture on AMR. Although it is recognized that AMR from food animal production is a risk to human health there is not sufficient evidence to undertake an assessment of the impact of biocide or metal use on this risk and further focused in-field studies are needed provide the evidence required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Stephen J. James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Bukola A. Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Ronald A. Dixon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
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10
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Ban-Cucerzan A, Morar A, Tîrziu E, Imre K. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Biofilm in Meat Processing Units. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1408. [PMID: 37760705 PMCID: PMC10525222 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the hygiene of pork, beef, and poultry carcasses and to determine the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria embedded in the biofilm formed on the carcasses kept in cooling chambers for at least three days. The level of hygiene was assessed by determining the total aerobic colony count (TACC) and the Enterobacteriaceae level in different sampling points of the carcasses, along with the detection of E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. embedded in the biofilm. Furthermore, the E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 130 samples collected from pork, beef, and poultry from processing units were analyzed to determine the total aerobic colony count as well as to measure the level of Enterobacteriaceae found on the carcasses. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 44 Escherichia coli and eight Pseudomonas spp. strains isolated from the carcasses were assessed using the Vitek 2 system using two different cards. Overall, the regulatory limits for the TACC were exceeded in 7.6% of the samples, and 65% of the samples exceeded the regulatory limits for Enterobacteriaceae levels. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the E. coli isolates analyzed with the AST-GN27 card revealed the highest resistance to be that towards ampicillin (76.1%), followed by cefazolin (71.4%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (61.9%), nitrofurantoin (52.3%), cefoxitin (47.6%), tetracycline (38.1%), piperacillin, norfloxacin (19%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (11.9%), cefotaxime (9.5%), ceftazidime, cefazolin, amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin (4.7%). However, all of the isolates were sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem. Thirty-two (61.5%; 95% CI 47.9-73.5) out of fifty-two isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, resulting in the expression of 10 resistance profiles. The findings of this study highlight serious hygienic and sanitary deficiencies within the meat processing units and demonstrate that the resulting meat can harbor Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp., both of which pose a serious public health risk. However, further research with a larger number of samples is required to reach thorough results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ban-Cucerzan
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timişoara, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (E.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Adriana Morar
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timişoara, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (E.T.); (K.I.)
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11
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Coombs K, Rodriguez-Quijada C, Clevenger JO, Sauer-Budge AF. Current Understanding of Potential Linkages between Biocide Tolerance and Antibiotic Cross-Resistance. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2000. [PMID: 37630560 PMCID: PMC10459251 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials (e.g., antibiotics and biocides) are invaluable chemicals used to control microbes in numerous contexts. Because of the simultaneous use of antibiotics and biocides, questions have arisen as to whether environments commonly treated with biocides (e.g., hospitals, food processing, wastewater, agriculture, etc.) could act as a reservoir for the development of antibiotic cross-resistance. Theoretically, cross-resistance could occur if the mechanism of bacterial tolerance to biocides also resulted in antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, biocides would likely present a higher evolutionary barrier to the development of resistance given the different modes of action between biocides and antibiotics and the broad-based physicochemical effects associated with most biocides. Published studies have shown that the induction of biocide tolerance in a laboratory can result in cross-resistance to some antibiotics, most commonly hypothesized to be due to efflux pump upregulation. However, testing of environmental isolates for biocide tolerance and antibiotic cross-resistance has yielded conflicting results, potentially due to the lack of standardized testing. In this review, we aim to describe the state of the science on the potential linkage between biocide tolerance and antibiotic cross-resistance. Questions still remain about whether the directed evolution of biocide tolerance and the associated antibiotic cross-resistance in a laboratory are or are not representative of real-world settings. Thus, research should continue to generate informative data to guide policies and preserve these tools' utility and availability.
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12
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Cosby DE, Berrang ME, Frye J, Hinton A. Filter sterilized carcass rinsate for recovery of Salmonella species with various concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4861-4866. [PMID: 37576050 PMCID: PMC10420860 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry processing continues to be important to processors and consumers. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has proven to be effective in vitro in controlling Salmonella. This study evaluated the recovery of Salmonella after overnight storage in 4°C filter-sterilized carcass rinsate containing CPC from 0.44 to 909 ppm (μg/mL). Ten Salmonella serotypes (18 strains), of which 6 serotypes are commonly isolated from poultry products, were grown in Bacto-Tryptic Soy Broth overnight at 37°C. Serial dilutions of a CPC/propylene glycol solution were prepared in 24-well tissue culture plates containing filter-sterilized carcass rinsate. Approximately 107 cfu/mL of each Salmonella serotype was added to the appropriate wells. Inoculated plates were stored overnight at 4°C. After storage, triplicate plates of brilliant green agar with sulfapyridine (BGS) were surface inoculated with 10 μL of the contents for each well, streaked for isolation, and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Three replications were conducted. The presence of typical colonies on BGS plates was recorded as growth and verified through biochemical and serological testing. Of the serotypes chosen, Salmonella Kentucky, Dublin, and Enteritidis were the least resistant to CPC with a median minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 14.22 μg/mL (range from 3.55 to 56.88 μg/mL); S. Typhimurium demonstrated a median MIC of 114.00 μg/mL (range from 28.44 to 114.00 μg/mL). Residual CPC potentially remaining attached to a carcass or in the weep after processing could potentially alter which Salmonella serotype is recovered from a carcass rinse due to different growth patterns during regulatory testing, with a potential for more virulent strains not to be recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Cosby
- Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research UnitU.S. National Poultry Research CenterAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Mark E. Berrang
- Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research UnitU.S. National Poultry Research CenterAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jonathan Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research UnitU.S. National Poultry Research CenterAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Arthur Hinton
- Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research UnitU.S. National Poultry Research CenterAthensGeorgiaUSA
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13
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Madhavan K, Rukayadi Y, Abdul-Mutalib NA. Controlling vegetative cells and spores growth of Bacillus spp. using ethanolic Ketapang ( Terminalia catappa L.) leaf extract. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18749. [PMID: 37600365 PMCID: PMC10432961 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminalia catappa L. is a large, spreading type of tree which usually grows in tropical environment, especially at coastal area with sandy stones. The current study evaluated anti-Bacillus potential of the ethanolic ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) leaf extract (EKLE) as antibacterial and sporicidal agent against vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus spp. The antibacterial activity of EKLE against Bacillus spp. (B. cereus ATCC33019, B. pumilus ATCC14884, B. subtilis ATCC6633 and B. megaterium ATCC14581) vegetative cells were determined by performing well diffusion assay (WDA), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) and time-kill curve analyses. The sporicidal activity was tested at different concentrations of EKLE. Then, the extract's stability in terms of antibacterial and sporicidal activities upon exposure to different temperatures and pHs were carried out. Results demonstrated inhibition zones of EKLE against Bacillus spp. was in the range of 9.25 ± 0.75 mm - 11.67 ± 0.47 mm. All vegetative cells of Bacillus spp. were inhibited with MIC values at 0.63-1.25 mg/mL and can be completely killed with MBC values of 0.63 - >5.00 mg/mL. Time-kill analysis showed all the Bacillus spp. tested can be completely killed at concentrations of 2.50-5.00 mg/mL from 1 to 4 h. EKLE concentration of 1% (w/v) completely killed all Bacillus spp. spores at different exposure time. The antibacterial and sporicidal activities of EKLE were not affected by exposure to different temperatures (4, 30, 50, 80 and 121 °C) and pHs (3, 7 and 10), revealing the stability of the extract against different conditions. In conclusion, Terminalia catappa L. leaf exhibits antibacterial and sporicidal activities against Bacillus spp., therefore, the extract can be developed as anti-Bacillus agent, paving the way for its utilization in food industry as a natural food preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierrthanah Madhavan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azira Abdul-Mutalib
- Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Todorić O, Pezo L, Šarić L, Kolarov V, Varga A, Čabarkapa I, Kocić-Tanackov S. Comparison of the Efficiency of Selected Disinfectants against Planktonic and Biofilm Populations of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1593. [PMID: 37375095 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of selected food disinfectants on planktonic populations of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and on the same microorganisms (MOs) incorporated in a biofilm. Two disinfectants were used for treatment: peracetic acid-based disinfectant (P) and benzalkonium chloride-based disinfectant (D). Testing of their efficacy on the selected MO populations was performed using a quantitative suspension test. The standard colony counting procedure was used to determine their efficacy on bacterial suspensions in tryptone soy agar (TSA). The germicidal effect (GE) of the disinfectants was determined based on the decimal reduction ratio. For both MOs, 100% GE was achieved at the lowest concentration (0.1%) and after the shortest exposure time (5 min). Biofilm production was confirmed with a crystal violet test on microtitre plates. Both E. coli and S. aureus showed strong biofilm production at 25 °C with E. coli showing significantly higher adherence capacity. Both disinfectants show a significantly weaker GE on 48 h biofilms compared to the GE observed after application of the same concentrations on planktonic cells of the same MOs. Complete destruction of the viable cells of the biofilms was observed after 5 min of exposure to the highest concentration tested (2%) for both disinfectants and MOs tested. The anti-quorum sensing activity (anti-QS) of disinfectants P and D was determined via a qualitative disc diffusion method applied to the biosensor bacterial strain Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. The results obtained indicate that the disinfectants studied have no anti-QS effect. The inhibition zones around the disc therefore only represent their antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Todorić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubiša Šarić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Violeta Kolarov
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ana Varga
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Čabarkapa
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sunčica Kocić-Tanackov
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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15
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Tang Y, Zhang H, Yan J, Luo N, Fu X, Wu X, Wu J, Liu C, Zhang D. Assessing the efficacy of bleaching powder in disinfecting marine water: Insights from the rapid recovery of microbiomes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120136. [PMID: 37295228 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-bleaching powder disinfection is a highly prevalent practice to disinfect source water for marine aquaculture to prevent diseases. However, due to the decay of active chlorine and the presence of disinfectant resistance bacteria (DRB), the effects of bleaching powder on prokaryotic community compositions (PCCs) and function in marine water remain unknown. In the present study, the source water in a canvas pond was treated with the normal dose of bleaching powder, and the impact on PCCs and functional profiles was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bleaching powder strongly altered the PCCs within 0.5 h, but they began to recover at 16 h, eventually achieving 76% similarity with the initial time at 72 h. This extremely rapid recovery was primarily driven by the decay of Bacillus and the regrowth of Pseudoalteromonas, both of which are DRB. Abundant community not only help PCCs recover but also provide larger functional redundancy than rare community. During the recovery of PCCs, stochastic processes drove the community assembly. After 72 h, five out of seven identified disinfectant resistance genes related to efflux pump systems were highly enriched, primarily in Staphylococcus and Bacillus. However, 15 out of the 16 identified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remained unchanged compared to the initial time, indicating that bleaching powder does not contribute to ARGs removal. Overall, the findings demonstrate that single-bleaching powder disinfection cannot successfully meet the objective of disease prevention in marine aquaculture water due to the extremely rapid recovery of PCCs. Hence, secondary disinfection or novel disinfection strategies should be explored for source water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Marine Economic Research Center, Donghai Academy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuezhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Ningbo Haiwei Ecological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315141, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Xiangshan Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Ningbo 315700, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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16
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Krüger GI, Pardo-Esté C, Zepeda P, Olivares-Pacheco J, Galleguillos N, Suarez M, Castro-Severyn J, Alvarez-Thon L, Tello M, Valdes JH, Saavedra CP. Mobile genetic elements drive the multidrug resistance and spread of Salmonella serotypes along a poultry meat production line. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1072793. [PMID: 37007466 PMCID: PMC10061128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1072793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mobile genetic elements in Salmonella isolated from a chicken farm constitutes a potential risk for the appearance of emerging bacteria present in the food industry. These elements contribute to increased pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance through genes that are related to the formation of biofilms and resistance genes contained in plasmids, integrons, and transposons. One hundred and thirty-three Salmonella isolates from different stages of the production line, such as feed manufacturing, hatchery, broiler farm, poultry farm, and slaughterhouse, were identified, serotyped and sequenced. The most predominant serotype was Salmonella Infantis. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the diversity and spread of strains in the pipeline are serotype-independent, and that isolates belonging to the same serotype are very closely related genetically. On the other hand, Salmonella Infantis isolates carried the pESI IncFIB plasmid harboring a wide variety of resistance genes, all linked to mobile genetic elements, and among carriers of these plasmids, the antibiograms showed differences in resistance profiles and this linked to a variety in plasmid structure, similarly observed in the diversity of Salmonella Heidelberg isolates carrying the IncI1-Iα plasmid. Mobile genetic elements encoding resistance and virulence genes also contributed to the differences in gene content. Antibiotic resistance genotypes were matched closely by the resistance phenotypes, with high frequency of tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins resistance. In conclusion, the contamination in the poultry industry is described throughout the entire production line, with mobile genetic elements leading to multi-drug resistant bacteria, thus promoting survival when challenged with various antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I. Krüger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Coral Pardo-Esté
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Phillippi Zepeda
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Grupo de Resistencia Antibacteriana en Bacterias Patógenas Ambientales GRABPA, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicolas Galleguillos
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Suarez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Luis Alvarez-Thon
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Tello
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge H. Valdes
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudia P. Saavedra,
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17
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Mohapatra S, Yutao L, Goh SG, Ng C, Luhua Y, Tran NH, Gin KYH. Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130393. [PMID: 36455328 PMCID: PMC9663149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amplified hygiene and precautionary measures are of utmost importance to control the spread of COVID-19 and future infection; however, these changes in practice are projected to trigger a rise in the purchase, utilisation and hence, discharge of many disinfectants into the environment. While alcohol-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, and chlorine-based compounds have been used widely, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants are of significant concern due to their overuse during this pandemic. This review presents the classification of disinfectants and their mechanism of action, focusing on QACs. Most importantly, the occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance due to QACs are covered in this paper. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies and found rising trends of concern, including an increase in the mass load of QACs at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by 331% compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increases in the concentration of 62% in residential dust, resulting in high concentrations of QACs in human blood and breast milk and suggesting that these could be potential sources of persistent QACs in infants. In addition to increased toxicity to human and aquatic life, increased use of QACs and accelerated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic could multiply the threat to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Guergueb N, Alloui N. Emergence of Tobramycin Escherichia coli resistance in poultry meat linked to biocides overuse during COVID-19. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2023. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e33196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of excessive use of biocides during the COVID-19, on the resistance of Escherichia coli to Tobramycin in poultry, meat was examined in this observational epidemiological study (Before and after COVID–19). Tobramycin E. coli resistant strains isolated from poultry meat before COVID-19 appearance were compared with those isolated after COVID-19 emergence. Univariable analyses were performed using t-test and chi-squared test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used for statistically significant risk factor. Multivariate analysis was done with the binary logistic regression to detect an independent predictor, and with the principal component analysis (PCA), to analyze whether the Tobramycin resistance in E. coli was linked with the COVID-19 outbreak. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The frequency of Tobramycin E. coli resistant isolates was more important after COVID-19 emergence (12.5%) than before COVID-19 (2.1%). Graphical representation of PCA qualitative variables shows the interfactor relationship. A significant relationship between Tobramycin E. coli resistance and COVID-19 emergence (P=0.014), and the effect of the emergence of COVID-19 on the Tobramycin E. coli resistance was OR = 6.57 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.61-7.94). The probability of Tobramycin E. coli resistance linked with poultry meat bought after COVID-19 was 1.88 times more than before COVID-19 emergence. Poultry meat purchased after COVID-19 found related to Tobramycin resistance in E. coli. It seems possible that the overuse of biocides during COVID-19 increased the risk of Tobramycin E. coli resistance in poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjah Guergueb
- The University of Batna 1, Department of Veterinary Medicine. Batna, Algeria
| | - Nadir Alloui
- The University of Batna 1, Department of Veterinary Medicine. Batna, Algeria
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19
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Sharma N, Jerajani K, Wan Y, Kumru OS, Pullagurla SR, Ogun O, Mapari S, Brendle S, Christensen ND, Batwal S, Mahedvi M, Rao H, Dogar V, Chandrasekharan R, Shaligram U, Volkin DB, Joshi SB. Multi-dose Formulation Development for a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine: Part II- Real-time and Accelerated Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:458-470. [PMID: 36462710 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This work describes Part 2 of multi-dose formulation development of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Virus-Like Particle (VLP) based vaccine (see Part 1 in companion paper). Storage stability studies with candidate multi-dose formulations containing individual or combinations of seven different antimicrobial preservatives (APs) were performed with quadrivalent HPV VLP (6, 11, 16, 18) antigens adsorbed to aluminum-salt adjuvant (Alhydrogel®). Real-time (up to two years, 2-8°C) and accelerated (months at 25 and 40°C) stability studies identified eight lead candidates as measured by antigen stability (competitive ELISA employing conformational serotype-specific mAbs), antimicrobial effectiveness (modified European Pharmacopeia assay), total protein content (SDS-PAGE), and AP concentration (RP-UHPLC). The AH-adsorbed HPV18 VLP component was most sensitive to AP-induced destabilization. Optimal quadrivalent antigen storage stability while maintaining antimicrobial effectiveness was observed with 2-phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, and 2-phenoxyethanol + benzyl alcohol combination. Interestingly, for single-AP containing multi-dose formulations, this rank-ordering of storage stability did not correlate with previously reported biophysical measurements of AP-induced antigen destabilization. Moreover, other APs (e.g., m-cresol, phenol, parabens) described by others for inclusion in multi-dose HPV VLP formulations showed suboptimal stability. These results suggest that each HPV VLP vaccine candidate (e.g., different serotypes, expression systems, processes, adjuvants) will require customized multi-dose formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kaushal Jerajani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Swathi R Pullagurla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Oluwadara Ogun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shweta Mapari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sarah Brendle
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | | | | | - Harish Rao
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Vikas Dogar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
| | | | | | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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20
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Multi-Dose Formulation Development for a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine: Part I - Screening of Preservative Combinations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:446-457. [PMID: 36096284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of multi-dose, subunit vaccine formulations can be challenging since antimicrobial preservatives (APs) often destabilize protein antigens. In this work, we evaluated Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) to determine if combining different APs used in approved parenteral products, each at lower concentrations than used alone, would maintain both antimicrobial effectiveness and antigen stability. To identify promising AP combinations, two different screening strategies were utilized: (1) empirical one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and (2) statistical design-of-experiments (DOE). Seven different APs were employed to screen for two- and three-AP combinations using high-throughput methods for antimicrobial effectiveness (i.e., microbial growth inhibition assay and a modified European Pharmacopeia method) and antigen stability (i.e., serotype-specific mAb binding to conformational epitopes of HPV6, 11, 16 VLPs by ELISA). The OFAT and DOE approaches were complementary, such that initial OFAT results (and associated lessons learned) were subsequently employed to optimize the combinations using DOE. Additional validation experiments confirmed the final selection of top AP-combinations predicted by DOE modeling. Overall, 20 candidate multi-dose formulations containing two- or three-AP combinations were down-selected. As described in Part 2 (companion paper), long-term storage stability profiles of aluminum-adjuvanted, quadrivalent HPV VLP formulations containing these lead candidate AP combinations are compared to single APs.
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Neuhaus S, Feßler AT, Dieckmann R, Thieme L, Pletz MW, Schwarz S, Al Dahouk S. Towards a Harmonized Terminology: A Glossary for Biocide Susceptibility Testing. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121455. [PMID: 36558789 PMCID: PMC9780826 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinfection is a key strategy to reduce the burden of infections. The contact of bacteria to biocides-the active substances of disinfectants-has been linked to bacterial adaptation and the development of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is no scientific consensus on whether the excessive use of biocides contributes to the emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacteria. The comprehensive analysis of available data remains a challenge because neither uniform test procedures nor standardized interpretive criteria nor harmonized terms are available to describe altered bacterial susceptibility to biocides. In our review, we investigated the variety of criteria and the diversity of terms applied to interpret findings in original studies performing biocide susceptibility testing (BST) of field isolates. An additional analysis of reviews summarizing the knowledge of individual studies on altered biocide susceptibility provided insights into currently available broader concepts for data interpretation. Both approaches pointed out the urgent need for standardization. We, therefore, propose that the well-established and approved concepts for interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing data should serve as a role model to evaluate biocide resistance mechanisms on a single cell level. Furthermore, we emphasize the adaptations necessary to acknowledge the specific needs for the evaluation of BST data. Our approach might help to increase scientific awareness and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Neuhaus
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (R.D.)
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dieckmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (R.D.)
| | - Lara Thieme
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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22
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Miao X, Han X, Liu C, Bai X. Intrinsic chlorine resistance of bacteria modulated by glutaminyl-tRNA biosynthesis in drinking water supply systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136322. [PMID: 36084827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The existence of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) in drinking water supply systems (DWSSs) results in significant challenges to the biological security of drinking water. However, little is known about the intrinsic chlorine-resistant molecular metabolic mechanism of bacteria in DWSSs. This research explored the microbial interactions and the key metabolic pathways that modulate the chlorine resistance of bacteria in full-scale chloraminated DWSSs. The dominant CRB, including Bdellovibrio, Bradyrhizobium, Peredibacter, Sphingomonas, and Hydrogenophaga, strongly interacted with each other to maintain basic metabolism. A total of 4.21% of the bacterial metabolic pathways were key and specific to chlorine-resistant bacteria. Glutaminyl-tRNA biosynthesis was the dominant metabolic pathway of CRB in the target DWSSs. After chloramine disinfection, the relative abundance of glutamate-tRNA ligase (GlnRS) and the related orthologous genes increased by 10.11% and 14.58%, respectively. The inactivation rate of the GlnRS overexpression strain (81.40%) was lower than that of the wild-type strain (90.11%) after exposure to chloramine. Meanwhile, the growth rate of the GlnRS overexpression strain was higher than that of the wild-type strain. Glutaminyl-tRNA biosynthesis can enhance chlorine resistance in DWSSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Chenxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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23
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Campa MF, Chen See JR, Unverdorben LV, Wright OG, Roth KA, Niles JM, Ressler D, Macatugal EMS, Putt AD, Techtmann SM, Righetti TL, Hazen TC, Lamendella R. Geochemistry and Multiomics Data Differentiate Streams in Pennsylvania Based on Unconventional Oil and Gas Activity. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0077022. [PMID: 35980272 PMCID: PMC9603415 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00770-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) extraction is increasing exponentially around the world, as new technological advances have provided cost-effective methods to extract hard-to-reach hydrocarbons. While UOG has increased the energy output of some countries, past research indicates potential impacts in nearby stream ecosystems as measured by geochemical and microbial markers. Here, we utilized a robust data set that combines 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (DNA), metatranscriptomics (RNA), geochemistry, and trace element analyses to establish the impact of UOG activity in 21 sites in northern Pennsylvania. These data were also used to design predictive machine learning models to determine the UOG impact on streams. We identified multiple biomarkers of UOG activity and contributors of antimicrobial resistance within the order Burkholderiales. Furthermore, we identified expressed antimicrobial resistance genes, land coverage, geochemistry, and specific microbes as strong predictors of UOG status. Of the predictive models constructed (n = 30), 15 had accuracies higher than expected by chance and area under the curve values above 0.70. The supervised random forest models with the highest accuracy were constructed with 16S rRNA gene profiles, metatranscriptomics active microbial composition, metatranscriptomics active antimicrobial resistance genes, land coverage, and geochemistry (n = 23). The models identified the most important features within those data sets for classifying UOG status. These findings identified specific shifts in gene presence and expression, as well as geochemical measures, that can be used to build robust models to identify impacts of UOG development. IMPORTANCE The environmental implications of unconventional oil and gas extraction are only recently starting to be systematically recorded. Our research shows the utility of microbial communities paired with geochemical markers to build strong predictive random forest models of unconventional oil and gas activity and the identification of key biomarkers. Microbial communities, their transcribed genes, and key biomarkers can be used as sentinels of environmental changes. Slight changes in microbial function and composition can be detected before chemical markers of contamination. Potential contamination, specifically from biocides, is especially concerning due to its potential to promote antibiotic resistance in the environment. Additionally, as microbial communities facilitate the bulk of nutrient cycling in the environment, small changes may have long-term repercussions. Supervised random forest models can be used to identify changes in those communities, greatly enhance our understanding of what such impacts entail, and inform environmental management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Campa
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew D. Putt
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Terry C. Hazen
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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24
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Sivaranjani M, McCarthy MC, Sniatynski MK, Wu L, Dillon JAR, Rubin JE, White AP. Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of E. coli Associated With Colibacillosis Outbreaks in Broiler Chickens From Saskatchewan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841516. [PMID: 35783405 PMCID: PMC9247541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global poultry industry has grown to the extent that the number of chickens now well exceeds the number of humans on Earth. Escherichia coli infections in poultry cause significant morbidity and economic losses for producers each year. We obtained 94 E. coli isolates from 12 colibacillosis outbreaks on Saskatchewan farms and screened them for antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Fifty-six isolates were from broilers with confirmed colibacillosis, and 38 isolates were from healthy broilers in the same flocks (cecal E. coli). Resistance to penicillins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides was common in isolates from all 12 outbreaks, while cephalosporin resistance varied by outbreak. Most E. coli were able to form biofilms in at least one of three growth media (1/2 TSB, M63, and BHI broth). There was an overall trend that disease-causing E. coli had more antibiotic resistance and were more likely to form biofilms in nutrient-rich media (BHI) as compared to cecal strains. However, on an individual strain basis, there was no correlation between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. The 21 strongest biofilm forming strains consisted of both disease-causing and cecal isolates that were either drug resistant or susceptible. Draft whole genome sequencing indicated that many known antimicrobial resistance genes were present on plasmids, with disease-causing E. coli having more plasmids on average than their cecal counterparts. We tested four common disinfectants for their ability to kill 12 of the best biofilm forming strains. All disinfectants killed single cells effectively, but biofilm cells were more resistant, although the difference was less pronounced for the disinfectants that have multiple modes of action. Our results indicate that there is significant diversity and complexity in E. coli poultry isolates, with different lifestyle pressures affecting disease-causing and cecal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Sivaranjani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Madeline C. McCarthy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michelle K. Sniatynski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne R. Dillon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Aaron P. White,
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25
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Enhancing Biocide Efficacy: Targeting Extracellular DNA for Marine Biofilm Disruption. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061227. [PMID: 35744744 PMCID: PMC9228965 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a global health, safety and economic concern. The extracellular composition of deleterious multispecies biofilms remains uncanvassed, leading to an absence of targeted biofilm mitigation strategies. Besides economic incentives, drive also exists from industry and research to develop and apply environmentally sustainable chemical treatments (biocides); especially in engineered systems associated with the marine environment. Recently, extracellular DNA (eDNA) was implicated as a critical structural polymer in marine biofilms. Additionally, an environmentally sustainable, multi-functional biocide was also introduced to manage corrosion and biofilm formation. To anticipate biofilm tolerance acquisition to chemical treatments and reduce biocide application quantities, the present research investigated eDNA as a target for biofilm dispersal and potential enhancement of biocide function. Results indicate that mature biofilm viability can be reduced by two-fold using reduced concentrations of the biocide alone (1 mM instead of the recommended 10 mM). Importantly, through the incorporation of an eDNA degradation stage, biocide function could be enhanced by a further ~90% (one further log reduction in viability). Biofilm architecture analysis post-treatment revealed that endonuclease targeting of the matrix allowed greater biocide penetration, leading to the observed viability reduction. Biofilm matrix eDNA is a promising target for biofilm dispersal and antimicrobial enhancement in clinical and engineered systems.
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Control of biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dairy farm using Virokill silver nano-based disinfectant as an alternative approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9452. [PMID: 35676412 PMCID: PMC9177611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an important opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for many clinical infections in both animals and humans. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in dairy farm's that possess a great importance to dairy industry where it shares in milk spoilage. Evaluation of the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants to control the pathogen in dairy environment and finding a way to overcome high resistance to the used agents. Samples (n = 250) were collected from different environmental components, milk, and milkers' hands. Pathogens were isolated, biofilm was detected and their sensitivity against two commonly used disinfectants and against silver nanoparticles and Virokill AgNPs at different concentrations and contact times were tested. The pathogen significantly prevailed in milk samples (70.0%, P < 0.001). 50 out 74 isolates were biofilm-forming that was significantly obtained from environment (71.8%, P < 0.001). P. aeruginosa showed variable degree of resistance to tested disinfectants but it was significantly sensitive to Virokill AgNPs (200/1000) mg/l at exposure time 24 h (P < 0.001). It was concluded that using Virokill AgNPs in regular sanitation and disinfection of dairy farms, this helps the control of P. aeruginosa subsequently increasing milk quality and improving dairy industry and protecting human health.
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27
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Li W, Mao F, Ng C, Jong MC, Goh SG, Charles FR, Ng OT, Marimuthu K, He Y, Gin KYH. Population-based variations of a core resistome revealed by urban sewage metagenome surveillance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107185. [PMID: 35306253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sewage-based surveillance is widely employed to understand the occurrence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in urban community. However, there are limited studies which investigated the sewage of different sources within community. The present study used metagenomics to decipher the AMR profiles in five sources: local residence's source, animal source, migrant workers' source, clinical source , and urban wastewater treatment plant influent. A core resistome of ARGs was found across all samples, accounting for 81.4%-93.3% of the abundance of total resistome with only 17.3% diversity, irrespective of the sewage sources. Clinically relevant ARGs were identified in the core resistome across all wastewater sources. This included genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams as biomarkers of hospital sewage. The pet center wastewater showed a high abundance of genes encoding resistance to tetracycline, which is a commonly used veterinary antibiotic. The resistome profile of sewage from the migrant workers' dormitories showed a slight variation to that of the local residential population, suggesting possible differences in the human gut resistome of the foreign/migrant population, with biomarkers of genes encoding resistance to fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, kasugamycin, MLS, and polymyxin. The co-localization of ARGs and plasmid, MGEs and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) could explain variations in the core resistome, presumably a result of high antibiotic selection pressure. Further analysis showed a specific host-associated resistance pattern, in which core hosts mediated the core resistome profile. The core BMRGs were also co-localized with MGEs/ICEs and carried by core potential bacterial hosts. Local healthy population carried the lowest ARG load (copy number discharged by each person per day) but contributed the highest ARG burden (copy number discharged by the population). This study elucidates population-based variations of a core resistome, and further provides important insights into source tracking and management of AMR in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Li
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01 T-Lab Building, 117411 Singapore
| | - Feijian Mao
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01 T-Lab Building, 117411 Singapore
| | - Mui Choo Jong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01 T-Lab Building, 117411 Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01 T-Lab Building, 117411 Singapore
| | - Francis Rathinam Charles
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01 T-Lab Building, 117411 Singapore
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01 T-Lab Building, 117411 Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, 117576 Singapore.
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28
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Leong J, Shi D, Tan JPK, Yang C, Yang S, Wang Y, Ngow YS, Kng J, Balakrishnan N, Peng SQ, Yeow CS, Periaswamy B, Venkataraman S, Kwa AL, Liu X, Yao H, Yang YY. Potent Antiviral and Antimicrobial Polymers as Safe and Effective Disinfectants for the Prevention of Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101898. [PMID: 34694749 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection using effective antimicrobials is essential in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. This COVID-19 pandemic has brought the need for effective disinfectants to greater attention due to the fast transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Current active ingredients in disinfectants are small molecules that microorganisms can develop resistance against after repeated long-term use and may penetrate the skin, causing harmful side-effects. To this end, a series of membrane-disrupting polyionenes that contain quaternary ammoniums and varying hydrophobic components is synthesized. They are effective against bacteria and fungi. They are also fast acting against clinically isolated drug resistant strains of bacteria. Formulating them with thickeners and nonionic surfactants do not affect their killing efficiency. These polyionenes are also effective in preventing infections caused by nonenveloped and enveloped viruses. Their effectiveness against mouse coronavirus (i.e., mouse hepatitis virus-MHV) depends on their hydrophobicity. The polyionenes with optimal compositions inactivates MHV completely in 30 s. More importantly, the polyionenes are effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 by >99.999% within 30 s. While they are effective against the microorganisms, they do not cause damage to the skin and have a high oral lethal dose. Overall, these polyionenes are promising active ingredients for disinfection and prevention of viral and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Leong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Danrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Road Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Jeremy Pang Kern Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Shengcai Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Yanming Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Yeen Shian Ngow
- Department of Pharmacy Singapore General Hospital Outram Road Singapore 169608 Singapore
| | - Jessica Kng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Nithiyaa Balakrishnan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Shu Qin Peng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Chun Siang Yeow
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Balamurugan Periaswamy
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Shrinivas Venkataraman
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Andrea Lay‐Hoon Kwa
- Department of Pharmacy Singapore General Hospital Outram Road Singapore 169608 Singapore
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Road Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Road Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 119288 Singapore
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Adkin P, Hitchcock A, Smith LJ, Walsh SE. Priming with biocides: a pathway to antibiotic resistance? J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:830-841. [PMID: 35384175 PMCID: PMC9543593 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the priming effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides on antibiotic resistance in bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides via a gradient plate method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiotic susceptibility were determined, and efflux pump inhibitors (thioridazine and chlorpromazine) were used to investigate antibiotic resistance mechanism(s). Escherichia coli displayed a 2-fold increase in MIC (32 to 64 mg l-1) to H2 O2 which was stable after 15 passages, but lost after 6 weeks, and P. aeruginosa displayed a 2-fold increase in MIC (64 to 128 mg l-1) to BZK which was also stable for 15 passages. There were no other tolerances observed to biocides in E. coli, P. aeruginosa or S. aureus, however stable cross-resistance to antibiotics was observed in the absence of a stable increased tolerance to biocides. Six-fold increases in MIC to cephalothin and four-fold to ceftriaxone and ampicillin were observed in hydrogen peroxide primed E. coli. Chlorhexidine primed S. aureus showed a four-fold increase in MIC to oxacillin, and glutaraldehyde-primed P. aeruginosa showed four-fold (sulphatriad) and eight-fold (ciprofloxacin) increases in MIC. Thioridazine increased the susceptibility of E. coli to cephalothin and cefoxitin by four and two-fold respectively, and both thioridazine and chlorpromazine increased the susceptibility S. aureus to oxacillin by eight and four-fold respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides can prime bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics even in the absence of stable biocide tolerance and suggests activation of efflux mechanisms may be a contributory factor. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates the effects of low-level exposure of biocides (priming) on antibiotic resistance even in the absence of obvious increased biocidal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Adkin
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 1BH, UK
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Laura J Smith
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 1BH, UK
| | - Susannah E Walsh
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 1BH, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7AQ, UK
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30
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Angelopoulou P, Giaouris E, Gardikis K. Applications and Prospects of Nanotechnology in Food and Cosmetics Preservation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071196. [PMID: 35407315 PMCID: PMC9000819 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic and food products containing water are prone to contamination during the production, storage, and transit process, leading to product spoilage and degraded organoleptic characteristics. The efficient preservation of food and cosmetics is one of the most important issues the industry is facing today. The use of nanotechnology in food and cosmetics for preservation purposes offers the possibility to boost the activity of antimicrobial agents and/or promote their safer distribution into the end product upon incorporation into packaging or film constructions. In this review, current preservation strategies are discussed and the most recent studies in nanostructures used for preservation purposes are categorized and analyzed in a way that hopefully provides the most promising strategies for both the improvement of product safety and shelf-life extension. Packaging materials are also included since the container plays a major role in the preservation of such products. It is conclusively revealed that most of the applications refer to the nanocomposites as part of the packaging, mainly due to the various possibilities that nanoscience offers to this field. Apart from that, the route of exposure being either skin or the gastrointestinal system involves safety concerns, and since migration of nanoparticles (NPs) from their container can be measured, concerns can be minimized. Conclusion: Nanomaterial science has already made a significant contribution to food and cosmetics preservation, and rapid developments in the last years reinforce the belief that in the future much of the preservation strategies to be pursued by the two industries will be based on NPs and their nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Angelopoulou
- IPSP Nanomedicine, Medical & Pharmacy Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Gardikis
- IPSP Nanomedicine, Medical & Pharmacy Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
- R&D Department, APIVITA SA, Industrial Park, Markopoulo, 19003 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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31
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Mechmechani S, Khelissa S, Gharsallaoui A, Omari KE, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology using encapsulated enzymes and essential oils to fight bacterial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2311-2335. [PMID: 35312826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces has become a major public health concern because of the serious problems they can cause in various fields. Biofilm cells are extremely resistant to stressful conditions, because of their complex structure impedes antimicrobial penetration to deep-seated cells. The increased resistance of biofilm to currently applied control strategies underscores the urgent need for new alternative and/or supplemental eradication approaches. The combination of two or more methods, known as Hurdle technology, offers an excellent option for the highly effective control of biofilms. In this perspective, the use of functional enzymes combined with biosourced antimicrobial such as essential oil (EO) is a promising alternative anti-biofilm approach. However, these natural antibiofilm agents can be damaged by severe environmental conditions and lose their activity. The microencapsulation of enzymes and EOs is a promising new technology for enhancing their stability and improving their biological activity. This review article highlights the problems related to biofilm in various fields, and the use of encapsulated enzymes with essential oils as antibiofilm agents. KEY POINTS: • Problems associated with biofilms in the food and medical sectors and their subsequent risks on health and food quality. • Hurdle technology using enzymes and essential oils is a promising strategy for an efficient biofilms control. • The microencapsulation of enzymes and essential oils ensures their stability and improves their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.
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32
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Bland R, Brown SRB, Waite-Cusic J, Kovacevic J. Probing antimicrobial resistance and sanitizer tolerance themes and their implications for the food industry through the Listeria monocytogenes lens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1777-1802. [PMID: 35212132 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistance is a serious public health crisis, reducing our ability to effectively combat infectious bacterial diseases. The parallel study of reduced susceptibility to sanitizers is growing, particularly for environmental foodborne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. As regulations demand a seek-and-destroy approach for L. monocytogenes, understanding sanitizer efficacy and its uses are critical for the food industry. Studies have reported the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in sanitizer concentrations 10-1000 times lower than the manufacturer-recommended concentration (MRC). Notably, data show that at MRC and when applied according to the label instructions, sanitizers remain largely effective. Studies also report that variables such as the presence of organic material, application time/temperature, and bacterial attachment to surfaces can impact sanitizer effectiveness. Due to the lack of standardization in the methodology and definitions of sanitizer resistance, tolerance, and susceptibility, different messages are conveyed in different studies. In this review, we examine the diversity of definitions, terminology, and methodologies used in studies examining L. monocytogenes resistance and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Research available to date fails to demonstrate "resistance" of L. monocytogenes to recommended sanitizer treatments as prescribed by the label. As such, sanitizer tolerance would be a more accurate description of L. monocytogenes response to low sanitizer concentrations (i.e., sub-MRC). Conservative use of word "resistance" will reduce confusion and allow for concise messaging as sanitizer research findings are communicated to industry and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bland
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Stephanie R B Brown
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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33
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Butucel E, Balta I, Ahmadi M, Dumitrescu G, Morariu F, Pet I, Stef L, Corcionivoschi N. Biocides as Biomedicines against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020379. [PMID: 35203588 PMCID: PMC8962343 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are currently considered the first line of defense against foodborne pathogens in hospitals or food processing facilities due to the versatility and efficiency of their chemical active ingredients. Understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for their increased efficiency, especially when used against foodborne pathogens on contaminated surfaces and materials, represents an essential first step in the implementation of efficient strategies for disinfection as choosing an unsuitable product can lead to antibiocide resistance or antibiotic–biocide cross-resistance. This review describes these biological mechanisms for the most common foodborne pathogens and focuses mainly on the antipathogen effect, highlighting the latest developments based on in vitro and in vivo studies. We focus on biocides with inhibitory effects against foodborne bacteria (e.g., Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp.), aiming to understand their biological mechanisms of action by looking at the most recent scientific evidence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Butucel
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; (E.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Igori Balta
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; (E.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Ahmadi
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Gabi Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Florica Morariu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; (E.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (N.C.)
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Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance among Feline and Canine Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Diagnostic Submissions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020127. [PMID: 35203730 PMCID: PMC8868327 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 114 Staphylococcus isolates from various infections of companion animals, including 43 feline Staphylococcus aureus, 19 canine S. aureus, 11 feline Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 41 canine S. pseudintermedius were investigated for (i) their susceptibility to 24 antimicrobial agents and three combinations of antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution following CLSI recommendations and (ii) the corresponding resistance genes. In addition, the isolates were tested for their susceptibility to the four biocides benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, polyhexanide and octenidine by a recently developed biocide susceptibility testing protocol. Penicillin resistance via blaZ was the dominant resistance property in all four groups of isolates ranging between 76.7 and 90.9%. About one quarter of the isolates (25.4%) proved to be methicillin-resistant and carried the genes mecA or mecC. Macrolide resistance was the second most prevalent resistance property (27.2%) and all isolates harbored the resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(T) or msr(A), alone or in combinations. Fluoroquinolone resistance was detected in 21.1% of all isolates tested, whereas tetracycline resistance via tet(K) and/or tet(M) occurred in 19.3% of the isolates. Resistance to last resort antimicrobial agents in human medicine was seen only in single isolates, if at all. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the four biocides showed unimodal distributions and were very similar for the four groups of staphylococci. Because of the large number of (multi)resistant isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of feline and canine S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates is highly recommended before the start of an antimicrobial chemotherapy. Moreover, no hints towards the development of biocide resistance were detected.
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35
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Staphylococcus aureus from Minas Artisanal Cheeses: Biocide Tolerance, Antibiotic Resistance and Enterotoxin Genes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common contaminant in artisanal raw-milk cheeses. Tolerance of S. aureus to biocides is a threat to disinfection in the cheese production environment, while antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production are additional health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of S. aureus isolated from Minas artisanal cheeses to the biocides benzalkonium chloride, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, cetrimide, triclosan, hexachlorophene, and chlorhexidine, and the simultaneous occurrence of genes coding for antibiotic resistance (mecA, aacA-aphD, and tetK), efflux pumps [qacA/B and smr (qacC/D)], and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, and sej). Among the tested isolates, 38.2% were resistant to at least one biocide, and 73.1% were positive for one or more antibiotic resistance gene. Most of the biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant isolates harbored efflux pump genes, and were positive for at least one staphylococcal enterotoxin gene. The study highlights the need for correct hygiene monitoring programs to ensure the safety of these products.
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36
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Fernandes S, Gomes IB, Sousa SF, Simões M. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Persister Biofilm Cells of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:160. [PMID: 35056610 PMCID: PMC8779418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the antimicrobial susceptibility of persister cells of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens after their regrowth in suspension and as biofilms. Two conventional (benzalkonium chloride-BAC and peracetic acid-PAA) and two emerging biocides (glycolic acid-GA and glyoxal-GO) were selected for this study. Persister cells resulted from biofilms subjected to a critical treatment using the selected biocides. All biocide treatments developed B. cereus persister cells, except PAA that effectively reduced the levels of vegetative cells and endospores. P. fluorescens persister cells comprise viable and viable but non-culturable cells. Afterwards, persister cells were regrown in suspension and in biofilms and were subjected to a second biocide treatment. In general, planktonic cultures of regrown persister cells in suspension lost their antimicrobial tolerance, for both bacteria. Regrown biofilms of persister cells had antimicrobial susceptibility close to those regrown biofilms of biocide-untreated cells, except for regrown biofilms of persister P. fluorescens after BAC treatment, which demonstrated increased antimicrobial tolerance. The most active biocide against persister cells was PAA, which did not promote changes in susceptibility after their regrowth. In conclusion, persister cells are ubiquitous within biofilms and survive after critical biocide treatment. The descendant planktonic and biofilms populations showed similar properties as the original ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Fernandes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.F.); (I.B.G.)
| | - Inês B. Gomes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.F.); (I.B.G.)
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.F.); (I.B.G.)
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37
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Rita Pereira A, Gomes IB, Simões M. Choline-based ionic liquids for planktonic and biofilm growth control of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Li X, Rensing C, Vestergaard G, Arumugam M, Nesme J, Gupta S, Brejnrod AD, Sørensen SJ. Metagenomic evidence for co-occurrence of antibiotic, biocide and metal resistance genes in pigs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106899. [PMID: 34598063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens constitute an escalating public health concern. Hence a better understanding of the underlying processes responsible for this expansion is urgently needed. Co-selection of heavy metal/biocide and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been suggested as one potential mechanism promoting the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper aims to elucidate this interplay and exploit differences in antibiotic usage to infer patterns of co-selection by the non-antibiotic factors metals and biocides in the context of pig farming. We examined 278 gut metagenomes from pigs with continuous antibiotic exposure, only at weaning and at no exposure. Metals as growth promoters and biocides as disinfectants are currently used with little restrictions in stock farming. The pigs under continuous antibiotic exposure displayed the highest co-occurrence of ARGs and other genetic elements while the pigs under limited use of antibiotics still showed abundant co-occurrences. Pathogens belonging to Enterobacteriaceae displayed increased co-occurrence phenomena, suggesting that this maintenance is not a random selection process from a mobilized pool but pertains to specific phylogenetic clades. These results suggest that metals and biocides displayed strong selective pressures on ARGs exerted by intensive farming, regardless of the current use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanji Li
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Gisle Vestergaard
- Section of Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manimozhiyan Arumugam
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker Daniel Brejnrod
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.
| | - Søren Johannes Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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Prevalence of resistance genes to biocides in antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2149-2155. [PMID: 34854015 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocides are frequently used as preservative, disinfectant and sterilizer against many microorganisms in hospitals, industry and home. However, the reduced susceptibility rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains to biocides is increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four frequently used biocides against P. aeruginosa and to determine the prevalence of genes involved in biocide resistance. METHODS A total of 76 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa strains were used in the present study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four biocides, i.e. chlorhexidine digluconate, benzalkonium chloride, triclosan and formaldehyde, against P. aeruginosa strains were determined using agar dilution method. In addition, the prevalence of biocide resistance genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS In the present study, the highest MIC90 and MIC95 (epidemiological cut-off) values were observed for benzalkonium chloride (1024 μg/mL), followed by formaldehyde (512 μg/mL), triclosan (512 μg/mL) and chlorhexidine digluconate (64 μg/mL). Furthermore, the prevalence of qacEΔ1, qacE, qacG, fabV, cepA and fabI genes were 73.7% (n = 56), 26.3% (n = 20), 11.8% (n = 9), 84.2% (n = 64), 81.5% (n = 62) and 0% (n = 0), respectively. A significant association was observed between the presence of biocide resistance genes and MICs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant association between the presence of biocide resistance genes and antibiotic resistance (p > 0.05), except for levofloxacin and norfloxacin antibiotics and qacE and qacG genes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results revealed that chlorhexidine digluconate is the most effective biocide against P. aeruginosa isolates in Ardabil hospitals. However, we recommend continuous monitoring of the antimicrobial activity of biocides and the prevalence of biocide-associated resistance genes for a better prevention of microorganism dissemination and infection control in hospitals.
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Chahar M, Kroupitski Y, Gollop R, Belausov E, Melotto M, Sela-Saldinger S. Determination of Salmonella enterica Leaf Internalization Varies Substantially According to the Method and Conditions Used to Assess Bacterial Localization. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622068. [PMID: 34803936 PMCID: PMC8603913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, comparing the internalization of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in various leaves by confocal microscopy, we have demonstrated that the pathogen failed to internalize tomato leaves. Numerous reasons may account for these findings, yet one such factor might be the methodology employed to quantify leaf internalization. To this end, we have systematically studied leaf localization of a Green-fluorescent protein-labeled Salmonella strain in tomato, lettuce, and Arabidopsis leaves by surface sterilization and enumeration of the surviving bacteria, side by side, with confocal microscopy observations. Leaf sterilization was performed using either sodium hypochlorite, silver nitrate, or ethanol for 1 to 7min. The level of internalization varied according to the type of disinfectant used for surface sterilization and the treatment time. Treatment of tomato leaves with 70% ethanol for up to 7min suggested possible internalization of Salmonella, while confocal microscopy showed no internalization. In the case of in lettuce and Arabidopsis leaves, both the plate-count technique and confocal microscopy demonstrated considerable Salmonella internalization thought different sterilization conditions resulted in variations in the internalization levels. Our findings highlighted the dependency of the internalization results on the specific disinfection protocol used to determine bacterial localization. The results underscore the importance of confocal microscopy in validating a particular surface sterilization protocol whenever a new pair of bacterial strain and plant cultivar is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Chahar
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Yulia Kroupitski
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Rachel Gollop
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Microscopy Unit, Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shlomo Sela-Saldinger
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
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Beier RC, Andrews K, Hume ME, Sohail MU, Harvey RB, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Anderson RC. Disinfectant and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Studies of Staphylococcus aureus Strains and ST398-MRSA and ST5-MRSA Strains from Swine Mandibular Lymph Node Tissue, Commercial Pork Sausage Meat and Swine Feces. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112401. [PMID: 34835526 PMCID: PMC8621428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes gastrointestinal illness worldwide. Disinfectants are used throughout the food chain for pathogenic bacteria control. We investigated S. aureus bioavailability in swine Mandibular lymph node tissue (MLT) and pork sausage meat (PSM), established susceptibility values for S. aureus to disinfectants, and determined the multilocus sequence type of MRSA strains. Antimicrobial and disinfectant susceptibility profiles were determined for 164 S. aureus strains isolated from swine feces (n = 63), MLT (n = 49) and PSM (n = 52). No antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was detected to daptomycin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, and tigecycline, while high AMR prevalence was determined to erythromycin (50.6%), tylosin tartrate (42.7%), penicillin (72%), and tetracycline (68.9%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, ST398 (n = 6) and ST5 (n = 1), were found in the MLT and PSM, 4 MRSA in MLT and 3 MRSA strains in the PSM. About 17.5% of feces strains and 41.6% of MLT and PSM strains were resistant to chlorhexidine. All strains were susceptible to triclosan and benzalkonium chloride, with no cross-resistance between antimicrobials and disinfectants. Six MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 18 disinfectants. The use of formaldehyde and tris(hydroxylmethyl)nitromethane in DC&R was not effective, which can add chemicals to the environment. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride were equally effective disinfectants. ST398 and ST5 MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 75% of the disinfectants tested. This study establishes susceptibility values for S. aureus strains from swine feces, mandibular lymph node tissue, and commercial pork sausage against 24 disinfectants. Since it was demonstrated that S. aureus and MRSA strains can be found deep within swine lymph node tissue, it may be beneficial for the consumer if raw swine lymph node tissue is not used in uncooked food products and pork sausage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C. Beier
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Andrews
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Michael E. Hume
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation—Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar;
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
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Shao Z, Guo X, Qu Q, Kang K, Su Q, Wang C, Qiu L. Effects of chlorine disinfectants on the microbial community structure and the performance of anaerobic digestion of swine manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125576. [PMID: 34303098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The residual chlorine disinfectants (CDs) in swine slurry could negatively impact the anaerobic digestion (AD). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CDs on mesophilic and thermophilic AD. The results indicated that CDs exerted inhibition effects on methanogenesis at the initial stage of mesophilic AD, leading to the extension of lag time from 0.62 days for control to 0.85, 1.9, 3.8, and 5.5 days with the increasing CDs concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L, respectively. Under thermophilic condition, the inhibition effects reduced significantly at the initial stage but a decrease of CMPu at later stage was observed. The microbial analysis revealed that CDs resulted in the enrichment of chlorine-resistant bacteria (Clostridum_sensu_stricto_1) and archaea (Methanosarcina). Addition of activated carbon (AC), zero-valent iron (ZVI) and biochar (BC) was evaluated for alleviating the inhibitions of CDs and proved to be feasible strategies to alleviate the inhibited AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Shao
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kang Kang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiyuan Su
- Northwest A&F University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Pantel A, Boutet-Dubois A, Schuldiner S, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Loubet P. Alternative Approaches for the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:747618. [PMID: 34675910 PMCID: PMC8524042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.747618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) represent a growing public health problem. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a complication due to the difficulties in distinguishing between infection and colonization in DFU. Another problem lies in biofilm formation on the skin surface of DFU. Biofilm is an important pathophysiology step in DFU and may contribute to healing delays. Both MDR bacteria and biofilm producing microorganism create hostile conditions to antibiotic action that lead to chronicity of the wound, followed by infection and, in the worst scenario, lower limb amputation. In this context, alternative approaches to antibiotics for the management of DFU would be very welcome. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on biofilm in DFU and we focus on some new alternative solutions for the management of these wounds, such as antibiofilm approaches that could prevent the establishment of microbial biofilms and wound chronicity. These innovative therapeutic strategies could replace or complement the classical strategy for the management of DFU to improve the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Alix Pantel
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Adeline Boutet-Dubois
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Sophie Schuldiner
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Métaboliques et Endocriniennes, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Le Grau-du-Roi, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
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Guruge KS, Tamamura YA, Goswami P, Tanoue R, Jinadasa KBSN, Nomiyama K, Ohura T, Kunisue T, Tanabe S, Akiba M. The association between antimicrobials and the antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes and resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewaters and adjacent surface waters in Sri Lanka. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130591. [PMID: 33894511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antimicrobials, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), and the associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment is a global health concern. In this study, the concentrations of 25 antimicrobials, the resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains in response to the selection pressure imposed by 15 antimicrobials, and enrichment of 20 ARGs in E. coli isolated from hospital wastewaters and surface waters were investigated from 2016 to 2018. In hospital wastewaters, clarithromycin was detected at the highest concentration followed by sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine. Approximately 80% of the E. coli isolates were resistant, while 14% of the isolates exhibited intermediate resistance against the tested antimicrobial agents. Approximately 61% of the examined isolates were categorized as multidrug-resistant bacteria. The overall abundance of phenotypes that were resistant toward drugs was in the following order: β-lactams, tetracycline, quinolones, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. The data showed that the E. coli isolates frequently harbored blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetA, qnrS, and sul2. These results indicated that personal care products were significantly associated with the presence of several resistant phenotypes and resistance genes, implying their role in co-association with multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis also indicated a disparity specific to the site, treatment, and year in the data describing the prevalence of ARB and ARGs and their release into downstream waters. This study provides novel insights into the abundance of antimicrobial, ARB and ARGs in Sri Lanka, and could further offer invaluable information that can be integrated into global antimicrobial resistance databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi S Guruge
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | - Yukino A Tamamura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Prasun Goswami
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, ESSO - National Institute of Ocean Technology, Dollygunj, Port Blair, 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Rumi Tanoue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - K B S N Jinadasa
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan
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Unrath N, McCabe E, Macori G, Fanning S. Application of Whole Genome Sequencing to Aid in Deciphering the Persistence Potential of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Production Environments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1856. [PMID: 34576750 PMCID: PMC8464834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a foodborne illness associated with high hospitalizations and mortality rates. This bacterium can persist in food associated environments for years with isolates being increasingly linked to outbreaks. This review presents a discussion of genomes of Listeria monocytogenes which are commonly regarded as persisters within food production environments, as well as genes which are involved in mechanisms aiding this phenotype. Although criteria for the detection of persistence remain undefined, the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and the development of bioinformatic tools have revolutionized the ability to find closely related strains. These advancements will facilitate the identification of mechanisms responsible for persistence among indistinguishable genomes. In turn, this will lead to improved assessments of the importance of biofilm formation, adaptation to stressful conditions and tolerance to sterilizers in relation to the persistence of this bacterium, all of which have been previously associated with this phenotype. Despite much research being published around the topic of persistence, more insights are required to further elucidate the nature of true persistence and its implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Unrath
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Evonne McCabe
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guerrino Macori
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
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Tang Y, Jin M, Cui T, Hu Y, Long X. Efficient Preparation of Sophorolipids and Functionalization with Amino Acids to Furnish Potent Preservatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9608-9615. [PMID: 34387482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of new preservatives is an ongoing investigation in the food industry, especially those which are safe and environmentally friendly. In this study, biosurfactant sophorolipids (SLs) functionalized with amino acids were developed as efficient preservative agents. SLs were first isolated from fermentation broth by Candida bombicola ATCC 22214, hydrolyzed, and purified by extraction. The typical recovery is around 70%, while the extracted material consists of over 90% deacetylated acidic SLs (SL-COOH). Four types of SL derivatives were then synthesized via dicyclohexylcarbodiimide amidation reactions from prepared SL-COOH. Among the derivatives produced, the arginine SL conjugates (SL-d-Arg) displayed the highest activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi and even inhibited the cell growth of Gram-negative bacteria and mildew. Furthermore, the arginine conjugates performed the broadest antimicrobial activity among the derivatives evaluated. The sterilization dosage of the arginine conjugates against the food-spoilage pathogen Bacillus spp. was 63-125 mg/L, in contrast to 250 mg/L for the enterotoxin producer Staphylococcus aureus and 500 mg/L for fungi. More importantly, SL-d-Arg displayed excellent biocompatibility, with a therapeutic index of over 7.94. SL-d-Arg has excellent potential as an alternative to traditional chemical preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Tang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Tianyou Cui
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Xuwei Long
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
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Buxser S. Has resistance to chlorhexidine increased among clinically-relevant bacteria? A systematic review of time course and subpopulation data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256336. [PMID: 34411140 PMCID: PMC8376095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) was introduced for use as an antimicrobial more than 70 years ago. CHX has been and continues to be used broadly for disinfecting surfaces in medical and food service facilities as well as directly on skin of humans and animals. Considering its widespread use over many decades, questions of resistance to CHX have been raised. Additionally, questions of possible coincident resistance to the biocide and resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics have also been raised. A number of important questions remain, including is there consistent evidence of resistance, what is the degree of resistance, especially among clinically isolated microbial strains, and what is the degree of resistance compared to the typical concentrations of the biocide used? Data for microbial species isolated over the last 70+ years were compiled to construct as complete a picture as practical regarding possible resistance, especially among species in which resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been noted to be increasing. This is a compilation and analysis of individual MIC values for CHX reported in the literature, not a compilation of the conclusions individual authors reached. The data were analyzed using straight-forward and robust statistical procedures to detect changes in susceptibility to CHX over time, i.e. linear regression. Linear regression was supplemented with the use of nonlinear least squares regression analysis to detect the presence of population parameters associated with subpopulations of microbial strains which exhibit increased resistance to CHX. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were all found to have an increased resistance to CHX over time with the most profound change detected in A. baumannii. Additionally, subpopulations with log-normal distributions were found consistent with the presence of a baseline subpopulation of susceptible strains and a subpopulation with increased resistance to CHX. However, the CHX-resistant subpopulations did not correlate exactly with antibiotic resistance, so details of the relationship remain to be addressed. Increased resistance over time was not detected for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, although a subpopulation with greater than baseline resistance to CHX was detected among strains of E. faecalis and C. albicans. A difference in susceptibility to CHX was also detected between methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus strains. The levels of resistance to CHX detected were all markedly lower than concentrations routinely used in medical and food service applications. Reaching conclusions regarding the relationship between antibiotic and CHX resistance was complicated by the limited overlap between tests of CHX and antibiotic resistance for several species. The results compiled here may serve as a foundation for monitoring changes in resistance to CHX and possible relationships between the use of CHX and resistance to antibiotics commonly used in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Buxser
- Select Bio Consult, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen B, Han J, Dai H, Jia P. Biocide-tolerance and antibiotic-resistance in community environments and risk of direct transfers to humans: Unintended consequences of community-wide surface disinfecting during COVID-19? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117074. [PMID: 33848900 PMCID: PMC8019131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
During the current pandemic, chemical disinfectants are ubiquitously and routinely used in community environments, especially on common touch surfaces in public settings, as a means of controlling the virus spread. An underappreciated risk in current regulatory guidelines and scholarly discussions, however, is that the persisting input of chemical disinfectants can exacerbate the growth of biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria on those surfaces and allow their direct transfers to humans. For COVID-19, the most commonly used disinfecting agents are quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol, which account for two-thirds of the active ingredients in current EPA-approved disinfectant products for the novel coronavirus. Tolerance to each of these compounds, which can be either intrinsic or acquired, has been observed on various bacterial pathogens. Of those, mutations and horizontal gene transfer, upregulation of efflux pumps, membrane alteration, and biofilm formation are the common mechanisms conferring biocide tolerance in bacteria. Further, the linkage between disinfectant use and antibiotic resistance was suggested in laboratory and real-life settings. Evidence showed that substantial bacterial transfers to hands could effectuate from short contacts with surrounding surfaces and further from fingers to lips. While current literature on disinfectant-induced antimicrobial resistance predominantly focuses on municipal wastes and the natural environments, in reality the community and public settings are most severely impacted by intensive and regular chemical disinfecting during COVID-19 and, due to their proximity to humans, biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerged in these environments may pose risks of direct transfers to humans, particularly in densely populated urban communities. Here we highlight these risk factors by reviewing the most pertinent and up-to-date evidence, and provide several feasible strategies to mitigate these risks in the scenario of a prolonging pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Han Dai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Puqi Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Wythe LA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Olson EG, Perry LM, Ricke SC. Reduction of Salmonella Infantis on skin-on, bone-in chicken thighs by cetylpyridinium chloride application and the impact on the skin microbiota. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101409. [PMID: 34953376 PMCID: PMC8715379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis has been the etiological agent of numerous foodborne outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella. Consequently, there is an emergent need to mitigate Salmonella Infantis among poultry. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) versus peroxyacetic acid (PAA), on bone-in, skin-on chicken thighs for the reduction of Salmonella and changes in the microbiota. Exactly 100 skin-on, bone-in chicken thighs (2 trials, 0 and 24 h, k = 5, n = 5, N = 50) were inoculated with 108 CFU/mL of a nalidixic acid resistant strain of S. Infantis for an attachment of 106 CFU/g. Thighs were treated with 20 s part dips (350 mL): a no inoculum, no treatment control (NINTC); no treatment control (NTC); tap water (TW); TW+CPC; TW+PAA. Following treatment, thighs were rinsed in 150 mL of nBPW, and rinsates were collected. Rinsates were spot plated for Salmonella and aerobic bacteria (APC). Log10 transformed counts were analyzed using a mixed-effects model (random effect = trial) with means separated using Tukey's HSD (P ≤ 0.05). The genomic DNA of rinsates was extracted, and the 16S rDNA was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME2, with data considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 (main effects) and Q≤0.05 (pairwise differences). Treatment × time interactions were observed for both Salmonella and APC (P < 0.05). The treatment of thighs with PAA and CPC reduced Salmonella and APC in respect to the controls. Numerically, thighs treated with CPC had less Salmonella (4.29 log10CFU/g) and less APC (4.56 log10CFU/g) at 24 h than all other treatments (P > 0.05). Differences in diversity metrics were not consistently observed between treatments; however, in trial 2, the NTC treated thighs were different than those treated with CPC (P < 0.05; Q < 0.05). In both trials, ANCOM, the analysis of microbiome compositional profiles, revealed shifts at both the phylum and order levels with thighs being different in the relative abundances of Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). In conclusion, treatment of skin-on poultry parts with CPC may reduce the risk of foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella Infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Wythe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K M Feye
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - L M Perry
- Safe Foods Corporation, Little Rock, AR 72114
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.
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Yu H, Byun Y, Chang PS. Lipase-catalyzed two-step esterification for solvent-free production of mixed lauric acid esters with antibacterial and antioxidative activities. Food Chem 2021; 366:130650. [PMID: 34330030 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mixed lauric acid esters (MLE) with antibacterial and antioxidative activities were produced through lipase-catalyzed two-step esterification in solvent-free system without purification. In the first reaction, erythorbyl laurate was synthesized for 72 h. Successive reaction for 6 h at molar ratio of 1.0 (lauric acid to glycerol) produced MLE containing erythorbyl laurate and glyceryl laurate with small amounts of residual substrates, by converting 99.52% of lauric acid. MLE addition (0.5-2.0%, w/w) to Tween 20-stabilized emulsions decreased droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta-potential, possibly enhancing the emulsion stability. In the emulsions, MLE at 0.5 and 2.0% (w/w) caused 4.4-4.6 and 5.9-6.1 log reductions of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), respectively, within 12 h. Lipid hydroperoxide concentrations decreased to 50.8-98.3% in the presence of 0.5-2.0% (w/w) MLE. These findings support a novel approach without needing purification to produce multi-functional food additives for emulsion foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjong Yu
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Byun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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