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Chalen-Moreano F, Saeteros-Hernández A, Abdo-Peralta P, Frey C, Peralta-Saa LO, Hernández-Allauca AD, Rosero-Erazo CR, Toulkeridis T. Exploring the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Low-Cost Commercial Disinfectants Utilized in the Agro-Food Industry Wash Tanks: Towards Enhanced Hygiene Practices. Foods 2024; 13:1915. [PMID: 38928858 PMCID: PMC11203120 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in vegetable consumption has underlined the importance of minimizing the risks associated with microbiological contamination of fresh produce. The critical stage of the vegetable washing process has proven to be a key point for cross-contamination and the persistence of pathogens. In this context, the agri-food industry has widely adopted the use of disinfectants to reduce the bacterial load in the wash water. Therefore, we conducted laboratory-scale experiments in order to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in the wash tank of agro-food industries. Different wash water matrices of shredded lettuce, shredded cabbage, diced onion, and baby spinach were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and per-oxyacetic acid (PAA) at recommended concentrations. To simulate the presence of pathogenic bacteria, a cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into the process water samples (PWW) to determine whether concentrations of disinfectants inhibit the pathogen or bring it to a viable non-culturable state (VBNC). Hereby, we used quantitative qPCR combined with different photo-reactive dyes such as ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA). The results indicated that concentrations superior to 20 ppm NaClO inhibit the pathogen E. coli O157:H7 artificially inoculated in the process water. Concentrations between 10-20 ppm ClO2 fail to induce the pathogen to the VBNC state. At concentrations of 80 ppm PAA, levels of culturable bacteria and VBNC of E. coli O157:H7 were detected in all PWWs regardless of the matrix. Subsequently, this indicates that the recommended concentrations of ClO2 and PAA for use in the fresh produce industry wash tank do not inhibit the levels of E. coli O157:H7 present in the wash water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Chalen-Moreano
- Faculty of Public Health, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Km 1 ½ Panamericana Sur, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (F.C.-M.); (A.S.-H.); (L.O.P.-S.)
| | - Angélica Saeteros-Hernández
- Faculty of Public Health, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Km 1 ½ Panamericana Sur, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (F.C.-M.); (A.S.-H.); (L.O.P.-S.)
| | - Paula Abdo-Peralta
- Independent Researcher, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (P.A.-P.); (C.R.R.-E.)
| | - Catherine Frey
- Independent Researcher, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (P.A.-P.); (C.R.R.-E.)
| | - Lilia Ofir Peralta-Saa
- Faculty of Public Health, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Km 1 ½ Panamericana Sur, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (F.C.-M.); (A.S.-H.); (L.O.P.-S.)
| | | | | | - Theofilos Toulkeridis
- School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Shin M, Na G, Kang JW, Kang DH. Application of combined treatment of peracetic acid and ultraviolet-C for inactivating pathogens in water and on surface of apples. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110519. [PMID: 38101190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a combined treatment of peracetic acid (PAA) and 280 nm Ultraviolet-C (UVC) - Light emitting diode (LED) was applied for inactivating foodborne pathogens in water and apples. The combined treatment of PAA (50 ppm) and UVC-LED showed synergistic inactivation effects against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in water. In mechanism analysis, PAA/UVC-LED treatment induced more lipid peroxidation, intracellular ROS, membrane, and DNA damage than a single treatment. Among them, membrane damage was the main synergistic inactivation mechanism of combination treatment. Cell rupture and shrink of both pathogens after PAA/UVC-LED treatment were also identified through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. To examine inactivation of pathogens on the surface of apples by PAA, UVC-LED, and their combined treatment, a washing system (WS) was developed and used. Through applying the WS, PAA/UVC-LED treatment effectively inactivated two pathogens in washing solution and on the surface of apples below the detection limit (3.30 log CFU/2000 mL and 2.0 log CFU/apple) within 5 min. In addition, there was no significant difference in color or firmness of apples after PAA/UVC-LED treatment (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Shin
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyumi Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Cuggino SG, Possas A, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Theumer MG, Pérez-Rodríguez F. Unveiling Fresh-Cut Lettuce Processing in Argentine Industries: Evaluating Salmonella Levels Using Predictive Microbiology Models. Foods 2023; 12:3999. [PMID: 37959118 PMCID: PMC10647251 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey was performed to gather information on the processing steps, conditions, and practices employed by industries processing ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy vegetables in Argentina. A total of seven industries participated in the survey. A cluster analysis of the data obtained was performed to identify homogeneous groups among the participating industries. The data collected were used as inputs of two predictive microbiology models to estimate Salmonella concentrations after chlorine washing, during storage and distribution of final products, and to rank the different practices according to the final estimated Salmonella levels. Six different clusters were identified by evaluating the parameters, methods, and controls applied in each processing step, evidencing a great variability among industries. The disinfectant agent applied by all participating industries was sodium hypochlorite, though concentrations and application times differed among industries from 50 to 200 ppm for 30 to 110 s. Simulations using predictive models indicated that the reductions in Salmonella in RTE leafy vegetables would vary in the range of 1.70-2.95 log CFU/g during chlorine-washing depending on chlorine concentrations applied, washing times, and vegetable cutting size, which varied from 9 to 16 cm2 among industries. Moreover, Salmonella would be able to grow in RTE leafy vegetables during storage and distribution, achieving levels of up to 2 log CFU/g, considering the storage and transportation temperatures and times reported by the industries, which vary from 4 to 14 °C and from 18 to 30 h. These results could be used to prioritize risk-based sampling programs by Food Official Control or determine more adequate process parameters to mitigate Salmonella in RTE leafy vegetables. Additionally, the information gathered in this study is useful for microbiological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Griselda Cuggino
- Departamento de Fundamentación Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000, Argentina;
| | - Arícia Possas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.D.P.-I.); (F.P.-R.)
| | - Guiomar Denisse Posada-Izquierdo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.D.P.-I.); (F.P.-R.)
| | - Martin Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba X5000, Argentina
| | - Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.D.P.-I.); (F.P.-R.)
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Cuggino SG, Posada-Izquierdo G, Bascón Villegas I, Theumer MG, Pérez-Rodríguez F. Effects of chlorine and peroxyacetic acid wash treatments on growth kinetics of Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112451. [PMID: 37087200 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fresh-cut produces are often consumed uncooked, thus proper sanitation is essential for preventing cross contamination. The reduction and subsequent growth of Salmonella enterica sv Thompson were studied in pre-cut iceberg lettuce washed with simulated wash water (SWW), sodium hypochlorite (SH, free chlorine 25 mg/L), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA, 80 mg/L) and stored for 9 days under modified atmosphere at 9, 13, and 18 °C. Differences in reduction between SH and PAA were non-existent. Overall, visual quality, dehydration, leaf edge and superficial browning and aroma during storage at 9 °C were similar among treatments, but negative effects increased with temperature. These results demonstrated that PAA can be used as an effective alternative to chlorine for the disinfection of Salmonella spp. in fresh-cut lettuce. The growth of Salmonella enterica sv Thompson was successfully described with the Baranyi and Roberts growth model in the studied storage temperature range, and after treatment with SWW, chlorine, and PAA. Subsequently, predictive secondary models were used to describe the relationship between growth rates and temperature based on the models' family described by Bělehrádek. Interestingly, the exposure to disinfectants biased growth kinetics of Salmonella during storage. Below 12 °C, growth rates in lettuce treated with disinfectant (0.010-0.011 log CFU/h at 9 °C) were lower than those in lettuce washed with water (0.016 log CFU/h at 9 °C); whereas at higher temperatures, the effect was the opposite. Thus, in this case, the growth rate values registered at 18 °C for lettuce treated with disinfectant were 0.048-0.054 log CFU/h compared to a value of 0.038 log CFU/h for lettuce treated with only water. The data and models developed in this study will be crucial to describing the wash-related dynamics of Salmonella in a risk assessment framework applied to fresh-cut produce, providing more complete and accurate risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Griselda Cuggino
- Departamento de Fundamentación Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Guiomar Posada-Izquierdo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bascón Villegas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Martin Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de investigaciones en bioquímica clínica e inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Schryvers S, De Bock T, Uyttendaele M, Jacxsens L. Multi-criteria decision-making framework on process water treatment of minimally processed leafy greens. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Saito S, Wang F, Obenland D, Xiao CL. Effects of Peroxyacetic Acid on Postharvest Diseases and Quality of Blueberries. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3231-3237. [PMID: 33487017 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2310-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest diseases are a limiting factor in the storage of fresh blueberries. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria spp. are important postharvest diseases in blueberries grown in California. Control of these fungal pathogens is generally dependent on preharvest sprays of synthetic fungicides, but in California multiple fungicide resistance has already developed in those pathogens, leading to the failure of disease control. Therefore, alternatives to synthetic fungicides are needed for the control of postharvest diseases. Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is a disinfectant agent that poses low risk to human health. In this study, we evaluated the effects of postharvest use of PAA at 24 µl liter-1 and 85 µl liter-1 on fruit decay caused by fungal pathogens and quality of stored blueberry fruit. PAA treatment was applied to four cultivars over three seasons using two methods, dipping or spraying. Dipping blueberries compared with spraying them with PAA and its application at 85 µl liter-1 were the most effective treatments. For example, when applied to 'Snowchaser' blueberries, this combination reduced naturally occurring decay after 4 weeks of storage at 0 to 1°C from 14.3% among water-treated controls to 2.7% in 2018, and from 25.7% among water-treated controls to 8.6% in 2020. In general, PAA did not adversely affect fruit quality or sensory quality of blueberries. Postharvest use of PAA appears to be a promising means to reduce postharvest decay of blueberries. To reliably obtain an acceptable level of disease control, the best use of PAA may be in combination with other practices rather than using it alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Saito
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Fei Wang
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - David Obenland
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
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Petri E, Virto R, Mottura M, Parra J. Comparison of Peracetic Acid and Chlorine Effectiveness during Fresh-Cut Vegetable Processing at Industrial Scale. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1592-1602. [PMID: 34015109 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two sanitizing agents, chlorine and peracetic acid (PAA), in reducing spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and disinfection by-products in the washing stage of three types of minimally processed vegetables: iceberg lettuce, carrots, and baby leaves. These fresh-cut products are consumed uncooked; thus, proper sanitation is essential in preventing foodborne illness outbreaks. The comparison was done at industrial scale with equipment already used in the fresh-cut industry and with washers designed and manufactured for this purpose. Results showed that for washing water hygiene and final product microbial quality, the use of PAA or chlorine had similar efficacy. Different scenarios combining PAA, chlorine, and water were tested, simulating the current industrial processes for each of the tested vegetables. Overall, results confirmed that the use of a sanitizer, PAA or chlorine, in the washing water is effective for the prevention of cross-contamination during the washing process and hence for produce food safety. For final product microbiological quality and shelf life, the use of chlorine or PAA showed no significant differences in lettuce or baby leaves. Chlorinated disinfection by-products in processing water were not formed in significant amounts when washing water was treated with PAA in all scenarios and for all tested vegetables, whereas washing with chlorine (80 mg/L) generated important amounts of trihalomethanes, chlorates, and chlorites. Although chlorates and chlorites were always below the recommended levels or legal limits established for drinking water, trihalomethanes exceeded the legal limits. For perchlorates, values were below the quantification limit in all scenarios. Our results show that PAA is a reliable alternative to chlorine disinfection strategies in the fresh-cut industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- E Petri
- R&D&I Area, Centro Nacional de Tecnología y Seguridad Alimentaria (CNTA), Carretera NA-134, Km. 53, 31570 Navarra, Spain
| | - R Virto
- R&D&I Area, Centro Nacional de Tecnología y Seguridad Alimentaria (CNTA), Carretera NA-134, Km. 53, 31570 Navarra, Spain
| | - M Mottura
- Productos Citrosol S.A., Partida Alameda, Parcela C, 46721 Potries, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Parra
- Productos Citrosol S.A., Partida Alameda, Parcela C, 46721 Potries, Valencia, Spain
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Davies CR, Wohlgemuth F, Young T, Violet J, Dickinson M, Sanders JW, Vallieres C, Avery SV. Evolving challenges and strategies for fungal control in the food supply chain. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021; 36:15-26. [PMID: 34084209 PMCID: PMC8127832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi that spoil foods or infect crops can have major socioeconomic impacts, posing threats to food security. The strategies needed to manage these fungi are evolving, given the growing incidence of fungicide resistance, tightening regulations of chemicals use and market trends imposing new food-preservation challenges. For example, alternative methods for crop protection such as RNA-based fungicides, biocontrol, or stimulation of natural plant defences may lessen concerns like environmental toxicity of chemical fungicides. There is renewed focus on natural product preservatives and fungicides, which can bypass regulations for 'clean label' food products. These require investment to find effective, safe activities within complex mixtures such as plant extracts. Alternatively, physical measures may be one key for fungal control, such as polymer materials which passively resist attachment and colonization by fungi. Reducing or replacing traditional chlorine treatments (e.g. of post-harvest produce) is desirable to limit formation of disinfection by-products. In addition, the current growth in lower sugar food products can alter metabolic routing of carbon utilization in spoilage yeasts, with implications for efficacy of food preservatives acting via metabolism. The use of preservative or fungicide combinations, while involving more than one chemical, can reduce total chemicals usage where these act synergistically. Such approaches might also help target different subpopulations within heteroresistant fungal populations. These approaches are discussed in the context of current challenges for food preservation, focussing on pre-harvest fungal control, fresh produce and stored food preservation. Several strategies show growing potential for mitigating or reversing the risks posed by fungi in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheryn R. Davies
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Wohlgemuth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Taran Young
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Violet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dickinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Willem Sanders
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy Vallieres
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon V. Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Dankwa AS, Machado RM, Perry JJ. Sanitizer efficacy in reducing microbial load on commercially grown hydroponic lettuce. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1403-1410. [PMID: 32833277 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most hydroponic lettuce growers harvest and package their marketable-size lettuces with an intact root ball. With a high microbial load on the peat moss substrate, there is a risk of microbial transfer onto the edible portion during packaging and throughout the product's shelf life. Since the produce is believed to have no contact with the substrate, no sanitizer wash is performed before packaging and storage. RESULTS Aerobic plate count (APC) results suggested that reduction in count was influenced by both sanitizer application and storage time. Peroxyacetic acid significantly reduced APC count on leaves, roots, and substrate, with a 1.8 log CFU g-1 initial reduction on the leaf. Fungi and APC levels increased with storage time, with the greatest APC increase in the roots. Leaves had the lowest coliform bacteria (CB), with chlorine slightly reducing CB count. Unlike APC, CB levels decreased during storage on the substrate and root samples. No Listeria positive was confirmed by agglutination test. Further evaluation of different commercial substrates reveals that Com4, a drier-compacted plug, had the least ability to support growth/survival of all microbial populations enumerated relative to the spongy, wet black plugs. CONCLUSION The ability of peat moss substrates to host microorganisms is influenced by the physical properties of the product. Sanitizer wash efficacy is dependent on the initial microbial load and the length of storage. Chlorine and peroxyacetic acid are effective in reducing microbial populations on the leaves of hydroponically grown lettuce without affecting visual quality during shelf life. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwoa S Dankwa
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Robson M Machado
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Jennifer J Perry
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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10
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Practical applications of sensor-based methodologies for monitoring peracetic acid (PAA) as a disinfectant of fresh produce wash water. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abnavi MD, Kothapalli CR, Srinivasan P. Total amino acids concentration as a reliable predictor of free chlorine levels in dynamic fresh produce washing process. Food Chem 2021; 335:127651. [PMID: 32739817 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We establish the total amino acids (AA) concentration in wash water as an alternative indicator of free chlorine (FC) levels, and develop a model to predict FC concentration based on modeling the reaction kinetics of chlorine and amino acids. Using single wash of iceberg lettuce, green cabbage, and carrots, we report the first in situ apparent reaction rate β between FC and amino acids in the range of 15.3 - 16.6 M-1 s-1 and an amplification factor γ in the range of 11.52-11.94 for these produce. We also report strong linear correlations between AA levels and produce-to-water ratio (R2 = 0.87), and between chemical oxygen demand (COD) and AA concentrations (R2 = 0.87). The values of the parameters γ and β of the model were validated in continuous wash experiments of chopped iceberg lettuce, and predicted the FC (R2 = 0.96) and AA (R2 = 0.92) levels very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Dehghan Abnavi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Srinivasan
- Department of Mathematics, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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Gençdağ E, Görgüç A, Okuroğlu F, Yılmaz FM. The effects of power ‐ ultrasound, peroxyacetic acid and sodium chloride washing treatments on the physical and chemical quality characteristics of dried figs. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Gençdağ
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department Aydın Adnan Menderes University Aydın Turkey
| | - Ahmet Görgüç
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department Aydın Adnan Menderes University Aydın Turkey
| | - Fulya Okuroğlu
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department Aydın Adnan Menderes University Aydın Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Yılmaz
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department Aydın Adnan Menderes University Aydın Turkey
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13
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Donatti Leão Alvarenga P, Mileib Vasconcelos C, de São José JFB. Application of Ultrasound Combined with Acetic Acid and Peracetic Acid: Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Strawberries. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010016. [PMID: 33375142 PMCID: PMC7792923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated the application of organic acids (acetic and peracetic acid) and ultrasound as alternative sanitization methods for improving the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of strawberries. A reduction of up to 2.48 log CFU/g aerobic mesophiles and between 0.89 and 1.45 log CFU/g coliforms at 35 °C was found. For molds and yeasts, significant differences occurred with different treatments and storage time (p < 0.05). Ultrasound treatments in combination with peracetic acid and acetic acid allowed a decimal reduction in molds and yeasts (p < 0.05). All evaluated treatments promoted a significant reduction in the Escherichia coli count (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed fragmented E. coli cells due to treatment with acetic acid and ultrasound. Storage time significantly affected pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids and the ratio of the total titratable acidity to the total soluble solids (p < 0.05). Anthocyanin content did not change with treatment or time and generally averaged 13.47 mg anthocyanin/100 g of strawberries on fresh matter. Mass loss was not significantly affected by the applied treatments (p > 0.05). The combination of ultrasound and peracetic acid may be an alternative to chlorine-based compounds to ensure microbiological safety without causing significant changes in the physicochemical characteristics of strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Donatti Leão Alvarenga
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo 28630, Brazil;
| | - Christiane Mileib Vasconcelos
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Vila Velha University, Comissário José Dantas de Melo Avenue, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo 28630, Brazil;
| | - Jackline Freitas Brilhante de São José
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo 28630, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55–27–3335–7223
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Megahed A, Aldridge B, Lowe J. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Aqueous Ozone and Ozone-Lactic Acid Blend on Salmonella-Contaminated Chicken Drumsticks Using Multiple Sequential Soaking and Spraying Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593911. [PMID: 33381091 PMCID: PMC7768038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is an attractive alternative antimicrobial in the poultry processing industry. The optimal operational conditions of O3 for improving food safety concerns are poorly understood. The main objective of this study was therefore to characterize the microbial killing capacity of aqueous O3 and O3-lactic acid blend (O3-LA) at different operational conditions on chicken drumsticks contaminated with high Salmonella load using sequential soaking and spraying approaches. Four hundred forty-eight chicken drumsticks (280-310 g) were soaked into two-strain Salmonella cocktail, and the initial load on the surface of the skin was 6.9-log10 cell forming unit (CFU)/cm2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.8-7.0]. The contaminated drumsticks were then sequentially (10×) soaked and sprayed with aqueous O3 (8 ppm) and O3-LA. Following O3 exposure, quantitative bacterial cultures were performed on the post-soaking and post-spraying water, skin surface, and subcutaneous (SC) of each drumstick using 3MTM PetrifilmTM Rapid Aerobic Count Plate (RAC) and plate reader. The average killing capacity of aqueous O3/cycle on the skin surface was 1.6-log10/cm2 (95% CI, 1.5-1.8-log10/cm2) and 1.2-log10/cm2 (95% CI, 1.0-1.4-log10/cm2), and it was 1.1-log10/cm2 (95% CI, 0.9-1.3-log10/cm2) and 0.9-log10/cm2 (95% CI, 0.7-1.1-log10/cm2) in SC for soaking and spraying approaches, respectively. Six sequential soaking and seven sequential spraying cycles with ozonated water of 8 ppm reduced the heavy Salmonella load below the detectable limit on the skin surface and SC of drumsticks, respectively. Addition of LA seems to increase the microbial killing capacity of aqueous O3 with average differences of 0.3-log10/cm2 (P = 0.08) and 0.2-log10/cm2 (P = 0.12) on the skin surface using soaking and spraying approaches, respectively. Aqueous O3 did not cause any significant changes in the drumstick skin color. The Salmonella load of < 4.5-log10/cm2 was a strong predictor for the reduction rate (P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.64). These results provide important information that helps the poultry processing facilities for selecting the optimal operational strategy of O3 as an effective antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Brian Aldridge
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - James Lowe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
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15
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Lippman B, Yao S, Huang R, Chen H. Evaluation of the combined treatment of ultraviolet light and peracetic acid as an alternative to chlorine washing for lettuce decontamination. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 323:108590. [PMID: 32200156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential of using ultraviolet light (UV) in combination of peracetic acid (PAA) as an alternative to chlorine washing for lettuce was evaluated. Shredded iceberg lettuce was dip-inoculated with a four-strain Salmonella cocktail to final levels of 6-7.5 log CFU/g, following by air-drying and overnight cold storage. The inoculated lettuce (80 g) was then washed in turbid tap water containing 6% lettuce juice extract and silicon dioxide (turbidity of ~60 NTU; COD of ~2000 mg/L) while being treated with 1) 10 or 20 ppm free chlorine, 2) PAA solution (40 and 80 ppm), 3) UV (10, 20 and 30 mW/cm2), 4) a combination of UV and PAA for 1, 2, and 5 min. Among all the single treatments, the 30 mW/cm2 UV treatment achieved the highest Salmonella reduction on lettuce. For the 2-min treatment group, the 30 mW/cm2 UV treatment achieved 1.98 log reduction, while the 80 ppm PAA and 20 ppm free chlorine resulted in 1.52 and 1.23 log reduction, respectively. The combined treatment of 30 mW/cm2 UV and 80 ppm PAA achieved significantly higher (P < .05) Salmonella reduction than the 20 ppm free chlorine washing. For the 5-min treatment group, the combined treatment resulted in 3.24 log reduction, while the 20 ppm free chlorine washing only achieved 1.24 log reduction. The effect of the combined treatment of 30 mW/cm2 UV and 80 ppm PAA was also compared with 20 ppm free chlorine washing on larger sample sizes of 200, 500, and 1000 g lettuce. The increase of sample size from 80 g to 1000 g did not significantly (P < .05) affect the inactivation of Salmonella on lettuce for the combined treatment. In addition, the combined treatment of 80 ppm PAA and 30 mW/cm2 UV was able to maintain the Salmonella population in wash water under the detection limit of 0.3 log CFU/mL. It was therefore concluded that the combined treatment of 30 mW/cm2 UV and 80 ppm PAA could be used as an alternative to chlorine washing for lettuce decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lippman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Shiyun Yao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Runze Huang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA.
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Gu G, Bolten S, Mowery J, Luo Y, Gulbronson C, Nou X. Susceptibility of foodborne pathogens to sanitizers in produce rinse water and potential induction of viable but non-culturable state. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Cuggino SG, Bascón-Villegas I, Rincón F, Pérez MA, Posada-Izquierdo G, Marugán J, Pablos Carro C, Pérez-Rodríguez F. Modelling the combined effect of chlorine, benzyl isothiocyanate, exposure time and cut size on the reduction of Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce during washing process. Food Microbiol 2020; 86:103346. [PMID: 31703876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the effect of the combination of Sodium hypochlorite, the most used disinfectant by the vegetable industry, with a natural antimicrobial, benzyl-isothiocyanate (BITC), considering cutting surface and contact time, on the reduction of Salmonella in fresh-cut produce in washing operations under typical industrial conditions. Overall, the combinations of disinfectant and process parameters resulted in a mean reduction of Salmonella of 2.5 log CFU/g. According to statistical analysis, free chlorine and BITC concentrations, contact time and cut size exerted a significant effect on the Salmonella reduction (p ≤ 0.05). The optimum combination of process parameter values yielding the highest Salmonella reduction was a lettuce cut size of 15 cm2 washed for 110 s in industrial water containing 160 mg/L free chlorine and 40 mg/L BITC. A predictive model was also derived, which, as illustrated, could be applied to optimize industrial disinfection and develop probabilistic Exposure Assessments considering the effect of washing process parameters on the levels of Salmonella contamination in leafy green products. The present study demonstrated the efficacy of chlorine to reduce Salmonella populations in fresh-cut lettuce while highlighting the importance of controlling the washing process parameters, such as, contact time, cut size and concentration of the disinfectant to increase disinfectant efficacy and improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Griselda Cuggino
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Ing. Agr. Felix Aldo Marrone 746, Campus Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Isabel Bascón-Villegas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Rincón
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Alejandra Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Ing. Agr. Felix Aldo Marrone 746, Campus Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guiomar Posada-Izquierdo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pablos Carro
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Spain.
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Ghostlaw T, Corradini MG, Autio WR, Kinchla AJ. Impact of various postharvest wash water conditions on the performance of peracetic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 over time. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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López-Gálvez F, Gil MI, Andújar S, Allende A. Suitability of centrifuge water for detecting the presence of Escherichia coli versus finished fresh-cut lettuce testing. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103271. [PMID: 31421780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce causes most foodborne outbreaks in the USA, and it is also considered a hazardous food product in other areas of the world such as Europe. The outbreaks attributed to fresh produce increase the focus of producers on hygiene to minimize exposure to food hazards. The fresh produce industry has the urgent need to detect if there are production lots contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms before distribution. Although the industry is mostly using end-product testing for the detection of target microorganisms, previous studies have evaluated the suitability of different sampling points within the production line of a fresh-cut processing plant. In the present study, the centrifuge effluent water was assessed as an alternative sampling point to end-product testing. E. coli was selected as an index microorganism of the presence of pathogens. The presence of E. coli was assessed in centrifuge effluent water, and fresh-cut lettuce from a commercial fresh-cut produce processing line (n = 95). The rate of false positives and negatives, as well as the specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency of the alternative method were calculated. The mean population of E. coli in positive water samples was 0.86 log cfu/100 mL, while the mean population of E. coli in positive fresh-cut lettuce samples was 0.23 log cfu/g. The proportion of positive samples in centrifuge effluent water and lettuce was similar (≈20%), and most of the results in both matrices were coincident (81.1%). However, the alternative method was not reliable due to its low sensitivity, as only 47.6% of the lettuce samples positive for E. coli could be matched with positive water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Maria Isabel Gil
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Andújar
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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20
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Tudela JA, López-Gálvez F, Allende A, Gil MI. Chlorination management in commercial fresh produce processing lines. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Abnavi MD, Alradaan A, Munther D, Kothapalli CR, Srinivasan P. Modeling of Free Chlorine Consumption and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cross-Contamination During Fresh-Cut Produce Wash Cycles. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2736-2744. [PMID: 31573690 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the free chlorine (FC) availability in wash water during sanitization of fresh produce enhances our ability to reduce microbial levels and prevent cross-contamination. However, maintaining an ideal concentration of FC that could prevent the risk of contamination within the wash system is still a technical challenge in the industry, indicating the need to better understand wash water chemistry dynamics. Using bench-scale experiments and modeling approaches, we developed a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the FC concentration during fresh-cut produce wash processes for different lettuce types (romaine, iceberg, green leaf, and red leaf), carrots, and green cabbage as well as Escherichia coli O157:H7 cross-contamination during fresh-cut iceberg lettuce washing. Fresh-cut produce exudates, as measured by chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels, appear to be the primary source of consumption of FC in wash water, with an apparent reaction rate ranging from 4.74 × 10 - 4 to 7.42 × 10 - 4 L/mg·min for all produce types tested, at stable pH levels (6.5 to 7.0) in the wash water. COD levels increased over time as more produce was washed and the lettuce type impacted the rate of increase in organic load. The model parameters from our experimental data were compared to those obtained from a pilot-plant scale study for lettuce, and similar reaction rate constant (5.38 × 10-4 L/mg·min) was noted, supporting our hypothesis that rise in COD is the main cause of consumption of FC levels in the wash water. We also identified that the bacterial transfer mechanism described by our model is robust relative to experimental scale and pathogen levels in the wash water. Finally, we proposed functions that quantify an upper bound on pathogen levels in the water and on cross-contaminated lettuce, indicating the maximum potential of water-mediated cross-contamination. Our model results could help indicate the limits of FC control to prevent cross-contamination during lettuce washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Dehghan Abnavi
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State Univ., 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, U.S.A
| | - Ali Alradaan
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State Univ., 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Munther
- Dept. of Mathematics, Cleveland State Univ., 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, U.S.A
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State Univ., 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, U.S.A
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Tombini Decol L, López-Gálvez F, Truchado P, Tondo EC, Gil MI, Allende A. Suitability of chlorine dioxide as a tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater and use of reclaimed water for overhead irrigation of baby lettuce. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Meireles A, Faia S, Giaouris E, Simões M. Antimicrobial susceptibility and sessile behaviour of bacteria isolated from a minimally processed vegetables plant. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:1150-1160. [PMID: 30663892 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1554742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 20 heterotrophic bacteria from a minimally processed vegetables (MPV) plant were tested for their susceptibilities to five antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin), their (co)aggregation abilities and their survival under gastric simulated conditions. Peracetic acid (PA) and sodium hypochlorite (SH), both at 50 ppm, were evaluated for their abilities to control biofilms of these bacteria. In general, the Gram-negative bacteria were found to be more resistant to the selected antibiotics. Two isolates, Rhanella aquatilis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, demonstrated multidrug resistance. Only Rhodococcus erythropolis presented aggregation potential, while no bacterium survived under the gastric conditions. The biofilm experiments showed PA as less efficient than SH in killing biofilms and neither of the disinfectants was able to fully eliminate the biofilms. Significant regrowth was observed for most of the biofilms. The results indicate that alternative and/or complementary disinfection strategies are required to guarantee food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Meireles
- a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sílvia Faia
- a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- b Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment , University of the Aegean , Myrina , Lemnos , Greece
| | - Manuel Simões
- a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Huang R, de Vries D, Chen H. Strategies to enhance fresh produce decontamination using combined treatments of ultraviolet, washing and disinfectants. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 283:37-44. [PMID: 29957346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a water-assisted ultraviolet system (WUV; samples were treated by UV while being immersed in agitated water) on the inactivation of Salmonella on baby spinach, iceberg lettuce, blueberry, grape tomato, and baby-cut carrot. The Salmonella inactivation effect of the WUV system was tested in two scales, and three disinfectants, chlorine, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were tested in combination with the system to see whether the Salmonella inactivation effect could be enhanced. The fresh produce samples were dip-inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail to final concentrations of 4.6-7.6 log CFU/g. To simulate the washing process in the industry, fresh produce extracts and/or silicon dioxide were added in the wash water to adjust chemical oxygen demand to ~2000 mg/L and turbidity to >60 NTU. In general, the decontamination efficacy of WUV treatments followed this order: Tomato > Carrot > Lettuce ≈ Blueberry > Spinach. In the small-scale study, WUV alone was able to achieve 0.9, 2.6, >3.6, 1.7, and 2.0 log CFU/g reductions of Salmonella on fresh produce for spinach, lettuce, tomato, blueberry, and carrot, respectively. For all fresh produce items, WUV combined with PAA could achieve significantly (P < 0.05) higher Salmonella reduction on fresh produce than chlorine wash and PAA wash. The WUV treatments combined with chlorine or PAA were able to keep residual Salmonella in wash water below the detection limit (2 CFU/mL) for almost all the replicates. Similar Salmonella reductions on fresh produce and in wash water were found in the large-scale study. Considering the decontamination efficacy on fresh produce, the ability to disinfect the wash water, and the cost, we recommend chlorine wash for baby spinach, WUV alone for grape tomato and WUV combined with PAA for iceberg lettuce, blueberry and baby-cut carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Huang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Danielle de Vries
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA.
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25
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Jeong MI, Park SY, Ha SD. Effects of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid on the inactivation of murine norovirus-1 in Chinese cabbage and green onion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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López-Gálvez F, Gil MI, Meireles A, Truchado P, Allende A. Demonstration tests of irrigation water disinfection with chlorine dioxide in open field cultivation of baby spinach. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2973-2980. [PMID: 29171860 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments for the disinfection of irrigation water have to be evaluated by demonstration tests carried out under commercial settings taking into account not only their antimicrobial activity but also the potential phytotoxic effects on the crop. The consequences of the treatment of irrigation water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) used for sprinkler irrigation of baby spinach in two commercial agricultural fields was assessed. RESULTS Residual ClO2 levels at the sprinklers in the treated field were always below 1 mg L-1 . ClO2 treatment provoked limited but statistically significant reductions in culturable Escherichia coli counts (0.2-0.3 log reductions), but not in the viable E. coli counts in water, suggesting the presence of viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC). Although disinfected irrigation water did not have an impact on the microbial loads of Enterobacteriaceae nor on the quality characteristics of baby spinach, it caused the accumulation of chlorates (up to 0.99 mg kg-1 in plants) and the reduction of the photosynthetic efficiency of baby spinach. CONCLUSION Low concentrations of ClO2 are effective in reducing the culturable E. coli present in irrigation water but it might induce the VBNC state. Presence of disinfection by-products and their accumulation in the crop must be considered to adjust doses in order to avoid crop damage and chemical safety risks. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria I Gil
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Meireles
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pilar Truchado
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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27
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Banach J, van Bokhorst-van de Veen H, van Overbeek L, van der Zouwen P, van der Fels-Klerx H, Groot MN. The efficacy of chemical sanitizers on the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli affected by bacterial cell history and water quality. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Davidson GR, Kaminski-Davidson CN, Ryser ET. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during pilot-scale processing of iceberg lettuce using flume water containing peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizers and various organic loads. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 248:22-31. [PMID: 28237883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to minimize cross-contamination during leafy green processing, chemical sanitizers are routinely added to the wash water. This study assessed the efficacy of peroxyacetic acid and mixed peracid against E. coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce, in wash water, and on equipment during simulated commercial production in a pilot-scale processing line using flume water containing various organic loads. Iceberg lettuce (5.4kg) inoculated to contain 106CFU/g of a 4-strain cocktail of non-toxigenic, GFP-labeled, ampicillin-resistant E. coli O157:H7, was shredded using a commercial shredder, step-conveyed to a flume tank, washed for 90s using water alone or two different sanitizing treatments (50ppm peroxyacetic acid or mixed peracid) in water containing organic loads of 0, 2.5, 5 or 10% (w/v) blended iceberg lettuce, and then dried using a shaker table and centrifugal dryer. Thereafter, three 5.4-kg batches of uninoculated iceberg lettuce were identically processed. Various product (25g) and water (50ml) samples collected during processing along with equipment surface samples (100cm2) from the flume tank, shaker table and centrifugal dryer were then assessed for numbers of E. coli O157:H7. Organic load rarely impacted (P>0.05) the efficacy of either peroxyacetic acid or mixed peracid, with typical reductions of >5logCFU/ml in wash water throughout processing for all organic loads. Increases in organic load in the wash water corresponded to changes in total solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, maximum filterable volume, and oxidation/reduction potential. After 90s of exposure to flume water, E. coli O157:H7 reductions on inoculated lettuce ranged from 0.97 to 1.74logCFU/g using peroxyacetic acid, with an average reduction of 1.35logCFU/g for mixed peracid. E. coli O157:H7 persisted on all previously uninoculated lettuce following the inoculated batch, emphasizing the need for improved intervention strategies that can better ensure end-product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon R Davidson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Gombas D, Luo Y, Brennan J, Shergill G, Petran R, Walsh R, Hau H, Khurana K, Zomorodi B, Rosen J, Varley R, Deng K. Guidelines To Validate Control of Cross-Contamination during Washing of Fresh-Cut Leafy Vegetables. J Food Prot 2017; 80:312-330. [PMID: 28221982 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires food processors to implement and validate processes that will result in significantly minimizing or preventing the occurrence of hazards that are reasonably foreseeable in food production. During production of fresh-cut leafy vegetables, microbial contamination that may be present on the product can spread throughout the production batch when the product is washed, thus increasing the risk of illnesses. The use of antimicrobials in the wash water is a critical step in preventing such water-mediated cross-contamination; however, many factors can affect antimicrobial efficacy in the production of fresh-cut leafy vegetables, and the procedures for validating this key preventive control have not been articulated. Producers may consider three options for validating antimicrobial washing as a preventive control for cross-contamination. Option 1 involves the use of a surrogate for the microbial hazard and the demonstration that cross-contamination is prevented by the antimicrobial wash. Option 2 involves the use of antimicrobial sensors and the demonstration that a critical antimicrobial level is maintained during worst-case operating conditions. Option 3 validates the placement of the sensors in the processing equipment with the demonstration that a critical antimicrobial level is maintained at all locations, regardless of operating conditions. These validation options developed for fresh-cut leafy vegetables may serve as examples for validating processes that prevent cross-contamination during washing of other fresh produce commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gombas
- United Fresh Produce Association, 1901 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006
| | - Y Luo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10200 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - J Brennan
- SmartWash Solutions, 1129 Harkins Road, Salinas, California 93901
| | - G Shergill
- Taylor Fresh Foods, 150 Main Street, Salinas, California 93901
| | - R Petran
- Ecolab, Inc., 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121
| | - R Walsh
- Ecolab, Inc., 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121
| | - H Hau
- Ecolab, Inc., 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121
| | - K Khurana
- Pulse Instruments, 943 Flynn Road, Camarillo, California 93012
| | - B Zomorodi
- Apio, Inc., 4719 West Main Street, Guadalupe, California 93434
| | - J Rosen
- JC Rosen Resources, 1123 Ripple Avenue, Pacific Grove, California 93950
| | - R Varley
- KiVAR Chemical Technologies, 6077 Coffee Road, Bakersfield, California 93308
| | - K Deng
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
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Van Haute S, Tryland I, Escudero C, Vanneste M, Sampers I. Chlorine dioxide as water disinfectant during fresh-cut iceberg lettuce washing: Disinfectant demand, disinfection efficiency, and chlorite formation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Banach JL, Sampers I, Van Haute S, van der Fels-Klerx HJI. Effect of Disinfectants on Preventing the Cross-Contamination of Pathogens in Fresh Produce Washing Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015. [PMID: 26213953 PMCID: PMC4555240 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential cross-contamination of pathogens between clean and contaminated produce in the washing tank is highly dependent on the water quality. Process wash water disinfectants are applied to maintain the water quality during processing. The review examines the efficacy of process wash water disinfectants during produce processing with the aim to prevent cross-contamination of pathogens. Process wash water disinfection requires short contact times so microorganisms are rapidly inactivated. Free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and peracetic acid were considered suitable disinfectants. A disinfectant’s reactivity with the organic matter will determine the disinfectant residual, which is of paramount importance for microbial inactivation and should be monitored in situ. Furthermore, the chemical and worker safety, and the legislative framework will determine the suitability of a disinfection technique. Current research often focuses on produce decontamination and to a lesser extent on preventing cross-contamination. Further research on a sanitizer’s efficacy in the washing water is recommended at the laboratory scale, in particular with experimental designs reflecting industrial conditions. Validation on the industrial scale is warranted to better understand the overall effects of a sanitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Banach
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR (University and Research Centre), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Imca Sampers
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk B-8500, Belgium.
| | - Sam Van Haute
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk B-8500, Belgium.
| | - H J Ine van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR (University and Research Centre), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Petri E, Rodríguez M, García S. Evaluation of Combined Disinfection Methods for Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Population on Fresh-Cut Vegetables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8678-90. [PMID: 26213954 PMCID: PMC4555241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most current disinfection strategies for fresh-cut industry are focused on the use of different chemical agents; however, very little has been reported on the effectiveness of the hurdle technology. The effect of combined decontamination methods based on the use of different sanitizers (peroxyacetic acid and chlorine dioxide) and the application of pressure (vacuum/positive pressure) on the inactivation of the foodborne pathogen E. coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and carrots (Daucus carota) was studied. Fresh produce, inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, was immersed (4 °C, 2 min) in tap water (W), chlorine water (CW), chlorine dioxide (ClO2: 2 mg/L) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA: 100 mg/L) in combination with: (a) vacuum (V: 10 mbar) or (b) positive pressure application (P: 3 bar). The product quality and antimicrobial effects of the treatment on bacterial counts were determined both in process washing water and on fresh-cut produce. Evidence obtained in this study, suggests that the use of combined methods (P/V + sanitizers) results in a reduction on the microorganism population on produce similar to that found at atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the application of physical methods led to a significant detrimental effect on the visual quality of lettuce regardless of the solution used. Concerning the process water, PAA proved to be an effective alternative to chlorine for the avoidance of cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Petri
- R&D&I Area, National Centre for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), San Adrian 31570, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Mariola Rodríguez
- R&D&I Area, National Centre for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), San Adrian 31570, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Silvia García
- R&D&I Area, National Centre for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), San Adrian 31570, Navarra, Spain.
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