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Mitchaothai J, Grabowski NT, Lertpatarakomol R, Trairatapiwan T, Lukkananukool A. Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Resistance in Two-Spotted ( Gryllus bimaculatus) and House ( Acheta domesticus) Cricket Rearing and Harvesting Processes. Vet Sci 2024; 11:295. [PMID: 39057979 PMCID: PMC11281677 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety for cricket production is a crucial factor in producing edible crickets with safety for consumers and sustainability for two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as house (Acheta domesticus) cricket production. This study was conducted by simultaneously rearing two cricket species, comprising two-spotted crickets (G. bimaculatus) and house crickets (A. domesticus). A total of 16 rearing crates were used for the present study, which were allocated into 8 rearing crates for each studied cricket species, including paper egg cartons. Cricket eggs were incubated in the rearing crates. Once the crickets hatched, tap water and powdered feed were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. At the end of this study (35 and 42 days for the two-spotted and house crickets, respectively), all crickets were harvested, rinsed in tap water, and boiled in water for 5 min. During the rearing and harvesting processes, samples were collected from various potential contamination points for bacteria, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. There were samples of the initial input (feed, drinking water, and staff hands), rearing environment (water pipe, crate wall, living cartons, frass, and cricket surface), and harvesting crickets (harvested, washed, and boiled crickets), with a 2-week sampling interval, except for the last round of sampling for the two-spotted crickets. Subsequently, all samples were submitted to isolate and identify contaminated bacteria. The samples from the last round of sampling for both kinds of crickets were submitted to quantify the level of contamination for E. coli and Salmonella spp., including antimicrobial resistance by the disk diffusion method for the positive isolate. The results showed that bacterial contamination was found in the rearing of both cricket species, primarily involving Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., mainly found in prepared drinking water and the water pipes of drinking water supply equipment, which are potential sources of contamination with cricket frass. E. coli was found in 4.8% and 4.3% of the two-spotted and house crickets, respectively, while no presence of Salmonella spp. was detected in any submitted samples. The quantification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. indicated E. coli contamination near the water pipe and the frass of two-spotted crickets, but Salmonella spp. was undetectable in both two-spotted and house crickets. The antimicrobial resistance of isolated E. coli mainly involved penicillin G, amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and tiamulin. Thus, good farm management with proper sanitation practices (such as cleaning and keeping the environment dry), as well as boiling crickets during the harvesting process, may help ensure the safety of edible cricket production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamlong Mitchaothai
- Office of Administrative Interdisciplinary Program on Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Nils T. Grabowski
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo), 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Rachakris Lertpatarakomol
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology (MUT), Bangkok 10530, Thailand; (R.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Tassanee Trairatapiwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology (MUT), Bangkok 10530, Thailand; (R.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Achara Lukkananukool
- Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
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Turchi B, Mancini S, Pedonese F, Resci I, Torracca B, Marconi F, Barone C, Nuvoloni R, Fratini F. Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae from Laboratory-Reared Fresh Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor L.) and Their Frass. Pathogens 2024; 13:456. [PMID: 38921754 PMCID: PMC11206916 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foodstuff involves a human health risk. Edible insects are a precious resource; however, their consumption raises food safety issues. In this study, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) and frass was assessed. Antibiotics were not used during the rearing. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were isolated from 17 larvae and eight frass samples. In total, 62 and 69 isolates presumed to belong to Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp., respectively, were obtained and tested for antibiotic susceptibility via disk diffusion. Based on the results, isolates were grouped, and representative resistant isolates were identified at species level through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. For enterococci resistance, percentages higher than 15% were observed for vancomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin, whereas Enterobacteriaceae resistance higher than 25% was found against cefoxitin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Based on the species identification, the observed resistances seemed to be intrinsic both for enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae, except for some β-lactams resistance in Shigella boydii (cefoxitin and aztreonam). These could be due to transferable genetic elements. This study suggests the need for further investigations to clarify the role of edible insects in the spreading of antibiotic resistance determinants through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pedonese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Resci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Marconi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Chiara Barone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Roberta Nuvoloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Brulé L, Misery B, Baudouin G, Yan X, Guidou C, Trespeuch C, Foltyn C, Anthoine V, Moriceau N, Federighi M, Boué G. Evaluation of the Microbial Quality of Hermetia illucens Larvae for Animal Feed and Human Consumption: Study of Different Type of Rearing Substrates. Foods 2024; 13:1587. [PMID: 38790886 PMCID: PMC11120926 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change and depletion of natural resources, meeting the growing demand for animal feed and human food through sufficient, nutritious, safe, and affordable sources of protein is becoming a priority. The use of Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly (BSF), has emerged as a strategy to enhance the circularity of the agri-food chain, but its microbiological safety remains a concern. The aim of the present study was to systematically review available data on the microbiological quality of BSF and to investigate the impact of using four different rearing substrates including classic options allowed by the EU regulation (cereals, fruits, vegetables) and options not allowed by EU regulations regarding vegetable agri-food (co-products, food at shelf life, and meat). A total of 13 studies were collected and synthesized, including 910 sample results, while 102 new sample results were collected from the present experiments in three farms. Both datasets combined revealed a high level of contamination of larvae, potentially transmitted through the substrate. The main pathogenic bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Cronobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive, while Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. Any of these four substrates were excluded for their use in insect rearing; however, safety concerns were confirmed and must be managed by the operators of the sector using microbial inactivation treatment after the harvest of the larvae in order to propose safe products for the market. The results obtained will guide the definition of the control criteria and optimize the following manufacturing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenaïg Brulé
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Boris Misery
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Guillaume Baudouin
- Cycle Farms, 6 Boulevard des Entrepreneurs, 49250 Beaufort en Anjou, France;
| | - Xin Yan
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Côme Guidou
- MUTATEC—1998, Chemin du Mitan, 84300 Cavaillon, France; (C.G.); (C.T.)
| | | | - Camille Foltyn
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Valérie Anthoine
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicolas Moriceau
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- EnvA/Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
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Musiyiwa K, Simbanegavi TT, Marumure J, Makuvara Z, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. The soil-microbe-plant resistome: A focus on the source-pathway-receptor continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12666-12682. [PMID: 38253827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The One World, One Health concept implies that antibiotic resistance (AR) in the soil-microbe-plant resistome is intricately linked to the human resistome. However, the literature is mainly confined to sources and types of AR in soils or microbes, but comprehensive reviews tracking AR in the soil-microbe-plant resistome are limited. The present review applies the source-pathway-receptor concept to understand the sources, behaviour, and health hazards of the soil-microbe-plant resistome. The results showed that the soil-microbe-plant system harbours various antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Anthropogenic sources and drivers include soil application of solid waste, wastewater, biosolids, and industrial waste. Water-, wind-, and human-driven processes and horizontal gene transfer circulate AR in the soil-microbe-plant resistome. The AR in bulk soil, soil components that include soil microorganisms, soil meso- and macro-organisms, and possible mechanisms of AR transfer to soil components and ultimately to plants are discussed. The health risks of the soil-microbe-plant resistome are less studied, but potential impacts include (1) the transfer of AR to previously susceptible organisms and other resistomes, including the human resistome. Overall, the study tracks the behaviour and health risks of AR in the soil-plant system. Future research should focus on (1) ecological risks of AR at different levels of biological organization, (2) partitioning of AR among various phases of the soil-plant system, (3) physico-chemical parameters controlling the fate of AR, and (4) increasing research from low-income regions particularly Africa as most of the available literature is from developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumbirai Musiyiwa
- Department of Crop Science and Post-Harvest Technology, School of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mt. Pleasant, P.O. Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Universitat Kassel, Steinstraβe 19, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany.
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Gómez-Brandón M, Beesigamukama D, Probst M, Klammsteiner T, Zhou Y, Zhu YG, Mbi Tanga C. Garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuata L.) accelerates recycling and bioremediation of animal waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 173:131-140. [PMID: 37989012 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of livestock wastes using insect larvae represents an emerging and effective strategy for waste management. However, knowledge on the role of the garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuataL.) in waste recycling and influence on the diversity ofmicrobial community infrass fertilizeris limited. Here, we determined whether and to what extent the conversion of cattle dung into insect frass fertilizer byP. sinuatainfluences the frass' microbial community and its associated antibiotic resistance genes abundance. Pachnoda sinuata larvae were used to valorise cattle dung into frass fertilizer; samples were collected weekly to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi, and antibiotic resistant genes using molecular tools. Results revealed that bioconversion of cattle dung byP. sinuatalarvae significantly increased the richness of beneficial bacteria in the frass fertilizer by 2.5-folds within 28 days, but fungal richness did not vary during the study. Treatment of cattle dung withP. sinuatalarvae caused 2 - 3-folds decrease in the genes conferring resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, diaminopyrimidine, multidrug, sulfonamide and tetracycline within 14 days. Furthermore, the recycling cattle dung using considerably reduced the abundance of mobile genetic elements known to play critical roles in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between organisms. This studyhighlights the efficiency ofsaprohytic insects in recycling animal manure and suppressing manure-borne pathogens in the organic fertilizer products, opening new market opportunities for innovative and safe bio-based products and achieving efficient resource utilization in a circular and green economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Brandón
- Grupo de Ecología Animal (GEA), University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Galicia, Spain
| | - Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maraike Probst
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Microbiology, Technikerstraβe 25d, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Microbiology, Technikerstraβe 25d, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria; Universität Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - YanYan Zhou
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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Ververis E, Boué G, Poulsen M, Pires SM, Niforou A, Thomsen ST, Tesson V, Federighi M, Naska A. A systematic review of the nutrient composition, microbiological and toxicological profile of Acheta domesticus (house cricket). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bombyx mori from a food safety perspective: A systematic review. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ibrahim Mohamed MY, Abu J, Aziz SA, Zakaria Z, Khan AR, Habib I. Occurrence of antibiotic resistant C. jejuni and E. coli in wild birds, chickens, humans, and the environment in Malay villages, Kedah, Malaysia. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:298-308. [PMID: 39100641 PMCID: PMC11296224 DOI: 10.17221/102/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens have become a major concern not only due to the diseases they cause, but also because of the rise of antibiotic resistant strains in human and animals. The purposes of this study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli and their antibiotic resistance profiles in wild birds, chickens, humans, and the environment in Malay villages in Malaysia. Three Malay villages in Kota Setar, Kedah were chosen. Three hundred nine (309) samples were collected in this study including wild birds (38), chickens (71), humans (47), and the environment (153). Subsequently, the C. jejuni and E coli isolates were tested against antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Campylobacter jejuni was found positive in 17 (37.8%) flies and 8 (11.3%) chickens. Also, E. coli was found positive in 89.4% of human, 47.4% of bird, 44 62% of chicken and in 71.2% of the environmental samples. Ten antibiotics were used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates. Eighty four percent (84%) of C. jejuni and 100% of E. coli isolates were found to show resistance towards at least one antibiotic. The isolates showed high resistance to cefpodoxime and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jalila Abu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Abdul Aziz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rashid Khan
- Department of Public Health and Medicine, Penang Medical College, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Characterization of Escherichia coli from Edible Insect Species: Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Isolate. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112552. [PMID: 34828833 PMCID: PMC8618678 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects as novel foods are gaining popularity in Europe. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 laid the framework for the application process to market food insects in member states, but potential hazards are still being evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate samples of edible insect species for the presence of antimicrobial-resistant and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty-one E. coli isolates, recovered from samples of five different edible insect species, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based phylotyping, and macrorestriction analysis. The presence of genes associated with antimicrobial resistance or virulence, including stx1, stx2, and eae, was investigated by PCR. All isolates were subjected to genome sequencing, multilocus sequence typing, and serotype prediction. The isolates belonged either to phylogenetic group A, comprising mostly commensal E. coli, or group B1. One O178:H7 isolate, recovered from a Zophobas atratus sample, was identified as a STEC. A single isolate was resistant to tetracyclines and carried the tet(B) gene. Overall, this study shows that STEC can be present in edible insects, representing a potential health hazard. In contrast, the low resistance rate among the isolates indicates a low risk for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli to consumers.
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Quantitative assessment of transferable antibiotic resistance genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed Hermetia illucens-based feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Rumbos CI, Mente E, Karapanagiotidis IT, Vlontzos G, Athanassiou CG. Insect-Based Feed Ingredients for Aquaculture: A Case Study for Their Acceptance in Greece. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070586. [PMID: 34203332 PMCID: PMC8303123 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Since 2017, insects can be used as ingredients in aquafeeds in the EU. However, insect-based aquafeeds are still not broadly accepted by European aquaculture companies. Understanding the beliefs of people associated with the aquaculture sector on the use of insect-based fish diets could assist their adoption. In the present study, we ran a survey among the participants of an aquaculture conference held in Greece, in order to ask them what they think regarding the inclusion of insect meal in aquafeeds. Furthermore, we inquired nine Greek aquaculture and aquafeed companies about this issue. Greece is among the largest farmed fish producers in the EU; however, there are currently no data available on the acceptance of insect-based aquafeeds in Greece. Based on our results, the majority of the respondents were aware and in favor of the inclusion of insects in aquafeeds, mainly due to their potential to lower fishing pressure on wild fish stocks used for fishmeal production and enhance the ecological footprint and sustainability of aquaculture. Moreover, six out of nine companies were favorably disposed towards the use of insects in fish diets and four of them were willing to produce or use such diets. Further studies are warranted towards this direction. Abstract Although the inclusion of insects in fish diets is officially allowed in the EU since 2017, insect-based aquafeeds have not been widely adopted by the European aquaculture sector. In order to investigate the perceptions related with adoption trends, it is critical to explore the beliefs of people associated with the aquaculture sector on the use of insects in farmed fish diets. A survey was conducted among 228 participants of an aquaculture conference to explore their perceptions on the inclusion of insect meal in fish diets. Additionally, we investigated the attitudes of nine companies operating in the aquaculture and aquafeed sector in Greece that attended the conference towards this direction. The findings of the conference survey provide evidence that there is a wide-range awareness and acceptance regarding the use of insect-based feeds in farmed fish diets among the respondents. This is mainly driven by the expectations for the decline in fishing pressure on wild fish stocks, the reduction of the ecological footprint and the enhancement of the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. The results of the stakeholder survey show that six out of the nine companies that participated in the survey are favorably disposed towards the use of insect-based feeds. Specifically, four of them stated that they would produce or use aquafeeds based on insects. However, the results highlight the need for further research on the implementation of the wider adoption of insect-based feeds in aquaculture. The present study provides some first insights into the use of insect-based aquafeeds in Greece, for which there are no data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos I. Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; (E.M.); (I.T.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleni Mente
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; (E.M.); (I.T.K.)
| | - Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; (E.M.); (I.T.K.)
| | - Georgios Vlontzos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Economy and Consumer’s Behaviour, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
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Hygienic Characteristics and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Crickets (Acheta domesticus) Breed for Flour Production. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last ten years, the worldwide interest in using insects as food and feed has surged. Edible insects fall within the category of novel foods, i.e., the category of food not consumed in significant amounts in the European Union before 15 May 1997 (the date of entry into force of Regulation (EC) No. 258/1997, later repealed by Regulation (EU) No. 2283/2015). One of the most promising insect species to be raised for food is the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). In this study, the rearing of a stock of house crickets was studied over a period of four months. The microbiological quality of the farm was studied using swabs on the surface of the rearing boxes to analyze the trend over time of different populations of microorganisms (total aerobic mesophilic microbiota, Lactobacillus spp., enterococci, Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. and molds). The presence of four antimicrobial resistance genes (aph, blaZ, sul1, and tetM) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. A production scheme was also developed in order to obtain a cricket-based flour, which was analyzed for its microbiological and chemical-centesimal profile. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the contamination increases with time and that a proper management of the farming system for insects is of the utmost importance, as it is for conventional farm animals such as ungulates, poultry, and rabbits. The old-fashioned adage “all full, all empty” for the farming system summarizes the need for proper cleaning and disinfection of the structures at the end of each production cycle.
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14
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Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Hermetia illucens Larvae Fed Coffee Silverskin Enriched with Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana Microalgae. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020213. [PMID: 33535615 PMCID: PMC7912857 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens larvae are among the most promising insects for use as food or feed ingredients due to their ability to convert organic waste into biomass with high-quality proteins. In this novel food or feed source, the absence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance (AR) genes, which could be horizontally transferred to animal or human pathogens through the food chain, must be guaranteed. This study was conducted to enhance the extremely scarce knowledge on the occurrence of AR genes conferring resistance to the main classes of antibiotics in a rearing chain of H. illucens larvae and how they were affected by rearing substrates based on coffee silverskin supplemented with increasing percentages of Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana microalgae. Overall, the PCR and nested PCR assays showed a high prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes. No significant effect of rearing substrates on the distribution of the AR genes in the H. illucens larvae was observed. In contrast, the frass samples were characterized by a significant accumulation of AR genes, and this phenomenon was particularly evident for the samples collected after rearing H. illucens larvae on substrates supplemented with high percentages (>20%) of I. galbana. The latter finding indicates potential safety concerns in reusing frass in agriculture.
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15
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Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Muisa-Zikali N, Teta C, Musvuugwa T, Rzymski P, Abia ALK. Insects, Rodents, and Pets as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010068. [PMID: 33445633 PMCID: PMC7826649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and ’big data’ analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount. Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Norah Muisa-Zikali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, Chinhoyi 7724, Zimbabwe; or
| | - Charles Teta
- Future Water Institute, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Tendai Musvuugwa
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
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16
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Cenci-Goga BT, Sechi P, Karama M, Ciavarella R, Pipistrelli MV, Goretti E, Elia AC, Gardi T, Pallottini M, Rossi R, Selvaggi R, Grispoldi L. Cross-sectional study to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes in honey bees Apis mellifera) in Umbria, Central Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9637-9645. [PMID: 31925681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use antimicrobials for therapeutic and metaphylactic purpose in humans and agriculture exerts selective pressure on animal and environmental microbiota resulting in the survival and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria and subsequent development of resistance in bacteria. Previous studies have shown that honey bees' microbiota (Apis mellifera) can accumulate antimicrobial resistance genes in their microbiome and act as collectors and disseminators of resistance genes. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent honey bees act as reservoir of select antimicrobial resistance genes. This study was conducted on 35 groups of bees. Bees were collected from 35 sites in Umbria, Italy. PCR was used to screen pooled ground bees' specimens for genes that code for resistance against antimicrobials that are commonly used in humans and in veterinary medicine including aminoglycosides (aph), beta-lactams (blaZ), tetracycline (tetM) and sulphonamides (sul1 and sul2). Twenty-four samples out of 35 (68.57%) were positive for at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. Two samples were positive for the aph, 5.71%; eight for blaZ, 22.86%; three for tetM, 8.57%; ten for sul1, 28.57% and eighteen for sul2, 51.43%. Positivity to more than one antimicrobial resistance gene was observed in nine samples, 25.71%. The multivariate analysis identified "presence of farms nearby" as the factor most closely related to PCR positivity. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Umbria, Italy, carry antimicrobial resistance genes and can be used as indicators of the presence of resistance genes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino T Cenci-Goga
- Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Paola Sechi
- Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Rosa Ciavarella
- Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Pipistrelli
- Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enzo Goretti
- Dipartimento di chimica, biologia e biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Dipartimento di chimica, biologia e biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziano Gardi
- Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari ed ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pallottini
- Dipartimento di chimica, biologia e biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Dipartimento di chimica, biologia e biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Selvaggi
- Dipartimento di chimica, biologia e biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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17
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Cappelli A, Cini E, Lorini C, Oliva N, Bonaccorsi G. Insects as food: A review on risks assessments of Tenebrionidae and Gryllidae in relation to a first machines and plants development. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Roncolini A, Cardinali F, Aquilanti L, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Sabbatini R, Abaker MSS, Pandolfi M, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Clementi F, Osimani A. Investigating Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Marketed Ready-to-Eat Small Crickets (Acheta domesticus). J Food Sci 2019; 84:3222-3232. [PMID: 31600843 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB ), vancomycin, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready-to-eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore-forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), tet(S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [erm(B), erm(C)], beta-lactams (blaZ and mecA), and aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie aph(2")-Ia]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Overall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roncolini
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sabbatini
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mahasin Salih Suliman Abaker
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pandolfi
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Raheem D, Raposo A, Oluwole OB, Nieuwland M, Saraiva A, Carrascosa C. Entomophagy: Nutritional, ecological, safety and legislation aspects. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108672. [PMID: 31732082 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Globally, there is a need to seek alternative sources of protein in addition to meat. This has led to considerable interest in edible insects. Such insects form part of cultures and diets in many Asian and African countries, and are an excellent source of essential nutrients, minerals, vitamins and proteins. Furthermore, they have been reported to be sustainable. The ecological importance of insects is related to their short life cycles when reared and farmed. This makes them ideal in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, cutting land uses and polluted water, and reducing environmental contamination. However, the use of edible insects as food in Europe is minimal. To ensure safety of insects when eaten as food, considerations should be made on: microbiological contamination; toxicological hazards, e.g. chemical hazards and antinutrients; allergenicity issues that are related to different exposures, including injection, ingestion, inhalation and skin contact. In this review, we summarize the nutritional and sustainable values of edible insects, look at safety and legislative measures and we finally discuss future issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Raheem
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | - Maaike Nieuwland
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ariana Saraiva
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain
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Guégan M, Minard G, Tran FH, Tran Van V, Dubost A, Valiente Moro C. Short-term impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Aedes albopictus mosquito vector microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5101426. [PMID: 30239661 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of microbiota in the biology of the Aedes albopictus mosquito vector. This species is highly anthropogenic and exhibits marked ecological plasticity, with a resulting high potential to colonize a wide range of habitats-including anthropized areas-under various climatic conditions. We put forward the hypothesis that climate and anthropogenic activities, such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and human medicine, might affect the mosquito-associated bacterial community. We thus studied the additive impact of a temperature decrease and antibiotic ingestion on the temporal dynamics of Ae. albopictus survival and its associated bacterial communities. The results showed no effects of disturbances on mosquito survival. However, short-term temperature impacts on bacterial diversity were observed, while both the community structure and bacterial diversity were affected by early antibiotic ingestion. The genera Elizabethkingia, Chryseobacterium and Wolbachia, as well as an unclassified member of the Bacteroidales order were particularly affected. Antibiotics negatively impacted Elizabethkingia abundance, while Chryseobacterium was completely eliminated following both disturbances, to the benefit of Wolbachia and the unclassified Bacteroidales species. These results generated fresh insight into the effects of climate and anthropogenic activities such as the use of antibiotics on mosquito microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Université de Lyon, Ecologie microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, VetAgro Sup, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Université de Lyon, Ecologie microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, VetAgro Sup, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence-Hélène Tran
- Université de Lyon, Ecologie microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, VetAgro Sup, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Université de Lyon, Ecologie microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, VetAgro Sup, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- Université de Lyon, Ecologie microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, VetAgro Sup, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Université de Lyon, Ecologie microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, VetAgro Sup, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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21
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Murefu T, Macheka L, Musundire R, Manditsera F. Safety of wild harvested and reared edible insects: A review. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Current knowledge on the microbiota of edible insects intended for human consumption: A state-of-the-art review. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108527. [PMID: 31554102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of their positive nutritional characteristics and low environmental impact, edible insects might be considered a 'food of the future'. However, there are safety concerns associated with the consumption of insects, such as contaminating chemical and biological agents. The possible presence of pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms is one of the main biological hazards associated with edible insects. This review presents an overview of the microbiota of edible insects, highlighting the potential risks for human health. Detailed information on the microbiota of edible insects from literature published in 2000-2019 is presented. These data show complex ecosystems, with marked variations in microbial load and diversity, among edible insects as well as stable and species-specific microbiota for some of the most popular edible insect species, such as mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria). Raw edible insects generally contain high numbers of mesophilic aerobes, bacterial endospores or spore-forming bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic aerobes, and fungi, and potentially harmful species (i.e. pathogenic, mycotoxigenic, and spoilage microbes) may be present. Several studies have focused on reducing the microbial contamination of edible insects by applying treatments such as starvation, rinsing, thermal treatments, chilling, drying, fermentation, and marination, both alone and, sometimes, in combination. Although these studies show that various heat treatments were the most efficient methods for reducing microbial numbers, they also highlight the need for species-specific mitigation strategies. The feasibility of using edible insects as ingredients in the food industry in the development of innovative insect-based products has been explored; although, in some cases, the presence of spore-forming bacteria and other food-borne pathogens is a concern. Recent studies have shown that a risk assessment of edible insects should also include an evaluation of the incidence of antibiotic-resistance (AR) genes and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in the production chain. Finally, as proposed in the literature, microbial hazards should be limited through the implementation of good hygienic practices during rearing, handling, processing, and storage, as well as the implementation of an appropriate HACCP system for edible insect supply chains. Another issue frequently reported in the literature is the need for a legislative framework for edible insect production, commercialisation, and trading, as well as the need for microbiological criteria specifically tailored for edible insects. Microbiological criteria like those already been established for the food safety and hygiene (e.g. those in the European Union food law) of different food categories (e.g. ready-to-eat products) could be applied to edible insect-based products.
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Vandeweyer D, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Osimani A, Clementi F, Van Campenhout L, Aquilanti L. Real-time PCR detection and quantification of selected transferable antibiotic resistance genes in fresh edible insects from Belgium and the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Roncolini A, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Osimani A, Garofalo C, Sabbatini R, Clementi F, Pasquini M, Mozzon M, Foligni R, Raffaelli N, Zamporlini F, Minazzato G, Trombetta MF, Van Buitenen A, Van Campenhout L, Aquilanti L. Protein fortification with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powder: Effect on textural, microbiological, nutritional and sensory features of bread. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211747. [PMID: 30707742 PMCID: PMC6358109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, inclusion of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powder into bread doughs at 5 and 10% substitution level of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour was tested to produce protein fortified breads. The addition of mealworm powder (MP) did not negatively affect the technological features of either doughs or breads. All the tested doughs showed the same leavening ability, whereas breads containing 5% MP showed the highest specific volume and the lowest firmness. An enrichment in protein content was observed in experimental breads where the highest values for this parameter were recorded in breads containing 10% MP. Breads fortified with 10% MP also exhibited a significant increase in the content of free amino acids, and especially in the following essential amino acids: tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. By contrast, no differences in nutritional quality of lipids were seen between fortified and control breads. Results of sensory analyses revealed that protein fortification of bread with MP significantly affected bread texture and overall liking, as well as crust colour, depending on the substitution level. Overall, proof of concept was provided for the inclusion of MP into bread doughs started with different leavening agents (sourdough and/or baker’s yeast), at 5 or 10% substitution level of soft wheat flour. Based on the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale, the proposed bread making technology can be situated at level 4 (validation in laboratory environment), thus suggesting that the production of breads with MP might easily be scaled up at industrial level. However, potential spoilage and safety issues that need to be further considered were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (AO); (LA)
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Mozzon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Foligni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Zamporlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Minazzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Federica Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anse Van Buitenen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Rese Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Rese Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (AO); (LA)
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Kooh P, Ververis E, Tesson V, Boué G, Federighi M. Entomophagy and Public Health: A Review of Microbiological Hazards. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.1110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Milanović V, Osimani A, Roncolini A, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Vignaroli C, Canonico L, Ciani M, Clementi F. Investigation of the Dominant Microbiota in Ready-to-Eat Grasshoppers and Mealworms and Quantification of Carbapenem Resistance Genes by qPCR. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3036. [PMID: 30619127 PMCID: PMC6304425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 30 samples of processed edible mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) and 30 samples of grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) were obtained from producers located in Europe (Belgium and the Netherlands) and Asia (Thailand) and subjected to PCR-DGGE analyses. The PCR-DGGE analyses showed that species in the genus Staphylococcus were predominant in the samples of mealworms from Belgium and grasshoppers from the Netherlands; species in the genus Bacillus were detected in the samples of mealworms and grasshoppers from Thailand. Moreover, Weissella cibaria/confusa/spp. was found in grasshoppers from Belgium. Since data concerning the role of novel foods such as edible insects in the dissemination of carbapenem resistance are currently lacking, the quantification of five carbapenemase encoding genes (bla NDM-1, bla VIM, bla GES, bla OXA-48, and bla KPC) by qPCR was also carried out in all the samples under study. The genes coding for GES and KPC were not detected in the analyzed samples. A very low frequency of bla OXA-48 (3%) and bla NDM-1 (10%) genes was detected among mealworms. In contrast, grasshoppers were characterized by a high incidence of the genes for OXA-48 and NDM-1, accounting for 57 and 27% of the overall grasshopper samples, respectively. The bla VIM gene was detected exclusively in two grasshopper samples from Thailand, showing only 7% positivity. The analysis of variance showed that all the effects (producers, species, and producers × species) were statistically significant for bla NDM-1, whereas for bla OXA-48 and bla VIM, no significant effects were detected for the same source of variation. Further studies are necessary to assess the possible role of edible insects as reservoirs for the resistance to carbapenems and to understand the correlation with the insect microbiota. Furthermore, an intensified surveillance plan examining the occurrence of carbapenemase encoding genes in the food chain and in environmental compartments is needed for a proper risk assessment. In such a context, the appropriate use of antimicrobials represents the main preventive action that should always be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Canonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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27
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Osimani A, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Garofalo C, Clementi F, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Loreto N, Galarini R, Moretti S, Petruzzelli A, Micci E, Tonucci F, Aquilanti L. Distribution of Transferable Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Laboratory-Reared Edible Mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor L.). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2702. [PMID: 30510544 PMCID: PMC6252353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.), their feeding substrates (carrots and wheatmeal), and frass was assessed. Microbial counts on selective media added with antibiotics highlighted the presence of lactic acid bacteria resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin and, more specifically, enterococci resistant to the latter antibiotic. Moreover, staphylococci resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin were detected. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin were also found, together with Pseudomonadaceae resistant to gentamicin. Some of the genes coding for resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) [erm(A), erm(C)], vancomycin [vanA, vanB], tetracycline [tet(O)], and β-lactams [mecA and blaZ] were absent in all of the samples. For the feeding substrates, organic wheatmeal was positive for tet(S) and tet(K), whereas no AR genes were detected in organic carrots. The genes tet(M), tet(K), and tet(S) were detected in both mealworms and frass, whereas gene aac-aph, coding for resistance to amynoglicosides was exclusively detected in frass. No residues for any of the 64 antibiotics belonging to 10 different drug classes were found in either the organic wheatmeal or carrots. Based on the overall results, the contribution of feed to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes and/or antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in mealworm larvae was hypothesized together with vertical transmission via insect egg smearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nino Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Micci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Franco Tonucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Fernandez-Cassi X, Supeanu A, Jansson A, Boqvist S, Vagsholm I. Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket ( Acheta domesticus). EFSA J 2018; 16:e16082. [PMID: 32626053 PMCID: PMC7015497 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.e16082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel foods could represent a sustainable alternative to traditional farming and conventional foodstuffs. Starting in 2018, Regulation (EU) 2283/2015 entered into force, laying down provisions for the approval of novel foods in Europe, including insects. This Approved Regulation establishes the requirements that enable Food Business Operators to bring new foods into the EU market, while ensuring high levels of food safety for European consumers. The present risk profile tackles the hazards for one of the most promising novel food insects, the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). The risk profile envisages a closed A. domesticus crickets rearing system, under Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and good farming practices (GFP), in contrast with open cricket farms. The methodology used involves screening the literature and identifying possible hazards, followed by adding relevant inclusion criteria for the evidence obtained. These criteria include animal health and food safety aspects, for the entire lifespan of crickets, based on the farm to fork One Health principle. When data were scarce, comparative evidence from close relatives of the Orthoptera genus was used (e.g. grasshoppers, locusts and other cricket species). Nevertheless, significant data gaps in animal health and food safety are present. Even if HACCP‐type systems are implemented, the risk profile identifies the following considerable concerns: (1) high total aerobic bacterial counts; (2) survival of spore‐forming bacteria following thermal processing; (3) allergenicity of insects and insect‐derived products; and (4) the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium). Other hazards like parasites, fungi, viruses, prions, antimicrobial resistance and toxins are ranked as low risk. For some hazards, a need for additional evidence is highlighted.
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van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Camenzuli L, Belluco S, Meijer N, Ricci A. Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1172-1183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - L. Camenzuli
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
- ExxonMobile Petroleum & Chemical; Hermeslaan 2 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - S. Belluco
- Food Safety Dept., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Via dell'Università; 10 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - N. Meijer
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - A. Ricci
- Food Safety Dept., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Via dell'Università; 10 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
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30
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Bread enriched with cricket powder (Acheta domesticus): A technological, microbiological and nutritional evaluation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Osimani A, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Cardinali F, Roncolini A, Sabbatini R, De Filippis F, Ercolini D, Gabucci C, Petruzzelli A, Tonucci F, Clementi F, Aquilanti L. Revealing the microbiota of marketed edible insects through PCR-DGGE, metagenomic sequencing and real-time PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 276:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Grau T, Vilcinskas A, Joop G. Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:337-349. [PMID: 28525347 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The farming of edible insects is an alternative strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed with a low ecological footprint. The industrial production of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor is economically among the most important species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamination of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and parasites. We propose solutions to prevent the outbreak of infections among farmed insects without reliance on antibiotics. Transgenerational immune priming and probiotic bacteria may provide alternative strategies for sustainable insect farming.
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Osimani A, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Garofalo C, Clementi F, Pasquini M, Riolo P, Ruschioni S, Isidoro N, Loreto N, Franciosi E, Tuohy K, Petruzzelli A, Foglini M, Gabucci C, Tonucci F, Aquilanti L. The bacterial biota of laboratory-reared edible mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.): From feed to frass. Int J Food Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29525619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tenebrio molitor represents one of the most popular species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein and is characterized by high nutritional value. In the present laboratory study, the bacterial biota characterizing a pilot production chain of fresh T. molitor larvae was investigated. To this end, different batches of fresh mealworm larvae, their feeding substrate (wheatmeal) and frass were analyzed by viable microbial counts, PCR-DGGE and Illumina sequencing. Moreover, the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) was assessed through qualitative real-time PCR assays. Microbial viable counts highlighted low microbial contamination of the wheatmeal, whereas larvae and frass were characterized by high loads of Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, and several species of mesophilic aerobes. Spore-forming bacteria were detected to a lesser extent in all the samples. The combined molecular approach used to profile the microbiota confirmed the low microbial contamination of wheatmeal and allowed the detection of Enterobacter spp., Erwinia spp., Enterococcus spp. and Lactococcus spp. as dominant genera in both larvae and frass. Moreover, Klebsiella spp., Pantoea spp., and Xenorhabdus spp. were found to be in the minority. Entomoplasmatales (including Spiroplasma spp.) constituted a major fraction of the microbiota of one batch of larvae. From the real-time PCR assays, no sample was positive for either C. burnetii or STEC, whereas P. aeruginosa was detected in one sample of frass. Based on the overall results, two sources of microbial contamination were hypothesized, namely feeding with wheatmeal and vertical transmission of microorganisms from mother to offspring. Since mealworms are expected to be eaten as a whole, the overall outcomes collected in this laboratory study discourage the consumption of fresh mealworm larvae. Moreover, microbial loads and the absence of potential pathogens known to be associated with this insect species should be carefully assessed in order to reduce the minimum risk for consumers, by identifying the most opportune processing methods (e.g., boiling, frying, drying, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Nino Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Franciosi
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department (DQAN), Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department (DQAN), Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, via Canonici 140, 61100, Villa Fastiggi, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Martina Foglini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, via Canonici 140, 61100, Villa Fastiggi, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Gabucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, via Canonici 140, 61100, Villa Fastiggi, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Franco Tonucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Centro di Riferimento Regionale Autocontrollo, via Canonici 140, 61100, Villa Fastiggi, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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34
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Osimani A, Cardinali F, Aquilanti L, Garofalo C, Roncolini A, Milanović V, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Clementi F. Occurrence of transferable antibiotic resistances in commercialized ready-to-eat mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.). Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 263:38-46. [PMID: 29028569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of transferable determinants conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, vancomycin, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides in 40 samples of commercialized edible mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) purchased from European Union (EU) and non-EU producers. A high prevalence of tet(K) was observed in all of the samples assayed, with percentages of PCR-based positivity that ranged from 80% (samples from Thailand) to 100% (samples from the Netherlands, Belgium and France). For macrolides, erm(B) prevailed, being detected in 57.5% of the samples assayed, whereas erm(A) and erm(C) were detected with lower frequencies. Genes for resistance to vancomycin were only detected in samples produced in France and Belgium, with 90% and 10% of the samples being positive for vanA, respectively. Beta-lactamase genes were found with low occurrence, whereas the gene aac-aph, conferring high resistance to aminoglycosides, was found in 40% of the samples produced in the Netherlands and Belgium and 20% of the samples produced in Thailand. The results of Principal Coordinate Analysis and Principal Component Analysis depicted a clean separation of the samples collected from the four producers based on the distribution of the 12 AR determinants considered. Given the growing interest on the use of mealworms as a novel protein source, AR detection frequencies found in the present study suggest further investigation into the use of antibiotics during rearing of this insect species and more extensive studies focused on the factors that can affect the diffusion of transferable ARs in the production chain. Until such studies are completed, prudent use of antibiotics during rearing of edible insects is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Fraqueza MJR, Patarata LADSC. Constraints of HACCP Application on Edible Insect for Food and Feed. FUTURE FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Milanović V, Osimani A, Aquilanti L, Tavoletti S, Garofalo C, Polverigiani S, Litta-Mulondo A, Cocolin L, Ferrocino I, Di Cagno R, Turroni S, Lazzi C, Pellegrini N, Clementi F. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the fecal DNA of healthy omnivores, ovo-lacto vegetarians and vegans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28464483 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The effects of long-term omnivore, ovo-lacto vegetarian and vegan diets on the occurrence of 12 antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in the human gut were studied. METHODS AND RESULTS The feces of 144 healthy volunteers recruited from Turin, Bari, Bologna, and Parma were screened for the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, vancomycin, and β-lactams. Overall, erm(B), tet(W) and tet(M) were detected at the highest frequency. A low effect from the diet on the AR gene distribution emerged, with tet(K) and vanB occurring at a lower and higher frequency in vegans and omnivores, respectively. A correlation of the intake of eggs, milk from animal sources and cheese with an increased occurrence of tet(K) was observed, together with a higher incidence of vanB in consumers of eggs, poultry meat, fish and seafood. When the detection frequencies of AR genes in volunteers from Bari and the other sites were comparatively evaluated, a north-to-south gradient was observed, whereas no effect of sex or age was highlighted. Except for tet(K), a negligible three-factor interaction was seen. CONCLUSION A high impact of the geographical location on AR gene distribution was seen in the cohort of subjects analyzed, irrespective of their dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milanović
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Polverigiani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alice Litta-Mulondo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Clementi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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The microbiota of marketed processed edible insects as revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Food Microbiol 2017; 62:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Osimani A, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Taccari M, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Clementi F. Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides). J Food Sci 2017; 82:1184-1192. [PMID: 28339104 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grasshoppers are the most commonly eaten insects by humans worldwide, as they are rich in proteins and micronutrients. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes in commercialized edible grasshoppers. To this end, the prevalence of 12 selected genes [aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia, blaZ, erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), mecA, tet(M), tet(O), tet(S), tet(K), vanA, vanB] coding for resistance to antibiotics conventionally used in clinical practice was determined. The majority of samples were positive for tet(M) (70.0%), tet(K) (83.3%) and blaZ (83.3%). A low percentage of samples were positive for erm(B) (16.7%), erm(C) (26.7%), and aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia (13.3%), whereas no samples were positive for erm(A), vanA, vanB, tet(O), and mecA. Cluster analysis identified 4 main clusters, allowing a separation of samples on the basis of their country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manuela Taccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Insight into the proximate composition and microbial diversity of edible insects marketed in the European Union. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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