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Costopoulou D, Kedikoglou K, Vafeiadi M, Roumeliotaki T, Margetaki K, Stephanou EG, Myridakis A, Leondiadis L. Systematic investigation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls blood levels in Greek children from the Rhea birth cohort suggests historical exposure to DDT and through diet to DDE. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108686. [PMID: 38669722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The blood levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been thoroughly investigated in Greek children from the Rhea birth cohort study. This investigation aimed to assess exposure levels, explore their possible relationship with children's age and sex, and indicate potential sources of exposure. Exposure patterns and common sources of PCBs and OCPs were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistics. A total of 947 blood samples from study participants were analyzed for OCP and PCB exposure, with 375 samples collected at 4 years old, 239 at 6.5 years old, and 333 at 11 years old. Elevated levels of DDE were observed in 6.5-year-old children compared to corresponding levels in other European countries. Higher levels of DDE were found in 4-year-old children, with the lowest concentrations in the 11-year-old group. The DDT/DDE ratio was consistently less than 1 among all the examined subjects. These results indicate exposure to DDT and DDE both in utero and through breastfeeding and dietary intake. For the entire cohort population, the highest concentration was determined for PCB 28, followed by PCBs 138, 153, and 180. The sum of the six indicator PCBs implied low exposure levels for the majority of the cohort population. Spearman correlations revealed strong associations between PCBs and OCPs, while principal component analysis identified two different groupings of exposure. DDE exhibited a correlation with a series of PCBs (153, 156, 163, 180), indicating a combined OCP-PCB source, and an anticorrelation with others (52, 28, 101), implying a separate and competing source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Costopoulou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece.
| | - Kleopatra Kedikoglou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Margetaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Centre for Pollution Research & Policy, Environmental Sciences, Brunel University London, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Leondios Leondiadis
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
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Kuo FC, Tsai ML, Wu ST, Li SS, Wu CF, Wang SL, Chan MWY, Suen JL, Wu MT, Hung CH. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure elicits offspring IFN-λ upregulation: Insights from birth cohort, murine model, and in vitro mechanistic analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113993. [PMID: 37611859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, may lead to developmental immunotoxicity in offspring. The causal relationship and underlying mechanism require further study. A subset of Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study data (n = 283) was analyzed and found a significant association between urinary DEHP metabolite levels from the third trimester of pregnancy and plasma levels of IL-28A and IL-29, named IFNλs, in cord blood. A trans-maternal murine model mimicking human DEHP exposure way showed that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from maternal DEHP-exposed F1 offspring secreted higher IL-28A levels than control cells, indicating a potential causal relationship. Human bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with DEHP or its primary metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), expressed significantly higher levels of IFNλs mRNA or protein than controls. MEHP's effect on IFNλs expression was blocked by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ antagonists, and inhibited by a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor or a histone methyltransferase inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that MEHP treatment promoted histone modifications at H3 and H4 proteins at the promoter regions of Il28a and Il29 genes. These results suggest maternal DEHP exposure could result in high IFNλ expression in offspring, and the health risk of early-life exposure requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Syuan Li
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lin Wang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Strømmen K, Lyche JL, Moltu SJ, Müller MHB, Blakstad EW, Brække K, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Nakstad B, Rønnestad AE, Drevon CA, Iversen PO. Estimated daily intake of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenol A in hospitalised very low birth weight infants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136687. [PMID: 36206919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Very low birth weight infants (VLBW, birth weight (BW) < 1500 g) are exposed to phthalates, parabens and bisphenol A (BPA) early in life. We estimated daily intake (EDI) of these excipients in 40 VLBW infants the first and fifth week of life while hospitalised. Based on urinary samples collected in 2010, EDI was calculated and compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) with hazard quotients (HQs) evaluated. A HQ > 1 indicates that EDI exceeded TDI with increased risk of adverse health effects. EDI was higher in VLBW infants compared to term-born infants and older children. VLBW infants born at earlier gestational age (GA), or with lower BW, had higher EDI than infants born at later GA or with higher BW. First week median EDI for BPA was higher than TDI in 100% of infants, in 75% for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 90% for the sum of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), DEHP and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) = ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and in 50% of infants for propylparaben (PrPa), indicating increased risk of adverse effects. Fifth week EDI remained higher than TDI in all infants for BPA, in 75% for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and 25% of infants for PrPa, indicating prolonged risk. Maximum EDI for di-iso-butyl phthalate was higher than TDI suggesting risk of adverse effects at maximum exposure. VLBW infants born earlier than 28 weeks GA had higher EDI, above TDI, for PrPa compared to infants born later than 28 weeks GA. Infants with late-onset septicaemia (LOS) had higher EDI for DEHP, ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP and BPA, above TDI, compared to infants without LOS. More 75% of the infants' EDI for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, 25% for PrPa, and 100% of infants' EDI for BPA, were above TDI resulting in HQs > 1, indicating increased risk of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Strømmen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jennifer Moltu
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Wahl Blakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Kristin Brække
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | | | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway; Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Erlend Rønnestad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Huang S, Ma S, Wang D, Liu H, Li G, Yu Y. National-scale urinary phthalate metabolites in the general urban residents involving 26 provincial capital cities in China and the influencing factors as well as non-carcinogenic risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156062. [PMID: 35597362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in daily products but can cause a variety of adverse effects in humans. Few studies have been carried out on human internal exposure levels of PAEs on a large-scale, especially in developing countries. In the present study, 1161 urine samples collected from residents of 26 provincial capitals in China were analyzed for nine phthalate metabolites (mPAEs). The chemicals were widely detected, and the median specific gravity adjusted urinary concentration of Σ9mPAEs was 278 μg/L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the main parent PAEs that the residents were exposed to. Demographic characteristics, such as age and educational level, were significantly associated with PAE exposure. Children and the elderly had higher mPAE levels. Subjects with lower educational levels were more frequently exposed to DnBP and DEHP. However, mono-ethyl phthalate showed the opposite trend, i.e., higher concentrations in subjects aged 18-59 years and with higher educational levels. Geographic differences were detected at the national scale. Residents in northeastern and western China had higher levels of mPAEs than those in central China, most likely because of different industrial usage of the chemicals and different living habits and living conditions of the residents. Health risk assessment showed that hazard indices of PAEs ranged from 0.07 to 9.34, with 20.0% of the subjects being concern for potential non-carcinogenic risk as assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. DEHP and DnBP were the primary contributors, representing 96.7% of total risk. This first large-scale study on PAE human internal exposure in China provides useful information on residents' health in a developing country, which could be used for chemical management and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongwu Wang
- Shouguang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong Province, Weifang 262700, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Lee I, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Brüning T, Choi K, Koch HM. Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10229-10238. [PMID: 35801963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor and environmental contaminant. Yet, data on individual body burdens and potential health risks in humans, especially among children, are scarce. We analyzed two specific urinary NP metabolites, hydroxy-NP (OH-NP) and oxo-NP. In contrast to parent NP, OH-NP has a much higher urinary excretion fraction (Fue), and both are insusceptible to external contamination. We investigated spot urine samples from school children of Thailand (n = 104), Indonesia (n = 89), and Saudi Arabia (n = 108) and could quantify OH-NP in 100% of Indonesian and Saudi children (median concentrations: 8.12 and 8.57 μg/L) and in 76% of Thai children (1.07 μg/L). Median oxo-NP concentrations were 0.95, 1.10, and <0.25 μg/L, respectively, in line with its lower Fue. Median daily NP intakes (DIs), back-calculated from urinary OH-NP concentrations, were significantly higher in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia [0.47 and 0.36 μg/(kg bw·d), respectively] than in Thailand [0.06 μg/(kg bw·d)]. Maximum DIs were close to the preliminary tolerable DI of 5 μg/(kg bw·d) from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Dominant sources of exposure or relevant exposure pathways could not be readily identified by questionnaire analyses and also potentially varied by region. The novel biomarkers provide long-needed support to the quantitative exposure and risk assessment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Tseng HH, Li CY, Wu ST, Su HH, Wong TH, Wu HE, Chang YW, Huang SK, Tsai EM, Suen JL. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Promotes Allergic Lung Inflammation by Modulating CD8α + Dendritic Cell Differentiation via Metabolite MEHP-PPARγ Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:581854. [PMID: 35663974 PMCID: PMC9160748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.581854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that can disrupt endocrine function. Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to DEHP in the environment is associated with the prevalence of childhood allergic diseases; however, the underlying causal relationship and immunological mechanism remain unclear. This study explored the immunomodulatory effect of DEHP on allergic lung inflammation, while particularly focusing on the impact of DEHP and its metabolite on dendritic cell differentiation and activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The results showed that exposure to DEHP at a human tolerable daily intake dose exacerbated allergic lung inflammation in mice. Ex vivo flow cytometric analysis revealed that DEHP-exposed mice displayed a significantly decreased number of CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) in spleens and DC progenitors in the bone marrow, as well as, less interleukin-12 production in splenic DCs and increased T helper 2 polarization. Pharmacological experiments showed that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP, significantly hampered the differentiation of CD8α+ DCs from Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-differentiated bone marrow culture, by modulating PPARγ activity. These results suggested that chronic exposure to DEHP at environmentally relevant levels, promotes allergic lung inflammation, at least in part, by altering DC differentiation through the MEHP-PPARγ axis. This study has crucial implications for the interaction(s) between environmental pollutants and innate immunity, with respect to the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Han Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Han Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Wong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-En Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Laboratory, Taitung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eing Mei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Safarpour S, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Safarpour S, Darban YM. Effects of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate on Central Nervous System Functions: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:766-776. [PMID: 34259148 PMCID: PMC9878957 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210713122517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are widely used in the plastics industry. Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most important phthalate metabolites that disrupt the function of endocrine glands. Exposure to DEHP causes numerous effects on animals, humans, and the environment. Low doses of DEHP increase neurotoxicity in the nervous system that has arisen deep concerns due to the widespread nature of DEHP exposure and its high absorption during brain development. OBJECTIVE In this review article, we evaluated the impacts of DEHP exposure from birth to adulthood on neurobehavioral damages. Then, the possible mechanisms of DEHP-induced neurobehavioral impairment were discussed. METHODOLOGY Peer-reviewed articles were extracted through Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar till the year 2021. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to DEHP during pregnancy and infancy leads to memory loss and irreversible nervous system damage. CONCLUSION Overall, it seems that increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators possess a pivotal role in DEHP-induced neurobehavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Safarpour
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 4136747176, Babol, Iran; Tel/Fax: +98-11-32190557; E-mail:
| | - Samaneh Safarpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Ikeda-Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Miyashita C, Brüning T, Kishi R, Koch HM. Nonylphenol exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children between 2012 and 2017- Estimation of daily intakes based on novel urinary metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107145. [PMID: 35168185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been under scrutiny for decades due to its endocrine-disrupting properties and its ubiquity in the environment. Despite its widespread occurrence, robust and reliable exposure data are rare. In this study, we used human biomonitoring (HBM) measuring the novel urinary alkyl-chain-oxidized biomarkers OH-NP and oxo-NP to determine NP exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children. The new biomarkers are advantageous over measuring unchanged NP because they are not prone to external contamination. We analyzed 180 first morning void urine samples collected between 2012 and 2017. OH-NP and oxo-NP were detected in 100% and 66% of samples at median concentrations of 2.69 and 0.36 µg/L, respectively. 10-fold concentration differences between OH-NP and oxo-NP are in line with recent findings on human NP metabolism. Based on OH-NP we back-calculated median and maximum NP daily intakes (DI) of 0.14 and 0.95 µg/(kg bw*d). These DIs are rather close to but still below the current provisional tolerable daily intake of 5 µg/(kg bw*d) by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Between 2012 and 2017 the DIs decreased by an average of 4.7% per year. We observed no seasonal changes or gender differences and questionnaire data on food consumption, housing characteristics or pesticide use showed no clear associations with NP exposure. Urinary OH-NP was weakly associated with the oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) biomarkers N-ε-hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) (Spearman ρ = 0.30 and 0.22, respectively), but not with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Further research is needed to identify and understand the major sources of NP exposure and to investigate a potential role in oxidative stress. This study is the first to investigate NP exposure in Japanese children based on robust and sensitive HBM data. It is a first step to fill the long-standing gap in quantitative human NP exposure monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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9
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Qu J, Xia W, Qian X, Wu Y, Li J, Wen S, Xu S. Geographic distribution and time trend of human exposure of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among different age groups based on global biomonitoring data. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132115. [PMID: 34826892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite being restricted by many authorities, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is still widely detected in the environment and biospecimens. To indentify populations of high risk and evaluate the effects of DEHP restrictions, we elucidated the geographic distribution of DEHP exposure levels among pregnant women and different age groups, and compared the time trend of exposure levels with the time course of productions/restrictions. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated based on biomonitoring data in published epidemiological studies, and then the group EDI (EDIG) was calculated for one particular population, region, or period by weighting EDIs by sample sizes. Overall, 144,965 samples from 45 nations were included, with the sampling time ranging from 1982 to 2017. Children had the highest exposure level (5.50 μg/kg bw/day) worldwide, while infants and pregnant women had low levels (2.13 and 1.89 μg/kg bw/day, respectively). The EDIGs varied considerably between countries, and the majority of corresponding hazard quotients were less than 1; however, the risk behind can not be ignored. In the general population, the DEHP exposure level showed a downtrend from 4.40 μg/kg bw/day before 2000 to 2.23 μg/kg bw/day in 2015-2017. In the European Union, the annual trend of DEHP EDIGs of children and adults fitted the production and consumption volume, and the EDIGs decreased more sharply in children. The EDIGs of children decreased with a delay along with the regulations on the use of DEHP. Cutting productions/consumptions and restrictions are effective to reduce DEHP exposure, but current efforts are far from enough on a worldwide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Qu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Qian
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Lee I, Pälmke C, Ringbeck B, Ihn Y, Gotthardt A, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Kho Y, Koch HM, Choi K. Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16526-16537. [PMID: 34846872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yunchul Ihn
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Gotthardt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Hong Y, Zhou Y, Shen L, Wei Y, Long C, Fu Y, Wu H, Wang J, Wu Y, Wu S, Wei G. Exposure to DEHP induces testis toxicity and injury through the ROS/mTOR/NLRP3 signaling pathway in immature rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112889. [PMID: 34649140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundantly used phthalate derivative, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) leads to reproductive disorders, especially in males. Testicular injury can be triggered when the testis is exposed to DEHP during the immature stage. However, the potential mechanism is largely unclear. In the present study, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day DEHP from postnatal day (PND) 20 to PND 30. The spermatogonia cell line GC-1 and spermatocyte cell line GC-2 were exposed to different doses of monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), a metabolite of DEHP. Testicular injury was observed. Oxidative stress was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that after DEHP exposure, the testicular structure was damaged and spermatogenesis was disturbed. We also found that oxidative stress was increased, as indicated by the upregulation of the important factors in the antioxidant pathway. Furthermore, the expression of autophagy-related proteins was significantly downregulated. Autophagy inhibition led to activation of the pyroptosis pathway. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation (NOD) domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1 and cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly upregulated. Additionally, an imbalance in self-renewal and differentiation was observed in germ cells after DEHP exposure, causing the cessation of germ cell development. In summary, these data suggest that DEHP exposure enhances oxidative stress, downregulates autophagy, induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently triggers pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro, which provides novel insight into DEHP-related injury in immature testes in the context of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hong
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yuexin Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Huang B, He H, Wang X, Sabel CE, Thomsen M, Chen Z, Wang W. Urinary phthalate metabolites among workers in plastic greenhouses in western China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117939. [PMID: 34426182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural plastic greenhouse (PG) production can extend the growing season of crops to satisfy domestic consumption in countries such as China. Workers in PGs have potential higher phthalate exposure risks than the general population as phthalate accumulation has been observed in greenhouse soil, air, and crops. To date, biomonitoring tests of phthalates for the working population have not been carried out. To address this shortage, we conducted a pilot study in Shaanxi Province, China, among 35 healthy PG workers by follow-up recording their seasonal dietary habits and work activities and urine sample collection and measurement between 2018 and 2019. The objectives were to uncover the association between phthalate metabolites and the population characteristics, seasonal and diurnal variations and causes, and to estimate exposure risks and contributions of exposure pathways from PG production systems. A total of 13 phthalate metabolite concentrations (Σ13 phthalate metabolites) ranged from 102 to 781 (5th-95th) ng/mL (median: 300 ng/mL). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MNBP) made up 51.3% of Σ13 phthalate metabolites, followed by the sum of four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (24.2%), mono-2-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP) (13.4%), and mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) (9.8%). The concentrations of MNBP and MIBP in summer were significantly higher than the levels in winter (p < 0.0001). A total of 62.3% of the PG worker population was shown to have exposure risks, and the proportion was as high as 79.4% in summer. Phthalate exposure of the workers from PG production systems constituted over 20% of the total creatinine-based daily intake, and consuming vegetables and fruit planted in PGs and inhalation in PGs were the two largest exposure pathways. Our findings demonstrate that it is important to protect workers in PGs from phthalate exposure risks, and phasing out the use of plastic materials containing phthalates in PGs is imperative, to guarantee food safety in PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xinkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Clive E Sabel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marianne Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Zhikun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Applications, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Weixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Applications, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, 710061, China
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13
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Wu Y, Song Z, Little JC, Zhong M, Li H, Xu Y. An integrated exposure and pharmacokinetic modeling framework for assessing population-scale risks of phthalates and their substitutes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106748. [PMID: 34256300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To effectively incorporate in vitro-in silico-based methods into the regulation of consumer product safety, a quantitative connection between product phthalate concentrations and in vitro bioactivity data must be established for the general population. We developed, evaluated, and demonstrated a modeling framework that integrates exposure and pharmacokinetic models to convert product phthalate concentrations into population-scale risks for phthalates and their substitutes. A probabilistic exposure model was developed to generate the distribution of multi-route exposures based on product phthalate concentrations, chemical properties, and human activities. Pharmacokinetic models were developed to simulate population toxicokinetics using Bayesian analysis via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Both exposure and pharmacokinetic models demonstrated good predictive capability when compared with worldwide studies. The distributions of exposures and pharmacokinetics were integrated to predict the population distributions of internal dosimetry. The predicted distributions showed reasonable agreement with the U.S. biomonitoring surveys of urinary metabolites. The "source-to-outcome" local sensitivity analysis revealed that food contact materials had the greatest impact on body burden for di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), and di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), whereas the body burden of diethyl phthalate (DEP) was most sensitive to the concentration in personal care products. The upper bounds of predicted plasma concentrations showed no overlap with ToxCast in vitro bioactivity values. Compared with the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approach, the integrated modeling framework has significant advantages in mapping product phthalate concentrations to multi-route risks, and thus is of great significance for regulatory use with a relatively low input requirement. Further integration with new approach methodologies will facilitate these in vitro-in silico-based risk assessments for a broad range of products containing an equally broad range of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zidong Song
- Department of Building Science and Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Min Zhong
- Bureau of Air Quality, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science and Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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14
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Lemke N, Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Hoppe HW, Conrad A, Kolossa-Gehring M. Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106769. [PMID: 34274860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, glyphosate has become the most used herbicide of the world. The general population is ubiquitously exposed to glyphosate. Its long-term toxicity, carcinogenic potential and other health effects are controversially discussed. Even though the possible health impacts of glyphosate are of global concern, no population-wide monitoring of glyphosate was done yet. This study presents the worldwide first population-representative data on glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) for children and adolescents. 2144 first-morning void urine samples of 3-17-year-old children and adolescents living in Germany were analysed for concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA in the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerESV). In 52 % of the samples (46 % for AMPA) the urinary glyphosate concentrations were above the limit of quantification of 0.1 µg/L. The geometric mean concentrations were 0.107 µg/L (0.090 µg/gcreatinine) for glyphosate and 0.100 µg/L (0.085 µg/gcreatinine) for AMPA. No clear association between exposure to glyphosate or AMPA and vegetarian diet or consumption of cereals, pulses, or vegetables could be identified. The low quantification rate and the 95th percentiles for glyphosate and AMPA of around 0.5 µg/L demonstrate an overall low exposure of the young population in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lemke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Aline Murawski
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
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Çiftçi S, Yalçın SS, Samur G. Comparison of daily bisphenol A intake based on dietary and urinary levels in breastfeeding women. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 106:9-17. [PMID: 34563571 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an artificial chemical, and one of the significant external routes of daily BPA exposure is diet. Dietary BPA exposure can be calculated by urinary BPA concentration and dietary recall data. This cross-sectional study investigates exclusively breastfeeding women's BPA exposure by urinary total BPA concentration and nutritional records, including the 24 h Dietary Recall (HDR) and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). In this study, we included exclusively breastfeeding, healthy women volunteers (n = 80; 18-40 years), collected spot-morning urine samples and conducted a comprehensive face-to-face survey. Moreover, the women's urine BPA concentration was adjusted according to their urine creatinine concentrations. We assessed dietary BPA intake with the 24HDR and FFQ. Estimated daily BPA exposure according to urinary output volume and urinary creatinine concentration median values were 0.0507 and 0.06 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. Moreover, dietary BPA daily intake was found to be 0.17 and 0.95 μg/kg bw/day according to 24HDR data and FFQ data. The milk and dairy product group's and soft drinks group's contributions to the daily intake of BPA were 55.9 % and 25.92 %, respectively. The hazard ratio for BPA exposure was within limits according to references, including US EPA, Health Canada, and EFSA. This study indicates that BPA exposure, based on both total urinary BPA concentration and dietary recall data, was within the recommended daily intake level (4 μg/kg bw/day). However, further studies are required to understand the influence of seasonal, multicentre, and socioeconomic differences on BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Çiftçi
- İzmir Democracy University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mehmet Ali Akman Street, 13/2, 35290, Konak, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Sıddıka Songül Yalçın
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gülhan Samur
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Lemke N, Murawski A, Lange R, Weber T, Apel P, Dębiak M, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Substitutes mimic the exposure behaviour of REACH regulated phthalates - A review of the German HBM system on the example of plasticizers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113780. [PMID: 34126298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The population is constantly exposed to potentially harmful substances present in the environment, including inter alia food and drinking water, consumer products, and indoor air. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a valuable tool to determine the integral, internal exposure of the general population, including vulnerable subgroups, to provide the basis for risk assessment and policy advice. The German HBM system comprises of five pillars: (1) the development of suitable analytical methods for new substances of concern, (2) cross-sectional population-representative German Environmental Surveys (GerES), (3) time trend analyses using archived samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB), (4) the derivation of health-based guidance values as a risk assessment tool, and (5) transfer of data into the European cooperation network HBM4EU. The goal of this paper is to present the complementary elements of the German HBM system and to show its strengths and limitations on the example of plasticizers. Plasticizers have been identified by EU services and HBM4EU partners as priority substances for chemical policy at EU level. Using the complementary elements of the German HBM system, the internal exposure to classical phthalates and novel alternative plasticizers can be reliably monitored. It is shown that market changes, due to regulation of certain phthalates and the rise of substitutes, are rapidly reflected in the internal exposure of the population. It was shown that exposure to DEHP, DiBP, DnBP, and BBzP decreased considerably, whereas exposure to the novel substitutes such as DPHP, DEHTP, and Hexamoll®DINCH has increased significantly. While health-based guidance values for several phthalates (esp. DnBP, DiBP, DEHP) were exceeded quite often at the turn of the millennium, exceedances today have become rarer. Still, also the latest GerES reveals the ubiquitous and concurrent exposures to many plasticizers. Of concern is that the youngest children showed the highest exposures to most of the investigated plasticizers and in some cases their levels of DiBP and DnBP still exceeded health-based guidance values. Over the last years, mixture exposures are increasingly recognized as relevant, especially if the toxicological modes of action are similar. This is supported by a cumulative risk assessment for four endocrine active phthalates which confirms the still concerning cumulative exposure in many young children. Given the adverse health effects of some phthalates and the limited toxicological knowledge of substitutes, exposure reduction and surveillance are needed on German and EU-level. Substitutes need to be monitored, to intervene if exposures are threatening to exceed acceptable levels, or if new toxicological data question their appropriateness. It is strongly recommended to reconsider the use of plastics and plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lemke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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17
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On J, Kim SH, Lee J, Park MJ, Lee SW, Pyo H. Urinary di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate metabolite ratios in obese children of South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29590-29600. [PMID: 33559826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure has been reported to be more associated with obesity in children than in adults. The concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was high temporal variability in spot urine, so additional tools of assessing DEHP exposure were required. Therefore, we used relative metabolite ratios (RMRs) as well as concentrations, and RMRs did not need to be corrected to the creatinine concentration. We aimed to evaluate the levels of urinary DEHP metabolites and their RMRs in obese children in South Korea, and to investigate the potential of RMRs for assessing the risks for childhood obesity. We analyzed the four urinary DEHP metabolites (mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)) in 240 children aged 5-16 years, using isotope dilution GC-MS/MS. The children were placed into three groups ("normal weight," "overweight," and "obese") according to body mass index (BMI) percentiles. We statistically compared the concentrations and RMRs of DEHP metabolites among these groups. The obese group had lower MEHP levels, and higher secondary metabolite (MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP) levels, than the normal weight group. DEHP metabolite levels did not differ significantly between the normal weight and obese groups, whereas RMRA2 (as the ratio of the molar concentrations of MEOHP to MEHHP) was found to be negatively associated with BMI percentile (β= -0.236, p <0.01) and weight percentile (β= -0.282, p<0.001). Therefore, we suggest that RMRs are an additional tool for assessing the health risks of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon On
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5,Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Dongil-ro 1342, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01757, Korea
| | - Jeongae Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5,Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Dongil-ro 1342, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01757, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5,Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
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Al-Saleh I, Elkhatib R, Alrushud N, Alnuwaysir H, Alnemer M, Aldhalaan H, Shoukri M, McWalter P, Alkhenizan A. Potential health risks of maternal phthalate exposure during the first trimester - The Saudi Early Autism and Environment Study (SEAES). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110882. [PMID: 33621597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are the most ubiquitous contaminants that we are exposed to daily due to their wide use as plasticizers in various consumer products. A few studies have suggested that in utero exposure to phthalates can disturb fetal growth and development in humans, because phthalates can interfere with endocrine function. We collected spot urine samples from 291 pregnant women in their first trimester (9.8 ± 2.3 gestational weeks) recruited in an ongoing prospective cohort study in Saudi Arabia. A second urine sample was collected within 1-7 d after enrollment. The aims of this study were to: (1) assess the extent of exposure to phthalates during the first trimester and (2) estimate the risk from single and cumulative exposures to phthalates. Most phthalate metabolites' urinary levels were high, several-fold higher than those reported in relevant studies from other countries. The highest median levels of monoethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in μg/l (μg/g creatinine) were 245.62 (197.23), 114.26 (99.45), 39.59 (34.02), and 23.51 (19.92), respectively. The MEHP levels were highest among three di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites. %MEHP4, the ratio of MEHP to four di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑4DEHP), was 44%, indicating interindividual differences in metabolism and excretion. The hazard quotient (HQ) of individual phthalates estimated based on the reference dose (RfD) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indicated that 58% (volume-based) and 37% (creatinine-based) of the women were at risk of exposure to ∑4DEHP (HQ > 1). Based on the tolerable daily intake (TDI) from the European Food Safety Authority, 35/12% (volume-/creatinine-based data) of the women were at risk of exposure to two dibutyl phthalate (∑DBP) metabolites (MiBP and MnBP). The cumulative risk was assessed using the hazard index (HI), the sum of HQs of all phthalates. The percentages of women (volume-/creatinine-based data) at health risks with an HI > 1 were 64/40% and 42/22% based on RfD and TDI, respectively. In view of these indices for assessing risk, our results for the anti-androgenic effects of exposing pregnant women to ∑4DEHP and ∑DBP early during pregnancy are alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rola Elkhatib
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nujud Alrushud
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Alnuwaysir
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alnemer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Shoukri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia McWalter
- Family Medicine and Polyclinics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkhenizan
- Family Medicine and Polyclinics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Secular trends of urinary phthalate metabolites in 7-year old children and association with building characteristics: Hokkaido study on environment and children's health. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113724. [PMID: 33761429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread commercial production and use of phthalates as plasticizers in consumer products have led to significant human exposure. Some phthalates are known to disrupt the endocrine system and result in adverse health outcomes. As such, they have been regulated in materials used for children's items and food packages. In this study, we examined the secular trend of urinary phthalate metabolites in children and the association between metabolites and building characteristics. In total, 400 first-morning spot urine samples of 7 years old children collected from 2012 to 2017 from an ongoing birth cohort study were examined. Parents provided information on demographics and building questionnaires. We analyzed 10 urinary phthalate metabolites from five phthalate diesters using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS): MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, MiNP, OH-MiNP, and cx-MiNP. A multivariable regression model with creatinine-corrected metabolite levels was applied to assess secular trends during 2012-2017. The association between metabolite levels and building characteristics was investigated using a mutual-adjusted linear regression. The metabolites MnBP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, and OH-MiNP were detected in all samples. The highest median concentration was for MECPP 37.4 ng/mL, followed by MnBP and MEHHP at concentrations of 36.8 and 25.8 ng/mL, respectively. Overall, DBP, BBzP, and DINP metabolite concentrations in this study were comparable to or lower than those in previous studies from Japan and other countries in a similar study period. Higher concentrations of DEHP metabolites were observed in this study than in children from the USA and Germany, as per previous reports. Despite updated phthalate regulations and reports of production volume change in Japan, all the measured metabolites showed a stable trend between 2012 and 2017. Higher phthalate metabolite levels were observed among children from households with low annual income, those who lived in old buildings, and those with window opening habits of ≥1 h than ≤1 h. In contrast, children in houses that vacuumed 4 or more days/week showed a lower level of MnBP than those in houses that vacuumed ≤3 days/week. This study demonstrates that the internal exposure level of phthalates in Japanese children was stable from 2012 to 2017. Our findings suggest that phthalate exposure in children is consistent. Thus, improvements in the indoor environment, such as frequent vacuuming, may reduce exposure. Biomonitoring of phthalates is critical for elucidating their possible health effects and developing mitigation strategies.
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20
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Murawski A, Tschersich C, Rucic E, Schwedler G, Moos RK, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Brüning T, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Parabens in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the german environmental survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110502. [PMID: 33221310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are antimicrobial preservatives used in a wide range of consumer products such as personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. Consequently, the general population is ubiquitously exposed to these substances via dermal absorption, ingestion, and inhalation. Parabens promote estrogenic activity and are hence under assessment as endocrine disrupting substances. Urine samples from 3- to 17-year-old children and adolescents (N = 516) living in Germany were analysed for concentrations of nine parabens in the population representative German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). Detection rates and urinary concentrations of the parabens decreased with increasing length of the alkyl chain. Methyl paraben was quantified in 97% of the samples with a geometric mean (GM) concentration of 7.724 μg/L (6.714 μg/gcreatinine), ethyl paraben was quantified in 69% (GM: 0.943 μg/L and 0.825 μg/gcrea), and n-propyl paraben in 31% (GM: 0.563 μg/L and 0.493 μg/gcrea). Concentrations of iso-propyl paraben, butyl paraben, iso-butyl paraben, and benzyl paraben were below the limit of quantification in most samples. Pentyl paraben and heptyl paraben were not detected in any of the samples. Paraben concentrations in urine were found to be associated with frequent usage of leave-on personal care products and cosmetics. Cumulative exposure to parabens (back-calculated daily intakes, expressed as hazard index) was found to be on a level raising concern in up to 14% of the population, mainly driven by n-propyl paraben, and depending on the level of conservativeness and point-of departures used for calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca K Moos
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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21
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Schmied-Tobies MIH, Murawski A, Rucic E, Schwedler G, Bury D, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koslitz S, Koch HM, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Alkyl pyrrolidone solvents N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerESV). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106221. [PMID: 33113467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and its substitute N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) are aprotic solvents used in many technical applications, but also in carpets, and consumer products such as cleaning agents, and cosmetics. NMP and NEP are classified as reproductive toxicants. As a substance of very high concern (SVHC), NMP is included in the European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals) candidate listfor authorisation. NMP and NEP metabolites were measured in more than 2100 urine samples of 3- to 17-year-old children and adolescents, participating in the population-representative German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerESV). The two NMP metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) could be detected and quantified in all urine samples, and the two NEP metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-ethylpyrrolidone (5-HNEP) and 2-hydroxy-N-ethylsuccinimide (2-HESI) in 32% and 87% of the urine samples. Geometric mean concentrations were 103.1 µg/L (88.21 µg/gcreatinine) for the sum of NMP metabolites and 11.86 µg/L (10.15 µg/gcreatinine) for the sum of NEP metabolites, thus remaining below the current health-based human biomonitoring values. For NMP, highest exposure was found in young children, but exposure pathways could not be revealed. Exposure to NEP was highest in adolescents and participants with low socio-economic status or migration background. Associations to usage of personal care products suggested the choice of products to have a distinct impact on NEP exposure. The presented data can be used by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission to derive new reference values (RV95) for NMP and NEP for children and adolescents in Germany. This will facilitate to recognise changing exposure levels in this population group in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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22
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Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Schmidtkunz C, Küpper K, Leng G, Eckert E, Kuhlmann L, Göen T, Daniels A, Schwedler G, Kolossa-Gehring M. Metabolites of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V (2014-2017). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110345. [PMID: 33096061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), used in cosmetics, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), used inter alia as a food additive and in cosmetics, and the plasticizer tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), used mainly in medical devices as substitute for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are suspected to have endocrine disrupting effects. Human biomonitoring methods that allow for assessing the internal exposure of the general population to these substances were recently developed in a German cooperation to enhance the use of human biomonitoring. First-morning void urine samples from 3- to 17-year-old children and adolescents living in Germany were analysed for metabolites of 4-MBC (N = 447), BHT (N = 2091), and TOTM (N = 431) in the population-representative German Environmental Survey on Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). 4-MBC metabolites were found in quantifiable amounts only in single cases and exposure levels remained well below health-based guidance values. In contrast, ubiquitous exposure to BHT became evident with a geometric mean (GM) urinary concentration of the metabolite BHT acid of 2.346 μg/L (1.989 μg/gcreatinine) and a maximum concentration of 248 μg/L (269 μg/gcrea). The highest GM concentration was found in young children aged 3-5 years, yet no specific sources of exposure could be identified. Also, TOTM metabolites were found in quantifiable amounts only in very few samples. None of these findings could be related to previous hospital treatment or exposure via house dust. The presented results will be the basis to derive reference values for exposure of children and adolescents in Germany to BHT and will facilitate to identify changing exposure levels in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katja Küpper
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leng
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Kuhlmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Daniels
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
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23
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Schwedler G, Conrad A, Rucic E, Koch HM, Leng G, Schulz C, Schmied-Tobies MI, Kolossa-Gehring M. Hexamoll® DINCH and DPHP metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Runkel AA, Snoj-Tratnik J, Mazej D, Horvat M. Urinary phthalate concentrations in the slovenian population: An attempt to exposure assessment of family units. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109548. [PMID: 32334174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widespread contaminants with differing chemical characteristics, which largely determine their product applications, and they can leach into the environment. Due to their endocrine disruptive properties at long-term low-level exposure, they propose a health threat to people that has been associated with several adverse health effects such as: decreased male fertility and impacts on neurological development. People are exposed to different phthalates on a daily basis. Accordingly, this study aims to determine urinary concentrations of seven phthalate metabolites in Slovenian mothers (n = 155), fathers (n = 77), and children (n = 155) within the European project DEMOCOPHES and to identify potential sources of exposure using questionnaire data on sociodemographic characteristics. Furthermore, the appropriateness of two adjustment methods (creatinine and specific gravity) has been evaluated. First morning urine samples were obtained from one urban and one rural location in 2011. Samples were analysed with Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry according to the COPHES SOP protocol by VITO NV laboratory in Belgium. All investigated metabolites were detected in all populations. Children's urinary concentrations exceeded those of adults for most metabolites. We observed variations in concentrations depending on sociodemographic and geographic characteristics, such as food and product sources (e.g. plastic packaging, tins, personal care products, PVC) as well as lifestyle and habits (e.g. living space, time spent outside). We observed geographic and sociodemographic differences in our populations that could be confirmed for the three populations separately and for family units. Concentrations are significantly higher at the rural sampling location as well as in households with a lower level of education. We found both the urinary concentrations and the intake doses to be within the European range as presented in the literature. Between creatinine and specific gravity, we found specific gravity the more appropriate option for phthalates. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating exposure to phthalates in the Slovenian population while considering the common exposure of family units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta A Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Tait S, Carli F, Busani L, Buzzigoli E, Della Latta V, Deodati A, Fabbrizi E, Gaggini M, Maranghi F, Tassinari R, Toffol G, Cianfarani S, Gastaldelli A, La Rocca C. Biomonitoring of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in Italian children and adolescents: Data from LIFE PERSUADED project. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109428. [PMID: 32251910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a widespread plasticizer, is considered an endocrine disrupting chemical with main toxicological effects on reproductive and metabolic systems. Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies are promoted to evaluate the background exposure levels. In the frame of LIFE PERSUADED project, the HBM study measured DEHP main metabolites (mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MEHP; 2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-hexylphthalate, MEHHP; 2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexylphthalate, MEOHP) in Italian children and adolescent (4-14 years old) according to geographical macro-areas and areas, age and sex. Children from the South and the Centre of Italy showed higher median levels of DEHP, as a sum of its metabolites (48.14 and 47.80 μg/L), than those from the North (39.47 μg/L; p = 0.0090 and 0.0004, respectively). Considering the total population, boys are more exposed than girls (only as urinary volume), and children aged 4-6 years have higher median levels than those 7-10 and 11-14 years old. The derived reference values (RV95) for DEHP in children is 168 μg/L. The relative metabolic rates of DEHP, the background levels and, thus, the RV95, vary with the geographical area, age and sex, indicating that all these parameters should be considered in the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tait
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Busani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emma Buzzigoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Veronica Della Latta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Deodati
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrica Fabbrizi
- Unità Operativa Complessa Pediatria e Neonatologia, Augusto Murri Hospital, Via Augusto Murri 21, 63900, Fermo, Italy.
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maranghi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tassinari
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Toffol
- Associazione Culturale Pediatri, Via Montiferru 6, 09070, Narbolia (OR), Italy.
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia, 50, 00133, Rome, Italy; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cinzia La Rocca
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Yoshida T, Mimura M, Sakon N. Intakes of phthalates by Japanese children and the contribution of indoor air quality in their residences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19577-19591. [PMID: 32219650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some phthalates, which are used mainly as plasticizers, are suspected to be endocrine disruptors. In the present study, daily intakes of phthalates by Japanese children through all exposure pathways and the contribution of indoor air quality to the intakes were examined by measuring urinary phthalate metabolites in the children and the airborne phthalates in their residences. Spot urine samples excreted first after waking up in the morning were collected from the subjects aged 6 to 15 years (n = 132), and airborne phthalates were sampled in the subjects' bedrooms for 24 h. Eight airborne phthalates and their urinary metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The daily intakes of the phthalates estimated were as follows (median, μg/kg b.w./day): dimethyl phthalate (DMP), 0.15; diethyl phthalate (DEP), 0.42; diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), 1.1; di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), 2.2; dicyclohexyl phthalate (DcHP), 0.026; benzylbutyl phthalate (BBzP), 0.032; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 6.3. The 95th percentile (21 μg/kg b.w./day) of the DEHP intakes exceeded the reference doses (RfD, 20 μg/kg b.w./day) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). DEHP was suggested to be the most notable phthalate from the perspective of adverse effects on the health of Japanese children. On the other hand, DcHP and di-n-hexyl phthalate were not considered to be very important as indoor air pollutants and as internal contaminants for the children. The contribution rates of the amounts absorbed by inhalation to the amounts absorbed via all of the exposure pathways were only 7.9, 4.4, 6.6, 3.2, 0.22, and 1.0% as the median for DMP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP, respectively. Therefore, inhalation did not seem to contribute very much as an absorption pathway of the phthalates for Japanese children while at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshida
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Mimura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
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Martínez-García GG, Mariño G. Autophagy role in environmental pollutants exposure. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:257-291. [PMID: 32620245 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the potential harmfulness derived from the exposure to environmental pollutants has been largely demonstrated, with associated damages ranging from geno- and cyto-toxicity to tissue malfunction and alterations in organism physiology. Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved cellular mechanism essential for cellular homeostasis, which contributes to protect cells from a wide variety of intracellular and extracellular stressors. Due to its pivotal importance, its correct functioning is directly linked to cell, tissue and organismal fitness. Environmental pollutants, particularly industrial compounds, are able to impact autophagic flux, either by increasing it as a protective response, by blocking it, or by switching its protective role toward a pro-cell death mechanism. Thus, the understanding of the effects of chemicals exposure on autophagy has become highly relevant, offering new potential approaches for risk assessment, protection and preventive measures to counteract the detrimental effects of environmental pollutants on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma G Martínez-García
- Laboratorio "Autofagia y Metabolismo", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Laboratorio "Autofagia y Metabolismo", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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28
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Schwedler G, Rucic E, Lange R, Conrad A, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Brüning T, Schulz C, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Daniels A, Kolossa-Gehring M. Phthalate metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014-2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113444. [PMID: 32058939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During the population representative German Environmental Survey of Children and Adolescents (GerES V, 2014-2017) 2256 first-morning void urine samples from 3 to 17 years old children and adolescents were analysed for 21 metabolites of 11 different phthalates (di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-cyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPeP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)). Metabolites of DMP, DEP, BBzP, DiBP, DnBP, DEHP, DiNP and DiDP were found in 97%-100% of the participants, DCHP and DnPeP in 6%, and DnOP in none of the urine samples. Geometric means (GM) were highest for metabolites of DiBP (MiBP: 26.1 μg/L), DEP (MEP: 25.8 μg/L), DnBP (MnBP: 20.9 μg/L), and DEHP (cx-MEPP: 11.9 μg/L). For all phthalates but DEP, GMs were consistently higher in the 3-5 years old children than in the 14-17 years old adolescents. For DEHP, the age differences were most pronounced. All detectable phthalate biomarker concentrations were positively associated with the levels of the respective phthalate in house dust. In GerES V we found considerably lower phthalate biomarker levels than in the preceding GerES IV (2003-2006). GMs of biomarker levels in GerES V were only 18% (BBzP), 23% (MnBP), 23% (DEHP), 29% (MiBP) and 57% (DiNP) of those measured a decade earlier in GerES IV. However, some children and adolescents still exceeded health-based guidance values in the current GerES V. 0.38% of the participants had levels of DnBP, 0.08% levels of DEHP and 0.007% levels of DiNP which were higher than the respective health-based guidance values. Accordingly, for these persons an impact on health cannot be excluded with sufficient certainty. The ongoing and substantial exposure of vulnerable children and adolescents to many phthalates confirms the need of a continued monitoring of established phthalates, whether regulated or not, as well as of potential substitutes. With this biomonitoring approach we provide a picture of current individual and cumulative exposure developments and body burdens to phthalates, thus providing support for timely and effective chemicals policies and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja Daniels
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
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Lessmann F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Harth V, Brüning T, Koch HM. German Environmental Specimen Bank: 24-hour urine samples from 1999 to 2017 reveal rapid increase in exposure to the para-phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105102. [PMID: 31491609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide plasticizer markets are facing constant substitution processes. Many classic ortho-phthalate plasticizers like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are phased out, due to their proven toxicity to reproduction. Assumedly less critical, less regulated plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) are increasingly applied in consumer near products like toys, food contact materials, and medical devices. With the increasing use of DEHTP, increasing exposures of the general population have to be expected likewise. Human biomonitoring is a well-established tool to determine population exposures. In the present study we investigate the time trend of exposure to DEHTP using 24-hour urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected from 1999 to 2017. In these samples (60 per odd-numbered year, 600 samples in total) collected from young German adults (20-29 years, equal gender distribution) we determined four specific urinary metabolites as biomarkers of DEHTP exposure. From 1999 to 2009, the main specific urinary metabolite 5cx-MEPTP was quantifiable in <10% of the samples. Thereafter, detection rates and levels constantly increased, in line with rapidly increasing DEHTP consumption volumes. In 2017, all samples had 5cx-MEPTP levels above the limit of quantification (LOQ) with a median concentration of 3.35 μg/L (95th percentile: 12.8 μg/L). The other metabolites were detected less frequently and at lower levels but correlated well with 5cx-MEPTP robustly confirming the increasing DEHTP exposure. All 5cx-MEPTP concentrations were well below the German health based guidance value (HBM-I) of 2800 μg/L for adults. Likewise, the median calculated daily intake, based on 5cx-MEPTP measured in 2017, was 0.74 μg/kg bw∗d (95th percentile: 3.86 μg/kg bw∗d), still well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1000 μg/kg bw∗d. Based on current toxicological knowledge we can hence conclude that for the population investigated, DEHTP exposure gives no reason for immediate concern. However, the steep ongoing increase of DEHTP exposure warrants further close monitoring in the future, preferably also in sub-populations with known higher exposures to plasticizers, especially children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - V Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time trend of exposure to the phthalate plasticizer substitute DINCH in Germany from 1999 to 2017: Biomonitoring data on young adults from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1084-1092. [PMID: 31378638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DINCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-diisononyl ester) is a phthalate plasticizer substitute introduced into the market in 2002. It is increasingly used especially in the production of toys, food contact materials and medical devices. In this measurement campaign on 24-h urine samples of young adults (20-29 years) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected in 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (in total 300 samples, 60 samples/year) we analyzed three specific, oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester; cx-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxy-isooctyl) ester, oxo-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester). We merged these data with earlier data of the ESB from the years 1999-2012 and are now able to report levels and time trends of internal DINCH exposure from 1999 to 2017. After first detections of the major oxidized DINCH metabolite OH-MINCH in 2006 (6.7%) detection rates rapidly increased to 43.3% in 2009, 80% in 2010 and 98.3% in 2011 and 2012. From the year 2013 on we could detect OH-MINCH in every urine sample analyzed. The median concentrations of OH-MINCH rapidly increased from 0.15 μg/L in 2010 to twice the concentration in 2011 (0.31 μg/L) with further increases in 2013 (0.37 μg/L), 2015 (0.59 μg/L) and 2017 (0.70 μg/L). Similar increases, albeit at lower detection rates and concentration levels, could be observed for cx-MINCH and oxo-MINCH. All metabolites strongly correlate with each other. For the ESB study population, DINCH exposures are still far below health based guidance values such as the German Human Biomonitoring Value (HBM-I; 4,500 μg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH) or the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of EFSA (1 mg/kg bw/d). The median daily DINCH intake (DI) calculated for 2017 was 0.23 μg/kg bw/d, thus 4,310-times lower than the TDI. The maximum DI calculated for one individual in 2012 (42.60 μg/kg bw/d) was a factor of more than 20 below the TDI. The ongoing increase in DINCH exposure needs to be closely monitored in the future, including populations with potentially higher exposures such as children. This close monitoring will enable timely exposure and risk reduction measures if exposures reached critical levels, or if new toxicological data lead to lower health based guidance values. DINCH belongs to the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) priority substances for which policy relevant questions still have to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
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Koppen G, Govarts E, Vanermen G, Voorspoels S, Govindan M, Dewolf MC, Den Hond E, Biot P, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Angerer J, Koch HM, Schindler BK, Castaño A, López ME, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Knudsen LE, Joas R, Joas A, Schoeters G, Covaci A. Mothers and children are related, even in exposure to chemicals present in common consumer products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:297-307. [PMID: 31146101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are detectable in the vast majority of people. Most humans are continuously exposed to these chemicals due to their presence in food or in everyday consumer products. The measurement of these compounds in family members may help to explore the impact of major lifestyle factors on exposure. Mothers and (young) children are especially interesting to study, as they mostly share considerable parts of daily life together. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) were measured in first morning void urine, collected in mother-child pairs (n = 129) on the same day. The mothers (27-45y) and their children (6-11y) were recruited in the Brussels agglomeration and rural areas of Belgium in the context of the European COPHES-DEMOCOPHES human biomonitoring project. Face-to-face questionnaires gathered information on major exposure sources and lifestyle factors. Exposure determinants were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS The investigated compounds were detectable in nearly all mothers (92.8-100%) and all children (95.2-100%). The range (P90 vs. P10) of differences in urinary concentrations within each age group was for most compounds around 10-20 fold, and was very high for TCS up to 35 and 350-fold in children and mothers respectively. Some participants exceeded the tolerable daily intake guidelines as far as they were available from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Overall, for BPA, the urinary concentrations were similar among both age groups. Most urinary phthalate metabolites were higher in children compared to the mothers, except for monoethyl phthalate (MEP). TCS levels were generally higher in the mothers. Despite the difference in mothers' and children's urinary concentrations, the creatinine-corrected levels were correlated for all biomarkers (Spearman rank r = 0.32 to 0.66, p < 0.001). Furthermore, for phthalates, similar home and lifestyle factors were associated with the urinary concentrations in both age groups: home renovation during last two years or redecoration during the last year for di-ethyl phthalate (DEP); PVC in home for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and personal care products use for DiBP and DnBP. Based on questionnaire information on general food type consumption patterns, the exposure variability could not be explained. However, comparing the phthalate intake from the current study with earlier assessed Belgian food intake calculations for both ages, food in general was estimated to be the major intake source for di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), with diminishing importance for BBzP, DiBP and DnBP. CONCLUSION Our results confirm, that children and their mothers, sharing diets and home environments, also share exposure in common consumer products related chemicals. By collecting morning urine levels on the same day, and using basic questionnaires, suspected exposure routes could be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Koppen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Guido Vanermen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | | | - Marie-Christine Dewolf
- Environment and Health Risk Assessment Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire - Hygiène Publique en Hainaut, Mons, Belgium.
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene (PIH), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ludwine Casteleyn
- University of Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Gerda Schwedler
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Birgit K Schindler
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), National Centre for Environmental Health (CNSA) Ctra. Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), National Centre for Environmental Health (CNSA) Ctra. Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Exley
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Science International, Lyceumstraat 2 4561 HV Hulst, the Netherlands.
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 København, Denmark.
| | - Reinhard Joas
- Senior Advisor Environment and Health/chemicals, Grauertstrasse 12, 81545 Munich, Germany.
| | - Anke Joas
- Senior Advisor Environment and Health/chemicals, Grauertstrasse 12, 81545 Munich, Germany.
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Public Health/ Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
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Li J, Zheng L, Wang X, Yao K, Shi L, Sun X, Yang G, Jiang L, Zhang C, Wang Y, Jiang L, Liu X. Taurine protects INS-1 cells from apoptosis induced by Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate via reducing oxidative stress and autophagy. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:445-456. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1588931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liangliang Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
- Natural Products Engineering Technology Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Afliated Zhong Shan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Chaoyang, Chaoyang, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Natural Products Engineering Technology Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
- Preventive Medicine Laboratory College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
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Garí M, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Jankowska A, Wesołowska E, Hanke W, Nowak D, Bose-O'Reilly S, Polańska K. Determinants of phthalate exposure and risk assessment in children from Poland. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:742-753. [PMID: 31003057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of widely used chemicals and humans are exposed to them in their daily life. Some phthalates may affect the hormonal balance in both children and adults. The aim of this study was to assess the phthalate exposure and its determinants among children at age of 7 years from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL). 250 urine samples collected in 2014-2015 were analysed for 21 metabolites of 11 parent phthalates using on-line high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). This represents the most extensive set of phthalate metabolites ever determined for Poland. Ten metabolites were quantifiable in 100% of the samples, another eight in >90%. The highest median concentrations were found for the primary monoester metabolites of di-iso-butyl (MiBP, 72.4 μg/l), di-n-butyl (MnBP, 56.3 μg/l) and diethyl (MEP, 42.0 μg/l) phthalate, followed by the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl (ΣDEHP, 89.3 μg/l) and di-iso-nonyl (ΣDiNP, 21.9 μg/l) phthalate metabolites. Metabolite concentrations were higher in children at 7 years than in the same children at age 2 or in their mothers during pregnancy. Generally, phthalate exposures in this study were much higher than exposures reported in other European populations. Multivariate regression models showed that body mass index, place of residence, breastfeeding duration, socio-economic status and parental education were associated with the metabolite levels in the 7-year old children. Daily intake and hazard index calculations revealed that a small percentage of children (around 3-10%) exceeded the tolerable daily intakes established by international institutions such as EFSA and U.S. EPA indicating that these children might be at risk of anti-androgenic effects from the individual and cumulative exposure to phthalates. Thus, further monitoring of this population, by educational programs and follow-up interventions, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Garí
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Jankowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wesołowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kinga Polańska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
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Inter-Day Variability of Metabolites of DEHP and DnBP in Human Urine-Comparability of the Results of Longitudinal Studies with a Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061029. [PMID: 30901880 PMCID: PMC6466218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the current paper, we compare the inter-day variability of the metabolite concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in 247 morning urine samples obtained from 19 probands of different age and sex with the metabolite concentration in morning urine obtained from 215 probands of the “Tübingen Survey” cross-sectional study. In the first longitudinal study the morning urine of seven volunteers was collected four times a year for seven consecutive days (course of the year study). In a second study the morning urine of 12 students of a boarding school was collected on five consecutive days (course of a week study). For participants of the two different longitudinal studies we obtained mean concentrations in first void morning urine for mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP) in the range from 21.3 to 110 µg/L, 10.5 to 35.6 µg/L for mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), and 45.5 to 143 µg/L for mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (5cx-MEPP). The corresponding relative standard deviations (rel. Std.D in %) for these DEHP-metabolites vary between 45.2% and 262%. The 50th percentiles vary for 5OH-MEHP between 17.5 and 65.6 µg/L, for 5oxo-MEHP between 9.0 and 20.3 µg/L and for 5cx-MEPP between 42.5 and 82.0 µg/L. For participants of the “Tübingen Survey” cross-sectional study the means vary for 5OH-MEHP between 58.2 and 85.0 µg/L, between 33.6 and 38.7 µg/L for 5oxo-MEHP and between 110 and 158 µg/L for 5cx-MEPP with rel. standard deviations in a range between 86.5 to 175%. The corresponding 50th percentiles vary for 5OH-MEHP between 26.5 and 42.3 µg/L, for 5oxo-MEHP between 18.0 and 26.3 µg/L, and for 5cx-MEPP between 57.2 and 77.6 µg/L. In order to compare the data from the longitudinal studies with the data from the cross-sectional study, the frequency distribution of the results of both types of studies was compared first. In a second step, the results of a t-test (p-values) was used to check whether the results of the long-term studies differ statistically significantly from the results of the cross-sectional study (p < 0.05). The present data show that the frequency distributions of DEHP-metabolites are comparable. For most of the participants respectively subject groups t-test results prove that no statistical significant difference between results obtained from longitudinal studies compared to the results of the cross-sectional study are apparent. The available data on the exposure of individual subjects mirror the data obtained from cross-sectional studies of the general population and give hints to the risk of individual increased DEHP exposure. Results also highlight the importance of living conditions on the risk of increased DEHP exposure.
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Lee I, Alakeel R, Kim S, Al-Sheikh YA, Al-Mandeel H, Alyousef AA, Kho Y, Choi K. Urinary phthalate metabolites among children in Saudi Arabia: Occurrences, risks, and their association with oxidative stress markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1350-1357. [PMID: 30841407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been used as plasticizers in numerous consumer applications and therefore, their metabolites have been detected in human urine worldwide. Despite concerns regarding their potential adverse health effects, few exposure assessments have been conducted among young populations in Middle Eastern countries. In this study, children (n = 109, aged 3-9 years) were recruited from four elementary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2017, and major phthalate metabolites were measured in their urine. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on their behalf to assess potential exposure sources of phthalates. In addition to 18 phthalate metabolites, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in urine samples by LC/MS/MS. Among the children of Saudi Arabia, urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and monobutyl phthalate (MnBP) were higher than those reported previously in children worldwide. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was also detected at high levels. Several phthalate metabolites showed significant associations with the levels of MDA or 8-OHdG. Hazard quotients (HQs) derived for certain phthalates were greater than one. In particular, the HQs for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were greater than one in 34% of the participating children. Levels of monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), monoisodecyl phthalate (MiDP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (MCMHP) in the urine samples were positively associated with the consumption frequency of certain foods. Very high levels of exposure to phthalates, along with positive associations with oxidative stress markers, outline the importance of follow-up investigations for identification of phthalate exposure sources and potential health implications among the young population of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Hazem Al-Mandeel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University
| | - Abdullah A Alyousef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wang R, Wang Q, Ma C, Li S, Han R. Phthalates in soft glass (a soft transparent PVC plastic sheet used extensively in household and public place in developing countries in recent years): Implication for oral exposure to young children. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:861-866. [PMID: 30103141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been several years that a soft transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic sheet, commonly known as "soft glass", or "crystal plate" in China and other developing countries, has quietly and gradually found extensive applications. This material has widely replaced cloth and glass as table cover in household and office, and replaced cloth as door drape in public place in China. In this study, the concentration of plasticizer used in soft glass and the migration of the plasticizer from soft glass to olive oil and porcine skin during contact were determined. The oral exposure of young children to the plasticizer from soft glass was estimated for the first time. Two exposure routes, one via ingestion of contaminated food, the other via mouthing of contaminated hand, were considered. It is found that Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the major plasticizer used in soft glass, which could leach out of the material and migrate easily to the olive oil and porcine skin during contact. A rough estimation of oral exposure for young children to DEHP from soft glass was 126 μg/person/d, which would be converted to 12.6 μg/kg bw/d and 7.9 μg/kg bw/d, for body weight of 10 kg and 16 kg, respectively. The estimated exposure dosages would not pose immediate health hazard to the children. The implications of these dosages were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Zhengzhou University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou, Kexue Dadao #100, 450001, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Zhengzhou University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou, Kexue Dadao #100, 450001, China
| | - Chenghui Ma
- Zhengzhou University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou, Kexue Dadao #100, 450001, China
| | - Shengjiao Li
- Zhengzhou University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou, Kexue Dadao #100, 450001, China
| | - Runping Han
- Zhengzhou University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou, Kexue Dadao #100, 450001, China
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Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112336. [PMID: 30360526 PMCID: PMC6265767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.
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Liu J, Wattar N, Field CJ, Dinu I, Dewey D, Martin JW. Exposure and dietary sources of bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA-alternatives among mothers in the APrON cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:319-326. [PMID: 29990952 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diet is regarded as the main source of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, but comparatively little is known about dietary sources of BPA-alternatives. Here we measured exposure of BPA and BPA-alternatives among pregnant women in Canada, estimated their 24-h intakes and examined the importance of various dietary sources. Free and total BPA, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were measured in 467 second trimester maternal urine samples, and in 455 paired samples collected at three months postpartum. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations between urinary concentrations of bisphenols and 24-h dietary recall data. The geometric means of total BPA in second trimester and postpartum urine (1.2 and 0.95 ng/mL, respectively) were 5-7 times higher than corresponding total BPS (0.16 and 0.17 ng/mL). The detection frequency of BPF was only 9% (i.e. >1.0 ng/mL). However, at both time points 95th percentiles of total BPF (7.3 and 4.2 ng/mL, respectively) were similar to total BPA (8.2 and 5.0 ng/mL). Free BPS and BPF were detected in <2% of samples, but were detectable when total BPS or BPF concentrations were highest, always at <1% of the total concentration. The tolerable daily intake for total BPA (i.e. 18 nmol/kg BW/d) was not exceeded, but for BPS the estimated 24-h intake was as high as 14 nmol/kg BW/d (95th percentile: 0.12 nmol/kg BW/d), and for BPF was even higher among the highest centile of exposure (maximum and 95th percentile: 30, 0.81 nmol/kg BW/d). Canned food consumption was associated with higher total BPA, but was not associated with BPS. For BPF, mustard consumption may be an important exposure source, particularly among the highest exposed. Relatively high exposure to BPS and BPF in a minority of pregnant women highlights the need to better understand the associated health risks and exposure sources of BPA-alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Nour Wattar
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Irina Dinu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences and Owerko Centre at the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Castro-Correia C, Correia-Sá L, Norberto S, Delerue-Matos C, Domingues V, Costa-Santos C, Fontoura M, Calhau C. Phthalates and type 1 diabetes: is there any link? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17915-17919. [PMID: 29680886 PMCID: PMC6028856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemical compounds used as plasticizers in the manufacture of plastic materials. They can be present in many commonly used products. There seems to be a relationship between exposure to phthalates and the occurrence of metabolic dysfunctions, such as a decrease in glucose tolerance, oxidative stress, loss of beta cells, and a decrease in insulin synthesis. As beta cells play a key role in the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), we sought to investigate the relationship between exposure to phthalates and the diagnosis of T1DM in prepubertal children. Design concentrations of phthalate metabolites were compared in the urine of a population of prepubertal children with new-onset diabetes, patients with T1DM diagnosed more than 6 months previously, and healthy control children. Although the concentrations of DBP and DiBP metabolites were statistically identical in the new-onset diabetes, diabetes, and control groups, there was a clear trend for higher levels of DiBP metabolites in the children with new-onset diabetes. In our sample, there was a trend for higher levels of DiBP metabolites in children with new-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Castro-Correia
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatrics Service, São João Integrated Pediatric Hospital, School of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Hospital S João, Serviço de Pediatria, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Institute of Engineering of Porto of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Norberto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Institute of Engineering of Porto of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Institute of Engineering of Porto of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Costa-Santos
- MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde - CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Fontoura
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatrics Service, São João Integrated Pediatric Hospital, School of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde - CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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40
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Obesity or diet? Levels and determinants of phthalate body burden – A case study on Portuguese children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:519-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Correia-Sá L, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Schütze A, Pälmke C, Norberto S, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Koch HM. Exposure assessment to bisphenol A (BPA) in Portuguese children by human biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27502-27514. [PMID: 28980160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is known to be widespread and available data suggests that BPA can act as an endocrine disruptor. Diet is generally regarded as the dominant BPA exposure source, namely through leaching to food from packaging materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of 110 Portuguese children (4-18 years old), divided in two groups: the regular diet group (n = 43) comprised healthy normal weight/underweight children with no dietary control; the healthy diet group (n = 67) comprised children diagnosed for obesity/overweight (without other known associated diseases) that were set on a healthy diet for weight control. First morning urine samples were collected and total urinary BPA was analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis via on-line HPLC-MS/MS with isotope dilution quantification. Virtually, all the children were exposed to BPA, with 91% of the samples above the LOQ (limit of quantification) of 0.1 μg/L. The median (95th percentile) urinary BPA levels for non-normalized and creatinine-corrected values were 1.89 μg/L (16.0) and 1.92 μg/g creatinine (14.4), respectively. BPA levels in the regular diet group were higher than in the healthy diet group, but differences were not significant. Calculated daily BPA intakes, however, were significantly higher in children of the regular diet group than in children of healthy diet group. Median (95th percentile) daily intakes amounted to 41.6 (467) ng/kg body weight/day in the regular diet group, and 23.2 (197) ng/kg body weight/day in the healthy diet group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that children in the healthy diet group had 33% lower intakes than children in the regular diet group (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51-0.89). For both groups, however, urinary BPA levels and daily BPA intakes were within the range reported for other children's populations and were well below health guidance values such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg body weight/day. In addition, lower daily BPA intakes were more likely linked with the inherent dietary approach rather than with high BMI or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - André Schütze
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sónia Norberto
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Moreau M, Leonard J, Phillips KA, Campbell J, Pendse SN, Nicolas C, Phillips M, Yoon M, Tan YM, Smith S, Pudukodu H, Isaacs K, Clewell H. Using exposure prediction tools to link exposure and dosimetry for risk-based decisions: A case study with phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1194-1201. [PMID: 28672700 PMCID: PMC6084441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A few different exposure prediction tools were evaluated for use in the new in vitro-based safety assessment paradigm using di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) as case compounds. Daily intake of each phthalate was estimated using both high-throughput (HT) prediction models such as the HT Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation model (SHEDS-HT) and the ExpoCast heuristic model and non-HT approaches based on chemical specific exposure estimations in the environment in conjunction with human exposure factors. Reverse dosimetry was performed using a published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for phthalates and their metabolites to provide a comparison point. Daily intakes of DEHP and DnBP were estimated based on the urinary concentrations of their respective monoesters, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and monobutyl phthalate (MnBP), reported in NHANES (2011-2012). The PBPK-reverse dosimetry estimated daily intakes at the 50th and 95th percentiles were 0.68 and 9.58 μg/kg/d and 0.089 and 0.68 μg/kg/d for DEHP and DnBP, respectively. For DEHP, the estimated median from PBPK-reverse dosimetry was about 3.6-fold higher than the ExpoCast estimate (0.68 and 0.18 μg/kg/d, respectively). For DnBP, the estimated median was similar to that predicted by ExpoCast (0.089 and 0.094 μg/kg/d, respectively). The SHEDS-HT prediction of DnBP intake from consumer product pathways alone was higher at 0.67 μg/kg/d. The PBPK-reverse dosimetry-estimated median intake of DEHP and DnBP was comparable to values previously reported for US populations. These comparisons provide insights into establishing criteria for selecting appropriate exposure prediction tools for use in an integrated modeling platform to link exposure to health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Moreau
- Scitovation, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jeremy Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Katherine A Phillips
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Durham, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jerry Campbell
- Ramboll Environ, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States
| | - Salil N Pendse
- Scitovation, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States
| | | | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- Scitovation, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Durham, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Sherrie Smith
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Harish Pudukodu
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Durham, NC 27709, United States
| | - Harvey Clewell
- Scitovation, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States
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Nepelska M, Odum J, Munn S. Adverse Outcome Pathway: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation and Reproductive Toxicity—Development and Application in Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors/Reproductive Toxicants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nepelska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jenny Odum
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, England
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
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Lessmann F, Correia-Sá L, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Weiss T, Brüning T, Koch HM. Exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in Portuguese children - Urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:25-32. [PMID: 28407489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Classical ortho-phthalate plasticizers are, due to their endocrine disrupting potency and reproductive toxicity, increasingly replaced by alternative plasticizers. Di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) is one of these substitutes. In this study, we investigated DEHTP exposure in 107 Portuguese children (4-17years old) by analyzing specific DEHTP metabolites in their urine using a newly developed LC-MS/MS method. We could detect the major, specific DEHTP metabolite mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) terephthalate (5cx-MEPTP) in 100% of the samples with levels above the limit of quantification in 96% of the samples (median concentration 4.19μg/L; 95th percentile 26.4μg/L; maximum 3400μg/L). Other minor DEHTP metabolites (5OH-MEHTP, 5oxo-MEHTP and 2cx-MMHTP) were detected at lower rates and levels. Daily DEHTP intakes calculated from urinary 5cx-MEPTP levels were generally far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1000μg/kgbw/d (median 0.67μg/kgbw/d; 95th percentile 6.25μg/kgbw/d; maximum 690μg/kgbw/d). However, for one child the biomarker-derived health-based guidance value (HBM-I value) for 5cx-MEPTP of 1800μg/L was exceeded by about a factor of two. Levels of 5cx-MEPTP and calculated daily DEHTP intakes were higher in normal/under-weight children who nourished on their usual diet compared to overweight/obese children who received nutritional guidance with fresh and unprocessed food (p=0.043 and p<0.001 respectively). This indicates to processed and fatty foodstuff as a major source of DEHTP exposure. Additionally, we found children of lower age having higher DEHTP intakes (p=0.045). Again, foodstuff as a major DEHTP source, together with other child specific DEHTP sources such as mouthing of toys or ingestion of dust might be contributing factors. With the present study, we provide a first data set on the omnipresent DEHTP exposure in children. So far, general levels of DEHTP exposure seem no cause for concern. However, due to the increasing use of DEHTP as an ortho-phthalate substitute, possible increasing exposures in the future should be followed closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (CINTESIS), Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (CINTESIS), Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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45
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Correia-Sá L, Schütze A, Norberto S, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Koch HM. Exposure of Portuguese children to the novel non-phthalate plasticizer di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:79-86. [PMID: 28188053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) is used as substitute for high molecular weight phthalate plasticizers such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-(iso-nonyl) phthalate (DINP). Due to a rapid substitution process we have to assume omnipresent and increasing DINCH exposures. The aim of this study was to evaluate DINCH exposure in 112 children (4-18years old) from Portugal, divided in two groups: 1) normal-/underweight following the usual diet; and 2) obese/overweight but under strict nutritional guidance. First morning urine samples were collected during the years 2014 and 2015. Oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH, oxo-MINCH, cx-MINCH) were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis via on-line HPLC-MS/MS with isotope dilution quantification. We detected DINCH metabolites in all analyzed samples. Urinary median (95th percentile) concentrations were 2.14μg/L (15.91) for OH-MINCH, followed by 1.10μg/L (7.54) for oxo-MINCH and 1.08μg/L (7.33) for cx-MINCH. We observed no significant differences between the two child-groups; only after creatinine adjustment, we found higher metabolite concentrations in the younger compared to the older children. Median (95th percentile) daily DINCH intakes were in the range of 0.37 to 0.76 (2.52 to 5.61) μg/kg body weight/day depending on calculation model and subpopulation. Body weight related daily intakes were somewhat higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2, irrespective of the calculation model. However, in terms of absolute amounts (μg/day), DINCH intakes were higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1. In regard to age, we calculated higher intakes for the younger children compared to older children, but only with the creatinine-based model. This new data for southern European, Portuguese children adds information to the scarce knowledge on DINCH, confirming omnipresent exposure and suggesting higher exposures in children than adults. Significant sources and routes of exposure have yet to be unveiled. For now, all calculated daily intakes are far below established health benchmark levels (TDI, RfD). However, rapidly increasing exposures have to be expected over the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Schütze
- IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sónia Norberto
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Holger M Koch
- IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Chen CC, Wang YH, Wang SL, Huang PC, Chuang SC, Chen MH, Chen BH, Sun CW, Fu HC, Lee CC, Wu MT, Chen ML, Hsiung CA. Exposure sources and their relative contributions to urinary phthalate metabolites among children in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:869-879. [PMID: 28457892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure is omnipresent and known to have developmental and reproductive effects in children. The aim of this study was to determine the phthalate exposure sources and their relative contributions among children in Taiwan. During the first wave of the Risk Assessment of Phthalate Incident in Taiwan (RAPIT), in 2012, we measured 8 urinary phthalate metabolites in 226 children aged 1-11 years old and in 181 children from the same cohort for the wave 2 study in 2014. A two-stage statistical analysis approach was adopted. First, a stepwise regression model was used to screen 80 questions that explored the exposure frequency and lifestyle for potential associations. Second, the remaining questions with positive regression coefficients were grouped into the following 6 exposure categories: plastic container/packaging, food, indoor environment, personal care products, toys, and eating out. A mixed model was then applied to assess the relative contributions of these categories for each metabolite. The use of plastic container or food packaging were dominant exposure sources for mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). The indoor environment was a major exposure source of mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP). The consumption of seafood showed a significant correlation with MEHP. The children's modified dietary behavior and improved living environment in the second study wave were associated with lower phthalate metabolite levels, showing that phthalate exposures can be effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chih Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chun Fu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substance, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Wen HJ, Chen CC, Wu MT, Chen ML, Sun CW, Wu WC, Huang IW, Huang PC, Yu TY, Hsiung CA, Wang SL. Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones and sex-hormone binding globulin before puberty - Phthalate contaminated-foodstuff episode in Taiwan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175536. [PMID: 28410414 PMCID: PMC5391940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In May 2011, a major incident involving phthalates-contaminated foodstuffs occurred in Taiwan. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was added to foodstuffs, mainly juice, jelly, tea, sports drink, and dietary supplements. Concerns arose that normal pubertal development, especially reproductive hormone regulation in children, could be disrupted by DEHP exposure. Objective To investigate the association between phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone levels among children following potential exposure to phthalate-tainted foodstuffs. Methods A total of 239 children aged <12 years old were recruited from 3 hospitals in north, central, and south Taiwan after the episode. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the frequency and quantity of exposures to 5 categories of phthalate-contaminated foodstuffs to assess phthalate exposure in children. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of phthalate metabolites. The estimated daily intake of DEHP exposure at the time of the contamination incident occurred was calculated using both questionnaire data and urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations between phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone levels in children. Results After excluding children with missing data regarding exposure levels and hormone concentrations and girls with menstruation, 222 children were included in the statistical analyses. After adjustment for age and birth weight, girls with above median levels of urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and sum of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate concentrations had higher odds of above median follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations. Girls with above median estimated average daily DEHP exposures following the contamination episode also had higher odds of sex hormone-binding globulin above median levels. Conclusions Phthalate exposure was associated with alterations of reproductive hormone levels in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chiu Wu
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Huang
- Department of gynecology and obstetrics, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Yu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chao A. Hsiung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Division of Health Policy Translation, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CAH); (SLW)
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CAH); (SLW)
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She Y, Jiang L, Zheng L, Zuo H, Chen M, Sun X, Li Q, Geng C, Yang G, Jiang L, Liu X. The role of oxidative stress in DNA damage in pancreatic β cells induced by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 265:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Araki A, Mitsui T, Goudarzi H, Nakajima T, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Cho K, Moriya K, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Kishi R. Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure and disruption of adrenal androgens and glucocorticoids levels in cord blood: The Hokkaido Study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:297-304. [PMID: 28043700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is known for its endocrine disrupting properties. We previously demonstrated that prenatal DEHP exposure is associated with decreased progesterone levels and testosterone/estradiol ratio in the cord blood. However, evidence of the effects of prenatal DEHP exposure on adrenal androgen and glucocorticoids in infants is scarce. Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate the association between prenatal DEHP exposure and adrenal androgen and glucocorticoids, and to discuss its effects on steroid hormone profiles in infants. This is part of a birth cohort study: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health, Sapporo Cohort. Among the 514 participants, 202 mother-infant pairs with available data on maternal mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), adrenal androgen (dehydroepiandrostenedione [DHEA] and androstenedione) and glucocorticoid (cortisol and cortisone) cord blood levels were included in this study. After adjusting for potential confounders, a linear regression analysis showed that maternal MEHP levels were associated with reduced cortisol and cortisone levels and glucocorticoid/adrenal androgen ratio, whereas increased DHEA levels and DHEA/androstenedione ratio. In a quartile model, when comparing the adjusted least square means in the 4th quartile of MEHP with those in the 1st quartile, cortisol and cortisone levels and glucocorticoid/adrenal androgen ratio decreased, whereas DHEA/androstenedione and cortisol/cortisone ratios increased. Significant p-value trends for cortisol and cortisone levels, cortisol/cortisone ratio, and glucocorticoid/adrenal androgen ratio were observed. In combination with the previous results of reduced progesterone levels and testosterone/estradiol ratio, prenatal exposure to DEHP altered the steroid hormone profiles of infants. Further studies investigating the long-term effects of DEHP exposure on growth, neurodevelopment, and gonad and reproductive function are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Yamanashi University, 1110, Shimogato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Moriya
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nonomura
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Kushiro Rosai Hospital, 13-23, Nakazono-cho, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Wang IJ, Karmaus WJJ. Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants May Modify Associations of Phthalate Exposures with Asthma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020162. [PMID: 28208751 PMCID: PMC5334716 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Phthalate exposure may increase the risk of asthma. Little is known about whether oxidative-stress related genes may alter this association. First, this motivated us to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of the oxidative-stress related genes glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and EPHX1 in children are associated with phthalate urine concentrations. Second, we addressed the question whether these genes may affect the influence of phthalates on asthma. Methods: In a case-control study composed of 126 asthmatic children and 327 controls, urine phthalate metabolites (monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (MEHHP) were measured by UPLC-MS/MS at age 3. Genetic variants were analyzed by TaqMan assay. Information on asthma and environmental exposures was also collected. Analyses of variance and logistic regressions were performed. Results: Urine MEHHP levels were associated with asthma (adjusted OR 1.33, 95% CI (1.11–1.60). Children with the GSTP1 (rs1695) AA and SOD2 (rs5746136) TT genotypes had higher MEHHP levels as compared to GG and CC types, respectively. Since only SOD2 TT genotype was significantly associated with asthma (adjusted OR (95% CI): 2.78 (1.54–5.02)), we estimated whether SOD2 variants modify the association of MEHHP levels and asthma. As MEHHP concentrations were dependent on GSTP1 and SOD2, but the assessment of interaction requires independent variables, we estimated MEHHP residuals and assessed their interaction, showing that the OR for SOD2 TT was further elevated to 3.32 (1.75–6.32) when the residuals of MEHHP were high. Conclusions: Urine phthalate metabolite concentrations are associated with oxidative-stress related genetic variants. Genetic variants of SOD2, considered to be reflect oxidative stress metabolisms, might modify the association of phthalate exposure with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan.
- Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 100044, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung 110001, Taiwan.
| | - Wilfried J J Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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