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Medeiros RC, Sammarro Silva KJ, Daniel LA. Wastewater treatment performance in microbiological removal and (oo)cyst viability assessed comparatively to fluorescence decay. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:962-970. [PMID: 32799634 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1811396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater is a source of pathogenic protozoan (oo)cysts and may play a significant role in spreading waterborne diseases. This scenario becomes more critical as treated sewage from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is discharged into springs, which are often used for water supply, irrigation, recreation and, further downstream, indirect potable reuse, quite common in Brazil. This study aimed to elucidate, regarding microbiological quality, the performance of a full-scale WWTP, consisting of preliminary treatment, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, activated sludge system and ultraviolet (UV) radiation disinfection. Pathogenic protozoa (Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts), as well as microbiological indicators (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens), were evaluated in terms of their removal. In addition, (oo)cyst viability and fluorescence reduction were assessed. By using the data obtained from this research, the prevalence of infection estimated for the population served by the WWTP was between 7.4% and 14.8% for giardiasis, and between 0.055% and 0.11% for cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Corrêa Medeiros
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria - campus Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Schmiege D, Zacharias N, Sib E, Falkenberg T, Moebus S, Evers M, Kistemann T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in urban community wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147269. [PMID: 33932656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) and the spread of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli via wastewater to environmental compartments are of rapidly growing global health concern. Health care facilities, industries and slaughterhouses discharge high loads of ABR bacteria with their wastewater. However, the general community is often the biggest indirect discharger. Yet, research focusing explicitly on this important diffuse source is rather scarce raising questions about variations in the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in wastewater from different communities and over time. Between April 2019 and March 2020, wastewater from three socio-spatially different districts in the Ruhr Metropolis, Germany, and the receiving wastewater treatment plant was sampled monthly and analysed for the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli via culture-based methods. Isolates were validated with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and antibiotic resistance profiles were analysed via microdilution. Results were interpreted using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing criteria. The German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention criteria were used for multidrug-resistance categorization. Phenotypic ESBL-producing E. coli could be isolated from every wastewater sample demonstrating that the general community is an important indirect discharger. The socio-spatially disadvantaged area displayed higher absolute loads of ESBL-producing E. coli compared to the other two areas, as well as higher adjusted loads for domestic discharge and inhabitants, particularly during winter, indicating a higher ABR burden. Thirty-two isolates (28.6%) were characterized as multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (3MRGN). Resistance profiles varied only for those antibiotics, which can be administered in outpatient care. Resistance levels tended to be around 10% lower in the socio-spatially advantaged area. This study shows that spatial and seasonal influences regarding the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in wastewater from socio-spatially different communities are identifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schmiege
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Urban Public Health, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Nicole Zacharias
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Esther Sib
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Timo Falkenberg
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Urban Public Health, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Mariele Evers
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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Ding H, Qiao M, Zhong J, Zhu Y, Guo C, Zhang Q, Yang P, Han L, Zhang W, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhang L, Sun J. Characterization of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community in selected municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants beside Poyang Lake. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115603. [PMID: 32092547 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are significant reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Municipal STPs (MSTPs) and industrial STPs (ISTPs) are the two most important STP types in cities. In this study, the ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and bacterial communities of selected STPs, including two MSTPs and one ISTP, in the vicinity of Poyang Lake were comprehensively investigated through high-throughput qPCR and high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the profiles of ARGs, MGEs and bacteria differed between the ISTP and the two MSTPs, most likely due to differences in influent water quality, such as the Pb that characterized in the ISTP's influent. The longer hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of the two MSTPs than of the ISTP may also have accounted for the different profiles. Thus, a prolonged HRT in the CASS process seems to allow a more extensive removal of ARGs and bacteria in ISTPs with similar treatment process. By providing comprehensive insights into the characteristics of ARGs, MGEs and the bacterial communities of the selected MSTPs and ISTP, our study provides a scientific basis for controlling the propagation and diffusion of ARGs and ARB in different types of STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Ding
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China.
| | - Min Qiao
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jiayou Zhong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Yongguan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chunjing Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Liu Han
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Weihao Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yixiao Wu
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jutao Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Lanting Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Junhong Sun
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
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Anforderungen der Hygiene an abwasserführende Systeme in medizinischen Einrichtungen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:484-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Medeiros RC, Daniel LA, de Oliveira GL, Hoffmann MT. Performance of a small-scale wastewater treatment plant for removal of pathogenic protozoa (oo)cysts and indicator microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3492-3501. [PMID: 29813004 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1480063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium are associated with numerous outbreaks of waterborne diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of Giardia spp. cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in raw wastewater and their removals at UASB reactor, activated sludge system (operated conventionally and extended aeration) and slow sand filtration. Giardia spp. cysts were present in 100% and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in 31.4% of the analysed wastewater samples. The UASB reactor followed by activated sludge system obtained approximately 2.0 log of removal for total coliforms and E. coli, whereas for C. perfringens and Giardia spp. cysts, it obtained 1 log. There was a high percentage of (oo)cysts still viable after secondary treatment, therefore, the risk of contamination of water courses and, consequently, for public health is considerable. However, after tertiary filtration, no (oo)cysts were found in any of the filtered effluent samples, being a good option for future reuse. Seasonal variations did not affect the concentrations and removals of microorganisms observed. Lack of correlations of concentrations of indicator microorganisms and (oo)cysts raise caveats and doubts regarding the true microbiological quality when using only indicator microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Corrêa Medeiros
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria , Frederico Westphalen , Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Laila de Oliveira
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Hoffmann
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
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Schreiber C, Heinkel SB, Zacharias N, Mertens FM, Christoffels E, Gayer U, Koch C, Kistemann T. Infectious rain? Evaluation of human pathogen concentrations in stormwater in separate sewer systems. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:1022-1030. [PMID: 31799946 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Separate sewer systems collect and discharge rainwater directly into surface water bodies. In residential areas covering moderate traffic load these are alternative drainage routes to avoid combined sewer overflow discharge and to keep rivers clean as required by the EU Water Framework Directive. This overflow's microbial quality, however, needs to be evaluated, since stormwater run-offs are potential pathways for pathogens into river systems. Between 2010 and 2016, two separate sewer systems in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) were investigated. The stormwater outflow was sampled during discharge events and microbiologically analysed. The results showed high concentrations of Escherichia coli (1,100-1,100,000 CFU/100 mL) and Clostridium perfringens (20-13,000 CFU/100 mL). Campylobacter and Salmonella were detected in 97% and 43% of the samples. Giardia cysts were more often detected (31.6%) than Cryptosporidium oocysts (10.5%). The sources of human pathogens in rainwater run-off are heterogeneous. While roads have already been declared as chemical polluters via rainwater run-off, our study detected supplementary pollution of mainly faecal microorganisms. Presumably, failed connections in the sewer system itself are important sources of human pathogens. We suggest treatment of stormwater run-offs before being discharged into the river system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schreiber
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany E-mail:
| | - Sophie-Bo Heinkel
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany E-mail:
| | - Nicole Zacharias
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany E-mail:
| | - Franz-Michael Mertens
- Erftverband, Am Erftverband 6, 50126 Bergheim, Germany; Gut Drinhausen, 52531 Übach-Palenberg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Christoffels
- Erftverband, Am Erftverband 6, 50126 Bergheim, Germany; IBC Ingenieure, Jagdrain 5, 52391 Vettweiß, Germany
| | - Uta Gayer
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany E-mail:
| | - Christoph Koch
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany E-mail:
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany E-mail:
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Lepuschitz S, Schill S, Stoeger A, Pekard-Amenitsch S, Huhulescu S, Inreiter N, Hartl R, Kerschner H, Sorschag S, Springer B, Brisse S, Allerberger F, Mach RL, Ruppitsch W. Whole genome sequencing reveals resemblance between ESBL-producing and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Austrian rivers and clinical isolates from hospitals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:227-235. [PMID: 30690357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety started a pilot project to investigate antimicrobial resistance in surface water. Here we report on the characterisation of carbapenem resistant and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from Austrian river water samples compared to 95 clinical isolates recently obtained in Austrian hospitals. Ten water samples were taken from four main rivers, collected upstream and downstream of major cities in 2016. For subtyping and comparison, public core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) schemes were used. The presence of AMR genes, virulence genes and plasmids was extracted from whole genome sequence (WGS) data. In total three ESBL-producing strains and two carbapenem resistant strains were isolated. WGS based comparison of these five water isolates to 95 clinical isolates identified three clusters. Cluster 1 (ST11) and cluster 2 (ST985) consisted of doublets of carbapenem resistant strains (one water and one clinical isolate each). Cluster 3 (ST405) consisted of three ESBL-producing strains isolated from one water sample and two clinical specimens. The cities, in which patient isolates of cluster 2 and 3 were collected, were in concordance with the water sampling locations downstream from these cities. The genetic concordance between isolates from river water samples and patient isolates raises concerns regarding the release of wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface water. From a public health perspective these findings demand attention and strategies are required to minimize the spread of multiresistant strains to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lepuschitz
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Research Area of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Schill
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Stoeger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiva Pekard-Amenitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steliana Huhulescu
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Inreiter
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hartl
- Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, National Reference Centre for Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Linz, Austria
| | - Heidrun Kerschner
- Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, National Reference Centre for Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Linz, Austria
| | - Sieglinde Sorschag
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Community-Hospital Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Burkhard Springer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert L Mach
- TU Wien, Research Area of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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Tolouei S, Burnet JB, Autixier L, Taghipour M, Bonsteel J, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Temporal variability of parasites, bacterial indicators, and wastewater micropollutants in a water resource recovery facility under various weather conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:446-458. [PMID: 30408731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharges lead to the deterioration of receiving waters through treated effluents and by-passes, combined and sanitary sewer overflows, and cross-connections to storm sewers. The influence of weather conditions on fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens and wastewater micropollutants on raw and treated sewage concentrations has not been extensively characterized. However, such data are needed to understand the effects of by-pass discharges and incomplete treatment on receiving waters. A water resource recovery facility was monitored for pathogenic parasites (Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts), fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens), and wastewater micropollutants (caffeine, carbamazepine, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, acesulfame, sucralose, and aspartame) during 6 events under different weather conditions (snowmelt and trace to 32 mm 2-day cumulative precipitation). Greater intra- and inter-event variability was observed for Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens than for studied WWMPs. Even with the addition of inflow and infiltration, daily variations dominated concentration trends. Thus, afternoon and early evening were identified as critical times with regards to high concentrations and flows for potential by-pass discharges. Peak concentrations of Giardia were observed during the June wet weather event (1010 cysts/L), with the highest flowrates relative to the mean monthly flowrate. Overall, Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations were positively correlated with flowrate (R > 0.32, p < 0.05). In raw sewage samples collected under high precipitation conditions, caffeine, carbamazepine and its metabolite 2-OH-carbamazepine were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with Giardia, E. coli, and C. perfringens demonstrating that they are useful markers for untreated sewage discharges. Data from the study are needed for estimating peak concentrations discharged from wastewater sources in relation to precipitation or snowmelt events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tolouei
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Laurène Autixier
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Milad Taghipour
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jane Bonsteel
- Peel Region, 10 Peel Centre Dr, Brampton, L6T 4B9, ON, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Michéle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Alaoui-Sossé B, Bourioug M, Benbrahim M, Carnus JM, Clert S, Bourgeade P, Aleya L. Influence of different sludge compositions on understorey vegetation in an amended Pinus pinatser forest plantation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1082-1087. [PMID: 30021273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports on the influence of sludge application on understory abundance and species richness in an eight year-old maritime pine forest. Four types of sludge (liquid, dewatered, limed and composted sludge) were applied at a rate equivalent to 3 tons dry weight per ha-1 per year-1. Understorey vegetation was monitored before treatment and for three successive years following initial sludge application. Species richness, the biodiversity index and naturally occurring plant community cover in maritime pine forests were measured. Results showed a significant increase in species richness two years following initial sludge application. In fact, compared to the unamended plot, eighteen additional species (Aira caryophyllea, Cerastium glomeratum, Conyza canadensis, Danthonia decumbens, Geranium robertianum, Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Hypericum humifusum, Hypericum perforatum ssp. perforatum, Jasione montana, Lonicera periclymenum ssp. periclymenum, Ornithopus compressus, Phytolacca americana, Rhamnus frangula, Teesdalia nudicaulis, Veronica arvensis, Vicia sativa angustifolia and Vulpia myuros) appeared after sludge application. Most of these species were observed with the solid limed or composted sludge treatments. The new species then declined the following year, highlighting the temporary effect of sludge treatment on species diversity. However, the cover by these eighteen new species was low and did not exceed 1%, except for Hypericum perforatum and Jasione montana for the limed sludge treatment and Vulpia myuros for the liquid sludge treatment. Additionally, sludge significantly reduces bare soil percentage, which ranged from 5 to 18% compared to the control (38%). According to sludge type, treatment also led to a significant change in species dominance of the understorey plant communities. Indeed, the cover of Molinia caerulea decreased in spite of an increase in Agrostis capillaris and/or Holcus lanatus following application of solid limed, liquid or composted sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Alaoui-Sossé
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Mohamed Bourioug
- Départment d'Agronomie et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, km. 10, Route Haj Kaddour, B.P. S/40, 50001 Meknès, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Benbrahim
- RITTMO Agroenvironnement, ZA Biopôle, 37 rue de Herrlisheim, CS 80023, F-68025 Colmar Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Carnus
- INRA, Unité de Recherches Forestières U 911, Domaine de l'Hermitage, Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Sébastien Clert
- INRA, Unité de Recherches Forestières U 911, Domaine de l'Hermitage, Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Pascale Bourgeade
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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Cryptosporidium and Giardia safety margin increase in leafy green vegetables irrigated with treated wastewater. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:112-119. [PMID: 29066286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Impact of Combined Sewer Overflow on Wastewater Treatment and Microbiological Quality of Rivers for Recreation. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of a one-year study the treatment capacity of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was evaluated, with regard to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and to their influence on the recipient. The logarithmic reduction rates for fecal coliforms (FC), Escherichia coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE) were 2.84, 2.90 and 2.93. In the investigated period of time, the tested treatment plant released 4.3% of the total annual load flow volume as combined sewer overflow (CSO), that is, when the influent into the combined sewer exceeds the capacity of the treatment plant and coarsely cleaned wastewater arrives at the recipient. This CSO discharge increased the number of FIB significantly by 1.2 × 102 MPN/100 mL for EC, and by 1.8 × 101 MPN/100 mL for IE. For the Styrian part of the Mur River (1.6 million inhabitants), a calculation of FIB of all sewage treatment plants estimating the same ratio of CSO (4.3%) and a given mean flow rate (QM) results in a significant increase of the FIB load in the recipient: 3.8 × 103 MPN/100 mL for EC and 5.8 × 102 MPN/100 mL for IE. On the basis of these values the standards of water quality for recreational purposes cannot be met.
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Kistemann T, Schmidt A, Flemming HC. Post-industrial river water quality-Fit for bathing again? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:629-642. [PMID: 27498630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For the Ruhr River, bathing has been prohibited for decades. However, along with significant improvements of the hygienic water quality, there is an increasing demand of using the river for recreational purposes, in particular for bathing. In the "Safe Ruhr" interdisciplinary research project, demands, options and chances for lifting the bathing ban for the Ruhr River were investigated. As being the prominent reason for persisting recreational restrictions, microbiological water quality was in the focus of interest. Not only the faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) as required by the European Bathing Water Directive were considered, but also pathogens such as Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Campylobacter, Leptospira, enteroviruses and protozoan parasites. In this introductory paper, we firstly relate current recreational desires to historical experiences of river bathing. After recapitulating relevant microbial river contamination sources (predominantly sewage treatment plants, combined sewer overflows, and surface runoffs), we review existing knowledge about the relationships of FIOs and pathogens in rivers designated for recreational purposes, and then trace the evolution, rationale and validity of recreational freshwater quality criteria which are, despite obvious uncertainties, mostly relying on the FIO paradigm. In particular, the representativeness of FIOs is critically discussed. The working programme of Safe Ruhr, aiming at initiating and facilitating a process towards legalisation of Ruhr River bathing, is outlined. Sources of contamination can be technically handled which leaves the actual measures to political decisions. As contaminations are transient, only occasionally exceeding legal limits, a flexible bathing site management, warning bathers of non-safe situations, may amend technical interventions and offer innovative solutions. As a result, a situation-adapted system for lifting of the bathing ban for Ruhr River appears realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kistemann
- IHPH-Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schmidt
- IHPH-Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Curt Flemming
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, D-45476 Mülheim, Germany
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Al-Hamadani YA, Chu KH, Son A, Heo J, Her N, Jang M, Park CM, Yoon Y. Stabilization and dispersion of carbon nanomaterials in aqueous solutions: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Jung C, Son A, Her N, Zoh KD, Cho J, Yoon Y. Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in water using carbon nanotubes: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lüddeke F, Heß S, Gallert C, Winter J, Güde H, Löffler H. Removal of total and antibiotic resistant bacteria in advanced wastewater treatment by ozonation in combination with different filtering techniques. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 69:243-251. [PMID: 25497174 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of bacteria by ozonation in combination with charcoal or slow sand filtration for advanced sewage treatment to improve the quality of treated sewage and to reduce the potential risk for human health of receiving surface waters was investigated in pilot scale at the sewage treatment plant Eriskirch, Baden-Wuerttemberg/Germany. To determine the elimination of sewage bacteria, inflowing and leaving wastewater of different treatment processes was analysed in a culture-based approach for its content of Escherichia coli, enterococci and staphylococci and their resistance against selected antibiotics over a period of 17 month. For enterococci, single species and their antibiotic resistances were identified. In comparison to the established flocculation filtration at Eriskirch, ozonation plus charcoal or sand filtration (pilot-scale) reduced the concentrations of total and antibiotic resistant E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci. However, antibiotic resistant E. coli and staphylococci apparently survived ozone treatment better than antibiotic sensitive strains. Neither vancomycin resistant enterococci nor methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were detected. The decreased percentage of antibiotic resistant enterococci after ozonation may be explained by a different ozone sensitivity of species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, which determined the resistance-level, seemed to be more sensitive for ozone than other Enterococcus-species. Overall, ozonation followed by charcoal or sand filtration led to 0.8-1.1 log-units less total and antibiotic resistant E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci, as compared to the respective concentrations in treated sewage by only flocculation filtration. Thus, advanced wastewater treatment by ozonation plus charcoal or sand filtration after common sewage treatment is an effective tool for further elimination of microorganisms from sewage before discharge in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Lüddeke
- Institute for Lake Research, State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Conservation in Baden Württemberg, Argenweg 50/1, 88085 Langenargen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Heß
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology, KIT, Institute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater, Am Fasanengarten, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Claudia Gallert
- Faculty of Technology, Microbiology - Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Emden/Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723 Emden, Germany.
| | - Josef Winter
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology, KIT, Institute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater, Am Fasanengarten, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Hans Güde
- Institute for Lake Research, State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Conservation in Baden Württemberg, Argenweg 50/1, 88085 Langenargen, Germany.
| | - Herbert Löffler
- Institute for Lake Research, State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Conservation in Baden Württemberg, Argenweg 50/1, 88085 Langenargen, Germany.
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Schreiber C, Rechenburg A, Rind E, Kistemann T. The impact of land use on microbial surface water pollution. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 218:181-7. [PMID: 25456147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge relating to water contamination from point and diffuse sources has increased in recent years and there have been many studies undertaken focusing on effluent from sewage plants or combined sewer overflows. However, there is still only a limited amount of microbial data on non-point sources leading to diffuse pollution of surface waters. In this study, the concentrations of several indicator micro-organisms and pathogens in the upper reaches of a river system were examined over a period of 16 months. In addition to bacteria, diffuse pollution caused by Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. was analysed. A single land use type predestined to cause high concentrations of all microbial parameters could not be identified. The influence of different land use types varies between microbial species. The microbial concentration in river water cannot be explained by stable non-point effluent concentrations from different land use types. There is variation in the ranking of the potential of different land use types resulting in surface water contamination with regard to minimum, median and maximum effects. These differences between median and maximum impact indicate that small-scale events like spreading manure substantially influence the general contamination potential of a land use type and may cause increasing micro-organism concentrations in the river water by mobilisation during the next rainfall event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schreiber
- Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andrea Rechenburg
- Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Esther Rind
- Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, EH8 9XP Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Ryu J, Oh J, Snyder SA, Yoon Y. Determination of micropollutants in combined sewer overflows and their removal in a wastewater treatment plant (Seoul, South Korea). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:3239-3251. [PMID: 24415065 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of 29 selected micropollutants such as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface waters and wastewaters in Seoul (South Korea) during both dry and wet weather conditions. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding the suspected contamination of rivers/creeks by EDCs and PPCPs in the Seoul region and the presence of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which serves approximately 4.1 million inhabitants and has a design capacity of 1,297 × 10(3) m(3)/day. Many target compounds (83 %) were detected in samples collected from wastewater treatment influent/effluent, creek water, and combined sewer overflow (CSO). The total EDC/PPCP concentrations were as follows: WWTP influent (69,903 ng/L) > WWTP effluent (50,175 ng/L) >3 creek samples (16,035-44,446 ng/L) during dry weather, and WWTP influent (53,795 ng/L) > WWTP bypass (38,653 ng/L) >5 creek samples (15,260-29,113 ng/L) >2 CSO samples (11,109-11,498 ng/L) during wet weather. EDCs and PPCPs were found to be present at high daily loads (65.1 and 69.8 kg/day during dry and wet weather, respectively) in the WWTP effluent. Compound removal by the WWTP varied significantly by compound: caffeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and propylparaben (>90 %), and acesulfame, DEET, iohexol, iopromide, and iopamidol (<5 %). These findings and literature information support the hypothesis that the efficiency of removal of EDCs and PPCPs is strongly dependent on both removal mechanism (e.g., biodegradation, adsorption to sludge, and oxidation by chlorine) and compound physicochemical properties (e.g., pK a and hydrophobicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaena Ryu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
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Anastasi EM, Wohlsen TD, Stratton HM, Katouli M. Survival of Escherichia coli in two sewage treatment plants using UV irradiation and chlorination for disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6670-6679. [PMID: 24091189 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the survival of Escherichia coli in two STPs utilising UV irradiation (STP-A) or chlorination (STP-B) for disinfection. In all, 370 E. coli strains isolated from raw influent sewage (IS), secondary treated effluent (STE) and effluent after the disinfection processes of both STPs were typed using a high resolution biochemical fingerprinting method and were grouped into common (C-) and single (S-) biochemical phenotypes (BPTs). In STP-A, 83 BPTs comprising 123 isolates were found in IS and STE, of which 7 BPTs survived UV irradiation. Isolates tested from the same sites of STP-B (n = 220) comprised 122 BPTs, however, only two BPTs were found post-chlorination. A representative isolate from each BPT from both STPs was tested for the presence of 11 virulence genes (VGs) associated with uropathogenic (UPEC) or intestinal pathogenic (IPEC) E. coli strains. Strains surviving UV irradiation were distributed among seven phylogenetic groups with five BPTs carrying VGs associated with either UPEC (4 BPTs) or IPEC (1 BPT). In contrast, E. coli strains found in STP-B carried no VGs. Strains from both STPs were resistant to up to 12 out of the 21 antibiotics tested but there was no significant difference between the numbers of antibiotics to which surviving strains were resistant to in these STPs. Our data suggests that some E. coli strains have a better ability to survive STPs utilising chlorination and UV irradiation for disinfection. However, strains that survive UV irradiation are more diverse and may carry more VGs than those surviving SPTs using chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Anastasi
- Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
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Madoux-Humery AS, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Aboulfadl K, Galarneau M, Servais P, Prévost M. Temporal variability of combined sewer overflow contaminants: evaluation of wastewater micropollutants as tracers of fecal contamination. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4370-4382. [PMID: 23764588 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A monitoring program was initiated for two sewage outfalls (OA and OB) with different land uses (mainly residential versus institutional) over the course of a year. Eleven CSO events resulting from fall and summer precipitations and a mixture of snowmelt and precipitation in late winter and early spring were monitored. Median concentrations measured in CSOs were 1.5 × 10(6)Escherichia coli/100 mL, 136.0 mg/L of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 4599.0 ng/L of caffeine (CAF), 158.9 ng/L of carbamazepine (CBZ), in outfall OA and 5.1 × 10(4)E. coli/100 mL, 167.0 mg TSS/L, 300.8 ng CAF/L, 4.1 ng CBZ/L, in outfall OB. Concentration dynamics in CSOs were mostly related to the dilution by stormwater and the time of day of the onset of overflows. Snowmelt was identified as a critical period with regards to the protection of drinking water sources given the high contaminant concentrations and long duration of events in addition to a lack of restrictions on overflows during this period. Correlations among measured parameters reflected the origins and transport pathways of the contaminants, with E. coli being correlated with CBZ. TSS were not correlated with E. coli because E. coli was found to be mostly associated with raw sewage whereas TSS were additionally from the resuspension of in-sewer deposits and surface runoff. In receiving waters, E. coli remained the best indicator of fecal contamination in strongly diluted water samples as compared to WWMPs because WWMPs can be diluted to below their detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Madoux-Humery
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:577-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and the surface, drinking and ground waters in the Lower Rhine, Germany. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:9-21. [PMID: 23010178 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples from different water sources (n = 396) were collected during 2009 and 2011. Wastewater (2-5 l) was purified by aluminium sulphate flocculation. Surface, ground and drinking waters (400-6400 l) were collected by filtration. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were further concentrated by sucrose centrifugation. (Oo)cysts were identified by IFT (immunofluorescence test), DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and DICM (difference interference contrast microscopy). Out of 206 wastewater samples, 134 (65·0%) were found to be positive for Giardia cysts and 64 (31·1%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Parasite numbers ranged from 0 to 2436 cysts/l and 0 to 1745 oocysts/l. Eight (4·2%) surface and drinking water samples (n = 190) were found to be positive for Giardia cysts (0-56000/100 l), and 18 (9·5%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts (2400/100 l). The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and concentrations of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. by detecting (oo)cysts from water samples. This study provides substantial evidence that G. lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts are able to enter and circulate in the aquatic environment with negative implications for public health.
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Espelage W, an der Heiden M, Stark K, Alpers K. Characteristics and risk factors for symptomatic Giardia lamblia infections in Germany. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:41. [PMID: 20105338 PMCID: PMC2824735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developed countries, giardiasis is considered a travel related disease. However, routine surveillance data from Germany indicate that >50% of infections were acquired indigenously. We studied the epidemiological characteristics of symptomatic Giardia infections acquired in Germany and abroad, and verified the proportion of cases acquired in Germany in order to investigate risk factors for sporadic autochthonous Giardia infections. METHODS We identified Giardia cases notified by 41 local health authorities between February 2007 and January 2008 and interviewed them on their clinical symptoms, underlying morbidities, travel abroad and potential risk factors for the disease. We conducted a case-control-study including laboratory-confirmed (microscopy or antigen-test) autochthonous Giardia cases with clinical manifestations (diarrhoea, cramps, bloating) and randomly selected controls from the local population registry matched by county of residence and age-group (0-5, 6-19, > or =20 years). Secondary cases, controls with diarrhoea and persons who had travelled outside Germany in the three weeks prior to disease onset (exposure period) were excluded. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Of 273 interviewed cases, 131 (48%) had not travelled abroad during the defined exposure period. Of these 131, 85 (65%) were male, 68 (54%) were living in communities with >100,000 inhabitants and 107 (83%) were aged 20 years or older. We included 120 cases and 240 controls in the case-control study. Cases were more likely to be male (aOR 2.5 CI 1.4-4.4), immunocompromised (aOR 15.3 CI 1.8-127) and daily consumers of green salad (aOR 2.9 CI 1.2-7.2). Contact with animals (pets/farm animals) and exposure to surface water (swimming/water sports) were not associated with symptomatic disease. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of Giardia lamblia cases in Germany are indigenously acquired. Symptomatic cases are significantly more likely to be immunocompromised than control persons from the general population. Physicians should consider Giardia infections among patients with no recent history of travel abroad, particularly if they have immune deficiencies. Green salads may be an important vehicle of infection. Information campaigns highlighting this food-borne risk should emphasise the risk to persons with immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Espelage
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Stark
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Alpers
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Franke C, Rechenburg A, Baumanns S, Willkomm M, Christoffels E, Exner M, Kistemann T. The emission potential of different land use patterns for the occurrence of coliphages in surface water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:338-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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