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Estill CF, Mayer AC, Chen IC, Slone J, LaGuardia MJ, Jayatilaka N, Ospina M, Sjodin A, Calafat AM. Biomarkers of Organophosphate and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Flame Retardants of American Workers and Associations with Inhalation and Dermal Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8417-8431. [PMID: 38701378 PMCID: PMC11093711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated workers' exposures to flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and other brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in various industries. The study aimed to characterize OPE metabolite urinary concentrations and PBDE serum concentrations among workers from different industries, compare these concentrations between industries and the general population, and evaluate the likely route of exposure (dermal or inhalation). The results showed that workers from chemical manufacturing had significantly higher (p <0.05) urinary concentrations of OPE metabolites compared to other industries. Spray polyurethane foam workers had significantly higher (p <0.05) urinary concentrations of bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP) compared to other industries. Electronic scrap workers had higher serum concentrations of certain PBDE congeners compared to the general population. Correlations were observed between hand wipe samples and air samples containing specific flame-retardant parent chemicals and urinary metabolite concentrations for some industries, suggesting both dermal absorption and inhalation as primary routes of exposure for OPEs. Overall, this study provides insights into occupational exposure to flame retardants in different industries and highlights the need for further research on emerging flame retardants and exposure reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander C. Mayer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - I-Chen Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | | | - Mark J. LaGuardia
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA,23062, USA
| | - Nayana Jayatilaka
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Andreas Sjodin
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Rivera BN, Wilson LB, Kim DN, Pande P, Anderson KA, Tilton SC, Tanguay RL. A Comparative Multi-System Approach to Characterizing Bioactivity of Commonly Occurring Chemicals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3829. [PMID: 35409514 PMCID: PMC8998123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A 2019 retrospective study analyzed wristband personal samplers from fourteen different communities across three different continents for over 1530 organic chemicals. Investigators identified fourteen chemicals (G14) detected in over 50% of personal samplers. The G14 represent a group of chemicals that individuals are commonly exposed to, and are mainly associated with consumer products including plasticizers, fragrances, flame retardants, and pesticides. The high frequency of exposure to these chemicals raises questions of their potential adverse human health effects. Additionally, the possibility of exposure to mixtures of these chemicals is likely due to their co-occurrence; thus, the potential for mixtures to induce differential bioactivity warrants further investigation. This study describes a novel approach to broadly evaluate the hazards of personal chemical exposures by coupling data from personal sampling devices with high-throughput bioactivity screenings using in vitro and non-mammalian in vivo models. To account for species and sensitivity differences, screening was conducted using primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and early life-stage zebrafish. Mixtures of the G14 and most potent G14 chemicals were created to assess potential mixture effects. Chemical bioactivity was dependent on the model system, with five and eleven chemicals deemed bioactive in NHBE and zebrafish, respectively, supporting the use of a multi-system approach for bioactivity testing and highlighting sensitivity differences between the models. In both NHBE and zebrafish, mixture effects were observed when screening mixtures of the most potent chemicals. Observations of BMC-based mixtures in NHBE (NHBE BMC Mix) and zebrafish (ZF BMC Mix) suggested antagonistic effects. In this study, consumer product-related chemicals were prioritized for bioactivity screening using personal exposure data. High-throughput high-content screening was utilized to assess the chemical bioactivity and mixture effects of the most potent chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N. Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (B.N.R.); (L.B.W.); (K.A.A.); (S.C.T.)
| | - Lindsay B. Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (B.N.R.); (L.B.W.); (K.A.A.); (S.C.T.)
| | - Doo Nam Kim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Biological Sciences Division, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (D.N.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Biological Sciences Division, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (D.N.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (B.N.R.); (L.B.W.); (K.A.A.); (S.C.T.)
| | - Susan C. Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (B.N.R.); (L.B.W.); (K.A.A.); (S.C.T.)
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (B.N.R.); (L.B.W.); (K.A.A.); (S.C.T.)
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Hayes K, Megson D, Doyle A, O'Sullivan G. Occupational risk of organophosphates and other chemical and radiative exposure in the aircraft cabin: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148742. [PMID: 34375198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to oil fumes, organophosphates, halogenated flame retardants, and other volatile and semi-volatile contaminants is a concern within the aviation industry. There is no current consensus on the risk attributed to exposure to these chemical classes within the aircraft cabin. Contaminant concentrations rarely exceed conventional air quality guidelines, but concerns have been raised about these guidelines' applicability within the aircraft environment. This systematic review, the largest and most comprehensive completed to date on the subject matter, aims to synthesize the existing research related to chemical and other exposures inside the aircraft cabin to determine the occupational risk that may be attributed said exposure, as well as, determine knowledge gaps in source, pathway, and receptor that may exist. The Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were queried with five search terms generating 138 manuscripts that met acceptance criteria and screening. Several potential areas requiring future examination were identified: Potable water on aircraft should be examined as a potential source of pollutant exposure, as should air conditioning expansion turbines. Historical exposure should also be more fully explored, and non-targeted analysis could provide valuable information to comprehend the aircraft cabin exposome. Occupational risk under typical flight scenarios appears to be limited for most healthy individuals. Contaminants of concern were demonstrated to be extant within the cabin, however the concentrations under normal circumstances do not appear to be individually responsible for the symptomologies that are present in impacted individuals. Questions remain regarding those that are more vulnerable or susceptible to exposure. Additionally, establishing the effects of chronic low dose exposure and exposure to contaminant mixtures has not been satisfied. The risk of acute exposure in mitigable fume events is substantial, and technological solutions or the replacement of compounds of concern for safer alternatives should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hayes
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Natural Sciences, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; Mount Royal University, Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6, Canada.
| | - David Megson
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Natural Sciences, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Aidan Doyle
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Natural Sciences, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Mount Royal University, Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6, Canada
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Mayer AC, Fent KW, Chen IC, Sammons D, Toennis C, Robertson S, Kerber S, Horn GP, Smith DL, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Sjodin A. Characterizing exposures to flame retardants, dioxins, and furans among firefighters responding to controlled residential fires. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113782. [PMID: 34119852 PMCID: PMC8325627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters may encounter items containing flame retardants (FRs), including organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), during structure fires. This study utilized biological monitoring to characterize FR exposures in 36 firefighters assigned to interior, exterior, and overhaul job assignments, before and after responding to controlled residential fire scenarios. Firefighters provided four urine samples (pre-fire and 3-h, 6-h, and 12-h post-fire) and two serum samples (pre-fire and approximately 23-h post-fire). Urine samples were analyzed for OPFR metabolites, while serum samples were analyzed for PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated furans, and chlorinated dioxins. Urinary concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), a metabolite of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), a metabolite of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEtP), a metabolite of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), increased from pre-fire to 3-hr and 6-hr post-fire collection, but only the DPhP increase was statistically significant at a 0.05 level. The 3-hr and 6-hr post-fire concentrations of DPhP and BDCPP, as well as the pre-fire concentration of BDCPP, were statistically significantly higher than general population levels. BDCPP pre-fire concentrations were statistically significantly higher in firefighters who previously participated in a scenario (within the past 12 days) than those who were responding to their first scenario as part of the study. Similarly, firefighters previously assigned to interior job assignments had higher pre-fire concentrations of BDCPP than those previously assigned to exterior job assignments. Pre-fire serum concentrations of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (23478-PeCDF), a known human carcinogen, were also statistically significantly above the general population levels. Of the PBDEs quantified, only decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) pre- and post-fire serum concentrations were statistically significantly higher than the general population. These results suggest firefighters absorbed certain FRs while responding to fire scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Mayer
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Fent
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deborah Sammons
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, CDC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Steve Kerber
- Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Gavin P Horn
- Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories, Columbia, MD, USA; Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Denise L Smith
- Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA; Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Services, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Services, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andreas Sjodin
- Division of Laboratory Services, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sibomana I, Rohan JG, Mattie DR. 21-Day dermal exposure to aircraft engine oils: effects on esterase activities in brain and liver tissues, blood, plasma, and clinical chemistry parameters for Sprague Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:357-388. [PMID: 33380269 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1867680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This dermal study tested the potential toxicity of grade 3 (G3) and 4 (G4) organophosphate-containing aircraft engine oils in both new (G3-N, G4-N) and used states (G3-U, G4-U) to alter esterase activities in blood, brain and liver tissues, clinical chemistry parameters, and electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons. A 300 µl volume of undiluted oil was applied in Hill Top Chamber Systems®, then attached to fur-free test sites on backs of male and female Sprague Dawley rats for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 21 days. Recovery rats received similar treatments and kept for 14 days post-exposure to screen for reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxicity. In brain, both versions of G3 and G4 significantly decreased (32-41%) female acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity while in males only G3-N and G4-N reduced (33%) AChE activity. Oils did not markedly affect AChE in liver, regardless of gender. In whole blood, G3-U decreased female AChE (29%) which persisted during recovery (32%). G4-N significantly lowered (29%) butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in male plasma, but this effect was resolved during recovery. For clinical chemistry indices, only globulin levels in female plasma significantly increased following G3-N or G4-N exposure. Preliminary electrophysiology data suggested that effects of both versions of G3 and G4 on hippocampal function may be gender dependent. Aircraft maintenance workers may be at risk if precautions are not taken to minimize long-term aircraft oil exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaie Sibomana
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Joyce G Rohan
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - David R Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
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Assessment of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) exposure to nail salon workers by air, hand wipe, and urine analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113630. [PMID: 33035739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPP or TPhP) is commonly used as an additive plasticizer or organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) in consumer products including nail polish. We evaluated exposure to TPhP from 12 nail salon technicians working at four nail salons located in California over a period of two work days. Bulk samples of 15 nail polishes and other nail products were collected. Study participants also provided two personal air samples, two hand wipe samples (pre- and post-shift on day two), and two urine samples (pre-shift day one and post-shift day two). The geometric mean (GM) of TPhP air sampling concentrations was 7.39 ng/m3. Post-shift TPhP hand wipe concentrations (GM 1.35 μg/sample) were significantly higher (p = 0.024) than pre-shift hand wipe concentrations (GM 0.29 μg/sample). Diphenyl phosphate (DPP or DPhP), a urinary metabolite of TPhP used in this study as a biomarker of exposure, was detected in all post-shift urine samples and 75% of urine pre-shift samples. DPhP post-shift concentrations (GM 1.35 μg/g creatinine) were significantly higher than pre-shift concentrations (GM 0.84 μg/g creatinine; p = 0.012). In addition, DPhP post-shift concentrations were correlated with TPhP post-shift hand wipe concentrations, suggesting dermal contact may be a relevant exposure pathway for nail salon workers.
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Shi F, Liang K, Liu R, Dong Q, He Z, Xu J, Liu J. Elevated occupational exposure to chlorinated phosphate esters at a construction materials manufacturing plant. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105653. [PMID: 32361061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have documented that the general population is widely exposed to organophosphate esters (OPEs), yet studies on the emissions of OPEs in the industrial application processes and their occupational exposure are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to OPEs for workers engaged in OPE-retarded construction material manufacturing plant in China. METHOD Paired dust samples (12 samples each time) from an OPEs retarded building materials manufacturing plant during the plant uptime and downtime have been analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and other commonly used OPEs. Moreover, nine OPEs metabolites (mOPEs) in urine samples (n = 42) from fourteen workers who engaged in this plant were also measured. The daily exposure doses to OPEs were estimated from the measured urinary concentrations of corresponding mOPEs. RESULTS Thirteen out of fourteen studied OPEs (except for tri-n-propyl phosphate, TnPP) were determined in all dust samples from the manufacturing plant, and TCEP and TCPP were the predominant compounds in dust collected from the plant uptime and downtime. Overall, the occupationally exposed population had significantly higher (p < 0.01) urinary levels of mOPE, especially for bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), relative to the reference population. Workshop workers who directly involved in the production of OPEs treated products had higher OPEs exposure. Risk assessment revealed that cancer risk (1.5 × 10-6-8.5 × 10-4) for all workers was larger than 1 × 10-6 when levels of mOPEs in urine from workers were used for estimating OPEs exposure, revealing moderate to high potential cancer risk to workers from OPEs exposure. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting emissions of OPEs in OPE-treated products manufacturing processes and the potential exposure of the occupationally exposed population. OPEs, especially for TCEP and TCPP, present at elevated levels and pose moderate to high potential health risks to the exposed workers, emphasizing the importance of strengthening occupational exposure prevention in similar industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kang Liang
- AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zuoliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Gravel S, Aubin S, Labrèche F. Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organic Flame Retardants: A Systematic Review. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:386-406. [PMID: 30852590 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flame retardants (FRs) are widespread in common goods, and workers in some industries can be exposed to high concentrations. Numerous studies describe occupational exposure to FRs, but the diversity of methods and of reported results renders their interpretation difficult for researchers, occupational hygienists, and decision makers. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are to compile and summarize the scientific knowledge on occupational exposure to FRs as well as to identify research gaps and to formulate recommendations. METHODS Five databases were consulted for this systematic literature review (Embase, Medline [Pubmed], Global health, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), with terms related to occupational exposure and to FRs. Selected studies report quantitative measurements of exposure to organic FRs in a workplace, either in air, dust, or in workers' biological fluids. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed. RESULTS The search yielded 1540 published articles, of which 58 were retained. The most frequently sampled FRs were polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated FRs. Offices and electronic waste recycling facilities were the most studied occupational settings, and the highest reported exposures were found in the latter, as well as in manufacturing of printed circuit boards, in aircrafts, and in firefighters. There were recurrent methodological issues, such as unstandardized and ill-described air and dust sampling, as well as deficient statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS This review offers several recommendations. Workplaces such as electronic waste recycling or manufacturing of electronics as well as firefighters and aircraft personnel should be granted more attention from researchers and industrial hygienists. Methodical and standardized occupational exposure assessment approaches should be employed, and data analysis and reporting should be more systematic. Finally, more research is needed on newer chemical classes of FRs, on occupational exposure pathways, and on airborne FR particle distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gravel
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST).,505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 3C2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Aubin
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST)
| | - France Labrèche
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST).,505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 3C2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Brothers MC, Kim S, Adkins D, Lewis P, Smith JE, Ostojich D, Kim SS, Rogers JA, Rubenstein HM. Air2Liquid Method for Selective, Sensitive Detection of Gas-Phase Organophosphates. ACS Sens 2020; 5:13-18. [PMID: 31833351 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental hazards typically are encountered in the gaseous phase; however, selective sensing modalities for identifying and quantitating compounds of interest in an inexpensive, pseudo-real-time format are severely lacking. Here, we present a novel proof-of-concept that combines an Air2Liquid sampler in conjunction with an oil-in-water microfluidic assay for detection of organophosphates. We believe this proof-of-concept will enable development of a new platform technology for semivolatile detection that we have demonstrated to detect 50 pmoles (2 ppb) of neurotoxic organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Brothers
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Dayton Ohio 45432, United States
| | | | - Doug Adkins
- Defiant Technologies, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109, United States
| | - Pat Lewis
- Defiant Technologies, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109, United States
| | - Joshua E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Alvernia University, Reading, Pennsylvania 19607, United States
| | | | - Steve S. Kim
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | | | - H. Mitchell Rubenstein
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Estill CF, Slone J, Mayer AC, Phillips K, Lu J, Chen IC, Christianson A, Streicher R, La Guardia MJ, Jayatilaka N, Ospina M, Calafat AM. Assessment of spray polyurethane foam worker exposure to organophosphate flame retardants through measures in air, hand wipes, and urine. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:477-488. [PMID: 31112485 PMCID: PMC6659107 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1609004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP, also referenced as TCIPP), a flame retardant used in spray polyurethane foam insulation, increases cell toxicity and affects fetal development. Spray polyurethane foam workers have the potential to be exposed to TCPP during application. In this study, we determined exposure to TCPP and concentrations of the urinary biomarker bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP) among 29 spray polyurethane foam workers over 2 work days. Work was conducted at residential or commercial facilities using both open-cell (low density) and closed-cell (high density) foam. Study participants provided two personal air samples (Day 1 and Day 2), two hand wipe samples (Pre-shift Day 2 and Post-shift Day 2), and two spot urine samples (Pre-shift Day 1 and Post-shift Day 2). Bulk samples of cured spray foam were also analyzed. Sprayers were found to have significantly higher TCPP geometric mean (GM) concentration in personal air samples (87.1 μg/m3), compared to helpers (30.2 μg/m3; p = 0.025). A statistically significant difference was observed between TCPP pre- and post-shift hand wipe GM concentrations (p = 0.004). Specifically, TCPP GM concentration in post-shift hand wipe samples of helpers (106,000 ng/sample) was significantly greater than pre-shift (27,300 ng/sample; p < 0.001). The GM concentration of the urinary biomarker BCPP (23.8 μg/g creatinine) was notably higher than the adult male general population (0.159 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001). Urinary BCPP GM concentration increased significantly from Pre-shift Day 1 to Post-shift Day 2 for sprayers (p = 0.013) and helpers (p = 0.009). Among bulk samples, cured open-cell foam had a TCPP GM concentration of 9.23% by weight while closed-cell foam was 1.68%. Overall, post-shift BCPP urine concentrations were observed to be associated with TCPP air and hand wipe concentrations, as well as job position (sprayer vs. helper). Spray polyurethane foam workers should wear personal protective equipment including air-supplied respirators, coveralls, and gloves during application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John Lu
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
| | - I-Chen Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
| | | | | | | | - Nayana Jayatilaka
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for, Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for, Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for, Disease Control and Prevention
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Saillenfait AM, Ndaw S, Robert A, Sabaté JP. Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2749-2778. [PMID: 30097699 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Alain Robert
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Sabaté
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
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12
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He C, English K, Baduel C, Thai P, Jagals P, Ware RS, Li Y, Wang X, Sly PD, Mueller JF. Concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urine from young children in Queensland, Australia and associations with environmental and behavioural factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:262-270. [PMID: 29525639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the production and usage volumes of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased substantially. Certain OPFRs are suspected reproductive toxins, carcinogenic, and neurotoxic. Insufficient information is available on human exposure pathways to these chemicals, particularly in Australia. We aim to assess the association between OPFR concentrations in the urine of children to environmental and behavioural risk factors. Concentrations of eight OPFRs and eleven metabolites were measured in the urine of 51 children, aged 3-29 months, in Southeast Queensland, Australia and compared to their behavioural and environmental risk factor data obtained by an online questionnaire. Of the 11 OPFR metabolites analysed, 55% were frequently detected in the majority (> 80%) of samples. The most frequently detected metabolite was bis(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) (detected in 100% of samples), followed by 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) (96%), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) (94%) and bis(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP) (86%). In multivariable modelling, age was positively associated with concentrations of bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) and negatively associated with concentrations of BCIPP and BCIPHIPP. Other non-age related factors, including vacuuming frequency, hand-washing frequency and presence and number of some electrical appliances in the home were also associated with concentrations of OPFR metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karin English
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia; Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Jagals
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Tao Y, Shang Y, Li J, Feng J, He Z, Covaci A, Wang P, Luo J, Mao X, Shi B, Hu L, Luo D, Mei S. Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants of hotel room attendants in Wuhan City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:626-633. [PMID: 29433103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments provide sources of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), which are artificially synthesized fire-protecting agents used as additives in interior products. As public spaces, hotels are required to meet stricter fire-precaution criteria. As such, room attendants may be exposed to higher levels of PFRs. Our goal was to characterize the exposure of hotel room attendants to PFRs by measuring metabolites in their urine and the corresponding parent PFRs in dust and hand-wipes collected from 27 hotels located in Wuhan City, China. The exposure of the attendants was found to be omnipresent: urinary metabolites of PFRs, such as DPHP (diphenyl phosphate), BDCIPP (bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), and DoCP (di-o-cresyl phosphate) & DpCP (di-p-cresyl phosphate) were detected with high frequency (87%, 79% and 87%, respectively). We observed that metabolites in post-shift urine were consistently present at higher levels than those in the first morning voids (p < 0.05 for BDCIPP and DPHP). Regarding external exposure, 10 PFRs were determined in both dust samples and hand-wipes, with TCIPP (tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate) being the most abundant compound in both matrices. The levels of PFRs in hand-wipes and dust samples were not correlated. PFRs in dust and their corresponding urinary metabolites were not significantly correlated, while a moderate significant correlation of TDCIPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) in hand-wipes and its urinary metabolite, BDCIPP, was observed in both morning void samples (p = 0.01) and post-shift urine (p = 0.002). Moreover, we found that participants from high-rise buildings (defined as > 7 stories) had significantly higher BDCIPP and DPHP concentrations than those from low-rise buildings. A possible reason is that high-rise buildings may use high-grade fireproof building materials to meet stricter fire restrictions. Overall, these results indicate that PFRs exposure in hotels is a contributor to the personal exposure of hotel room attendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yinzhu Shang
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peng Wang
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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14
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He C, Toms LML, Thai P, Van den Eede N, Wang X, Li Y, Baduel C, Harden FA, Heffernan AL, Hobson P, Covaci A, Mueller JF. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters: Concentrations and age trends in Australian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:124-130. [PMID: 29195135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern around the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) due to their suspected reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity, and neurotoxicity. OPEs are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, and due to their extensive application in consumer products, are found globally in the indoor environment. Early life exposure to OPEs is an important risk factor for children's health, but poorly understood. To study age and sex trends of OPE exposures in infants and young children, we collected, pooled, and analysed urine samples from children aged 0-5years from Queensland, Australia for 9 parent OPEs and 11 metabolites. Individual urine samples (n=400) were stratified by age and sex, and combined into 20 pools. Three individual breast milk samples were also analysed to provide a preliminary estimate on the contribution of breast milk to the intake of OPEs. Bis(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP), 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP), bis(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3-hydroxyl-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (3OH-TBOEP), and bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate (BBOEHEP) were detected in all urine samples, followed by bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (80%), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP, 20%), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP, 15%). Concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), BCEP, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and DBP decreased with age, while bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (BMPP) increased with age. Significantly higher concentrations of DPHP (p=0.039), and significantly lower concentrations of TEHP (p=0.006) were found in female samples compared to males. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via breastfeeding, were 4.6, 26 and 76ng/kg/day for TCEP, TBP and TEHP, respectively, and were higher than that via air and dust, suggesting higher exposure through consumption of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy L Heffernan
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 3000 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Carignan CC, Fang M, Stapleton HM, Heiger-Bernays W, McClean MD, Webster TF. Urinary biomarkers of flame retardant exposure among collegiate U.S. gymnasts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:362-368. [PMID: 27395335 PMCID: PMC4980234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are widely used in polyurethane foam materials including gymnastics safety equipment such as pit cubes and landing mats. We previously reported elevated concentrations of flame retardants in the air and dust of a U.S. gymnastics training facility and elevated PentaBDE in the serum of collegiate gymnasts. Our objective in this pilot study was to compare urinary biomarkers of exposure to other flame retardants and additives of polyurethane foam including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl- 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) in samples collected from 11 collegiate gymnasts before and after a gymnastics practice (n=53 urine samples total). We identified a 50% increase in the TPHP biomarker (p=0.03) from before to after practice, a non-significant 22% increase in the TDCIPP biomarker (p=0.14) and no change for the EH-TBB biomarker. These preliminary results indicate that the gymnastics training environment can be a source of recreational exposure to flame retardants. Such exposures are likely widespread, as we identified flame retardants in 89% of foam samples collected from gyms across the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Carignan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | | | - Wendy Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael D McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Kosarac I, Kubwabo C, Foster WG. Quantitative determination of nine urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants using solid phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1014:24-30. [PMID: 26869296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the use of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has been on the rise; however, there are knowledge gaps in both the human health effects of OPFRs and levels of human exposure. Currently, human biomonitoring data on the levels of OPFR metabolites in the Canadian population are still non-existent. Herein we describe a novel method to measure nine urinary OPFR metabolites using solid phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method detection limits were between 0.08 and 0.25ng/mL for target metabolites. The newly developed and validated method was applied to the analysis of 24 urine samples collected in 2010-12 from pregnant Canadian women. The most frequently detected OPFR metabolite in urine of study participants (detection frequency: 97%) was diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), with concentrations ranging between <0.13-25.2ng/mL, followed (75%) by the sum of two metabolites (DoCP: Di-o-cresyl phosphate and DpCP: Di-p- cresyl phosphate) of tricresyl phosphate, with concentrations between <0.13-4.38ng/mL. With the exception of desbutyl-tris-(2-butoxy-ethyl) phosphate which was not detected in any of the samples, all other OPFR metabolites measured were found among study participants with variable detection frequency, suggesting pregnant Canadian women may be exposed to OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kosarac
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Warren G Foster
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamilton, ON L8 N 3Z5, Canada
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17
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Hendriks HS, Westerink RH. Neurotoxicity and risk assessment of brominated and alternative flame retardants. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:248-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Marcé RM, Becher G, Thomsen C. Human exposure pathways to organophosphate triesters - a biomonitoring study of mother-child pairs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 75:159-65. [PMID: 25461425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide ban of several formulations of brominated flame retardants has caused an increase in the production of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) to meet the existing fire regulations for a wide range of household products. This biomonitoring study surveys the occurrence of the metabolites from PFRs and related plasticizers (dialkyl and diaryl phosphates; DAPs) in urine from a Norwegian mother-child cohort (48 mothers and 54 children). Concentrations of DAPs were higher in the children than in their mothers (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p=0.001). Median urinary concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were 1.1 and 0.51ng/mL in children and mothers, respectively, followed by bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) with medians of 0.23 and 0.12ng/mL, respectively. Detection frequencies for bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) in urine from children and mothers were 32 and 1%, respectively (median<0.18ng/mL), and for di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP) 15 and 8%, respectively (median<0.12ng/mL). The concentrations of DPHP and BDCIPP in urine from children were significantly correlated with those found for their parent compounds in air and dust from the households (Spearman's rank correlations 0.30<Rs<0.36; p<0.05). For mothers, only the urinary concentration of BDCIPP was correlated to its precursor in dust from the households (Rs=0.40; p<0.01), which might indicate higher impact of the household environment on children than mothers. A diurnal variability study of the mothers' urinary concentrations of DPHP and BDCIPP showed lower concentrations at time periods when women were likely to be outside the household. In contrast, no relevant associations between organophosphate metabolites in urine and food consumption data obtained through a 24hour recall were seen. This suggests that the residential environment is a more important exposure pathway to PFRs than the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Cequier
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Georg Becher
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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