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Alghamdi AS, Alghamdi H, Alserehi HA, Babatin MA, Alswat KA, Alghamdi M, AlQutub A, Abaalkhail F, Altraif I, Alfaleh FZ, Sanai FM. SASLT guidelines: Update in treatment of hepatitis C virus infection, 2024. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:S1-S42. [PMID: 38167232 PMCID: PMC10856511 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_333_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been a major global health concern, with a significant impact on public health. In recent years, there have been remarkable advancements in our understanding of HCV and the development of novel therapeutic agents. The Saudi Society for the Study of Liver Disease and Transplantation formed a working group to develop HCV practice guidelines in Saudi Arabia. The methodology used to create these guidelines involved a comprehensive review of available evidence, local data, and major international practice guidelines regarding HCV management. This updated guideline encompasses critical aspects of HCV care, including screening and diagnosis, assessing the severity of liver disease, and treatment strategies. The aim of this updated guideline is to assist healthcare providers in the management of HCV in Saudi Arabia. It summarizes the latest local studies on HCV epidemiology, significant changes in virus prevalence, and the importance of universal screening, particularly among high-risk populations. Moreover, it discusses the promising potential for HCV elimination as a public health threat by 2030, driven by effective treatment and comprehensive prevention strategies. This guideline also highlights evolving recommendations for advancing disease management, including the treatment of HCV patients with decompensated cirrhosis, treatment of those who have previously failed treatment with the newer medications, management in the context of liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma, and treatment for special populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Alghamdi
- Hepatology Section, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Organs Transplant Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haleema A. Alserehi
- General Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Babatin
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alswat
- Liver Disease Research Center, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alghamdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, King Fahd Military Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel AlQutub
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Abaalkhail
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Altraif
- Hepatology Section, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Organs Transplant Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Faisal M. Sanai
- Liver Disease Research Center, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Khedhiri M, Ghedira K, Rajhi M, Hammemi W, Sadraoui A, Touzi H, Tebibi K, Chouikha A, Triki H. Overview of the epidemic history of Hepatitis C uncommon subtypes 2i and 4d in Tunisia and in the world. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105375. [PMID: 36241024 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The impressive improvements in qua therapy efficacy alone are not sufficient to substantially reduce the Hepatitis C Virus burden because of the usually very long asymptomatic phase of the infection. In turn, this renders prevention of infection of great importance. The value of learning how the virus has spread in the past is that this can provide clues as to what routes the virus likely spreads through today, which can feedback into prevention policy. In Tunisia, HCV subtypes 2i and 4d are minor circulating subtypes. Here, we applied a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for visualization of spatial and temporal spread of HCV-2i and 4d in Tunisia and some other countries in the world. Our analysis included sequences retrieved from Genbank and isolated from several countries in the world; 21 HCV-NS5B subtype 2i genome sequences obtained during the period 2002-2020 and 206 HCV-NS5B-4d sequences detected between 2000 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two geographical clusters could be identified in HCV-2i tree with two clearly distinguished clusters in HCV-4d Tree. The estimated time for the most recent common ancestor suggested that current HCV-2i strains emerged in 1963 [1930, 1995] and current HCV-4d strains emerged in 1992 [1988, 1996] in Tunisia and other countries from the world investigated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Khedhiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics - LR16IPT09, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mouna Rajhi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammemi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Henda Touzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Tebibi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
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Yousaf A, Ghafoor A, Fatima N, Danish M. Gender-Specific Frequency Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Punjab province, Pakistan: A Clinically Significant Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e17480. [PMID: 34589367 PMCID: PMC8465327 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More than 10 million individuals are living with HCV infection in Pakistan. Due to unawareness, very little information is known about HCV genotype occurrence in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan. Identification of HCV genotype is very important for HCV treatment because different genotypes of HCV respond differently to antiviral therapy. Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the distribution frequency of different HCV genotypes in the Punjab province and to demonstrate the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes in different age groups and sexes. Materials and Methods: In this study, we performed HCV genotyping of 3692 samples collected from different sites of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Among 3692 samples, 1755 (47.5%) were males and 1937 (52.4%) were females. Results: A total of 3692 samples were subjected to HCV genotyping and 2977 (81%) patients were genotyped successfully, whereas 715 (19%) patients were found to be HCV not detected. Our study demonstrated that among typeable genotypes, 3a constituted 2582 (69.9%) patients followed by 1a (n = 280) 7.5%, 1b (n = 64) 1.7%, 2a (n = 6) 0.16%, genotype 4 (n = 10) 0.27%, 3+4 (n = 2) 0.56%, 1a+2a (n = 11) 0.29%, 1b+2a (n = 1) 0.02%, 1a+1b (n = 1) 0.02%, and 1a+1b+3 (n = 1) 0.02% patients. HCV genotype distribution was evaluated gender wise and in different age groups like 0-12, 13-18, 19-59, and >60 years. All the HCV genotypes were equally distributed among men and women. The most affected age group was 19-59 years as compared to other age groups. Conclusion: The most frequently distributed HCV genotype in Punjab was found to be genotype 3a followed by genotype 1a, and only 0.94% of infected patients had a mixed genotype infection. Genotype 1a was found to be increasing significantly in the studied population. With these results, it can be assumed that genotype 3a may be replaced by genotype 1a with the passage of time. If this happens, this situation will be challenging in terms of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Yousaf
- Molecular Biology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Atif Ghafoor
- Molecular Pathology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Noor Fatima
- Molecular Biology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore, PAK
| | - Muhammad Danish
- Molecular Biology, Chaudhry Muhammad Akram Teaching & Research Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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Minosse C, Salichos L, Taibi C, Luzzitelli I, Nardozi D, Capobianchi MR, D’Offizi G, McPhee F, Garbuglia AR. Phylogenetic and Phylodynamic Analyses of HCV Strains Circulating among Patients Using Injectable Drugs in Central Italy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071432. [PMID: 34361868 PMCID: PMC8304011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 71 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Injectable drug use represents the most common route of transmission in Europe and other developed countries. We studied the molecular characteristics of the HCV infection among mono-infected people who used drugs (PWUD) in Italy. Among 208 PWUD with anti-HCV antibodies, 101 (48.6%) were HCV RNA-positive, the majority (47%) were infected with the HCV genotype (Gt)1a, followed by Gt3a (34.9%), Gt4 (9.1%), Gt1b (4.5%), and Gt2 (4.5%). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of clustered HCV NS5B sequences from 66 HCV-positive PWUDs with available plasma samples indicated age and neighborhood proximity as the most common characteristics between closely related HCV strains. Population dynamics, as measured by a coalescent Bayesian skyline analysis, revealed an increase in HCV Gt1a infections from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s. While HCV Gt3a infections were first detected in the 1980s, patient numbers with this genotype subtype remained relatively constant. For both Gt1a and Gt3a, Birth–Death Bayesian Skyline analyses produced higher reproduction numbers post 2014. For earlier time intervals, slow growths were observed for both Gt1a and Gt3a with reproduction numbers (Re) of approximately 1. The evolutionary rates for Gt1a and Gt3a were estimated as 2.23 × 10−4 and 3.85 × 10−4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Leonidas Salichos
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 11568, USA
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Ilaria Luzzitelli
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Daniela Nardozi
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Fiona McPhee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-55170692
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Tarzi S, Mansouri M, Sarand SP, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Ahmadizadeh C. Frequency of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Patients Who Had Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Gastroenterological Hospitals of Tabriz. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:145-149. [PMID: 32016662 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, hepatitis C has been identified as one of the major health issues that about 3% of the world's population have been threatened and affected by it (about 170 million people), and also, it can be considered a factor in acute and chronic hepatitis. METHODS The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Azerbaijan patients. In this study, sampling was done on the referred patients to the hospitals (Mahallati and Behbud Hospital). RNA was extracted after isolation of plasma, and then, after the synthesizing of cDNA, the sample was carried out to the laboratory for performing the real-time PCR in order to determine the genotypes. RESULTS The evaluation of HCV genotypes in positive plasma samples showed that dominant subsets were remarkable and the mean age of the patients was 37/3 ± 11/8 (in the age range of 2-63). Among the 235 patients,139 of them (59%) were male. Statistically, the average number of women was more than men (T test, P < 0/05). 1b genotype was reported 70% in the patients above 40 years old, and also, it was reported as 71/6% in the patients under 40 years old that was not statistically significant. The incidence of serotype 3a was higher among the patients younger than 40 years old (3a was 18.1% vs. 15%), and this serotype was prevalent among men (3a was 18.7% vs. 14.6%), which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that among Azerbaijan's patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotypes 1b (71.1%) and 3a (17%) were dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Tarzi
- Department of Biology Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mansouri
- The University of Tehran, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Pashaei Sarand
- Amirkabir University of Technology (Polytechnic of Tehran), Department of Applied Chemistry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rozita Tamjidifar
- Department of Biology Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
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Colomba GME, Urone N, Marco VD, Ferraro D. Phylodynamic Analysis and Implication of HCV Genotype 4 Variability on Antiviral Drug Response and T-Cell Recognition. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121363. [PMID: 33260596 PMCID: PMC7761199 DOI: 10.3390/v12121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies for HCV care could change the prevalence and the geographic distribution of genotypes due to differences in Sustained Virologic Response (SVR). In this scenario, uncommon genotypes/subtypes, such as genotype 4, could spread from high-risk groups, replacing genotypes eradicated by antiviral drugs. Genotype eradication is also strongly influenced by the CD8+ T cell response. In this study, the genetic variability in HCV genotype 4 strains obtained from a cohort of 67 patients naïve to DAA therapy was evaluated. We found that the presence of resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) was able to affect drug responses. Next, using a prediction tool, viral mutations were identified by their ability, or lack thereof, to reduce the binding affinity with HLA, which affects T cell recognition. The Bayesian coalescent analysis suggested two different circulation clusters, one in risk groups (IDUs and MSM) and the other due to migration flows, dated to 1940 and 1915, respectively. Most of the RAS overlapped with HLA and a lack of binding mutations was observed in 96% of strains. This study describes the introduction of HCV genotype 4 in a region of the Mediterranean basin and evaluates how HCV genotype 4’s genetic variability could affect the response of antiviral drugs and CD8+ T cell recognition.
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Rezaee N, Babaeekhou L, Ghane M. Hepatitis C virus in Iran; transmission routes, growth in 3a genotype distribution, and lack of liver marker relation with genotypes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:96. [PMID: 33273941 PMCID: PMC7698380 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_482_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis C virus (HCV) outbreak in Iran is increasing. This study investigated the dissemination and transmission routes of HCV genotypes in different regions of Iran. The relationship between serum biochemical markers and viral genotypes was also assessed to find whether liver enzymes level can be considered as the markers for HCV genotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS HCV-infected patients from different provinces of Iran (from August 2017 to March 2019) were enrolled. Nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and real-time PCR were used to discover the genotypes. The infection transmission routes in the study population were investigated and recorded. Serum samples with equal viral loud from the patients without other liver disorders were recruited to explore the association between the genotypes and the liver biochemical markers. RESULTS One thousand serum samples positive for the HCV genome were recruited. Genotype 3a was the most prevalent in the north, while genotype 1a was dominant at the center. In total, genotype 3a was the dominant genotype closely followed by 1a. Needle sharing by addicts was the most common transmission way of infection in Iran. This way was also the most for genotype 3a dissemination, and genotype 1a was transmitted mostly between family members. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between biochemical marker titers and HCV genotypes. CONCLUSION A shift in the distribution profile of HCV genotypes, related to the transmission routes, has happened over time. Public awareness of the main routes of HCV transmission can break the cycle of transmission. Liver enzyme values in HCV-infected patients showed no relation with genotypes and only represented hepatocellular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Rezaee
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Laleh Babaeekhou
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghane
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
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The Predominance of Genotype 3 in Hepatitis C Virus in the Province of Kahramanmaras, Turkey/Genotype Distribution of Syrian Refugee Patients with Hepatitis C in Kahramanmaras Province. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.80872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes Among Chronically Infected Patients in Pakistan. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.86428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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10
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Shenge JA, Odaibo GN, Olaleye DO. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus among HIV/ HCV co-infected patients in Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210724. [PMID: 30726229 PMCID: PMC6364902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with liver disease including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronically-infected persons. However, in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, increased rate of progression to cirrhosis and HCC has been reported. Limited information exists regarding genetic variants of HCV circulating among co-infected patients, which could be important in the design of broadly protective vaccine and management of the disease. Here, we determined the genotypes of HCV isolates circulating among HIV/HCV co-infected patients in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. One hundred and twenty-five HIV/HCV IgM positive samples obtained from HIV laboratory, University of Ibadan were used for this study. HCV NS5B gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified NS5B gene was sequenced using gene specific primers. Twenty isolates were amplified, out of which 13 were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the 13 sequenced isolates showed three HCV subtypes 1a, 3a and 5a belonging to genotypes 1, 3 and 5 respectively. Ten isolates (77%) belong to subtype 5a, followed by 2 isolates (15%) subtype 1a and 1 isolate (8%) was subtype 3a. The predominant HCV genotype was 5, followed by genotype 1 (subtype 1a). The findings, as well as the observed mutations in NS5B gene, indicate the need for screening and monitoring of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Further study to determine the phylogeny of isolates circulating in other parts of Nigeria will be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet A. Shenge
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Georgina N. Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - David O. Olaleye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Assih M, Ouattara AK, Diarra B, Yonli AT, Compaore TR, Obiri-Yeboah D, Djigma FW, Karou S, Simpore J. Genetic diversity of hepatitis viruses in West-African countries from 1996 to 2018. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:807-821. [PMID: 30533182 PMCID: PMC6280160 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i11.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of hepatic pathology and the response to treatment depend on the hepatitis virus genotype in the infected host. The objective of this review was to determine the distribution of hepatitis virus genotypes in West African countries. A systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct was performed to identify 52 relevant articles reporting hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G viruses genotypes. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E with a prevalence of 90.6% (95%CI: 0.891-0.920) found in this review, is characterized by low genetic diversity. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 and 2 represented 96.4% of HCV infections in West African countries, while hepatitis delta virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis G virus genotypes 1 and HEV genotype 3 were reported in some studies in Ghana and Nigeria. HBV genotype E is characterized by high prevalence, low genetic diversity and wide geographical distribution. Further studies on the clinical implications of HBV genotype E and HCV genotypes 1 and 2 are needed for the development of an effective treatment against this viral hepatitis in West African countries. Surveillance of the distribution of different genotypes is also needed to reduce recombination rates and prevent the emergence of more virulent viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maléki Assih
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Karim Ouattara
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Birama Diarra
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Albert Theophane Yonli
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Tegwindé Rebeca Compaore
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast 00233, Ghana
| | - Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Simplice Karou
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA-UL), Universite de Lome, Lome 00229, Togo
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
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12
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da Costa Marques Borges LF, Zalis MG, Santoro-Lopes G, Varella RB. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in hemodialysis patients in Angola. J Med Virol 2018; 91:518-521. [PMID: 30381830 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, there are no published data on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Angola. This study aimed at assessing the distribution of HCV genotypes in seropositive hemodialysis patients in Luanda. Among 51 HCV-positive subjects included, viremia was detected in 27 (53%). HCV genotyping was performed by bidirectional sequencing of the 5'-untranslated region by the Sanger method. HCV genotype 4 was largely predominant (20 cases; 74%), followed by genotypes 1b (5 cases; 18.5%), 1a and 2 (one case each; 3.7%). These results suggest that the distribution of HCV genotypes in Angola is similar to that reported from other Central African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Filipe da Costa Marques Borges
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariano Gustavo Zalis
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Santoro-Lopes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brandão Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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El-Hefny M, Fouad S, Hussein T, Abdel-Hameed R, Effat H, Mohamed H, Abdel Wahab AH. Circulating microRNAs as predictive biomarkers for liver disease progression of chronic hepatitis C (genotype-4) Egyptian patients. J Med Virol 2018; 91:93-101. [PMID: 30133717 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Egypt is one of the highest prevalence rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide. HCV is among major reasons for chronic liver diseases. MicroRNA (miRNAs), small noncoding regulatory molecules play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver. Circulating miRNAs represent potential noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring patients with liver diseases progression. To investigate the potential role of circulating miRNAs for surveillance of liver disease progression, we assessed the expression of 20 liver-related miRNAs in sera of 47 chronic hepatitis C Egyptian patients compared with 25 controls using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The correlations between their levels and the clinicopathological features were assessed. Fourteen miRNAs showed upregulation and six miRNAs showed downregulation. ROC curve analyses revealed that the explored miRNAs could serve as valuable biomarkers for chronic hepatitis with an area under the curve ranged from 0.708 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.587 to 0.829; P = 0.004) for miR-199 up to 0.974 (95% CI, 0.943 to 1.00; P < 0.001) for miR-23b. The expression level of miR-21 demonstrated significant correlation with age, liver enzymes, ALT/AST, and α-fetoprotein level. AST level was directly correlated with miR-122, while an inversely correlated with miR-23b. Fibrosis and steatosis stages possessed positive correlation with miR-199 expression and negative correlation with miR-27a and miR-93. In conclusion, miR-23b and miR-106 might be a useful biomarker for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). MiR-27a, miR-93, and miR-199 might have a potential role in the progression of liver diseases. Unravel the role of these miRNAs in CHC patients might lead to precise prognosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Hefny
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawky Fouad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Hussein
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Abdel-Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Effat
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Wahid B, Waqar M, Rasool N, Rehman Z, Saeed J, Wasim M, Khan MA, Ali A, Rafique S, Sajjad, Idrees M. Recent trends in molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus in Mardan, KPK Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:66-71. [PMID: 30201500 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine the genotypic distribution of HCV, frequency of risk factors involved in its transmission, and correlation of genotype with viral load in Mardan population which is the second largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Blood samples of 1140 were collected from different regions of Mardan and major proportion of recruited patients were internally displaced people (IDPs), refugees, and slum dwellers. Complete patient's history was analyzed to assess the possible risks involved in HCV transmission. Viral genotype was determined by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) whereas, HCV RNA was measured by qRT-PCR. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Our results indicate 3a as the most abundant subtype in Mardan population followed by 3b, 2a, 2b, 4a, untypeable, mixed, 1a, and 1b. In contrast to previous findings, genotype 1 was the least prevalent genotype and the overall prevalence of HCV in Mardan population was significantly higher in females (n = 687, 60.2%) than males (n = 453, 39.7%). Significant difference between-genotypes and gender was observed in genotype 1 (p < .034) and genotype 3 (p < .004). The mean age was 44 (SD ± 9.51). The most frequently found mixed genotype was 3a + 1b and mixed genotype was more prevalent in males. The proportion of middle-aged people (41-49 years) was higher whereas, older and younger people were least infected with HCV. This is the first study that showed substantial correlation of genotype 3 with low and intermediate viral load in Mardan population. Moreover, high and extremely high viral load was associated with other genotypes. Our findings showed that most of the patients who experienced high and extremely high viremia in their blood were males and belonged to Takhat Bhai and Mardaan regions. There were significant difference in the prevalence of HCV genotype 3a (p = .001) and genotype 3b (p = .005) in different regions of Mardan. Pre-treatment viral load is significantly high (p 0.001) in tehsil Mardan patients infected with HCV genotype 3 as compared to other genotypes. Unsafe medical practices such as medical and dental surgeries, intravenous drug use, and blood transfusions were the main risk factors for HCV transmission in Mardan, KPK Pakistan. This study gives clear insights into the epidemiological status of HCV in Mardan population. Genotype 3 is correlated with low and intermediate viral load whereas high viral loads were revealed among patients infected with genotypes other than genotype 3. In the absence of better data and robust epidemiological information, this detailed analysis of HCV genotypes with special reference to risk factors, pretreatment viral load, gender, and age will provide the baseline data for development of optimal HCV eradication and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Waqar
- Genome Centre for Molecular Based Diagnostics and Research, Cl-25 Block B Al-Sudais Plaza, Abdalian Cooperative Society, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Rasool
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zobaria Rehman
- Genome Centre for Molecular Based Diagnostics and Research, Cl-25 Block B Al-Sudais Plaza, Abdalian Cooperative Society, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jamaluddin Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Khan
- Departments of Medicine, District Head Quarter Hospital, Mardan, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Division of Molecular Virology and Diagnostics, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad
- Genome Centre for Molecular Based Diagnostics and Research, Cl-25 Block B Al-Sudais Plaza, Abdalian Cooperative Society, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Elaziz MA, Moemen YS, Hassanien AE, Xiong S. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Model for HCVNS5B inhibitors based on an Antlion Optimizer-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1506. [PMID: 29367667 PMCID: PMC5784174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is approximately 3% and one-fifth of all HCV carriers live in the Middle East, where Egypt has the highest global incidence of HCV infection. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were used in many applications for predicting the potential effects of chemicals on human health and environment. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is one of the most popular regression methods for building a nonlinear QSAR model. However, the quality of ANFIS is influenced by the size of the descriptors, so descriptor selection methods have been proposed, although these methods are affected by slow convergence and high time complexity. To avoid these limitations, the antlion optimizer was used to select relevant descriptors, before constructing a nonlinear QSAR model based on the PIC50 and these descriptors using ANFIS. In our experiments, 1029 compounds were used, which comprised 579 HCVNS5B inhibitors (PIC50 < ~14) and 450 non-HCVNS5B inhibitors (PIC50 > ~14). The experimental results showed that the proposed QSAR model obtained acceptable accuracy according to different measures, where [Formula: see text] was 0.952 and 0.923 for the training and testing sets, respectively, using cross-validation, while [Formula: see text] was 0.8822 using leave-one-out (LOO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd Elaziz
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Yasmine S Moemen
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menofia, Egypt
| | | | - Shengwu Xiong
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Mahmud S, Al‐Kanaani Z, Chemaitelly H, Chaabna K, Kouyoumjian SP, Abu‐Raddad LJ. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa: Distribution, diversity, and patterns. J Med Virol 2018; 90:131-141. [PMID: 28842995 PMCID: PMC5724492 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to characterize the distribution, diversity and patterns of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Source of data was a database of HCV genotype studies in MENA populated using a series of systematic literature searches. Pooled mean proportions were estimated for each genotype and by country using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses. Genotype diversity within countries was assessed using Shannon Diversity Index. Number of chronic infections by genotype and country was calculated using the pooled proportions and country-specific numbers of chronic infection. Analyses were conducted on 338 genotype studies including 82 257 genotyped individuals. Genotype 1 was dominant (≥50%) in Algeria, Iran, Morocco, Oman, Tunisia, and UAE, and was overall ubiquitous across the region. Genotype 2 was common (10-50%) in Algeria, Bahrain, Libya, and Morocco. Genotype 3 was dominant in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Genotype 4 was dominant in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Genotypes 5, 6, and 7 had limited or no presence across countries. Genotype diversity varied immensely throughout MENA. Weighted by population size, MENA's chronic infections were highest among genotype 3, followed by genotype 4, genotype 1, genotype 2, genotype 5, and genotype 6. Despite ubiquitous presence of genotype 1, the vast majority of chronic infections were of genotypes 3 or 4, because of the sizable epidemics in Pakistan and Egypt. Three sub-regional patterns were identified: genotype 3 pattern centered in Pakistan, genotype 4 pattern centered in Egypt, and genotype 1 pattern ubiquitous in most MENA countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Mahmud
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine—QatarCornell UniversityQatar Foundation—Education CityDohaQatar
| | - Zaina Al‐Kanaani
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine—QatarCornell UniversityQatar Foundation—Education CityDohaQatar
| | - Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine—QatarCornell UniversityQatar Foundation—Education CityDohaQatar
| | - Karima Chaabna
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine—QatarCornell UniversityQatar Foundation—Education CityDohaQatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell MedicineCornell UniversityNew York
| | - Silva P. Kouyoumjian
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine—QatarCornell UniversityQatar Foundation—Education CityDohaQatar
| | - Laith J. Abu‐Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine—QatarCornell UniversityQatar Foundation—Education CityDohaQatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell MedicineCornell UniversityNew York
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17
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Global elimination of hepatitis C virus infection: Progresses and the remaining challenges. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:1239-1252. [PMID: 29312527 PMCID: PMC5745585 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i33.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seems more achievable. A further challenge is continued transmission of HCV infection in high-risk population specially injecting drug users (IDUs) as the major reservoir of HCV infection. Considering the fact that most of these infections remain undiagnosed, unidentified HCV-infected IDUs are potential sources for the rapid spread of HCV in the community. The continuous increase in the number of IDUs along with the rising prevalence of HCV infection among young IDUs is harbinger of a forthcoming public health dilemma, presenting a serious challenge to control transmission of HCV infection. Even the changes in HCV genotype distribution attributed to injecting drug use confirm this issue. These circumstances create a strong demand for timely diagnosis and proper treatment of HCV-infected patients through risk-based screening to mitigate the risk of HCV transmission in the IDUs community and, consequently, in the society. Meanwhile, raising general awareness of HCV infection, diagnosis and treatment through public education should be the core activity of any harm reduction intervention, as the root cause of failure in control of HCV infection has been lack of awareness among young drug takers. In addition, effective prevention, comprehensive screening programs with a specific focus on high-risk population, accessibility to the new anti-HCV treatment regimens and public education should be considered as the top priorities of any health policy decision to eliminate HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taherkhani
- the Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshadpour
- the Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
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18
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Tınazlı M, Güvenir M, Aykaç A, Süer K. Hepatitis C virus infection among patients admitted to a rheumatology ward in northern Cyprus. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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EL Hadad S, Al-Hamdan H, Linjawi S. Partial sequencing analysis of the NS5B region confirmed the predominance of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178225. [PMID: 28552946 PMCID: PMC5446157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its progression are major health problems that many countries including Saudi Arabia are facing. Determination of HCV genotypes and subgenotypes is critical for epidemiological and clinical analysis and aids in the determination of the ideal treatment strategy that needs to be followed and the expected therapy response. Although HCV infection has been identified as the second most predominant type of hepatitis in Saudi Arabia, little is known about the molecular epidemiology and genetic variability of HCV circulating in the Jeddah province of Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to determine the dominance of various HCV genotypes and subgenotypes circulating in Jeddah using partial sequencing of the NS5B region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Saudi Arabia. To characterize HCV genotypes and subgenotypes, serum samples from 56 patients with chronic HCV infection were collected and subjected to partial NS5B gene amplification and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B partial sequences revealed that HCV/1 was the predominant genotype (73%), followed by HCV/4 (24.49%) and HCV/3 (2.04%). Moreover, pairwise analysis also confirmed these results based on the average specific nucleotide distance identity: ±0.112, ±0.112, and ±0.179 for HCV/1, HCV/4, and HCV/3, respectively, without any interference between genotypes. Notably, the phylogenetic tree of the HCV/1 subgenotypes revealed that all the isolates (100%) from the present study belonged to the HCV/1a subgenotype. Our findings also revealed similarities in the nucleotide sequences between HCV circulating in Saudi Arabia and those circulating in countries such as Morocco, Egypt, Canada, India, Pakistan, and France. These results indicated that determination of HCV genotypes and subgenotypes based on partial sequence analysis of the NS5B region is accurate and reliable for HCV subtype determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar EL Hadad
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, VACSERA, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Hesa Al-Hamdan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah Linjawi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Hesamizadeh K, Alavian SM, Najafi Tireh Shabankareh A, Sharafi H. Molecular Tracing of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Isolates in Iran: A NS5B Phylogenetic Analysis with Systematic Review. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e42938. [PMID: 28123445 PMCID: PMC5237473 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.42938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity and classified into 7 genotypes and different subtypes. It heterogeneously distributed through various risk groups and geographical regions. A well-established phylogenetic relationship can simplify the tracing of HCV hierarchical strata into geographical regions. The current study aimed to find genetic phylogeny of subtypes 1a and 1b of HCV isolates based on NS5B nucleotide sequences in Iran and other members of Eastern Mediterranean regional office of world health organization, as well as other Middle Eastern countries, with a systematic review of available published and unpublished studies. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the nucleotide sequences of NS5B gene of HCV genotype 1 (HCV-1), which were registered in the GenBank database. The literature review was performed in two steps: 1) searching studies evaluating the NS5B sequences of HCV-1, on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and 2) Searching sequences of unpublished studies registered in the GenBank database. RESULTS In this study, 442 sequences from HCV-1a and 232 from HCV-1b underwent phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of all sequences revealed different clusters in the phylogenetic trees. The results showed that the proportion of HCV-1a and -1b isolates from Iranian patients probably originated from domestic sources. Moreover, the HCV-1b isolates from Iranian patients may have similarities with the European ones. CONCLUSIONS In this study, phylogenetic reconstruction of HCV-1 sequences clearly indicated for molecular tracing and ancestral relationships of the HCV genotypes in Iran, and showed the likelihood of domestic origin for HCV-1a and various origin for HCV-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Hesamizadeh
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Azar Najafi Tireh Shabankareh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Heidar Sharafi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Heidar Sharafi, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-21 8894 5186, Fax: +98-2188945188, E-mail:
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21
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Ghori NUH, Shafique A, Hayat MQ, Anjum S. The Phylogeographic and Spatiotemporal Spread of HCV in Pakistani Population. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164265. [PMID: 27764129 PMCID: PMC5072696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is the most prevalent human pathogen in Pakistan and is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in infected patients. It has shifted from being hypo-endemic to being hyper-endemic. There was no information about the origin and evolution of the local variants. Here we use newly developed phyloinformatic methods of sequence analysis to conduct the first comprehensive investigation of the evolutionary and biogeographic history in unprecedented detail and breadth. Considering evolutionary rate and molecular-clock hypothesis in context, we reconstructed the spatiotemporal spread of HCV in the whole territory of its circulation using a combination of Bayesian MCMC methods utilizing all sequences available in GenBank. Comparative analysis were performed and were addressed. Whole genome and individual gene analysis have shown that sub-types 1a, 1b and 3a are recognized as epidemic strains and are distributed globally. Here we confirm that the origin of HCV 3a genotypes is in South Asia and HCV has evolved in the region to become stably adapted to the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-Ul-Huda Ghori
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Atif Shafique
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Hayat
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Anjum
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University Of Hail, PO Box 2440, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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22
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Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Sharafi H, Sadeghi F, Alavian SM. The Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e40357. [PMID: 27826320 PMCID: PMC5097177 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.40357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is classified into seven genotypes and more than 100 subtypes. The treatment regimen, duration and efficacy of HCV therapy may vary according to the HCV genotype. Therefore, the HCV genotype should be determined prior to antiviral therapy. The objective of the current study was to review systematically all studies reporting the distribution of HCV genotypes in the countries that make up the Middle East. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Articles were identified by searching electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar, with timeline limits (articles published between 1995 and 2016). We carried out a systematic search regarding the distribution of HCV genotypes in Middle Eastern countries. RESULTS A total of 579 studies were identified by the electronic search. Of these, a total of 187 were identified as eligible papers including 60,319 patients who were meta-analyzed for pooled distribution of HCV genotypes. In Turkey, Israel, Cyprus, and Iran, genotype 1 was the most prevalent HCV genotype with rates of 82% (95% CI, 82%-83%), 68% (95% CI, 67%-69%), 68% (95% CI, 59%-77%), and 55% (95% CI, 54%-55%), respectively. In Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, HCV genotype 4 was the most common genotype with rates of 86% (95% CI, 85%-88%), 60% (95% CI, 56%-64%), 56% (95% CI, 54%-55%), and 57% (95% CI, 54%-61%), respectively. On the basis of adjusted data, HCV genotype 4 was the most prevalent genotype in the Middle East region, with a rate of 74.7% (95% CI, 73.4%-76%), followed by genotype 1 at 15.1% (95% CI, 14.1%-16%). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that HCV genotype 4 is the most prevalent genotype in the Middle East region. However, HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent among non-Arab countries in the region including Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghaderi-Zefrehi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Heidar Sharafi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Seyed Moayed Alavian, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188945186, Fax: +98-2188945188, E-mail:
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Alghamdi AS, Alghamdi M, Sanai FM, Alghamdi H, Aba-Alkhail F, Alswat K, Babatin M, Alqutub A, Altraif I, Alfaleh F. SASLT guidelines: Update in treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22 Suppl:S25-57. [PMID: 27538727 PMCID: PMC5004485 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.188067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alghamdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, King Fahd Military Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Sanai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Alghamdi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences and Liver Transplantation King Abdulaziz Medical City, and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Aba-Alkhail
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alswat
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Babatin
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alqutub
- Department of Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Altraif
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences and Liver Transplantation King Abdulaziz Medical City, and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alfaleh
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10790-810. [PMID: 26478671 PMCID: PMC4600581 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Iran, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is relatively low according to the population-based epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is increasing due to the growth in the number of injecting drug users in the society. In addition, a shift has occurred in the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected patients in Iran. Genotype 1a is the most prevalent genotype in Iran, but in recent years, an increase in the frequency of 3a and a decrease in 1a and 1b have been reported. These variations in the epidemiology of HCV reflect differences in the routes of transmission, status of public health, lifestyles, and risk factors in different groups and geographic regions of Iran. Health policy makers should consider these differences to establish better strategies for control and prevention of HCV infection. Therefore, this review was conducted to present a clear view regarding the current epidemiology of HCV infection in Iran.
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Jafroodi M, Davoudi-Kiakalayeh A, Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Pourfathollah AA, Haghbin A. Trend in Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among β-thalassemia Major Patients: 10 Years of Experience in Iran. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 26445636 PMCID: PMC4587076 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.164832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) among patients with β-thalassemia major. A high prevalence of HCV was reported among these patients. The aim of this study is seeking the trend of the prevalence of HCV infection among the patients with b-thalassemia major in Guilan province, Northern Iran over a 10-year period. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 1113 patients with b-thalassemia major in the Guilan province, northern Iran from 2002 to 2012, using multiple data sources. A blood sample was taken from each patient, and a questionnaire regarding demographic data and risk factors was completed for them. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recombinant immunoblot assay for HCV were performed in all cases. A stepwise forward logistic regression analysis was done. RESULTS The prevalence of hepatitis C infection among β-thalassemia major patients was 13.6%. The risk of hepatitis C among β-thalassemia major patients was greater before screening program for HCV (odds ratio = 9.6, 95% confidence interval: 2.3-40.5). In addition, the prevalence of anti-HCV seropositivity was decreased dramatically among patients who have received transfusions after implementation of blood donor screening for HCV. There were no positive HCV cases in the patients younger than 10 years. CONCLUSIONS The risk of TTIs including HCV can be reduced by implementing screening program for healthy blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jafroodi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Davoudi-Kiakalayeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS), H1, Division of Family Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohtasham-Amiri
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azade Haghbin
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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Chemaitelly H, Chaabna K, Abu-Raddad LJ. The Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus in the Fertile Crescent: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135281. [PMID: 26296200 PMCID: PMC4546629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in countries of the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), namely Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. METHODS We systematically reviewed and synthesized available records of HCV incidence and prevalence following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were implemented using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model with inverse weighting to estimate the country-specific HCV prevalence among the various at risk population groups. RESULTS We identified eight HCV incidence and 240 HCV prevalence measures in the Fertile Crescent. HCV sero-conversion risk among hemodialysis patients was 9.2% in Jordan and 40.3% in Iraq, and ranged between 0% and 3.5% among other populations in Iraq over different follow-up times. Our meta-analyses estimated HCV prevalence among the general population at 0.2% in Iraq (range: 0-7.2%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3%), 0.3% in Jordan (range: 0-2.0%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5%), 0.2% in Lebanon (range: 0-3.4%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3%), 0.2% in Palestine (range: 0-9.0%; 95% CI: 0.2-0.3%), and 0.4% in Syria (range: 0.3-0.9%; 95% CI: 0.4-0.5%). Among populations at high risk, HCV prevalence was estimated at 19.5% in Iraq (range: 0-67.3%; 95% CI: 14.9-24.5%), 37.0% in Jordan (range: 21-59.5%; 95% CI: 29.3-45.0%), 14.5% in Lebanon (range: 0-52.8%; 95% CI: 5.6-26.5%), and 47.4% in Syria (range: 21.0-75.0%; 95% CI: 32.5-62.5%). Genotypes 4 and 1 appear to be the dominant circulating strains. CONCLUSIONS HCV prevalence in the population at large appears to be below 1%, lower than that in other MENA sub-regions, and tending towards the lower end of the global range. However, there is evidence for ongoing HCV transmission within medical facilities and among people who inject drugs (PWID). Migration dynamics appear to have played a role in determining the circulating genotypes. HCV prevention efforts should be targeted, and focus on infection control in clinical settings and harm reduction among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karima Chaabna
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Ho SH, Ng KP, Kaur H, Goh KL. Genotype 3 is the predominant hepatitis C genotype in a multi-ethnic Asian population in Malaysia. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:281-6. [PMID: 26063029 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are distributed differently across the world. There is a paucity of such data in a multi-ethnic Asian population like Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes between major ethnic groups and to ascertain their association with basic demographic variables like age and gender. METHODS This was a cross-sectional prospective study conducted from September 2007 to September 2013. Consecutive patients who were detected to have anti-HCV antibodies in the University of Malaya Medical Centre were included and tested for the presence of HCV RNA using Roche Cobas Amplicor Analyzer and HCV genotype using Roche single Linear Array HCV Genotyping strip. RESULTS Five hundred and ninety-six subjects were found to have positive anti-HCV antibodies during this period of time. However, only 396 (66.4%) were HCV RNA positive and included in the final analysis. Our results showed that HCV genotype 3 was the predominant genotype with overall frequency of 61.9% followed by genotypes 1 (35.9%), 2 (1.8%) and 6 (0.5%). There was a slightly higher prevalence of HCV genotype 3 among the Malays when compared to the Chinese (P=0.043). No other statistical significant differences were observed in the distribution of HCV genotypes among the major ethnic groups. There was also no association between the predominant genotypes and basic demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS In a multi-ethnic Asian society in Malaysia, genotype 3 is the predominant genotype among all the major ethnic groups with genotype 1 as the second commonest genotype. Both genotypes 2 and 6 are uncommon. Neither genotype 4 nor 5 was detected. There is no identification of HCV genotype according to ethnic origin, age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiaw-Hooi Ho
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Feyznezhad R, Behzadi MA, Yaghobi R, Ziyaeyan M. Determining major genotypes of hepatitis C virus among transplant recipients by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e16722. [PMID: 25793097 PMCID: PMC4353064 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.16722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection still exists as a health concern among the transplant patients. Because of the severity of the disease, different responses to treatment, and side effects resulting from long therapeutic period, determination of genotypes and viral loads can help choose the best treatment protocols. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the HCV genotypes and its distribution patterns among liver, kidney, and bone marrow recipient candidates across Iran, referred to Namazi Hospital, southern Iran. Patients and Methods: A total of 101 individuals, including 44 (43.6%) liver, 55 (54.5%) kidney, and 2 (2%) bone marrow recipient candidates, with ages ranging between 5 and 74 years (Mean ±SD: 46.53 ± 13.73 y) participated in this study. From those, whole blood sample were collected and anti-HCV antibodies, RNA detection, and genotyping were performed on plasma using commercial chromatographic immunoassay, TaqMan one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and genotyping RT-PCR kits, respectively. The frequencies of anti-HCV antibodies, RNA, various genotypes, and the viral load were compared with respect to gender, age, and transplant recipient groups. Results: Of 101 individuals, 47 (46.5%) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies and 34 (33.7%) for RNA with a significant difference (P < 0.05). RNA copy number ranged from 4.6 × 103 to 3.11 × 107 copies/mL, median: 2.92 × 106 copies/mL, with no statistical differences in all groups. Analyses revealed no significant differences between the frequencies of anti-HCV antibodies or RNA in different groups. The frequencies of the genotypes 1 (50%) and 3 (35.3%) were higher than those of the genotypes 2 (2.9%), 4 (2.9%), and undetermined one (8.8%). Genotype 1 was significantly more prevalent in liver transplant recipients, those older than 40 years, and male cases (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Considering the high frequency of genotypes 1 and 3 among the studied groups, it is suggested that before and after transplantation programs be improved to manage and treat the disease efficiently, based on the standard protocols for such genotypes in the region. Accordingly, the occurrence of post-transplant complications due to immunosuppression among all the recipients as well as reinfection in HCV infected liver transplant patients can be diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Feyznezhad
- Department of Microbiology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mazyar Ziyaeyan, Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7193711351, Fax: +98-7116474303, E-mail:
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Saha K, Firdaus R, Biswas A, Mukherjee A, Sadhukhan PC. A novel nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method for rapid hepatitis C virus detection and genotyping. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:130-6. [PMID: 24713897 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.129782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapid and specific detection of viral nucleic acid is increasingly important in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. The objective was to develop a rapid, efficient process of nucleic acid based detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for its diagnosis and treatment follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS A two-step nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been standardised on a sample set of 125 individuals from different liver clinics in Kolkata. The method utilises a novel fast nested RT-PCR for HCV detection and genotyping from HCV infected patient plasma with high processivity. RESULTS The overall time required from ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolation to nested PCR amplified product detection is reduced to 42% when compared with conventional nested RT-PCR amplification. The method is sensitive as conventional PCR and detected all HCV RNA positive samples. Sequencing, phylogenetic analysis of the PCR amplified product by this method showed concordant genotypes with conventional PCR. CONCLUSION Though being a two-step process, this method is fast, cost-efficient, reliable and feasible for regular HCV RNA screening and apt even in resource limited settings. This method could be translated to regular nucleic acid screening for other infectious diseases as regular PCR regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - P C Sadhukhan
- Department of Virology, I.C.M.R. Virus Unit, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Meta-analysis: influence of host and viral factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:1189-201. [PMID: 25171028 PMCID: PMC4180769 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 (HCV-4) is high in Africa and East Mediterranean countries. Previous reports estimate sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in HCV-4 to be ∼20-70%. However, many of these studies are limited by different study designs and small sample sizes. Our aim was to evaluate treatment outcome and host/viral factors on SVR in HCV-4 patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEG IFN+RBV) in a systematic and quantitative manner. A comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE and EMBASE for 'genotype 4' was conducted in November 2013. Abstracts from American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Asian Pacific Study of the Liver, Digestive Disease Week, and European Association for the Study of the Liver in 2012/2013 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were original studies with at least 25 treatment-naive HCV-4 patients treated with PEG IFN+RBV. Exclusion criteria were coinfection with HIV, hepatitis B virus, or other genotypes. Effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was determined by Cochrane Q-test (P<0.05) and I statistic (>50%). We included 51 studies (11 102 HCV-4 patients) in the primary analysis. Pooled SVR was 53% [95% confidence interval (CI): 50-55%] (Q-statistic=269.20, P<0.05; I=81.43). On subgroup analyses, SVR was significantly associated with lower viral load, odds ratio (OR) 3.05 (CI: 1.80-5.17, P<0.001); mild fibrosis, OR 3.17 (CI: 2.19-4.59, P<0.001); and favorable IL28B polymorphisms, rs12979860 CC versus CT/TT, OR 4.70 (CI: 2.87-7.69, P<0.001), and rs8099917 TT versus GT/GG, OR 5.21 (CI: 2.31-11.73, P<0.001). HCV-4 patients treated with PEG IFN+RBV may expect SVR rates of ∼50%. Lower viral load, mild fibrosis, and favorable IL28B (rs12979860 CC and rs8099917 TT) are positively associated with SVR.
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Khan N, Akmal M, Hayat M, Umar M, Ullah A, Ahmed I, Rahim K, Ali S, Bahadar S, Saleha S. Geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in pakistan. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e20299. [PMID: 25477975 PMCID: PMC4250967 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotypes may be changed over time. Epidemiological Studies on distribution patterns of HCV genotypes in Pakistani population might assist for better treatment options and preventive strategies. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to determine distribution patterns of HCV genotypes in different geographical regions of Pakistan. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1818 randomly selected patients from different geographical regions of Pakistan, diagnosed with HCV infection by the third generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), were included between April 2011 and December 2013. HCV RNA was detected in serum samples of patients by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) of the core region. Qualitative PCR was performed to determine viral load. HCV genotyping was performed by RT-nested PCR using type-specific primers of the core region. Frequency of different genotypes among patients was assessed according to gender, age and geographical region at the time of sampling. RESULTS Of 1818 HCV RNA positive samples, HCV genotypes PCR fragments were detected in 1552 (85.5%) samples. HCV genotype 3a was the predominant genotype (39.4%) followed by genotype 2a (24.93%). HCV genotype 3 was the predominant genotype in Punjab and Sindh regions, while genotype 2 was the most predominant genotype in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region and the second predominant genotype after genotype 3 in Sindh region. The incidence of genotype 2a is increasing in our country with decrease in the incidence of genotype 3a. A higher incidence of HCV various genotypes were observed among male patients and those younger than 45 years. CONCLUSIONS This study may facilitate treatment options and preventive strategies in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akmal
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Rahim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sadar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Bahadar
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Saleha
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan
- Corresponding Author: Shamim Saleha, Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, Pakistan. Tel: +92-252915545, Fax: +92-3339642532, E-mail:
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Mohamoud YA, Miller FD, Abu-Raddad LJ. Potential for human immunodeficiency virus parenteral transmission in the Middle East and North Africa: An analysis using hepatitis C virus as a proxy biomarker. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12734-12752. [PMID: 25278675 PMCID: PMC4177460 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has endured several major events of infection parenteral transmission. Recent work has established the utility of using hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a proxy biomarker for assessing the epidemic potential for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) parenteral transmission. In this review, we use data on the prevalence of HCV infection antibody (seroprevalence) among general population and high risk population groups to assess the potential for HIV parenteral transmission in MENA. Relatively low prevalence of HCV infection in the general population groups was reported in most MENA countries indicating that parenteral HIV transmission at endemic levels does not appear to be a cause for concern. Nonetheless, there could be opportunities for localized HIV outbreaks and transmission of other blood-borne infections in some settings such as healthcare facilities. Though there have been steady improvements in safety measures related to parenteral modes of transmission in the region, these improvements have not been uniform across all countries. More precautions, including infection control training programs, surveillance systems for nosocomial infections and wider coverage and evaluation of hepatitis B virus immunization programs need to be implemented to avoid the unnecessary spread of HIV, HCV, and other blood-borne pathogens along the parenteral modes of transmission.
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Erfanmanesh M, Ghasemi S, Mohammadi F. Serological assay and genotyping of hepatitis C virus in infected patients in zanjan province. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e17323. [PMID: 25368655 PMCID: PMC4214121 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.17323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), a public health problem, is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus and a member of the Hepacivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. Liver cancer, cirrhosis, and end-stage liver are the outcomes of chronic infection with HCV. HCV isolates show significant heterogeneity in genetics around the world. Therefore, determining HCV genotypes is a vital step in determining prognosis and planning therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVES As distribution of HCV genotypes is different in various geographical regions and HCV genotyping of patients has not been investigated in Zanjan City, this study was designed for the first time, to determine HCV genotypes in the region and to promote the impact of the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples of 136 patients were collected and analyzed for anti-HCV antibodies using ELISA (The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. Then, positive samples were exposed to RT-PCR, which was performed under standard condition. Afterwards, they investigated for genotyping using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and HCV genotype 2.0 line probe assay (LiPA). RESULTS Samples indicated 216 bp bands on 2% agarose gel. Analyses of the results demonstrated that the most dominant subtype was 3a with frequency of 38.26% in Zanjan Province followed by subtypes of 1b, 1a, 2, and 4 with frequencies of 25.73%, 22.05%, 5.14%, and 4.41%, respectively. The frequency of unknown HCV genotypes was 4.41%. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, it was found that HCV high prevalent genotype in Zanjan is subtype 3a. Analysis of the results provides identification of certain HCV genotypes, and these valuable findings could affect the type and duration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunolory, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh, Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Mahdavi Blvd., Zanjan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2433440301, Fax: +98-2433449553, E-mail:
| | - Maryam Erfanmanesh
- Young Researchers Club, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Sousan Ghasemi
- Medical Laboratory, Shaheed Beheshti General Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Immunolory, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
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Rastin M, Mahmoudi M, Rezaee SA, Assarehzadegan MA, Tabasi N, Zamani S, Nosratabadi R, Haghmorad D, Sheikh A, Khazaee M, Panah HR. Distribution of Hepatitis C virus genotypes in city of Mashhad, North-east of Iran. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:53-6. [PMID: 24399389 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Six major hepatitis C virus genotypes have been characterised, which vary in their geographical distribution. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in an area is not constant, and depends on the changes in route of infection, which may change over time. In this study, the distribution of HCV genotypes in Mashhad, the capital of Razavi Khorasan province in north-east of Iran was investigated. Mashhad is a holy city of Shiate Moslems, which attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and seventy-eight HCV infected subjects (227 males and 51 females) were included in this study. HCV genotypes were analysed by type specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Genotype 3a was detected in 49.6%, 1a in 36.3%, 1b in 12.6% and 2a in 0.4%. Two HCV genotypes were detected in 1.1% cases; 1a +3a in 1%, 3a + 1b in 0.4%. Genotypes 2b and 3b were not detected in any samples. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that despite the previous reports on the frequency of HCV genotypes in Iran, 3a is the predominant genotype in Mashhad.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Back to the origin of HCV 2c subtype and spreading to the Calabria region (Southern Italy) over the last two centuries: a phylogenetic study. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:352-8. [PMID: 24973737 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulation of HCV genotype 2 has been described in European Countries where numerous subtypes and unclassified HCV 2 lineages have been reported. In Italy, subtype 1b is the most prevalent, followed by genotype 2. In the present study, phylogeny of HCV 2c was investigated. The phylogeny of HCV 2c isolated from 54 Italian patients in the Calabria region (Southern Italy) was investigated by analyzing a fragment of the NS5B gene. Patients came from 5 metropolitan areas and a small village (Sersale). These areas were geographically dispersed throughout the entire region. A Bayesian coalescent-based framework was used to estimate origin and spreading of HCV 2c in this region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 28 Italian sequences were intermixed with foreign HCV 2c reference sequences and grouped into 3 major clades: A, B, and C. Nineteen inter-clade sequences were associated uniquely with surgery as risk factor for HCV acquisition. By contrast, a sub-cluster within clade B was associated with blood transfusion. Moreover, sequences from Sersale village grouped in the Italian sub-cluster and were intermixed with 10 sequences from metropolitan areas. The three isolates with the longest branch came from Sersale and belonged to patients who had glass syringes as risk factor. HCV 2c isolates from the Calabria region shared a common ancestor whose origin was traced back to 1889. Our results suggest that, after its introduction - possibly as a result of population movements between Italy and African Countries during Italian colonialism - HCV 2c spread through multiple risk factors, not including intravenous drug use. So, transmission chains followed a pathway different from other European Countries. Although HCV incidence is decreasing, these ways are still ongoing, possibly justifying stability in the relative prevalence of HCV 2c.
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Salehi Moghadam F, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Romani S, Mirtalebi H, Azimzadeh P, Damavand B, Naghoosi H, Khanyaghma M, Sanati A, Zali MR. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus strains and risk factors associated with infection and viral subtypes among Iranian patients. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1342-9. [PMID: 24838700 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected approximately 170 million people worldwide. While the seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibody among Iranian blood donors is 0.13%, HCV infection is prevalent in 59-80% of Iranian injecting drug users. One hundred seventy-eight anti-HCV positive patients were referred to the Gastroenterology Department at the Taleghani Hospital (Tehran, Iran) between June 2007 and June 2012. Out of 178 samples, 142 were positive for HCV-RNA. HCV subtypes were determined using phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B or 5'UTR/core regions. Of 142 viremic patients, 71 (50%) were infected with HCV subtype 1a, 43 (30.3%) with subtype 3a, 20 (14.1%) with subtype 1b, 3 (2.1%) with subtype 4d, 2 (1.4%) with subtype 4a, 1 (0.7%) with subtype 2b, and 1 (0.7%) with subtype 6a. Interestingly, genetic analysis of a sub-genomic fragment from one patient identified a non-subtypeable HCV genotype-3 strain. There was a significant association between HCV subtype and a history of injecting drug use (P = 0.003). Subtype 3a was predominant among patients with such a history. Injecting drug use was associated with younger age (P < 0.001). HCV subtype was also significantly associated with a history of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (P = 0.02). Subtype 1a was more frequent among patients with such a history. In addition, history of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was significantly associated with older age (P = 0.002). In conclusion, while HCV subtype 1a is predominant among infected Iranian individuals, subtype 3a is predominant among Iranian injecting drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Salehi Moghadam
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Tyczyno M, Halota W, Nowak W, Pawlowska M. Distribution of HCV genotypes in the populations of inmates in polish prison potulice and patients hospitalised in bydgoszcz. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e14559. [PMID: 24910703 PMCID: PMC4030260 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to many studies, one of the social groups with high rate of HCV infections are prisoners. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine and compare the genotypes distribution among prisoners and patients of hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS HCV genotypes among prisoners (281 inmates) and patients of hospital (1415 patients) were determined in years 2002-2012. HCV genotypes were determined in 2002-2005 with INNO-LiPA HCV II test (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) and since 2006 with LINEAR ARRAY assay (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), after isolation and amplification of the material with COBAS AMPLICOR v 2.0 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). RESULTS The most frequent HCV genotype among inmates was genotype 3, which was detected in169 of 281 patients (60.1%). Most frequent genotype among hospitalized was genotype 1, which was found in 1127 cases (79.6%). Comparing the results of prisoners with a group of patients with HIV/HCV co-infection gave similar results. In both groups most frequent was genotype 3 (respectively 60.1 and 45.5%). However, most prisoners in this study (96%) were HIV-negative. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that the predominant HCV genotype among inmates from prison in Potulice is genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Tyczyno
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Corresponding Author: Małgorzata Tyczyno, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Tel: +48-523255678, Fax: +48-523255673. E-mail:
| | - Waldemar Halota
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawlowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Gouthamchandra K, Kumar A, Shwetha S, Mukherjee A, Chandra M, Ravishankar B, Khaja MN, Sadhukhan PC, Das S. Serum proteomics of hepatitis C virus infection reveals retinol-binding protein 4 as a novel regulator. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1654-1667. [PMID: 24784414 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are currently diagnosed by invasive liver biopsy. Approximately 15-20 % of cases of chronic liver diseases in India are caused by HCV infection. In North India, genotype 3 is predominant, whereas genotype 1 is predominant in southern parts of India. The aim of this study was to identify differentially regulated serum proteins in HCV-infected Indian patients (genotypes 1 and 3) using a two-dimensional electrophoresis approach. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins by MS. Expression levels of one of the highly upregulated proteins, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), was validated by ELISA and Western blotting in two independent cohorts. We also confirmed our observation in the JFH1 infectious cell culture system. Interestingly, the HCV core protein enhanced RBP4 levels and partial knockdown of RBP4 had a positive impact on HCV replication, suggesting a possible role for this cellular protein in regulating HCV infection. Analysis of RBP4-interacting partners using a bioinformatic approach revealed novel insights into the possible involvement of RBP4 in HCV-induced pathogenesis. Taken together, this study provided information on the proteome profile of the HCV-infected Indian population, and revealed a link between HCV infection, RBP4 and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gouthamchandra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Shivaprasad Shwetha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anirban Mukherjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, GB-4 (East Wing) 1st Floor, 57, Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Madhavi Chandra
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Sagar Society, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | | | - M N Khaja
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Sagar Society, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Provash Chandra Sadhukhan
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, GB-4 (East Wing) 1st Floor, 57, Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Thong VD, Akkarathamrongsin S, Poovorawan K, Tangkijvanich P, Poovorawan Y. Hepatitis C virus genotype 6: virology, epidemiology, genetic variation and clinical implication. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2927-40. [PMID: 24659883 PMCID: PMC3961978 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious public health problem affecting 170 million carriers worldwide. It is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer and is the primary cause for liver transplantation worldwide. HCV genotype 6 (HCV-6) is restricted to South China, South-East Asia, and it is also occasionally found in migrant patients from endemic countries. HCV-6 has considerable genetic diversity with 23 subtypes (a to w). Although direct sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis is the gold standard for HCV-6 genotyping and subtyping, there are also now rapid genotyping tests available such as the reverse hybridization line probe assay (INNO-LiPA II; Innogenetics, Zwijnaarde, Belgium). HCV-6 patients present with similar clinical manifestations as patients infected with other genotypes. Based on current evidence, the optimal treatment duration of HCV-6 with pegylated interferon/ribavirin should be 48 wk, although a shortened treatment duration of 24 wk could be sufficient in patients with low pretreatment viral load who achieve rapid virological response. In addition, the development of direct-acting antiviral agents is ongoing, and they give high response rate when combined with standard therapy. Herein, we review the epidemiology, classification, diagnosis and treatment as it pertain to HCV-6.
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Duan XQ, Li SL, Li YJ, Liu B, Zeng PB, Yang CH, Chen LM. The Role of MicroRNA in Hepatitis C Virus Replication. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2013; 1:125-30. [PMID: 26355873 PMCID: PMC4521283 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2013.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health problem. There is no effective vaccine and the current treatment regimen with pegylated interferon α and ribavirin is associated with significant adverse events. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new antiviral targets for HCV therapy. In recent years, a growing number of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be able to regulate HCV replication and infection by interacting with the HCV genome directly or by regulating host innate immunity to build a nonspecific antiviral state within cells. In this review, we discuss HCV virology and standard of care followed by miRNA in general, and then give a brief overview of miRNAs involved in HCV infection and discuss their potential application as a therapeutic option for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi-Lin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei-Bing Zeng
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun-Hui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Min Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ; Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Edwards VC, McClure CP, Brown RJP, Thompson E, Irving WL, Ball JK. Use of short tandem repeat fingerprinting to validate sample origins in hepatitis C virus molecular epidemiology studies. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:66-70. [PMID: 24100764 PMCID: PMC3917063 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence analysis is used to define the molecular epidemiology and evolution of the hepatitis C virus. Whilst most studies have shown that individual patients harbour viruses that are derived from a limited number of highly related strains, some recent reports have shown that some patients can be co-infected with very distinct variants whose frequency can fluctuate greatly. Whilst co-infection with highly divergent strains is possible, an alternative explanation is that such data represent contamination or sample mix-up. In this study, we have shown that DNA fingerprinting techniques can accurately assess sample provenance and differentiate between samples that are truly exhibiting mixed infection from those that harbour distinct virus populations due to sample mix-up. We have argued that this approach should be adopted routinely in virus sequence analyses to validate sample provenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Edwards
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Patrick McClure
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard J P Brown
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emma Thompson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, UK
| | - William L Irving
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Bokharaei-Salim F, Keyvani H, Monavari SH, Alavian SM, Fakhim S, Nasseri S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among azerbaijani patients in capital city of iran-tehran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e13699. [PMID: 24282427 PMCID: PMC3830518 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distributed in a particular area has an important role on public health throughout the world. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HCV genotypes in Azerbaijani patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS From March 2010 until March 2012, 235 Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis C, referred to Hospitals related to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran Hepatitis Center, Clinical department of Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroeneterology and Liver Disease, were enrolled in this cross sectional study. About 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected from patients and after separation of plasma, viral RNA extracted. HCV-RNA were amplified by RT-nested PCR using primers from the 5´-UTR and genotyped by RFLP assay, and then HCV genotypes were confirmed using sequencing of cloned PCR products into pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector. RESULTS HCV genotyping of positive plasma samples demonstrated that predominant HCV subtype was noted for 1b (71.1%) followed by subtype 3a (17.0%), genotype 2 (6.8%), 1a (1.7%), and mixed infection (3.4%). The mean ± SD age of patients was 37.3 ± 11.8 (range: 2-63) years. Out of 235 patients, 139 (59.1%) were male. The frequency of HCV subtype 3a was higher in patients under 40 years old (3a: 18.1% vs. 15.0%), and subtype 3a was higher in male patients (3a: 18.7% vs. 14.6%). CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that the predominant HCV genotype among Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis C is subtype 1b (71.1%) followed by subtype 3a (17.0%).
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Salehi Moghadam F, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Damavand B, Zali MR. A new subtype of hepatitis C virus genotype 3: analysis of available evidence. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e13380. [PMID: 24098307 PMCID: PMC3787683 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease. Seven genotypes and more than 80 subtypes have been identified for HCV so far. To date, 10 subtypes (3a to 3i; and 3k) of HCV genotype 3 have been identified. In 2006, two HCV isolates were reported from Iran that belonged to a new subtype of genotype 3. However, considering the consensus proposal for HCV genotype nomenclature, the available sequences of the new subtype did not correspond to the regions that are required to be analyzed prior to subtype assignment. During a study on the molecular epidemiology of HCV in Iran, an HCV isolate (FSM165) which seemed to belong to a new subtype of genotype 3 was obtained from a patient residing in Tehran, Iran. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the relatedness of isolate FM165 together with several sequences retrieved from the database to the new HCV-3 subtype reported from Iran in 2006. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various parts of the genome including the core/E1 region and two segments of the NS5B region were amplified and sequenced for isolate FSM165. Furthermore, using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), the HCV database was searched for sequences that had a high level of similarity with sequences of FSM165 isolate and such sequences were retrieved from the database. To investigate the relatedness of isolate FSM165 and also the retrieved sequences to a new HCV-3 subtype reported previously, phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Kimura two-parameter model and the neighbor joining method. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the partial NS5B region demonstrated the relatedness of isolate FSM165 to the new subtype reported from Iran in 2006. Moreover, some core/E1 and NS5B sequences that had a high level of similarity with FSM165 isolate were found through searching the HCV database. These sequences were previously either misclassified or could not be accurately classified. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all of the described sequences belonged to the new subtype of HCV genotype 3. CONCLUSIONS Data suggests that the new subtype has a vast geographical distribution in Iran. The core/E1 and the NS5B sequences described in this paper can be used as references for the new HCV-3 subtype in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Salehi Moghadam
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Seyed Reza Mohebbi, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2122432514, Fax: +98-2122432515,
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Behzad Damavand
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Hepatitis C Virus Subtype 6a Infection in an Iranian Patient: A Case Report. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Nair SC, Ibrahim H, Celentano DD. Clinical trials in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: grandstanding or grandeur? Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 36:704-10. [PMID: 23712082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 31% of the world's clinical trials are conducted outside the US and 25% of the new drug applications include data from international sites. The high population growth, demand for medication, increased prevalence of life-style related and rare genetic diseases in the MENA countries should be associated with a consequent scale-up of clinical trials in these countries. However, the region sponsors under 1% of global clinical trials. METHODS Determinants including the regulatory environment, patient protection, physician-preparedness, types of diseases, costs of trials and pace of subject recruitment, were analyzed to identify critical factors that influence barriers to the conduct clinical trials in MENA. RESULTS Strategic planning by the CRO can help overcome challenges related to regulatory and oversight requirements. Barriers related to trial quality and subject protection can be mitigated by risk-based monitoring. Growing healthcare infrastructure and communication technologies provide clear advantages for subject recruitment. Low operating costs combined with the increase in pharmaceutical sales provide incentives for the future conduct of clinical trials. LIMITATIONS Although the opportunities and challenges cited are common to the MENA region, further studies are needed to assess other potential contributing variables for the conduct of clinical trials specific to each MENA country. CONCLUSION Challenges in drug importation and site oversight can be overcome with systematic interventions. Social media network and community awareness programs can assist reductions in barriers in obtaining effective informed consents. Increasing pharmaceutical sales, population growth, high prevalence of genetic and life-style related diseases and reduced clinical trial development costs offer expanding opportunities for future clinical trials in MENA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandrasekhar Nair
- Department of Academic Affairs, Medical Affairs, Tawam Hospital, Post Box 15258, Al Ain United Arab Emirates.
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Zehender G, Sorrentino C, Lai A, Ebranati E, Gabanelli E, Lo Presti A, Vujoševic D, Lauševic D, Terzić D, Shkjezi R, Bino S, Vratnica Z, Mugosa B, Galli M, Ciccozzi M. Reconstruction of the evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus subtypes in Montenegro and the Balkan region. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 17:223-30. [PMID: 23603418 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More than 20 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers live in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. We determined HCV genotype distribution among chronically infected patients in Montenegro and investigated the phylodynamics and phylogeography of the most represented HCV subtypes. The HCV-NS5b sequences of the Montenegrin patients were compared with sequences isolated in different known localities of the Mediterranean area, Europe and Asia. A Bayesian approach was used in order to allow the simultaneous estimate of the evolutionary rate, time-scaled phylogeny, demography and ancestral spatial status. The most frequent HCV subtypes among the Montenegrin patients, were 1b (34.7%) and 3a (24.7%), but there was also a significant prevalence of 1a and 4d (19.5%). Subtype 3a was significantly more frequent among younger patients and intravenous drug users (IDUs), whereas subtype 1b was more frequently associated with iatrogenic exposure and older ages. The spatio-temporal analysis of the epidemic suggested that HCV-1b penetrated Europe at the beginning of the XX century, probably through Greece and Cyprus and in the 1920s reached Montenegro, where there was an exponential increase in the effective number of infections between the 1950s and 1970s. The phylogeographic and phylodynamic analysis of HCV 3a showed that its most probable origin was in the Indian sub-continent (Pakistan in our reconstruction) about 300years ago. The evolutionary dynamics analysis showed that HCV-3a reached Montenegro more recently in the late 1970s and underwent multi-phasic growth still persisting. Our data suggest multiple introduction of HCV subtypes in the area, supported by different causes of dispersion: adverse social conditions and unsafe medical practices for HCV-1b and i.v. drug use for HCV-3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Chair, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Ciccozzi M, Equestre M, Costantino A, Marascio N, Quirino A, Lo Presti A, Cella E, Bruni R, Liberto MC, Focà A, Pisani G, Zehender G, Ciccaglione AR. Hepatitis C virus genotype 4d in Southern Italy: reconstruction of its origin and spread by a phylodynamic analysis. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1613-9. [PMID: 22930510 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 4 predominates in Middle East and Central Africa countries. Recently, it has become also prevalent in Southern European countries where it is thought to have been introduced through immigration and the movement of intravenous drug users. In Italy, the prevalence of genotype 4 is particularly high (4.5%) in Southern regions, such as Calabria, and reaches values of 8.4% in specific areas where there appears to be endemic circulation of this genotype. In the present study, the phylogeny of HCV subtype 4d isolated from 19 Italian patients in Calabria was investigated by analysing a fragment of the NS5B viral genomic region. A Bayesian coalescent-based framework was used to estimate origin and spread of the HCV 4d in this area. The mean evolutionary rate HCV 4d NS5B sequences was estimated using a dataset of sequences sampled at known times and a relaxed clock constant model that best fitted the data. By using a Bayesian coalescent method, the Italian 4d isolates collected in Calabria were found to share a common ancestor with reference 4d isolates whose origin was traced back to 1940s. The genotype 4d epidemic in Southern Italy was maintained in a steady non-expanding phase until the late 1970s after that it grew exponentially up to 1990s probably sustained by the vast increase of unsafe blood transfusions and the spread of illicit intravenous drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
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Jahanbakhsh Sefidi F, Keyvani H, Monavari SH, Alavian SM, Fakhim S, Bokharaei-Salim F. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Iranian chronic infected patients. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e7991. [PMID: 23550108 PMCID: PMC3582303 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has different genotypes throughout the world. Since the determination of which antiviral treatment to be applied is related to HCV genotypes, identification of an individual's HCV genotypes prior to antiviral therapy is critical. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of HCV genotypes in a large population of Iranian HCV infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eleven thousand, five hundred and sixty one patients with chronic HCV infection which referred to hospitals related to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran Hepatitis Center-Clinical Department of Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroeneterology and Liver Disease from March 2003 to December 2011 were enrolled. Following extraction of viral RNA of the serum, HCV-RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) and then HCV genotypes analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 37.6 ± 14.2 years (range: 1-87). The highest frequency was noted for subtype 1a (44.9%) followed by subtype 3a (39.6%), and 1b (11.3%). Mixed HCV genotypes were also found in 2.5% of the total cases. Subtype 1a was the most frequent genotype in patients over 40 years of age (46.1% versus 42.4%) and subtype 3a was the most frequent in patients under 40 years old (41.5% versus 38.9%). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the dominant HCV subtype among Iranian patients was 1a followed by subtype 3a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shahin Fakhim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahre Qods, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Farah Bokharaei-Salim , Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2182943002, Fax: +98-2188602205, E-mail:
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Ciccozzi M, Lo Presti A, Ciccaglione AR, Zehender G, Ciotti M. Phylogeny and phylodinamic of Hepatitis C in Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12 Suppl 2:S5. [PMID: 23173700 PMCID: PMC3495630 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-s2-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is one of the most pressing health emergencies in the world with a global prevalence of about 170 million people chronically infected worldwide. In Europe, Italy has the highest HCV prevalence (3 - 4.4%) with peaks of 12.6 - 26% in Southern regions and the major islands. In Italy HCV genotype 1b prevails, and genotype 4 is mainly found in the south of the country where the prevalence is particularly high in regions such as Calabria. Phylogenetics analysis is a molecular tool widely used to study rapidly-evolving RNA viruses that establish chronic infections such as HCV. Searching the scientific literature, it was found that thirty-nine genetic studies on HCV genotypes have been carried out in Italy between 1997 to 2012 years. However, phylogenetic analysis was performed only in fourteen out of thirty-nine HCV studies (36%) considered. Monitoring the genetic evolution of HCV is an essential step to control the local as well as global HCV epidemic and to develop efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
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Smolle E, Zöhrer E, Bettermann K, Haybaeck J. Viral hepatitis induces hepatocellular cancer: what can we learn from epidemiology comparing iran and worldwide findings? HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7879. [PMID: 23233866 PMCID: PMC3517808 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Several risk factors play the role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from which chronic hepatitis B and C infections are the most important ones. DNA integration of hepatitis viruses alters the function of critical genes promoting malignant transformation of virus-infected liver cells. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION There are remarkable geographic differences in prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis and incidence of HCC. Middle Eastern countries are characterized by a moderate to high prevalence rate of chronic viral hepatitis in the population. This review discusses about epidemiologic findings of hepatitis B and C infections, and HCC, as well as focuses on Middle East countries, particularly Iran. We provide an overview about risk factors, prevention and treatment, and bring up the role of HCC induced by chronic viral hepatitis. RESULTS Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the early childhood is highly effective to lower infection rates, substantially. For hepatitis C, adequate hygiene when dealing with human blood and screening programs for blood donors can mainly reduce infection rates. As HCC is strongly associated with chronic viral hepatitis, prevention against the infection is crucial for preventing against HCC too. CONCLUSIONS Although prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C have improved within the last decades even in high-risk countries, effective and sustainable reduction of these infections still needs more actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Zöhrer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author: Johannes Haybaeck, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. Tel.: +43-31638580594, Fax: +43-316384329, E-mail:
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