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Chikanya E, Macherera M, Maviza A. An assessment of risk factors for contracting rabies among dog bite cases recorded in Ward 30, Murewa district, Zimbabwe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009305. [PMID: 33788847 PMCID: PMC8691859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonoses are a major threat to human health. Worldwide, rabies is responsible for approximately 59 000 deaths annually. In Zimbabwe, rabies is one of the top 5 priority diseases and it is notifiable. It is estimated that rabies causes 410 human deaths per year in the country. Murewa district recorded 938 dog bite cases and 4suspected rabies deaths between January 2017 and July 2018, overshooting the threshold of zero rabies cases. Of the 938dog bite cases reported in the district, 263 were reported in Ward 30 and these included all the 4suspected rabies deaths reported in the district. This necessitated a study to assess risk factors for contracting rabies in Ward 30, Murewa. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A descriptive cross sectional survey was used for a retrospective analysis of a group of dog bite cases reported at Murewa Hospital, in Ward 30. Purposive sampling was used to select dog bite cases and snowball sampling was used to locate unvaccinated dogs and areas with jackal presence. The dog bite cases and relatives of rabies cases were interviewed using a piloted interviewer-administered questionnaire. Geographical Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of dog bite cases, vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs and jackal presence were collected using handheld GPS device. QGIS software was used to spatially analyse and map them. Dog owners were 10 times more likely to contract rabies compared to non-dog owners (RR = 10, 95% CI 1.06-93.7). Owners of unvaccinated dogs were 5 times more likely to contract rabies compared to owners of vaccinated dogs (RR = 5.01, 95% CI 0.53-47.31). Residents of the high density cluster (area with low cost houses and stand size of 300 square meters and below) were 64 times more likely to contract rabies compared to non-high density cluster residents (RR = 64.87, 95% CI 3.6039-1167.82). Participants who were not knowledgeable were 0.07 times more likely to contract rabies, compared to those who had knowledge about rabies. (RR = 0.07, 95% CI 0.004-1.25). Our study shows that the risk factors for contacting rabies included; low knowledge levels regarding rabies, dog ownership residing in the high density cluster, owning unvaccinated dogs and spatial overlap of jackal presence with unvaccinated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enica Chikanya
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, Seke, Zimbabwe
- National University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied
Science, Department of Environmental Science and Health, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
| | - Margaret Macherera
- Lupane State University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of
Crop and Soil Sciences, Lupane, Zimbabwe
| | - Auther Maviza
- National University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied
Science, Department of Environmental Science and Health, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
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Celep G. The Story of Post-exposure Rabies Prophylaxis at the Pediatric Emergency Department. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the epidemiological and medical features of suspected rabies exposures at a pediatric emergency department in a small city center in middle-northern Turkey.
Methods Data were abstracted from a standard “Rabies Suspected Animal Contact Cases Examination Form.” The following information was recorded: sociodemographic and clinical features of the victim, history of rabies vaccination, date of event, time to hospital administration, animal species and its vaccination history with owner records, type of suspected contact, wound care, tetanus prophylaxis, rabies vaccination, and forensic notifications. Immunoprophylaxis was determined as “appropriate” or “inappropriate” in accordance with the Rabies Field Guideline (2014).
Discussion A total of 306 cases were evaluated at the emergency department of the hospital. The age of the victims ranged between 1.5 and 17 years old, and 61.4% of them were males. Cat scratches were the most common source of suspected rabies exposure. Meanwhile, primary wound care and tetanus immunoprophylaxis were the frequent inappropriate medical applications. Rabies prophylaxis was completed in 76.5% of the cases. However, forensic notifications were missing. In addition, the rate of animal immunization was lower than it should be.
Conclusion Our city is rabies free; however, risky exposures are frequent among children. Lack of knowledge about first aid and animal vaccination is revealed to be a major public health problem. Health care workers should follow current guidelines to provide a holistic approach to the treatment of potential rabies exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökce Celep
- Department of Pediatrics, Amasya University, Faculty of Medicine, Amasya, Turkey
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Bashir K, Haq I, Khan SMS, Qurieshi MA. One-year descriptive analysis of patients treated at an anti-rabies clinic-A retrospective study from Kashmir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007477. [PMID: 32841227 PMCID: PMC7473535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog bites in humans are a major public health problem in India in general and Kashmir in particular. Canine rabies is almost non-existent in developed countries and exists mainly in the poorer, low socioeconomic strata of society in the developing world. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics, pattern, and burden of dog bite injuries in the Kashmir valley. Data from Anti-Rabies Clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Srinagar, the summer capital of the state of Jammu & Kashmir, was collated and analyzed. Analysis of records of all the patients who had reported between April 2016 and March 2017 was done. A total of 6172 patients had reported to the Anti-Rabies Clinic for management of animal bites from 1st April 2016 to 31st March 2017. Most of the patients were young males. Almost half (47.7%) of the patients were bitten in the afternoon. Lower limbs were the most common site of bite (71.7%). Most of the bites were of Category III (57.6%) followed by Category II (42.3%); only one case of Category I was recorded. Almost all (98.0%) cases reported being bitten by dogs. Conclusions: Category III dog bites on lower limbs were the most common type of animal bites presenting to the Anti-Rabies Clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Children have more chances of a bite on head and neck region. Serious and workable efforts have to be made to reduce the incidence and consequences of animal bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bashir
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Anantnag, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Inaamul Haq
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - S. Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Mariya Amin Qurieshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Bhuiyan MAA, Agrawal P, Wadhwaniya S, Li Q, Alonge O, Rahman AF, Rahman A. Animal-related injuries and fatalities: evidence from a large-scale population-based cross-sectional survey in rural Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030039. [PMID: 31678941 PMCID: PMC6830608 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determines the magnitude and pattern of animal-related injury mortalities and morbidities in rural Bangladesh. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 51 Unions of 7 subdistricts of Bangladesh from June 2013 to September 2013. PARTICIPANTS A total of approximately 1.17 million individuals across all age and gender profiles were included in the survey. The participants had to be residents of the seven subdistricts and have provided consent to participate in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Animal-related injury characteristics and demographic information was collected in the study. Frequency, proportion and 95% CIs of variables such as type of animal, type of animal attack, activity of the person prior to attack and the seasonality of the injury were reported. Data was then statistically analysed for associations between injury and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The incidence rate of fatal and non-fatal animal-related injuries across all ages were 0.7 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.4) and 1635.3 (95% CI 1612.0 to 1658.0) per 100 000 populations, respectively. Non-fatal animal-related injury rates were highest among adults 18 years and older (1820.6 per 100 000 population (1777.2 to 1865.1)), and in males across all age groups. The most common animal injury was wasp/hornet/bee sting (49%), followed by cow/buffalo (25%), dog bite (9%) and snake bites (9%). CONCLUSIONS Animal-related injuries are an important public health issue in rural Bangladesh. The incidence of animal-related morbidities was found high in the study area. Males, school-going and productive age groups were at high risk. Immediate attention should be given to prevent these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Amin Bhuiyan
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House B162, Road 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Agrawal
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shirin Wadhwaniya
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - O Alonge
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Akm Fazlur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House B162, Road 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House B162, Road 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
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Yan S, Chen Y, Ye W, Chen F, Li L. Characteristics and factors associated with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) treatment of dog and cat bites among left-behind children: a cross-sectional study in two cities of China. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024764. [PMID: 31061023 PMCID: PMC6502015 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dog bites account for tens of millions of injuries annually and the highest risk is among children. However, children may not receive postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) treatment timely and appropriately after rabies exposure. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and factors associated with PEP treatment of dog and cat bites among left-behind children. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using questionnaire was conducted in primary and high schools. SETTING Shenzhen and Shantou cities, Guangdong Province, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 9380 participants were included and 2236 of them were with a history of dog and cat bites. RESULTS 1188 (53.1%) boys and 1048 (46.9%) girls suffered from animal bites. Bitten in holidays was less likely to receive PEP treatment (OR 0.512, 95% CI 0.377 to 0.695) than those bitten in school days. Bitten while being with family (OR 1.418, 95% CI 1.040 to 1.934) and bitten at roadside (OR 1.842, 95% CI 1.297 to 2.171), bitten by unvaccinated animals (OR 1.745, 95% CI 1.246 to 2.443) tended to receive PEP treatment. Compared with unbroken skin, bleeding (OR 1.789, 95% CI 1.165 to 2.745) and laceration (OR 3.834, 95% CI 2.310 to 6.366) were showed as treatment prompting factors. CONCLUSIONS Bitten in holidays was found as a risk factor of receiving PEP treatment of animal bites. Certain measures should be taken to raise left-behind children's awareness of receiving PEP treatment timely and appropriately after dog and cat bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Yan
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- School of Public Heath, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanbao Ye
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Dougas G, Konte V, Mitrou K, Georgakopoulou T, Baka A, Liona A, Tatsiou D, Metallidis S, Istikoglou I, Christodoulou E, Stavrakakis M, Pargiana C, Tsalikoglou F, Tzani M, Korou LM, Tasioudi K, Mavrouli M, Vrioni G, Tsiodras S. Surveillance of Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis in Greece: 4 Years Experience. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:295-301. [PMID: 30251935 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies reemerged in Greek fauna during October 2012, 25 years after the last report in animals and 42 after the last human case. This study examined the administration of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in humans over the period 2012-2016. A total of 1,454 individuals (62.6% males) received PEP. The vast majority (92.3%) of regimens was initiated in high risk for animal rabies areas (11.1 PEP per 100,000 residents per year). Among the exposed, 77.0% presented at a healthcare setting during the first 24 h after the incident; more severe injuries were associated with faster presentation (p < 0.05). A vaccine series was administered in 54.5% of exposed persons whereas 43.7% received both vaccine and immunoglobulin and 1.7% immunoglobulin only. Exposure to stray dogs represented 68.4% of all incidents. In exposures occurring in nonhigh risk for rabies areas, bat was the second most frequently involved animal (13.4% of incidents). All dogs and cats evaluated by a veterinarian and laboratory-confirmed rabid were initially deemed suspect for rabies during clinical examination or according to history. No human rabies cases were recorded during the period of the study. Surveillance of PEP represents a valuable tool for aiding assessment of present and future demands in prophylaxis biologicals, outlining the epidemiological profile of exposures and planning effective policies for the management of exposure incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Dougas
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Konte
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Agoritsa Baka
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Liona
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tatsiou
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Symeon Metallidis
- 2 First Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Division, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Istikoglou
- 3 Infection Control Committee, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Christodoulou
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michalis Stavrakakis
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysa Pargiana
- 5 Infectious Diseases Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Myrsini Tzani
- 7 Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Laskarina-Maria Korou
- 7 Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantia Tasioudi
- 8 Virology Laboratory - National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Mavrouli
- 9 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- 9 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 10 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Krzowska-Firych J, Mazurek E, Hasiec B, Tomasiewicz K. The first report evaluating the post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in children exposed to animals in the Lublin Province (Eastern Poland) in 2010-2016 - a retrospective study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2660-2665. [PMID: 29771638 PMCID: PMC6314426 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1477910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rabies continues to be one of the most important viral diseases and remains a significant threat to public health across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined that most rabies cases occur in children. Dog bites on humans are a major public-health problem. Poland has not achieved rabies free status yet. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in humans can effectively prevent death after exposure to a potentially infected animal. THE AIM The main objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of PEP among children exposed to animals, who had attended consultations at the Department of Infectious Diseases for Children in the Jan Boży Hospital in Lublin. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records from the period of 2010-2016 of all pediatric patients (0-17 years of age) who had been exposed to animals and attended consultations at the Department of Infectious Diseases for Children in the Jan Boży Hospital in Lublin. RESULTS During the studied period, 519 children who had been exposed to animals attended consultations, and a prophylactic procedure consisting of active immunization was applied to 32.8%. The male children accounted for 55.3%. The mean age was 9.2 years. The biggest group of children (406) had been exposed to dogs, 62 children to cats, and 15 to rats. Most children had upper-limbs injuries. During the studied period, i.e. 2010-2016, there were 1713 confirmed cases of rabid animals in Poland, and 60 cases were recorded in the Lublin Province. We did not observe any cases of rabies in our exposed and vaccinated patients. CONCLUSIONS The number of rabid animals in the Lublin Province had decreased to low levels, but the expected decrease in the number of PEP's administered did not occur. Since all children were vaccinated in accordance with the recommendations, the possible reason for vaccination's being administered in the quantities greater than the number of rabid animals recorded in the Lublin Province are bites by animals unavailable for veterinary observations and also the lack of more frequent reports regarding the current epizootic situation of rabies. The use of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) in children in the Lublin Province is at a very low level, i.e. at 0.58%. The yearly numbers of exposed pediatric patients were at similar levels, which indicates that education programs should be introduce to reduce the number of animal bites in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Mazurek
- Department of Infectious Diseases for Children in the Jan Bozy Hospital in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Hasiec
- Department of Infectious Diseases for Children in the Jan Bozy Hospital in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract
Rabies was eliminated from Japan in 1957. In the 60 years since elimination, vaccination coverage has declined and dog ownership habits have changed. The purpose of this study was to assess the current risk of rabies spread in Japan. A spatially explicit transmission model was developed at the 1 km2 grid scale for Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures. Parameters associated with dog movement and bite injuries were estimated using historical records from Japan, and were used with previously published epidemiological parameters. The final epidemic size, efficacy of rabies contingency plans and the influence of dog owner responses to incursions were assessed by the model. Average outbreak sizes for dog rabies were 3.1 and 4.7 dogs in Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures, respectively. Average number of bite injury cases were 4.4 and 6.7 persons in Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures, respectively. Discontinuation of mandatory vaccination increased outbreak sizes in these prefectures. Sensitivity analyses showed that higher chance of unintentional release of rabid dogs by their owners (from 0.5 to 0.9 probability) increased outbreak size twofolds. Our model outputs suggested that at present, incursions of rabies into Japan are very unlikely to cause large outbreaks. Critically, the reaction of dog owners to their dogs developing rabies considerably impacts the course of outbreaks. Contingency measures should therefore include sensitisation of dog owners.
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Esmaeilzadeh F, Rajabi A, Vahedi S, Shamsadiny M, Ghelichi Ghojogh M, Hatam N. Epidemiology of Animal Bites and Factors Associated With Delays in Initiating Post-exposure Prophylaxis for Rabies Prevention Among Animal Bite Cases: A Population-based Study. J Prev Med Public Health 2018; 50:210-216. [PMID: 28605885 PMCID: PMC5495689 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.17.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives One way to prevent deaths due to rabies is the timely utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Therefore, in addition to an understanding of the epidemiological distribution of animal bites, it is necessary to explore the factors leading to delays in PEP initiation. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran in 2011, and included 7097 cases of animal bites recorded at the Rabies Treatment Center of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences using the census method. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with delays in PEP. Results Among the patients studied, 5387 (75.9%) were males. The prevalence of animal bites in Fars province was 154.4 per 100 000 people. Dogs were the most frequent source of exposure (67.1%), and the most common bitten part of the body was the hands (45.5%). A delay in the initiation of PEP was found among 6.8% of the studied subjects. This delay was more likely in housewives (odds ratio [OR], 4.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.12 to 10.23) and less likely in people with deep wounds (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.97). Conclusions Although all animal bite victims received complete PEP, in some cases, there were delays. Further, the type of animal involved, the depth of the bite, and the patient’s occupation were the major factors associated with a delay in the initiation of PEP for rabies prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firooz Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Health Economic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Abdolhalim Rajabi
- Department of Health Economic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Sajad Vahedi
- Department of Health Economic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shamsadiny
- Department of Health Economic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh
- Department of Health Economic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Nahid Hatam
- Department of Health Economic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Torresi J, Steffen R. Redefining priorities towards graded travel-related infectious disease research. J Travel Med 2017; 24:4359791. [PMID: 29088486 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the health problems and infections encountered by international travellers has evolved considerably in the past decades. The growth of global networks such as the GeoSentinel Surveillance network, TropNet Europe, EuroTravNet and networks based in North America have provided valuable information on the frequency of a wide array of travel-related diseases and accidents, including details on the destination of travel and trends over time. The information gained from these network studies has provided important data for the practice of travel medicine and in some instances for the development of practice guidelines. However, network data due to a lack of denominators usually cannot serve as a basis for a GRADE approach to guideline development. Although epidemiological network studies will continue to serve an important role in travel medicine we encourage an additional strong focus towards translational scientific research questions and towards the broader use of novel techniques to obtain more accurate epidemiological analyses to address the many unanswered questions in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Division of Communicable Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Pourmarzi D, Razi M. Epidemiology of dog bite, a potential source of rabies in Guilan, north of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Jeanpetit R, Bellanger AP, Piotte E, Haffner-Mauvais C, Marguet P. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Primary Care Physicians in the Franche-Comte Region (France) Regarding the Risk of Rabies. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:371-6. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Jeanpetit
- Emergency Department; Regional Hospital of Pontarlier; Pontarlier France
| | - A.-P. Bellanger
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
- CNRS-University of Franche-Comte/UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement; Besançon France
| | - E. Piotte
- Emergency Department; Regional Hospital of Pontarlier; Pontarlier France
| | - C. Haffner-Mauvais
- University Hospital of Besançon; Clinical Investigation Center (Inserm CIT 808); Besançon France
| | - P. Marguet
- Emergency Department; Regional Hospital of Pontarlier; Pontarlier France
- Rabies Center; Pontarlier France
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Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic infections worldwide. The burden of the disease continues to be significant in countries in the Middle East where the most important vector is stray dogs. Control efforts are hindered by lack of awareness and incomplete post-exposure prophylaxis. The aim of this article is to re-assess the situation of rabies in Lebanon and compare it to other Middle Eastern countries. Eight cases of rabies and 5280 incidents of animal bites to humans were reported to the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health between 2001 and 2012. Dogs were the only vector of infection and were responsible for most reported animal bites to humans. An average of 3·2 doses of vaccine per bite was administered as post-exposure prophylaxis. The status of human and canine rabies control, the risks associated with children's behaviour and the hazards of secondary wild reservoirs are discussed. Our data illustrates the importance of prevention through vector control, public awareness and education, and timely administration of active and passive immunization, as well as the significance of regional cooperation and monitoring the circulation of viral variants in wild animals.
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