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Zhang XZ, Wong PHH, Lai KS, Yang B, Song M, Li J, Ung COL. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination against Severe Symptoms and Death Among Geriatric Inpatients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Macao. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:933. [PMID: 39204056 PMCID: PMC11359226 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination is critical for understanding if the vaccinated population, especially the elderly, is adequately protected from the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the severity of symptoms and mortality in hospitalized geriatric patients during the Omicron BF.7 surge in Macao. Data from electronic health records and vaccination registry of inpatients aged 60 years or above admitted to Kiang Wu Hospital from 12 December 2022 to 12 March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The study involved 848 people, including 426 vaccinated and 422 unvaccinated individuals. The mean CXR scores (8.95 ± 9.49 vs. 11.41 ± 10.81, p < 0.001) and the mean MEWS scores (0.96 ± 2.01 vs. 1.49 ± 2.45, p < 0.001) were lower in the vaccinated group. By comparing the dose counts, no significant difference was seen in the odds of death. Based on the time of the last vaccination, 128 people were categorized as complete and 298 as incomplete vaccination. The complete vaccination group showed a 54% (95% CI 0.23-0.91) reduction in mortality risk (p = 0.026). The study findings not only reconfirm the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination but, more importantly, highlight the importance of vaccination timing to maximize vaccines' protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhan Zhang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, China;
| | - Phyllis Hio Hong Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; (P.H.H.W.); (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Kai Seng Lai
- Emergency Department, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, China;
| | - Bo Yang
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, China;
| | - Menghuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; (P.H.H.W.); (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Junjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; (P.H.H.W.); (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; (P.H.H.W.); (M.S.); (J.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Regulatory Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Hannawi S, Wu XH, Villalobos RE, Burhan E, Lallaine Borra MD, Gupta RK, Aquitania GP, Ang BWC, Mae A Zabat G, Roa CC, Zoleta-De Jesus L, Yu DD, Wang M, Wu Y, Song WJ, Ying B, Qin CF. Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a monovalent mRNA vaccine, ABO1020, in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. MED 2024:S2666-6340(24)00259-9. [PMID: 39025066 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABO1020 is a monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Results from a phase 1 trial showed ABO1020 was safe and well tolerated, and phase 3 trials to evaluate the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of ABO1020 in healthy adults are urgently needed. METHODS We conducted a multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial among healthy adults (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05636319). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 2 doses of ABO1020 (15 μg per dose) or placebo, administered 28 days apart. The primary endpoint was the vaccine efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 cases that occurred at least 14 days post-full vaccination. The second endpoint included the neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron BA.5 and XBB and safety assessments. FINDINGS A total of 14,138 participants were randomly assigned to receive either vaccine or placebo (7,069 participants in each group). A total of 366 symptomatic COVID-19 cases were confirmed 14 days after the second dose among 93 participants in the ABO1020 group and 273 participants in the placebo group, yielding a vaccine efficacy of 66.18% (95% confidence interval: 57.21-73.27, p < 0.0001). A single dose or two doses of ABO1020 elicited potent neutralizing antibodies against both BA.5 and XBB.1.5. The safety profile of ABO1020 was characterized by transient, mild-to-moderate fever, pain at the injection site, and headache. CONCLUSION ABO1020 was well tolerated and conferred 66.18% protection against symptomatic COVID-19 in adults. FUNDING National Key Research and Development Project of China, Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences from the CAMS, National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad Hannawi
- Internal Medicine Department, Al Kuwait-Dubai (Al Baraha) Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiao-Hong Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | | | - Erlina Burhan
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pulmonology, Lifecare Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Blake Warren C Ang
- Internal Medicine Department, Manuel J. Santos Hospital, Butuan, Philippines
| | - Gelza Mae A Zabat
- William T. Chua Center for Clinical Research, Health Cube Medical Clinics, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Camilo C Roa
- Department of Medicine, Medical Center Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Song
- Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Ying
- Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, Suzhou, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China; Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Mwendwa F, Kanji A, Bukhari AR, Khan U, Sadiqa A, Mushtaq Z, Nasir N, Mahmood SF, Aamir UB, Hasan Z. Shift in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern from Delta to Omicron was associated with reduced hospitalizations, increased risk of breakthrough infections but lesser disease severity. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:1100-1107. [PMID: 38714122 PMCID: PMC11142923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 epidemiology changed with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). Pakistan administered mostly inactivated vaccines. We investigated the association between VOC and breakthrough infections in a mixed-vaccination-status population of Karachi. METHODS We investigated SARS-CoV-2 VOC tested in 392 respiratory specimens collected between May and December 2021. Data for age, sex, hospital admission, vaccinations, together with CT values of the diagnostic PCR test were analyzed. RESULTS The median age of COVID-19 cases tested was 40 (27-57) years and 43.4% were female. Delta variants were most common (56.4%) followed by Alpha (15.9%), Omicron (12.2%), Beta/Gamma (11.3%), and others (4.3%). Eighteen percent of cases were hospitalized whereby, predominant VOC were Beta/Gamma (40.8%), Alpha (35.2%) and Delta (22.5%). Overall, 55.4% of individuals were fully vaccinated, 7.4% were partially vaccinated and 37.2% were unvaccinated. Most (74.6%) inpatients were unvaccinated. Vaccines comprised inactivated (85.34%), single-shot vector (8.62%), two-shot vector (3.02%) and mRNA (3.02%) types. Omicron variants showed lower viral loads as compared to Alpha, Beta/Gamma, and Delta (p = 0.017). The risk of infection with Delta and Omicron variants was higher, 8 weeks after vaccination. The majority of those with breakthrough infections after receiving inactivated vaccines acquired COVID-19 within 4 months of vaccination. CONCLUSION Our data highlights the shifting of VOC from Delta to Omicron during 2021 and that COVID-19 vaccinations reduced both hospitalizations and viral transmission. It informs on the increased risk of breakthrough infection within 8 weeks of vaccination, indicating the need for booster vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridah Mwendwa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Kanji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza Bukhari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Unab Khan
- Department of Family Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Sadiqa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zain Mushtaq
- Department of Family Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Nasir
- Department of Family Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Zahra Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Alkhattabi NA, Alharbi HM, Basabrain MA, Al-Zahrani MH, Alghamdi RA, Joharjy H, Khalifa R, Tarbiah NI. Studying the correlation of inflammatory cytokines to COVID-19 disease. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155215. [PMID: 38412656 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Extreme response of the immune system develops cytokine storm which might be crucial in the pathology of COVID-19. The research aims to evaluate the serum level of IL-6, TNF-α, and IP-10 in severe, mild, and pre-vaccinated one-dose COVID-19 patients and investigate their clinical value and effect in the disease development among different groups of patients. A total of 72 samples were collected 18 as healthy control and 54 from confirmed COVID-19 patients including 18 mild, 18 severe, and 18 pre-vaccinated (one dose). It was confirmed that the severe group of COVID-19 patients had the highest circulating IL-6, TNF- α, and IP-10. IL-6 level in mild and pre-vaccinated (one dose) was significantly lower than in severe. In conclusion, IL-6, TNF-α, and IP-10 are associated with the pathogenicity of COVID-19, furthermore, vaccination could help to control severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha A Alkhattabi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hajer M Alharbi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A Basabrain
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maryam H Al-Zahrani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rana A Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Art College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Husam Joharjy
- Public Health and Infection Control Department, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reham Khalifa
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ain Shams, Egypt.
| | - Nesrin I Tarbiah
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Binay UD, Karavaş E, Karakeçili F, Barkay O, Aydin S, Şenbil DC. Effect of vaccination status on CORADS and computed tomography severity score in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study. World J Methodol 2023; 13:456-465. [PMID: 38229950 PMCID: PMC10789104 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i5.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is continuing. The disease most commonly affects the lungs. Since the beginning of the pandemic thorax computed tomography (CT) has been an indispensable imaging method for diagnosis and follow-up. The disease is tried to be controlled with vaccines. Vaccination reduces the possibility of a severe course of the disease. AIM The aim of this study is to investigate whether the vaccination status of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 has an effect on the CT severity score (CT-SS) and CORADS score obtained during hospitalization. METHODS The files of patients hospitalized between April 1, 2021 and April 1, 2022 due to COVID-19 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 224 patients who were older than 18 years of age, whose vaccination status was accessible, whose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction result was positive, and who had a Thorax CT scan during hospitalization were included in the study. RESULTS Among the patients included in the study, 52.2% were female and the mean age was 61.85 years. The patients applied to the hospital on the average 7th day of their complaints. While 63 patients were unvaccinated (Group 1), 20 were vaccinated with a single dose of CoronaVac (Group 2), 24 with a single dose of BioNTech (Group 3), 38 with 2 doses of CoronaVac (Group 4), 40 with 2 doses of BioNTech (Group 5), and 39 with 3 doses of vaccine (2 doses of CoronaVac followed by a single dose of BioNTech, Group 6). CT-SS ranged from 5 to 23, with a mean of 12.17.CT-SS mean of the groups were determined as 14.17, 13.35, 11.58, 10.87, 11.28, 10.85, respectively. Accordingly, as a result of the comparisons between the groups, the CT-SS levels of the unvaccinated patients found to be significantly higher than the other groups. As the vaccination rates increased, the rate of typical COVID-19 findings on CT was found to be significantly lower. CONCLUSION Increased vaccination rates in COVID-19 patients reduce the probability of typical COVID-19 symptoms in the lungs. It also reduces the risk of severe disease and decreases CT Severity Scores. This may lead to a loss of importance of Thorax CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia as the end of the pandemic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Devrim Binay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan 24000, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karavaş
- Department of Radiology, Bandırma 17 Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir 10200, Turkey
| | - Faruk Karakeçili
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan 24000, Turkey
| | - Orçun Barkay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan 24000, Turkey
| | - Sonay Aydin
- Department of Radiology, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan 24000, Turkey
| | - Düzgün Can Şenbil
- Department of Radiology, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan 24000, Turkey
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Yang H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, An Z, Tong Z. Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BF.7 among outpatients in Beijing, China. Vaccine 2023; 41:7201-7205. [PMID: 37852869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BF.7. METHODS Information was extracted from outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 between December 19, 2022 and January 5, 2023 at a single center. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed and three adjusted models were conducted. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was defined as (1 - OR) × 100 %. RESULTS Our study comprised a total of 752 outpatients. After adjusting for factors with a P-value < 0.10 in univariable logistic regression, the VE of booster vaccine was 65.4 % (95 % CI6.1-87.3 %, P = 0.037) in comparison with unvaccinated group. Results of the other two adjusted models were similar, which were 66.3 % (95 % CI: 9.0-87.6 %, P = 0.032) and 64.8 % (95 % CI: 3.6-87.1 %, P = 0.042), respectively. Stratified analysis based on underlying diseases indicated that inactivated vaccines did not provide any protection to patients without underlying diseases. In the population with underlying diseases, the VE of booster vaccination was 68.2 % (95 % CI: 8.4-88.9 %, P = 0.034) after adjustment. However, full vaccination did not demonstrate any protection in all models. CONCLUSION There was an effectiveness of three-dose inactivated vaccines against Omicron subvariant BF.7. Our findings supported the importance of booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhaojian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Yushu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhuoling An
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing 100020, China.
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7
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Law M, Ho SS, Tsang GK, Ho CM, Kwan CM, Yan VKC, Yiu HHE, Lai FTT, Wong ICK, Chan EWY. Efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against symptomatic COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 clinical outcomes in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 37:100788. [PMID: 37360863 PMCID: PMC10199328 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Inactivated, whole-virion vaccines have been used extensively in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Its efficacy and effectiveness across regions have not been systematically evaluated. Efficacy refers to how well a vaccine performs in a controlled environment. Effectiveness refers to how well it performs in real world settings. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed published, peer-reviewed evidence on all WHO-approved inactivated vaccines and evaluated their efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic infection, severe clinical outcomes, and severe COVID-19. We searched Pubmed (including MEDLINE), EMBASE (via OVID), Web of Science Core Collection, Web of Science Chinese Science Citation Database, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Findings The final pool included 28 studies representing over 32 million individuals reporting efficacy or effectiveness estimates of complete vaccination using any approved inactivated vaccine between January 1, 2019 and June 27, 2022. Evidence was found for efficacy and effectiveness against symptomatic infection (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.16-0.27, I2 = 28% and OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.16-0.64, I2 = 98%, respectively) and infection (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.49-0.57, I2 = 90% and OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.24-0.41, I2 = 0%, respectively) for early SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) (Alpha, Delta), and for waning of vaccine effectiveness with more recent VoCs (Gamma, Omicron). Effectiveness remained robust against COVID-related ICU admission (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.04-1.08, I2 = 99%) and death (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.00-2.02, I2 = 96%), although effectiveness estimates against hospitalization (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.37-0.53, I2 = 0%) were inconsistent. Interpretation This study showed evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines for all outcomes, although inconsistent reporting of key study parameters, high heterogeneity of observational studies, and the small number of studies of particular designs for most outcomes undermined the reliability of the findings. Findings highlight the need for additional research to address these limitations so that more definitive conclusions can be drawn to inform SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development and vaccination policies. Funding Health and Medical Research Fund on COVID-19, Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Law
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sam S.H. Ho
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gigi K.C. Tsang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clarissa M.Y. Ho
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christine M. Kwan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D4H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Sau Po Centre on Ageing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent Ka Chun Yan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hei Hang Edmund Yiu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D4H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Chi Kei Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D4H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Wai Yin Chan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D4H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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Trofin F, Nastase EV, Roșu MF, Bădescu AC, Buzilă ER, Miftode EG, Manciuc DC, Dorneanu OS. Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 Depending on the Severity of the Disease and the Vaccination Status. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108550. [PMID: 37239895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the serum concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and procalcitonin in COVID-19 patients with different forms of the disease. We performed a prospective cohort study on 137 COVID-19 consecutive patients, divided into four groups according to the severity of the disease as follows: 30 patients in the mild form group, 49 in the moderate form group, 28 in the severe form group, and 30 in the critical form group. The tested parameters were correlated with COVID-19 severity. Significant differences were registered between the form of COVID-19 depending on the vaccination status, between LDH concentrations depending on the virus variant, and in IL-6, CRP, and ferritin concentrations and vaccination status depending on the gender. ROC analysis revealed that D-dimer best predicted COVID-19 severe forms and LDH predicted the virus variant. Our findings confirmed the interdependence relationships observed between inflammation markers in relation to the clinical severity of COVID-19, with all the tested biomarkers increasing in severe and critical COVID-19. IL-6, CRP, ferritin, LDH, and D-dimer were increased in all COVID-19 forms. These inflammatory markers were lower in Omicron-infected patients. The unvaccinated patients developed more severe forms compared to the vaccinated ones, and a higher proportion of them needed hospitalization. D-dimer could predict a severe form of COVID-19, while LDH could predict the virus variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Trofin
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eduard Vasile Nastase
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Manuel Florin Roșu
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Dento-Alveolar Surgery, Anesthesia, Sedation, and Medical-Surgical Emergencies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Aida Corina Bădescu
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Roxana Buzilă
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Egidia Gabriela Miftode
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doina Carmen Manciuc
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Olivia Simona Dorneanu
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Sfânta Parascheva", 700116 Iasi, Romania
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Xu S, Li J, Wang H, Wang F, Yin Z, Wang Z. Real-world effectiveness and factors associated with effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:160. [PMID: 37106390 PMCID: PMC10134725 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV, have been widely used to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The influence of multiple factors on inactivated vaccine effectiveness (VE) during long-term use and against variants is not well understood. METHODS We selected published or preprinted articles from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, medRxiv, BioRxiv, and the WHO COVID-19 database by 31 August 2022. We included observational studies that assessed the VE of completed primary series or homologous booster against SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19. We used DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models to calculate pooled estimates and conducted multiple meta-regression with an information theoretic approach based on Akaike's Information Criterion to select the model and identify the factors associated with VE. RESULTS Fifty-one eligible studies with 151 estimates were included. For prevention of infection, VE associated with study region, variants, and time since vaccination; VE was significantly decreased against Omicron compared to Alpha (P = 0.021), primary series VE was 52.8% (95% CI, 43.3 to 60.7%) against Delta and 16.4% (95% CI, 9.5 to 22.8%) against Omicron, and booster dose VE was 65.2% (95% CI, 48.3 to 76.6%) against Delta and 20.3% (95% CI, 10.5 to 28.0%) against Omicron; primary VE decreased significantly after 180 days (P = 0.022). For the prevention of severe COVID-19, VE associated with vaccine doses, age, study region, variants, study design, and study population type; booster VE increased significantly (P = 0.001) compared to primary; though VE decreased significantly against Gamma (P = 0.034), Delta (P = 0.001), and Omicron (P = 0.001) compared to Alpha, primary and booster VEs were all above 60% against each variant. CONCLUSIONS Inactivated vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was moderate, decreased significantly after 6 months following primary vaccination, and was restored by booster vaccination. VE against severe COVID-19 was greatest after boosting and did not decrease over time, sustained for over 6 months after the primary series, and more evidence is needed to assess the duration of booster VE. VE varied by variants, most notably against Omicron. It is necessary to ensure booster vaccination of everyone eligible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and continue monitoring virus evolution and VE. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42022353272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Xu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Programme, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Programme, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Lai M, Wang K, Ding C, Yin Y, Lin X, Xu C, Hu Z, Peng Z. Impact of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines on lung injury in B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:22. [PMID: 36944961 PMCID: PMC10029781 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chest computerized tomography (CT) scan is an important strategy that quantifies the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. To what extent inactivated COVID-19 vaccines could impact the COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT is not clear. METHODS This study recruited 357 SARS-COV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients admitted to the Second Hospital of Nanjing from July to August 2021. An artificial intelligence-assisted CT imaging system was used to quantify the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. We compared the volume of infection (VOI), percentage of infection (POI) and chest CT scores among patients with different vaccination statuses. RESULTS Of the 357 Delta variant-infected patients included for analysis, 105 were unvaccinated, 72 were partially vaccinated and 180 were fully vaccinated. Fully vaccination had the least lung injuries when quantified by VOI (median VOI of 222.4 cm3, 126.6 cm3 and 39.9 cm3 in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001), POI (median POI of 7.60%, 3.55% and 1.20% in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001) and chest CT scores (median CT score of 8.00, 6.00 and 4.00 in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, time from illness onset to hospitalization and viral load, fully vaccination but not partial vaccination was significantly associated with less lung injuries quantified by VOI {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for "full vaccination": - 106.10(- 167.30,44.89); p < 0.001}, POI {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for "full vaccination": - 3.88(- 5.96, - 1.79); p = 0.001} and chest CT scores {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for "full vaccination": - 1.81(- 2.72, - 0.91); p < 0.001}. The extent of reduction of pulmonary injuries was more profound in fully vaccinated patients with older age, having underlying diseases, and being female sex, as demonstrated by relatively larger absolute values of adjusted coefficients. Finally, even within the non-severe COVID-19 population, fully vaccinated patients were found to have less lung injuries. CONCLUSION Fully vaccination but not partially vaccination could significantly protect lung injury manifested on chest CT. Our study provides additional evidence to encourage a full course of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lai
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyuan Ding
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yi Yin
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chuanjun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Zhihang Peng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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11
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Nisar MI, Ansari N, Malik AA, Shahid S, Lalani KRA, Chandna MA, Younus AM, Hasan Z, Khan U, Khalid F, Mahesar M, Farrukh Qazi M, Yildirim I, Jehan F, Omer SB. Assessing the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Pakistan: A test-negative case-control study. J Infect 2023; 86:e144-e147. [PMID: 36708775 PMCID: PMC9876011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Ansari
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amyn Abdul Malik
- Yale Institute of Global Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shahira Shahid
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Zahra Hasan
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Unab Khan
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Farah Khalid
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Marvi Mahesar
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Inci Yildirim
- Yale Institute of Global Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- The Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saad Bin Omer
- Yale Institute of Global Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States
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12
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Cai J, Yang J, Deng X, Peng C, Chen X, Wu Q, Liu H, Zhang J, Zheng W, Zou J, Zhao Z, Ajelli M, Yu H. Assessing the transition of COVID-19 burden towards the young population while vaccines are rolled out in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1205-1214. [PMID: 35380100 PMCID: PMC9045766 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2063073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes most cases of severe illness and fatality in older age groups. Over 92% of the Chinese population aged ≥12 years has been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 (albeit with vaccines developed against historical lineages). At the end of October 2021, the vaccination programme has been extended to children aged 3-11 years. Here, we aim to assess whether, in this vaccination landscape, the importation of Delta variant infections could shift COVID-19 burden from adults to children. We developed an age-structured susceptible-infectious-removed model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to simulate epidemics triggered by the importation of Delta variant infections and project the age-specific incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections, cases, hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths. In the context of the vaccination programme targeting individuals aged ≥12 years, and in the absence of non-pharmaceutical interventions, the importation of Delta variant infections could have led to widespread transmission and substantial disease burden in mainland China, even with vaccination coverage as high as 89% across the eligible age groups. Extending the vaccination roll-out to include children aged 3-11 years (as it was the case since the end of October 2021) is estimated to dramatically decrease the burden of symptomatic infections and hospitalizations within this age group (39% and 68%, respectively, when considering a vaccination coverage of 87%), but would have a low impact on protecting infants. Our findings highlight the importance of including children among the target population and the need to strengthen vaccination efforts by increasing vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Deng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengcong Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Marco Ajelli
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Tang L, Zhang Y, Wang F, Wu D, Qian ZH, Zhang R, Wang AB, Huang C, Wang H, Ye Y, Lu M, Wang C, Ma YT, Pan J, Li YF, Lv XY, An Z, Rodewald L, Wang XY, Shao YM, Wu ZY, Yin Z. Relative vaccine effectiveness against Delta and Omicron COVID-19 after homologous inactivated vaccine boosting: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063919. [PMID: 36368753 PMCID: PMC9659710 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED ObjectiveTwo COVID-19 outbreaks occurred in Henan province in early 2022-one was a Delta variant outbreak and the other was an Omicron variant outbreak. COVID-19 vaccines used at the time of the outbreak were inactivated, 91.8%; protein subunit, 7.5%; and adenovirus5-vectored, 0.7% vaccines. The outbreaks provided an opportunity to evaluate variant-specific breakthrough infection rates and relative protective effectiveness of homologous inactivated COVID-19 vaccine booster doses against symptomatic infection and pneumonia. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study METHODS: We evaluated relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) with a retrospective cohort study of close contacts of infected individuals using a time-dependent Cox regression model. Demographic and epidemiologic data were obtained from the local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; clinical and laboratory data were obtained from COVID-19-designated hospitals. Vaccination histories were obtained from the national COVID-19 vaccination dataset. All data were linked by national identification number. RESULTS Among 784 SARS-CoV-2 infections, 379 (48.3%) were caused by Delta and 405 (51.7%) were caused by Omicron, with breakthrough rates of 9.9% and 17.8%, respectively. Breakthrough rates among boosted individuals were 8.1% and 4.9%. Compared with subjects who received primary vaccination series ≥180 days before infection, Cox regression modelling showed that homologous inactivated booster vaccination was statistically significantly associated with protection from symptomatic infection caused by Omicron (rVE 59%; 95% CI 13% to 80%) and pneumonia caused by Delta (rVE 62%; 95% CI 34% to 77%) and Omicron (rVE 87%; 95% CI 3% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination in China provided good protection against symptomatic COVID-19 and COVID-19 pneumonia caused by Delta and Omicron variants. Protection declined 6 months after primary series vaccination but was restored by homologous inactivated booster doses given 6 months after the primary series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- Department of Henan Immunization Program, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wu
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Qian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Bin Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Huang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- China Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingxia Lu
- Department of Henan Immunization Program, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changshuang Wang
- Department of Henan Immunization Program, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Ting Ma
- Department of Henan Immunization Program, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Lv
- Development Center for Medicine and Science & Technology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie An
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lance Rodewald
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Minstry of Eduation & Ministry of Health, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Wu
- Development Center for Medicine and Science & Technology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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14
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Lam JH, Shivhare D, Chia TW, Chew SL, Sinsinbar G, Aw TY, Wong S, Venkataraman S, Lim FWI, Vandepapeliere P, Nallani M. Artificial Cell Membrane Polymersome-Based Intranasal Beta Spike Formulation as a Second Generation Covid-19 Vaccine. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16757-16775. [PMID: 36223228 PMCID: PMC9578649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Current parenteral coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines inadequately protect against infection of the upper respiratory tract. Additionally, antibodies generated by wild type (WT) spike-based vaccines poorly neutralize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. To address the need for a second-generation vaccine, we have initiated a preclinical program to produce and evaluate a potential candidate. Our vaccine consists of recombinant Beta spike protein coadministered with synthetic CpG adjuvant. Both components are encapsulated within artificial cell membrane (ACM) polymersomes, synthetic nanovesicles efficiently internalized by antigen presenting cells, including dendritic cells, enabling targeted delivery of cargo for enhanced immune responses. ACM vaccine is immunogenic in C57BL/6 mice and Golden Syrian hamsters, evoking high serum IgG and neutralizing responses. Compared to an ACM-WT spike vaccine that generates predominantly WT-neutralizing antibodies, the ACM-Beta spike vaccine induces antibodies that neutralize WT and Beta viruses equally. Intramuscular (IM)-immunized hamsters are strongly protected from weight loss and other clinical symptoms after the Beta challenge but show delayed viral clearance in the upper airway. With intranasal (IN) immunization, however, neutralizing antibodies are generated in the upper airway concomitant with rapid and potent reduction of viral load. Moreover, antibodies are cross-neutralizing and show good activity against Omicron. Safety is evaluated in New Zealand white rabbits in a repeated dose toxicological study under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions. Three doses, IM or IN, at two-week intervals do not induce an adverse effect or systemic toxicity. Cumulatively, these results support the application for a Phase 1 clinical trial of ACM-polymersome-based Covid-19 vaccine (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05385991).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hang Lam
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Devendra Shivhare
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Teck Wan Chia
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Suet Li Chew
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Gaurav Sinsinbar
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Ting Yan Aw
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Siamy Wong
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Shrinivas Venkataraman
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Francesca Wei Inng Lim
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General
Hospital, Outram Road, Block 7, Level 2, 169608,
Singapore
| | | | - Madhavan Nallani
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
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15
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Zhang W, Chen Q, Dai J, Lu J, Li J, Yi Y, Fu L, Li X, Liu J, Liufu J, Long C, Zhang B. Mental health and chest CT scores mediate the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status and seroconversion time: A cross-sectional observational study in B.1.617.2 (Delta) infection patients. Front Public Health 2022; 10:974848. [PMID: 36339206 PMCID: PMC9627027 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.974848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been ongoing for more than 2 years, has become one of the largest public health issues. Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is one of the most important interventions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective is to investigate the relationship between vaccination status and time to seroconversion. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study during the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 outbreak in Jiangsu, China. Participants who infected with the B.1.617.2 variant were enrolled. Cognitive performance, quality of life, emotional state, chest computed tomography (CT) score and seroconversion time were evaluated for each participant. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA, univariate and multivariate regression analyses, Pearson correlation, and mediation analysis. Results A total of 91 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 37.3, 25.3, and 37.3% were unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, and fully vaccinated, respectively. Quality of life was impaired in 30.7% of patients, especially for mental component summary (MCS) score. Vaccination status, subjective cognitive decline, and depression were risk factors for quality-of-life impairment. The chest CT score mediated the relationship of vaccination status with the MCS score, and the MCS score mediated the relationship of the chest CT score with time to seroconversion. Conclusion Full immunization course with an inactivated vaccine effectively lowered the chest CT score and improved quality of life in hospitalized patients. Vaccination status could influence time to seroconversion by affecting CT score and MCS score indirectly. Our study emphasizes the importance of continuous efforts in encouraging a full vaccination course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Linqing Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Liufu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Long
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China,Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bing Zhang
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16
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Lim JME, Hang SK, Hariharaputran S, Chia A, Tan N, Lee ES, Chng E, Lim PL, Young BE, Lye DC, Le Bert N, Bertoletti A, Tan AT. A comparative characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells induced by mRNA or inactive virus COVID-19 vaccines. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100793. [PMID: 36257326 PMCID: PMC9534788 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Unlike mRNA vaccines based only on the spike protein, inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines should induce a diversified T cell response recognizing distinct structural proteins. Here, we perform a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in healthy individuals following vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA vaccines. Relative to spike mRNA vaccination, inactivated vaccines elicit a lower magnitude of spike-specific T cells, but the combination of membrane, nucleoprotein, and spike-specific T cell response is quantitatively comparable with the sole spike T cell response induced by mRNA vaccine, and they efficiently tolerate the mutations characterizing the Omicron lineage. However, this multi-protein-specific T cell response is not mediated by a coordinated CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion but by selective priming of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in understanding the role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the efficacy of the different vaccines to control severe COVID-19 after Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Ming Er Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Shou Kit Hang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Smrithi Hariharaputran
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Adeline Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Nicole Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eng Sing Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore 138543, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Edwin Chng
- Parkway Shenton Pte Ltd, Singapore 048583, Singapore
| | - Poh Lian Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore,National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Barnaby E. Young
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore,National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore,National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore,Singapore Immunology Network, A∗STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Corresponding author
| | - Anthony T. Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore,Corresponding author
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17
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Wu D, Ye Y, Tang L, Wang AB, Zhang R, Qian ZH, Wang FZ, Zheng H, Huang C, Lv XY, Wang HF, Zhang YY, Pan JJ, Li YF, Lu MX, Wang CS, Ma YT, An ZJ, Rodewald LE, Yin ZD, Wang XY, Wu ZY, Shao YM. A Case-Case Study on the Effect of Primary and Booster immunization with China-produced COVID-19 Vaccines on Prevention of Pneumonia and Viral Load among Vaccinated Persons infected by Delta and Omicron Variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1950-1958. [PMID: 35850623 PMCID: PMC9359169 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a three-prefecture, two-variant COVID-19 outbreak in Henan province in January 2022, we evaluated the associations of primary and booster immunization with China-produced COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 viral load among persons infected by Delta or Omicron variant. We obtained demographic, clinical, vaccination, and multiple Ct values of infections ≥3 years of age. Vaccination status was either primary series ≥180 days prior to infection; primary series <180 days prior to infection, or booster dose recipient. We used logistic regression to determine odds ratios (OR) of Delta and Omicron COVID-19 pneumonia by vaccination status. We analyzed minimum Ct values by vaccination status, age, and variant. Of 826 eligible cases, 405 were Delta and 421 were Omicron cases; 48.9% of Delta and 19.0% of Omicron cases had COVID-19 pneumonia. Compared with full primary vaccination ≥180 days before infection, the aOR of pneumonia was 0.48 among those completing primary vaccination <180 days and 0.18 among booster recipients among these Delta infections. Among Omicron infections, the corresponding aOR was 0.34 among those completing primary vaccination <180 days. There were too few (ten) Omicron cases among booster dose recipients to calculate a reliable OR. There were no differences in minimum Ct values by vaccination status among the 356 Delta cases or 70 Omicron cases. COVID-19 pneumonia was less common among Omicron cases than Delta cases. Full primary vaccination reduced pneumonia effectively for 6 months; boosting six months after primary vaccination resulted in further reduction. We recommend accelerating the pace of booster dose administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Henan Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lin Tang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Bin Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Qian
- NHC Key laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Zhen Wang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Huang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,China Field Epidemiology Training Program
| | - Xiao-Ya Lv
- Development Center for Medicine and Science &Technology, National Health Commission, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Henan Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | | | - Jing-Jing Pan
- Henan Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- Henan Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ming-Xia Lu
- Henan Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | | | - Ya-Ting Ma
- Henan Provincial Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Zhi-Jie An
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lance Everett Rodewald
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zun-Dong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Wu
- Development Center for Medicine and Science &Technology, National Health Commission, China
| | - Yi-Ming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
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18
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Fatima S, Zafar A, Afzal H, Ejaz T, Shamim S, Saleemi S, Subhan Butt A. COVID-19 infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated: Does it make any difference? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270485. [PMID: 35839210 PMCID: PMC9286242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a probability that vaccination may lead to reduction in the severity and complications associated with COVID-19 infection among hospitalized patients. This study aimed to determine the characteristics, clinical profiles, and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients. DESIGN AND DATA SOURCES This prospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) and recruited COVID-19 patients admitted between June 1st and September 30th, 2021. Patients' demographics, date of admission and discharge, comorbid conditions, immunization status for COVID-19 infection, presenting complaints, lab workup and computed tomography (CT) scan findings were obtained from the medical records. The primary outcome of the study was patients' condition at discharge and the secondary outcomes included level of care, length of stay (LOS), requirement of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and inotropic support. RESULTS Among a cohort of 434 patients, 37.7% (n = 164), 6.6% (n = 29) and 55.5% (n = 241) were fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, and unvaccinated, respectively. Around 3% and 42.9% of the patient required inotropic and NIV support respectively; however, there was no discernible difference between them in terms of vaccination status. In case of unvaccinated patients there were significantly increased number of critical care admissions (p-value 0.043). Unvaccinated patients had significantly higher median serum procalcitonin, ferritin, LDH and D-dimer levels. Around 5.3% (n = 23) of the patient required invasive ventilation and it was more common in unvaccinated patients (p-value 0.04). Overall, mortality rate was 12.2% (n = 53) and this was higher (16.2%, n = 39) in unvaccinated patients as compared to fully vaccinated patients (6.1%, n = 10, p-value 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Through this preliminary data, we can conclude that patient can develop severe and critical COVID-19 infection despite being vaccinated but this proportion is low as compared to unvaccinated population. So, uninterrupted endeavors need to be done to vaccinate as many individuals as possible. Furthermore, more effective vaccinations need to be developed to lessen the high death toll of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Fatima
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amara Zafar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Haris Afzal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Taymmia Ejaz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sara Shamim
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shayan Saleemi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amna Subhan Butt
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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19
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Li Z, Tao B, Hu Z, Yi Y, Wang J. Effects of short-term ambient particulate matter exposure on the risk of severe COVID-19. J Infect 2022; 84:684-691. [PMID: 35120974 PMCID: PMC8806393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have suggested a relationship between outdoor air pollution and the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is a lack of data related to the severity of disease, especially in China. This study aimed to explore the association between short-term exposure to outdoor particulate matter (PM) and the risk of severe COVID-19. METHODS We recruited patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during a recent large-scale outbreak in eastern China caused by the Delta variant. We collected data on meteorological factors and ambient air pollution during the same time period and in the same region where the cases occurred and applied a generalized additive model (GAM) to analyze the effects of short-term ambient PM exposure on the risk of severe COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 476 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 were recruited, of which 42 (8.82%) had severe disease. With a unit increase in PM10, the risk of severe COVID-19 increased by 81.70% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.45, 143.76) at a lag of 0-7 days, 86.04% (95% CI: 38.71, 149.53) at a lag of 0-14 days, 76.26% (95% CI: 33.68, 132.42) at a lag of 0-21 days, and 72.15% (95% CI: 21.02, 144.88) at a lag of 0-28 days. The associations remained significant at lags of 0-7 days, 0-14 days, and 0-28 days in the multipollutant models. With a unit increase in PM2.5, the risk of severe COVID-19 increased by 299.08% (95% CI: 92.94, 725.46) at a lag of 0-7 days, 289.23% (95% CI: 85.62, 716.20) at a lag of 0-14 days, 234.34% (95% CI: 63.81, 582.40) at a lag of 0-21 days, and 204.04% (95% CI: 39.28, 563.71) at a lag of 0-28 days. The associations were still significant at lags of 0-7 days, 0-14 days, and 0-28 days in the multipollutant models. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that short-term exposure to outdoor PM was positively related to the risk of severe COVID-19, and that reducing air pollution may contribute to the control of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 China
| | - Bilin Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 China
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Nanjing Public Health Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Nanjing Public Health Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 China,Corresponding author at: 101 Longmian Ave., Nanjing 211166, China
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20
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Biswas B, Chattopadhyay S, Hazra S, Hansda AK, Goswami R. COVID-19 pandemic: the delta variant, T-cell responses, and the efficacy of developing vaccines. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:377-396. [PMID: 35292834 PMCID: PMC8923340 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mayhem COVID-19 that was ushered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) was declared pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Since its initial outbreak in late 2019, the virus has affected hundreds of million adults in the world and killing millions in the process. After the approval of newly developed vaccines, severe challenges remain to manufacture and administer them to the adult population globally in quick time. However, we have witnessed several mutations of the virus leading to ‘waves’ of viral spread and mortality. WHO has categorized these mutations as variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs). The mortality due to COVID-19 has also been associated with various comorbidities and improper immune response. This has created further complications in understanding the nature of the SARS-CoV2–host interaction that has fuelled doubts in the efficacy of the approved vaccines. Whether there is requirement of booster dose and whether the impending wave could affect the children are some of the hotly debated topics. Materials and Methods A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar was utilized to understand the nature of Delta variant and how it alters our T-cell responses and cytokine production and neutralizes vaccine-generated antibodies.
Conclusion In this review, we discuss the variants of SARS-CoV2 with specific focus on the Delta variant. We also specifically review the T-cell response against the virus and bring a narrative of various factors that may hold the key to fight against this marauding virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Biswas
- School of Bioscience, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sayantee Hazra
- School of Bioscience, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bioscience, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
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21
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Mahumud RA, Ali MA, Kundu S, Rahman MA, Kamara JK, Renzaho AMN. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Delta Variant (B.1.617.2): A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:277. [PMID: 35214737 PMCID: PMC8875411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The highly transmissible COVID-19 Delta variant (DV) has contributed to a surge in cases and exacerbated the worldwide public health crisis. Several COVID-19 vaccines play a significant role in a high degree of protection against the DV. The primary purpose of this meta-analysis is to estimate the pooled effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines against the DV in terms of risk ratio (RR) among fully vaccinated, compared to unvaccinated populations. Methods: We carried out a systematic review, with meta-analysis of original studies focused on COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness against a DV clinical perspective among fully COVID-19 vaccinated populations, compared to placebo (unvaccinated populations), published between 1 May 2021 and 30 September 2021. Eleven studies containing the data of 17.2 million participants were identified and included in our study. Pooled estimates of COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness (i.e., risk ratio, RR) against the DV with 95% confidence intervals were assessed using random-effect models. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression test and funnel plot to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity and identify any differences in study design. Results: A total population of 17.2 million (17,200,341 people) were screened for the COVID-19 vaccines' effectiveness against the DV. We found that 61.13% of the study population were fully vaccinated with two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The weighted pooled incidence of COVID-19 infection was more than double (20.07%) among the unvaccinated population, compared to the fully vaccinated population (8.16%). Overall, the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine against the DV was 85% (RR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07-0.31). The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines varied slidably by study designs, 87% (RR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.06-0.30) and 84% (RR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.64) for cohort and case-control studies, respectively. Conclusions: The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines were noted to offer higher protection against the DV among populations who received two vaccine doses compared with the unvaccinated population. This finding would help efforts to maximise vaccine coverage (i.e., at least 60% to 70% of the population), with two doses among vulnerable populations, in order to have herd immunity to break the chain of transmission and gain greater overall population protection more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Business and Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
- Health Research Group, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Afshar Ali
- School of Business and Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
- Allied Health and Human Performance Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Department of Economics, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Satyajit Kundu
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh;
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Md Ashfikur Rahman
- Development Studies Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh;
| | - Joseph Kihika Kamara
- World Vision East Africa Regional Office, Karen, Off Ngong Road, Karen Road, Nairobi 50816, Kenya;
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Andre M. N. Renzaho
- School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2150, Australia;
- Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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