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Cappon L, Heyndrickx M, Rowaert S, Grootaert N, de Decker A, Tremmery S, Vandevelde S, De Varé J. Systematic Aggression Registration in Forensic Psychiatric Care: A Qualitative Study on Preconditions for Successful Implementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:657-676. [PMID: 35674230 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Available research emphasizes the importance of getting a systematic overview of inpatient aggression in forensic psychiatric care. However, the same research does not focus on how systematic aggression registration should be introduced in clinical practice. To facilitate the use of systematic aggression registration instruments, it is very relevant to gain insight into the perspective of staff members on the introduction of these instruments in daily clinical practice. Additionally, preconditions for achieving a successful implementation can be considered. Therefore, this study aims to gain insight into the perspective of the staff members on the implementation of a systematic aggression registration instrument-that is, the MOAS-in a forensic psychiatric unit. Interviews (n = 8) and a focus group with staff members were carried out. Three main themes: (1) creating the most appropriate context for introduction, (2) choice for the MOAS as relevant instrument, and (3) perpetuating the use of the MOAS in clinical practice are scrutinized. The mentioned preconditions can be used as guidelines when implementing systematic aggression registration in clinical practice. We hope that this paper can inspire other forensic psychiatric facilities to introduce systematic registration of aggressive incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - An de Decker
- UPC KU Leuven (Campus Kortenberg), Belgium
- University College Leuven-Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Aga N, Vander Laenen F, Vandevelde S, Vanderplasschen W. A qualitative inquiry on recovery needs and resources of individuals with intellectual disabilities labelled not criminally responsible. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:673-685. [PMID: 31529561 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery is a widely accepted paradigm in mental health care, whilst the correctional and forensic-psychiatric field is still searching for foundations for its implementation. Knowledge regarding recovery of persons with intellectual disabilities in secure contexts is limited. This study assesses recovery needs and resources among persons with intellectual disabilities labelled not criminally responsible and investigates the impact of the judicial label on recovery processes. METHODS A sample of 26 individuals was composed purposively, and in-depth interviews were conducted. Recurrent themes were identified using thematic analysis. RESULTS Traditional recovery themes emerged from the narratives, next to aspects of recovery in a forensic or correctional context. However, the operationalization and proportional impact are specific for this sample. CONCLUSIONS The social dimension overarches all other recovery dimensions. The integration of an explicit social rhetoric is imperative, including contextual, relational, interactional and societal dimensions. This offers pathways to reverse the traditional, paternalistic model of exclusion and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Aga
- Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University College Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- Department of Criminology, Penal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vandevelde
- Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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De Clercq M, Vander Laenen F. The use of test instruments in forensic report writing - Explorative research in Flanders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2019; 66:101454. [PMID: 31706392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forensic psychiatric reports have a profound impact on the life of a defendant, on society and on the mental health system. Good-quality reports are essential but are often criticized for their lack of thorough substantiation. The use of multiple methods to obtain information, test instruments (psychological and/or risk) and third-party information are recommended. STUDY PURPOSE To explore the use of test instruments and third-party information, as part of a multi-method approach, in forensic psychiatric evaluations. We examined 151 court-ordered expert reports in Flanders (Belgium). RESULTS A psychological test instrument was used in 61% of the cases, and a risk taxation instrument in 19% of the cases. Third-party information was used in 43% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS A multi-method approach is not common practice in forensic psychiatric evaluations. The use of validated test instruments and third-party information can be improved. The quality of forensic reports could be improved by the establishment of a forensic observation centre and the use of a standardized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld De Clercq
- Forensic psychologist, Psychiatric Centre Sint-Jan-Baptist Zelzate, Belgium..
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Aga N, Laenen FV, Vandevelde S, Vermeersch E, Vanderplasschen W. Recovery of Offenders Formerly Labeled as Not Criminally Responsible: Uncovering the Ambiguity From First-Person Narratives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:919-939. [PMID: 28893122 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17730617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The recovery paradigm is a widely accepted strength-based approach in general mental health care. Particular challenges arise when applying this paradigm in a forensic context. To address these issues, the present study examined recovery based on first-person narratives of offenders formerly labeled as not criminally responsible of whom the judicial measure was abrogated. Eleven in-depth interviews were conducted to obtain information on lived experiences and recovery resources of this hard-to-reach and understudied population. The interviews focused on recovery and elements that indicated a sense of progress in life. Key themes were derived from the collected data. Descriptions of recovery resources followed recurrent themes, including clinical, functional, social, and personal resources. Participants also reported ambiguous experiences related to features of the judicial trajectory. This was defined as forensic recovery and can be seen as an additional mechanism, besides more established recovery dimensions, that is unique to mentally ill offenders.
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The internalization of and defiance against rules within prison: The role of correctional officers’ autonomy-supportive and controlling communication style as perceived by prisoners. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rowaert S, Audenaert K, Lemmens G, Vandevelde S. Family Support Groups for Family Members of Mentally Ill Offenders: Family Expectations and Experiences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:4854-4874. [PMID: 29927338 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18780943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Family Support Groups (FSGs) are developed for family members of mentally ill offenders. This study investigates family treatment expectations and experiences of an FSG. Family members were interviewed before ( n = 20) and after ( n = 17) attending an FSG. Results show that family members hesitated or were curious about the FSG, expected to receive peer support and universality of problems, to receive information and advice and thought about the safety and respect of the group. Family members experienced the treatment as helpful because it was supportive, they gained new insights and they felt relieved and satisfied. Many family members see the guidance of the therapists and the differences in family and gender roles as an added value of attending an FSG. However, considering the limitations of the study, future studies should gain insight in and stress the importance of the meaning of therapeutic processes for family members confronted with different psychiatric disorders and/or situations.
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Favril L, Wittouck C, Audenaert K, Vander Laenen F. A 17-Year National Study of Prison Suicides in Belgium. CRISIS 2018; 40:42-53. [PMID: 30052079 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of mortality in prisoners worldwide, yet empirical data on this matter are lacking in Belgium. AIMS This study sought to describe characteristics associated with a consecutive series of suicides in Belgian prisons from 2000 to 2016 inclusive, in order to inform suicide prevention strategies. METHOD All documented cases of suicide ( N = 262) were reviewed using a standardized assessment checklist. Official records were abstracted for prisoners' sociodemographic, criminological, and clinical information, as well as for suicide-related characteristics. RESULTS Over the 17-year study period, suicides accounted for one third of all deaths in Belgian prisons. The average annual suicide rate in Belgium from 2000 to 2016 was 156.2 per 100,000 prisoners. Examination of all cases highlights both individual (psychiatric disorders and a history of suicide attempt) and situational (the early period of incarceration, interfacility transfers, and placement in solitary confinement) factors common in many prison suicides; some of them amenable to (clinical) management, which presents several potential avenues for suicide prevention. LIMITATIONS Given the absence of a matched control group, no conclusions could be ascertained regarding risk factors. CONCLUSION Suicide is a common, preventable cause of death among prisoners in Belgium. The results underscore the timely need for national standards and guidelines for suicide prevention in Belgian prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- 1 Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ciska Wittouck
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- 1 Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Van Assche J, van der Kaap-Deeder J, Audenaert E, De Schryver M, Vansteenkiste M. Are the benefits of autonomy satisfaction and the costs of autonomy frustration dependent on individuals' autonomy strength? J Pers 2018; 86:1017-1036. [PMID: 29377144 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE From a self-determination theory perspective, individuals are assumed to benefit and suffer from, respectively, the satisfaction and frustration of the psychological need for autonomy, even if they score low on autonomy strength. Yet, previous studies on need strength are scarce, operationalized need strength differently, and produced inconsistent findings. METHOD In two studies among 224 South African adults (Mage = 24.13, SD = 4.25; 54.0% male) and 156 Belgian prisoners (Mage = 38.60, SD = 11.68; 88.5% male), we investigated the moderating role of autonomy valuation and desire in the relations of autonomy satisfaction and frustration with a variety of well-being and ill-being indicators. RESULTS Study 1 provided some evidence for the moderating role of mostly explicit autonomy desire (rather than explicit autonomy valuation). In Study 2, neither explicit nor implicit autonomy desire played a consistent moderating role. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings are congruent with a moderate (albeit not with a strong) interpretation of the universality claim made within self-determination theory, provide initial evidence for a differentiation between deficit-based and growth-oriented interpersonal differences in need strength, and indicate that the potential moderating role of need strength deserves continued attention before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Assche
- Department of Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolene van der Kaap-Deeder
- Department of Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation-Flanders
| | - Elien Audenaert
- Department of Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Schryver
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Department of Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Favril L, Vander Laenen F, Vandeviver C, Audenaert K. Suicidal ideation while incarcerated: Prevalence and correlates in a large sample of male prisoners in Flanders, Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 55:19-28. [PMID: 29157508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Prisoners constitute a high-risk group for suicide. As an early stage in the pathway leading to suicide, suicidal ideation represents an important target for prevention, yet research on this topic is scarce in general prison populations. Using a cross-sectional survey design, correlates of suicidal ideation while incarcerated were examined in a sample of 1203 male prisoners, randomly selected from 15 Flemish prisons. Overall, a lifetime history of suicidal ideation and attempts was endorsed by 43.1% and 20.3% of respondents, respectively. Approximately a quarter of all prisoners (23.7%) reported past-year suicidal ideation during their current incarceration, which was significantly associated with both imported vulnerabilities (psychiatric diagnoses and a history of attempted suicide) and variables unique to the prison experience (lack of working activity, exposure to suicidal behaviour by peers, and low levels of perceived autonomy, safety and social support) in the multivariate regression analysis. A first-ever period of imprisonment and a shorter length of incarceration (≤12months) were also associated with increased odds of recent suicidal ideation. Collectively, the current findings underscore the importance of both vulnerability factors and prison-specific stressors for suicidal ideation in prisoners, and hence the need for a multi-faceted approach to suicide prevention in custodial settings. In addition to the provision of appropriate mental health care, environmental interventions that target modifiable aspects of the prison regime could provide a substantial buffer for the onset and persistence of suicidal ideation in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Rowaert S, Vandevelde S, Lemmens G, Audenaert K. How family members of mentally ill offenders experience the internment measure and (forensic) psychiatric treatment in Belgium: A qualitative study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 54:76-82. [PMID: 28528986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mentally ill offenders in Belgium can be subjected to mandated care under an "internment measure" if they are viewed as a danger to society. This study investigated how family members of mentally ill offenders experience this internment measure and view the (forensic) psychiatric treatment of their relative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 relatives and analysed using Nvivo 11. Six different themes emerged: (1) the criminal offence and the internment measure as an additional stigma, (2) ambivalent feelings towards the judicial system, (3) prison is not the right place to be, (4) mental health support as an answer to problems, (5) fight a losing battle, and (6) while there is life there is hope. The experiences of family members indicate the need for improved treatment guidelines that allow earlier compulsory interventions to prevent crime and preferential admission to (forensic) psychiatric facilities rather than prisons. In addition, family members expressed the need for better communication from mental health professionals and the judicial system during the process and greater availability of peer support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rowaert
- Department of Special Needs Education, H. Dunantlaan 2, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Vandevelde
- Department of Special Needs Education, H. Dunantlaan 2, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Gilbert Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Jeandarme I, Wittouck C, Vander Laenen F, Pouls C, Heimans H, Oei TI, Bogaerts S. Critical incidents and judicial response during medium security treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 51:54-61. [PMID: 28131515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined inpatient incidents in three Flemish forensic medium security units and analyzed the subsequent judicial reactions to these incidents. During medium security treatment, incidents were reported for more than half of the participants. The most frequently registered incidents were non-violent in nature, such as absconding and treatment non-compliance. The base rate for physically violent incidents was low. Although crime-related incidents during medium security treatment were rarely prosecuted and adjudicated, the base rate of revocation - and hence drop-out from treatment - as a result of these incidents was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Jeandarme
- Knowledge Center Forensic Psychiatric Care (KeFor) OPZC Rekem, Daalbroekstraat 106, 3621 Rekem, Belgium.
| | - Ciska Wittouck
- Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Claudia Pouls
- Knowledge Center Forensic Psychiatric Care (KeFor) OPZC Rekem, Daalbroekstraat 106, 3621 Rekem, Belgium.
| | - Henri Heimans
- Commission for the Protection of Society at the prison of Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T I Oei
- Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; KARID, FIVOOR, Forensic Psychiatric Center The Kijvelanden, Kijvelandsekade 1, 3172 AB Poortugaal, The Netherlands.
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Jeandarme I, Habets P, Oei TI, Bogaerts S. Reconviction and revocation rates in Flanders after medium security treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2016; 47:45-52. [PMID: 27084203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the criminal outcome of Flemish forensic psychiatric patients ('internees') after medium security treatment. Also, the effect of conditional release on recidivism of two subgroups (internees under conditional release and internees who received unconditional release) was examined. METHOD Reconviction rates and revocation rates were collected for all participants. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to investigate recidivism rates while controlling for time at risk. RESULTS During the 10-year period, 502 offenders were discharged from medium security treatment. Over a follow-up period averaging 3.6years, 7.4% of discharged patients were reconvicted or received a new 'not guilty by reason of insanity' (NGRI) verdict for a violent offence. One-quarter of the population had their conditional release revoked. Part of the study population was granted unconditional release. Reconviction rates were higher after unconditional release in comparison to conditional release. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the court supervision of NGRI patients in Flanders is effective in protecting the community from further offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Jeandarme
- Knowledge Centre Forensic Psychiatric Care (KeFor) OPZC Rekem, Rekem, Belgium.
| | - Petra Habets
- Knowledge Centre Forensic Psychiatric Care (KeFor) OPZC Rekem, Rekem, Belgium.
| | - T I Oei
- Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; KARID, Fivoor, The Netherlands; FPC, Gent, Belgium.
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Abstract
In 2011, Frank Van Den Bleeken became the first detainee to request euthanasia under Belgium's Euthanasia Act of 2002. This article investigates whether it would be lawful and morally permissible for a doctor to accede to this request. Though Van Den Bleeken has not been held accountable for the crimes he committed, he has been detained in an ordinary prison, without appropriate psychiatric care, for more than 30 years. It is first established that Van Den Bleeken's euthanasia request plausibly meets the relevant conditions of the Euthanasia Act and that, consequently, a doctor could lawfully fulfill it. Next, it is argued that autonomy-based reasons for euthanizing him outweigh complicity-based reasons against doing so, and that, therefore, it is also morally permissible for a doctor to carry out the euthanasia request.
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De Smet S, De Keyzer W, De Donder L, Ryan D, Verté D, Broekaert E, Vandevelde S. Older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible in Flanders (Belgium): Descriptive results from a retrospective case note study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2016; 46:35-41. [PMID: 27021136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Belgium, offenders who are deemed criminally irresponsible for their criminal actions because of mental illness or intellectual disability are subject to a specific safety measure with the dual objective of protecting society and providing mandated care to the offender. While Belgian law requires that offenders who are deemed criminally irresponsible should be in a hospital, clinic or other appropriate institution outside of prison, in practice, about one-third of all such offenders still reside in prison. Whether imprisoned or living in settings outside prison, there is a dearth of knowledge on the characteristics of the aging population among the criminally irresponsible offenders. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to explore the characteristics of older offenders categorized as criminally irresponsible in Flanders (northern Belgium) with a focus on the differences between imprisoned older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible and their peers who are residing outside prison. METHOD A retrospective case note study of all offenders deemed criminally irresponsible, >60years of age (n=174), was conducted in the four Commissions of Social Defense, which implement the procedure in the case of those deemed criminally irresponsible in Flanders. The files were screened for (1) demographic characteristics, (2) criminal history as well as (3) mental and physical health issues. RESULTS One-fourth of the population were >70years of age. A total of 30.5% were in prison. Compared to their non-imprisoned peers, the imprisoned offenders had a history of having committed more serious violent crimes towards persons, such as homicides and sexual crimes. In addition, imprisoned older offenders categorized as criminally irresponsible are characterized more explicitly by personality traits that are likely to reduce their chances of being transferred to more appropriate settings in the community. IMPLICATIONS A comprehensive and systematic screening of all older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible with regard to health needs and social functioning, including age-related deterioration, alcoholism, and other causes of social disadvantages, is warranted to detect potentially hidden problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan De Smet
- Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, BE-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Willem De Keyzer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liesbeth De Donder
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Denis Ryan
- Faculty of Counselling & Psychotherapy, Irish College of Humanities and Applied Sciences, Walton House, Lonsdale Rd., Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Dominique Verté
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eric Broekaert
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Vandevelde
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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De Smet S, Van Hecke N, Verté D, Broekaert E, Ryan D, Vandevelde S. Treatment and Control: A Qualitative Study of Older Mentally Ill Offenders' Perceptions on Their Detention and Care Trajectory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2015; 59:964-985. [PMID: 24510370 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14521129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The life of older mentally ill offenders (OMIOs) is often characterized by successive periods of detention in correctional facilities, admissions to psychiatric services, and unsuccessful attempts to live independently. Through in-depth interviews, eight personal stories from OMIOs under supervision of the commission of social defence in Ghent (Belgium) were analyzed in the phenomenological research tradition. The results of the study reveal that OMIOs had more positive and less negative experiences in prison settings when compared with other institutional care settings. Independent living, unsurprisingly, is favored the most. This may be due to the fact that the latter option fosters personal competence, feelings of being useful, personal choices, and contact with the "outside" world. Even in later lifetime, a combined approach of risk assessment with improvement of well-being remains valuable to stimulate offender rehabilitation. Therefore, more research into concepts that could be used to support OMIOs needs further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan De Smet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium University College Ghent, Belgium
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Merlevede S, Vander Laenen F, Cappon L. The blurred vision of Lady Justice for minors with mental disorders: records of the juvenile court in Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2014; 37:198-209. [PMID: 24268460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined (1) the information present in juvenile court records in Belgium (Flanders) and (2) whether there are differences in information between records that mention a mental disorder and those that do not. METHOD The file study sample included 107 court records, and we used a Pearson's chi-square test and a t-test to analyze the information within those records. RESULTS Information in juvenile court records varied considerably. This variability was evident when we compared juvenile court records with and without mention of a mental disorder. Significantly more information about school-related problems, the functioning of the minor, and the occurrence of domestic violence was included in records that mentioned a mental disorder compared with records that did not. CONCLUSION The content of the juvenile court records varied, particularly with regard to the mental health status of the minor in question. We suggest guidelines to standardize the information contained in juvenile court records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Merlevede
- Ghent University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Institute of International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- Ghent University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Institute of International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Leen Cappon
- Ghent University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Institute of International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Focquaert F. Mandatory neurotechnological treatment: ethical issues. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2014; 35:59-72. [PMID: 24407528 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-014-9276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
What if neurofeedback or other types of neurotechnological treatment, by itself or in combination with behavioral treatment, could achieve a successful "rewiring" of the psychopath's brain? Imagine that such treatments exist and that they provide a better long-term risk-minimizing strategy compared to imprisonment. Would it be ethical to offer such treatments as a condition of probation, parole, or (early) prison release? In this paper, I argue that it can be ethical to offer effective, non-invasive neurotechnological treatments to offenders as a condition of probation, parole, or (early) prison release provided that: (1) the status quo is in no way cruel, inhuman, degrading, or in some other way wrong, (2) the treatment option is in no way cruel, inhuman, degrading, or in some other way wrong, (3) the treatment is in the best interests of the offender, and (4) the offender gives his/her informed consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Focquaert
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prison psychiatry is a secluded area of the psychiatric care system, which in fact often provides treatment for those who do not have access to community-based healthcare systems. The aim of this review is to give an impression of the special challenges of psychiatric work behind bars and to emphasize current trends in prison psychiatry. RECENT FINDINGS In prisoners, mental disorders are more common than in the general population. There is evidence that prison suicide rates do not reflect general population suicide rates, suggesting that variation in prison suicide rates possibly also reflects differences in the provision of psychiatric care. Good transitional preparation preceding release seems to be necessary to reduce the risk of poor health outcome, but is hard to achieve. Up to now, there is no clear decision on whether it is useful or possible to treat adult prisoners with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulants. SUMMARY Prison psychiatry has to deal with a disproportionate burden of psychiatric disease in prisoners. Adequate psychiatric treatment options may reduce suicide behind bars. Further research should focus on the special needs of individuals who are out of reach of the conventional community-based health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Konrad
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Thiry B. An assessment of personality disorders with the Five-Factor Model among Belgian inmates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2012; 35:327-333. [PMID: 22560670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many international studies report a high prevalence of personality disorders among inmates on the basis of (semi)-structured diagnostic interviews. The present study proposes a self-reported evaluation of personality disorders using the NEO PI-R. The sample consists of 244 male and 18 female inmates (N=262) who were psychologically assessed. The analysis of the five psychological domains shows that the French-speaking Belgian inmates are as stable, as extroverted, more closed, more agreeable and more conscientious than the normative sample. The NEO PI-R facets are also analyzed. The mean Cohen's d (.26) is small. Two personality disorders have medium effect sizes: obsessive compulsive personality disorder (high) and histrionic personality (low). Small effect sizes exist for antisocial personality (low), psychopathy (low), narcissistic personality (low), schizoid personality (high) and borderline personality (low). In our view, the context of the assessment can partially explain these results but not entirely. The results do not confirm previous studies and question the high rates of psychiatric prevalence in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thiry
- Forest Prison, Avenue de la Jonction 52, 1190 Brussels, Belgium.
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Uzieblo K, Winter J, Vanderfaeillie J, Rossi G, Magez W. Intelligent diagnosing of intellectual disabilities in offenders: food for thought. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:28-48. [PMID: 22241548 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on offenders with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in the criminal justice arena is on the rise, reflected by a growing number of relevant publications each year. However, there is a long recognized methodological problem that hampers the comparability of empirical studies and that raises doubts about the accuracy of prevalence rates, comorbidities, and various correlates and characteristics. In this paper we will argue that the crux of the problem can, on the one hand, be found in the plurality of assessment methods for intelligence and adaptive functioning, which are not all sufficiently reliable and valid. On the other hand, assessment of IQ in criminal justice and mental health-related areas appears to be informed more by practical aspects and needs rather than grounded in a solid theoretical model. Hence, we suggest that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence has potential value in this regard, and deserves a closer look. Finally, we will discuss its incorporation into, and possible implications for, criminal justice practice and future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uzieblo
- Lessius - University College, Department of Applied Psychology, Antwerp.
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