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Štěrbová K, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Rychlá N, Kohoutová K, Babičková M, Skálová L, Matoušková P. Phylogenetic and transcriptomic study of aldo-keto reductases in Haemonchus contortus and their inducibility by flubendazole. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100555. [PMID: 38996597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs), a superfamily of NADP(H)-dependent oxidoreductases, catalyze the oxidoreduction of a wide variety of eobiotic and xenobiotic aldehydes and ketones. In mammals, AKRs play essential roles in hormone and xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and drug resistance, but little is known about these enzymes in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. In the present study, 22 AKR genes existing in the H. contortus genome were investigated and a phylogenetic analysis with comparison to AKRs in Caenorhabditis elegans, sheep and humans was conducted. The constitutive transcription levels of all AKRs were measured in eggs, larvae, and adults of H. contortus, and their expression was compared in a drug-sensitive strain (ISE) and a benzimidazole-resistant strain (IRE) previously derived from the sensitive strain by imposing benzimidazole selection pressure. In addition, the inducibility of AKRs by exposure of H. contortus adults to benzimidazole anthelmintic flubendazole in vitro was tested. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the majority of AKR genes in H. contortus lack orthologues in the sheep genome, which is a favorable finding for considering AKRs as potential drug targets. Large differences in the expression levels of individual AKRs were observed, with AKR1, AKR3, AKR8, and AKR10 being the most highly expressed at most developmental stages. Significant changes in the expression of AKRs during the life cycle and pronounced sex differences were found. Comparing the IRE and ISE strains, three AKRs were upregulated, and seven AKRs were downregulated in adults. In addition, the expression of three AKRs was induced by flubendazole exposure in adults of the ISE strain. Based on these results, AKR1, AKR2, AKR3, AKR5, AKR10 and AKR19 in particular merit further investigation and functional characterization with respect to their potential involvement in drug biotransformation and anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Štěrbová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rychlá
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kohoutová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Babičková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Antonopoulos A, Higgins O, Doyle SR, Bartley D, Morrison A, Shalaby MM, Reboud J, Devaney E, Smith TJ, Laing R, Busin V. Real-time single-base specific detection of the Haemonchus contortus S168T variant associated with levamisole resistance using loop-primer endonuclease cleavage loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 73:101946. [PMID: 38097144 PMCID: PMC10884526 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2023.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic haematophagous nematode that primarily affects small ruminants and causes significant economic loss to the global livestock industry. Treatment of haemonchosis typically relies on broad-spectrum anthelmintics, resistance to which is an important cause of treatment failure. Resistance to levamisole remains less widespread than to other major anthelmintic classes, prompting the need for more effective and accurate surveillance to maintain its efficacy. Loop-primer endonuclease cleavage loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LEC-LAMP) is a recently developed diagnostic method that facilitates multiplex target detection with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) specificity and portable onsite testing. In this study, we designed a new LEC-LAMP assay and applied it to detect the levamisole resistance marker S168T in H. contortus. We explored multiplexing probes for both the resistant S168T and the susceptible S168 alleles in a single-tube assay. We then included a generic probe to detect the acr-8 gene in the multiplex assay, which could facilitate the quantification of both resistance markers and overall genetic material from H. contortus in a single step. Our results showed promising application of these technologies, demonstrating a proof-of-concept assay which is amenable to detection of resistance alleles within the parasite population, with the potential for multiplex detection, and point-of-care application enabled by lateral flow end-point detection. However, further optimisation and validation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Antonopoulos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - Owen Higgins
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Maha Mansour Shalaby
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Julien Reboud
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Terry J Smith
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Roz Laing
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Busin
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Rychlá N, Navrátilová M, Kohoutová E, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Štěrbová K, Krátký J, Matoušková P, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Flubendazole carbonyl reduction in drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus: changes during the life cycle and possible inhibition. Vet Res 2024; 55:7. [PMID: 38225645 PMCID: PMC10790374 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonyl-reducing enzymes (CREs) catalyse the reduction of carbonyl groups in many eobiotic and xenobiotic compounds in all organisms, including helminths. Previous studies have shown the important roles of CREs in the deactivation of several anthelmintic drugs (e.g., flubendazole and mebendazole) in adults infected with the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus, in which the activity of a CRE is increased in drug-resistant strains. The aim of the present study was to compare the abilities of nematodes of both a drug-susceptible strain (ISE) and a drug-resistant strain (IRE) to reduce the carbonyl group of flubendazole (FLU) in different developmental stages (eggs, L1/2 larvae, L3 larvae, and adults). In addition, the effects of selected CRE inhibitors (e.g., glycyrrhetinic acid, naringenin, silybin, luteolin, glyceraldehyde, and menadione) on the reduction of FLU were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo in H. contortus adults. The results showed that FLU was reduced by H. contortus in all developmental stages, with adult IRE females being the most metabolically active. Larvae (L1/2 and L3) and adult females of the IRE strain reduced FLU more effectively than those of the ISE strain. Data from the in vitro inhibition study (performed with cytosolic-like fractions of H. contortus adult homogenate) revealed that glycyrrhetinic acid, naringenin, mebendazole and menadione are effective inhibitors of FLU reduction. Ex vivo study data showed that menadione inhibited FLU reduction and also decreased the viability of H. contortus adults to a similar extent. Naringenin and mebendazole were not toxic at the concentrations tested, but they did not inhibit the reduction of FLU in adult worms ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Rychlá
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Kohoutová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Štěrbová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Krátký
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Frota GA, Santos VOD, Rodrigues JFV, Oliveira BR, Albuquerque LB, Vasconcelos FRCD, Silva AC, Teixeira M, Brito ESD, Santos JMLD, Vieira LDS, Monteiro JP. Biological activity of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal, geraniol and anacardic acid on Haemonchus contortus isolates susceptible and resistant to synthetic anthelmintics. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e006023. [PMID: 37341288 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes is a challenge for small ruminant farming worldwide. It causes productive and economic losses, especially due to parasite resistance to conventional anthelmintics. Natural compounds with antiparasitic activity are a potential alternative for controlling these parasites especially when considering the widespread occurrence of anthelmintic resistance. Our objective was to evaluate the activity of anacardic acid, geraniol, cinnamaldehyde and citronellal on Haemonchus contortus isolates with different levels of anthelmintic resistance profiles. These compounds were tested using egg hatch assays (EHAs), larval development tests (LDTs) as well as LDTs on mini-fecal cultures, on the Haemonchus contortus isolates Kokstad (KOK-resistant to all anthelmintics), Inbred-Strain-Edinburgh (ISE-susceptible to all anthelmintics) and Echevarria (ECH-susceptible to all anthelmintics). Effective concentrations to inhibit 50% (EC50) and 95% (EC95) of egg hatching and larval development were calculated. Results for EHA and LDT for all tested compounds, considering EC50 and EC95 values, showed low variation among the studied isolates with most RF values below 2x. All studied compounds showed efficacy against egg hatching and larval development of H. contortus isolates regardless of anthelmintic resistance profiles. The compounds with the smallest EC50 and EC95 values were cinnamaldehyde and anacardic acid making them promising candidates for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracielle Araújo Frota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Jomar Patricio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Inta - UNINTA, Sobral, CE, Brasil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brasil
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Chylinski C, Cortet J, Cabaret J, Blanchard A. Haemonchus contortus Adopt Isolate-Specific Life History Strategies to Optimize Fitness and Overcome Obstacles in Their Environment: Experimental Evidence. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1759. [PMID: 37889629 PMCID: PMC10251867 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) use flexible life history strategies to maintain their fitness under environmental challenges. Costs incurred by a challenge to one life trait can be recouped by increasing the expression of subsequent life traits throughout their life cycle. Anticipating how parasites respond to the challenge of control interventions is critical for the long-term sustainability of the practice and to further ensure that the parasites withstand favourable adaptive responses. There is currently limited information on whether distinct populations of a GIN species respond to the same environmental challenge in a consistent manner, with similar alterations to their life history strategies or comparable fitness outcomes. This study compared the life history traits and experimental fitness of three distinct Haemonchus contortus isolates exposed to environmental challenges at both the parasitic (i.e., passage through resistant or susceptible sheep) and free-living (i.e., exposure to diverse climatic conditions) life stages. The key findings show that H. contortus maintain their fitness under challenge with isolate-specific alterations to their life history strategies. Further, partial exploration of the H. contortus isolates transcriptomes using cDNA-AFLP methods confirmed disparate expression profiles between them. These results bring fresh insights into our understanding of the non-genetic adaptive processes of GIN that may hinder the efficacy of parasite control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chylinski
- Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) International Sarl, A One Business Centre, La Pièce 3, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
- ISP, INRAE, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- ISP, INRAE, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jacques Cabaret
- ISP, INRAE, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) International Sarl, A One Business Centre, La Pièce 3, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
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Štěrbová K, Rychlá N, Matoušková P, Skálová L, Raisová Stuchlíková L. Short-chain dehydrogenases in Haemonchus contortus: changes during life cycle and in relation to drug-resistance. Vet Res 2023; 54:19. [PMID: 36882840 PMCID: PMC9993613 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) regulate the activities of many hormones and other signaling molecules and participate in the deactivation of various carbonyl-bearing xenobiotics. Nevertheless, knowledge about these important enzymes in helminths remains limited. The aim of our study was to characterize the SDR superfamily in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Genome localization of SDRs was explored, and phylogenetic analysis in comparison with SDRs from free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the domestic sheep (Ovis aries, a typical host of H. contortus) was constructed. The expression profile of selected SDRs during the life cycle along with differences between the drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains, were also studied. Genome sequencing enabled the identification of 46 members of the SDR family in H. contortus. A number of genes have no orthologue in the sheep genome. In all developmental stages of H. contortus, SDR1, SDR3, SDR5, SDR6, SDR14, and SDR18 genes were the most expressed, although in individual stages, huge differences in expression levels were observed. A comparison of SDRs expression between the drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of H. contortus revealed several SDRs with changed expression in the resistant strain. Specifically, SDR1, SDR12, SDR13, SDR16 are SDR candidates related to drug-resistance, as the expression of these SDRs is consistently increased in most stages of the drug-resistant H. contortus. These findings revealing several SDR enzymes of H. contortus warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Štěrbová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rychlá
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Niciura SCM, Okino CH, Nucci ADS, Malagó W, Benavides MV, Esteves SN, Chagas ACDS. Polymorphisms in exon 11 of the mptl-1 gene and monepantel resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3581-3588. [PMID: 36194275 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical treatments are the main strategy to control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance, as consequence, results in control failures and leads to economic losses. Thus, molecular tests may constitute an excellent tool for the early detection of anthelmintic resistance-related mutations. Thus, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping assay followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was developed to detect polymorphisms in exon 11 of the acetylcholine receptor monepantel-1 gene (mptl-1) that were previously associated with monepantel resistance through a genome-wide study in Haemonchus contortus. DNA samples recovered from individual and pooled third-stage larvae from two susceptible field-derived isolates and five (three in vivo-derived and two field-derived) resistant populations were used. New polymorphisms, including a 6-bp deletion and a 3-bp insertion, were detected in resistant individuals. These indels, confirmed using sequencing of cloned PCR products, are predicted to result in amino acid changes in transmembrane domain 2 (TMD2) of the MPTL-1 protein. The two susceptible isolates showed only the presence of the wild-type allele (100%), whereas lower frequencies of the wild-type allele were detected in monepantel-resistant populations (11.1 to 66.7%). These findings report new polymorphisms in the mptl-1 gene, validate the results obtained through genomic mapping for monepantel resistance, and provide a PCR-based assay to genotype indels located in exon 11 of mptl-1 in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristina Méo Niciura
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Cintia Hiromi Okino
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra da Silva Nucci
- Centro Universitário Central Paulista, Rua Miguel Petroni, 5111, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13563-470, Brazil
| | - Wilson Malagó
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Magda Vieira Benavides
- Embrapa Pecuária Sul, Rodovia BR-153, Km 632,9, Vila Industrial, Bagé, RS, CEP 96401-970, Brazil
| | - Sergio Novita Esteves
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil
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Antonopoulos A, Doyle SR, Bartley DJ, Morrison AA, Kaplan R, Howell S, Neveu C, Busin V, Devaney E, Laing R. Allele specific PCR for a major marker of levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:17-26. [PMID: 35970104 PMCID: PMC9399269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a haematophagous parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants and causes significant animal health concerns and economic losses within the livestock industry on a global scale. Treatment primarily depends on broad-spectrum anthelmintics, however, resistance is established or rapidly emerging against all major drug classes. Levamisole (LEV) remains an important treatment option for parasite control, as resistance to LEV is less prevalent than to members of other major classes of anthelmintics. LEV is an acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist that, when bound, results in paralysis of the worm. Numerous studies implicated the AChR sub-unit, ACR-8, in LEV sensitivity and in particular, the presence of a truncated acr-8 transcript or a deletion in the acr-8 locus in some resistant isolates. Recently, a single non-synonymous SNP in acr-8 conferring a serine-to-threonine substitution (S168T) was identified that was strongly associated with LEV resistance. Here, we investigate the role of genetic variation at the acr-8 locus in a controlled genetic cross between the LEV susceptible MHco3(ISE) and LEV resistant MHco18(UGA2004) isolates of H. contortus. Using single worm PCR assays, we found that the presence of S168T was strongly associated with LEV resistance in the parental isolates and F3 progeny of the genetic cross surviving LEV treatment. We developed and optimised an allele-specific PCR assay for the detection of S168T and validated the assay using laboratory isolates and field samples that were phenotyped for LEV resistance. In the LEV-resistant field population, a high proportion (>75%) of L3 encoded the S168T variant, whereas the variant was absent in the susceptible isolates studied. These data further support the potential role of acr-8 S168T in LEV resistance, with the allele-specific PCR providing an important step towards establishing a sensitive molecular diagnostic test for LEV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Antonopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen R. Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sue Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Cedric Neveu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentina Busin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Dimunová D, Navrátilová M, Kellerová P, Ambrož M, Skálová L, Matoušková P. The induction and inhibition of UDP-glycosyltransferases in Haemonchus contortus and their role in the metabolism of albendazole. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 19:56-64. [PMID: 35738156 PMCID: PMC9234156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) is an anthelmintic frequently used to treat haemonchosis, a common parasitosis of ruminants caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. This parasite is able to protect itself against ABZ via the formation of inactive ABZ-glycosides. The present study was designed to deepen the knowledge about the role of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in ABZ glycosylation in H. contortus. The induction effect of phenobarbital, a classical inducer of UGTs, as well as ABZ and ABZ-sulphoxide (ABZSO, the main active metabolite of ABZ) on UGTs expression and UGT activity toward ABZ was studied ex vivo in isolated adult nematodes. The effect of three potential UGT inhibitors (5-nitrouracil, 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitropyrimidine and sulfinpyrazone) on ABZ glycosylation was tested. Pre-incubation of nematodes with ABZ and ABZSO led to increased expression of several UGTs as well as ABZ-glycosides formation in subsequent treatment. Phenobarbital also induced UGTs expression, but did not affect ABZ biotransformation. In the nematode's subcellular fraction, sulfinpyrazone inhibited UGT activity toward ABZ, although no effect of other inhibitors was observed. The inhibitory potential of sulfinpyrazone on the formation of ABZ-glycosides was also proved ex vivo in living nematodes. The obtained results confirmed the role of UGTs in ABZ biotransformation in H. contortus adults and revealed sulfinpyrazone as a potent inhibitor of ABZ glycosylation in this parasite. The possible use of sulfinpyrazone with ABZ in combination therapy merits further research. UDP-glycosyl transferases catalyse biotransformation of benzimidazole anthelmintics. Gene expression of several UGTs in H. contortus is affected by albendazole. The inhibition of UGTs leads to a decrease in the amounts of glycosylated metabolites.
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Laing R, Doyle SR, McIntyre J, Maitland K, Morrison A, Bartley DJ, Kaplan R, Chaudhry U, Sargison N, Tait A, Cotton JA, Britton C, Devaney E. Transcriptomic analyses implicate neuronal plasticity and chloride homeostasis in ivermectin resistance and response to treatment in a parasitic nematode. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010545. [PMID: 35696434 PMCID: PMC9232149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiparasitic drug ivermectin plays an essential role in human and animal health globally. However, ivermectin resistance is widespread in veterinary helminths and there are growing concerns of sub-optimal responses to treatment in related helminths of humans. Despite decades of research, the genetic mechanisms underlying ivermectin resistance are poorly understood in parasitic helminths. This reflects significant uncertainty regarding the mode of action of ivermectin in parasitic helminths, and the genetic complexity of these organisms; parasitic helminths have large, rapidly evolving genomes and differences in evolutionary history and genetic background can confound comparisons between resistant and susceptible populations. We undertook a controlled genetic cross of a multi-drug resistant and a susceptible reference isolate of Haemonchus contortus, an economically important gastrointestinal nematode of sheep, and ivermectin-selected the F2 population for comparison with an untreated F2 control. RNA-seq analyses of male and female adults of all populations identified high transcriptomic differentiation between parental isolates, which was significantly reduced in the F2, allowing differences associated specifically with ivermectin resistance to be identified. In all resistant populations, there was constitutive upregulation of a single gene, HCON_00155390:cky-1, a putative pharyngeal-expressed transcription factor, in a narrow locus on chromosome V previously shown to be under ivermectin selection. In addition, we detected sex-specific differences in gene expression between resistant and susceptible populations, including constitutive upregulation of a P-glycoprotein, HCON_00162780:pgp-11, in resistant males only. After ivermectin selection, we identified differential expression of genes with roles in neuronal function and chloride homeostasis, which is consistent with an adaptive response to ivermectin-induced hyperpolarisation of neuromuscular cells. Overall, we show the utility of a genetic cross to identify differences in gene expression that are specific to ivermectin selection and provide a framework to better understand ivermectin resistance and response to treatment in parasitic helminths. Parasitic helminths (worms) infect people and animals throughout the world and are largely controlled with mass administration of anthelmintic drugs. There are a very limited number of anthelmintics available and parasitic helminths can rapidly develop resistance to these drugs. Ivermectin is a widely used anthelmintic in both humans and animals, but resistance is now widespread in the veterinary field. We crossed ivermectin resistant and ivermectin susceptible parasitic helminths and treated them with ivermectin or left them as untreated controls. This provided resistant and susceptible populations with a similar genetic background with which to study differences in gene expression associated with ivermectin resistance. We identified upregulation of a gene with no previous association with drug resistance (HCON_00155390:cky-1) in male and female worms in all resistant populations. This gene is thought to be expressed in the helminth pharynx (mouthpart) and, in mammals, plays a role in controlling nerve function and protecting nerves from damage. This is consistent with the known effects of ivermectin in inhibiting helminth feeding through pharyngeal paralysis and may implicate a novel mechanism that allows resistant worms to survive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jennifer McIntyre
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ray Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Dimunová D, Matoušková P, Navrátilová M, Nguyen LT, Ambrož M, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Environmental circulation of the anthelmintic drug albendazole affects expression and activity of resistance-related genes in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153527. [PMID: 35101480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary anthelmintics excreted from treated animals pass to soil, subsequently to plants and then to their consumers. This circulation might have various consequences, including drug-resistance promotion in helminths. The present study was designed to follow the effect of the environmental circulation of the common anthelmintic drug albendazole (ABZ) in real farm conditions on the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus in vivo. Two fields with fodder plants (clover and alfalfa) were fertilized, the first with dung from ABZ-treated sheep (at the recommended dosage), the second with dung from non-treated sheep (controls). After a 10-week growth period, the fresh fodder from both fields was used to feed two groups of sheep, which were infected with H. contortus. Eggs and adult nematodes from the animals of both groups were isolated, and various parameters were compared. No significant changes in the eggs' sensitivity to ABZ and thiabendazole were observed. However, significantly increased expression of several cytochromes P450 and UDP-glycosyl transferases as well as increased oxidation and glycosylation of ABZ and ABZ-sulfoxide (ABZ-SO) was found in the exposed nematodes. These results show that ABZ environmental circulation improves the ability of the helminths to deactivate ABZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dimunová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ambrož
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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12
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Žofka M, Thuy Nguyen L, Mašátová E, Matoušková P. Image recognition based on deep learning in Haemonchus contortus motility assays. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2372-2380. [PMID: 35664223 PMCID: PMC9127531 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor efficacy of some anthelmintics and rising concerns about the widespread drug resistance have highlighted the need for new drug discovery. The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is an important model organism widely used for studies of drug resistance and drug screening with the current gold standard being the motility assay. We applied a deep learning approach Mask R-CNN for analysing motility videos containing varying rates of motile worms and compared it to other commonly used algorithms with different levels of complexity, namely the Wiggle Index and the Wide Field-of-View Nematode Tracking Platform. Mask R-CNN consistently outperformed the other algorithms in terms of the detection of worms as well as the precision of motility forecasts, having a mean absolute percentage error of 7.6% and a mean absolute error of 5.6% for the detection and motility forecasts, respectively. Using Mask R-CNN for motility assays confirmed the common problem with algorithms that use non-maximum suppression in detecting overlapping objects, which negatively impacts the overall precision. The use of intersect over union as a measure of the classification of motile / non-motile instances had an overall accuracy of 89%, indicating that it is a viable alternative to previously used methods based on movement characteristics, such as body bends. In comparison to the existing methods evaluated here, Mask R-CNN performed better and we anticipate that this method will broaden the number of possible approaches to video analysis of worm motility.
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13
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Morrison AA, Chaudhry U, Andrews L, Melville L, Doyle SR, Sargison ND, Bartley DJ. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of benzimidazole resistance in reciprocal genetic crosses of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:1-11. [PMID: 34896787 PMCID: PMC8666523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is arguably one of the most economically important and ubiquitous parasites of livestock globally and commonly involved in cases of anthelmintic resistance. Here, we performed reciprocal genetic crosses using susceptible (MHco3(ISE)) and multiple anthelmintic resistant (MHco18(UGA2004)) H. contortus isolates. Resultant admixed populations were designated MHco3/18 or MHco18/3, where the lead isolate reflects the origin of the females. Three independent filial generations were generated for each cross, which were subjected to bioassays, molecular approaches and population genetic analyses to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic inheritance of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance at each stage. A panel of microsatellite markers confirmed the success of the genetic cross as markers from both parents were seen in the F1 crosses. Egg hatch tests revealed a stark difference between the two F1 crosses with ED50 estimates for MHco18/3 being 9 times greater than those for MHco3/18. Resistance factors based on ED50 estimates ranged from 6 to 57 fold in the filial progeny compared to MHco3(ISE) parents. Molecular analysis of the F167Y and F200Y SNP markers associated with BZ resistance were analysed by pyrosequencing and MiSeq deep amplicon sequencing, which showed that MHco3/18.F1 and MHco18/3.F1 both had similar frequencies of the F200Y resistant allele (45.3% and 44.3%, respectively), whereas for F167Y, MHco18/3.F1 had a two-fold greater frequency of the resistant-allele compared to MHco3/18.F1 (18.2% and 8.8%, respectively). Comparison between pyrosequencing and MiSeq amplicon sequencing revealed that the allele frequencies derived from both methods were concordant at codon 200 (rc = 0.97), but were less comparable for codon 167 (rc = 0.55). The use of controlled reciprocal genetic crosses have revealed a potential difference in BZ resistance phenotype dependent on whether the resistant allele is paternally or maternally inherited. These findings provide new insight and prompt further investigation into the inheritance of BZ resistance in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - U Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - L Andrews
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - L Melville
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - S R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgshire, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - N D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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14
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Zajíčková M, Prchal L, Navrátilová M, Vodvárková N, Matoušková P, Vokřál I, Nguyen LT, Skálová L. Sertraline as a new potential anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus: toxicity, efficacy, and biotransformation. Vet Res 2021; 52:143. [PMID: 34895342 PMCID: PMC8666012 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic nematode of ruminants which causes significant losses to many farmers worldwide. Since the drugs currently in use for the treatment of haemonchosis are losing their effectiveness due to the drug-resistance of this nematode, a new or repurposed drug is highly needed. As the antipsychotic drug sertraline (SRT) has been shown to be effective against the parasitic nematodes Trichuris muris, Ancylostoma caninum and Schistosoma mansoni, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible effect of SRT on H. contortus. The potential hepatotoxicity of SRT was tested in sheep, a common H. contortus host. In addition, the main metabolic pathways of SRT in H. contortus and the ovine liver were identified. While no effect of SRT on H. contortus egg hatching was observed, SRT was found to significantly decrease the viability of H. contortus adults in drug-sensitive and resistant strains, with its effect comparable to the commonly used anthelmintics levamisole and monepantel. Moreover, SRT in anthelmintically active concentrations showed no toxicity to the ovine liver. Biotransformation of SRT in H. contortus was weak, with most of the drug remaining unmetabolized. Production of the main metabolite hydroxy-SRT did not differ significantly between strains. Other minor metabolites such as SRT-O-glucoside, dihydroxy-SRT, and SRT-ketone were also identified in H. contorts adults. Compared to H. contortus, the ovine liver metabolized SRT more extensively, mainly via desmethylation and glucuronidation. In conclusion, the potency of SRT against H. contortus was proven, and it should be tested further toward possible repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Zajíčková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Vodvárková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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15
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Nguyen LT, Zajíčková M, Mašátová E, Matoušková P, Skálová L. The ATP bioluminescence assay: a new application and optimization for viability testing in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Vet Res 2021; 52:124. [PMID: 34593042 PMCID: PMC8482649 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus causes serious economic losses to agriculture due to infection and disease in small ruminant livestock. The development of new therapies requires appropriate viability testing, with methods nowadays relying on larval motility or development using procedures that involve microscopy. None of the existing biochemical methods, however, are performed in adults, the target stage of the anthelmintic compounds. Here we present a new test for the viability of H. contortus adults and exsheathed third-stage larvae which is based on a bioluminescent assay of ATP content normalized to total protein concentration measured using bicinchoninic acid. All the procedure steps were optimized to achieve maximal sensitivity and robustness. This novel method can be used as a complementary assay for the phenotypic screening of new compounds with potential antinematode activity in exsheathed third-stage larvae and in adult males. Additionally, it might be used for the detection of drug-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Zajíčková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mašátová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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16
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Babják M, Königová A, Urda Dolinská M, Kupčinskas T, Vadlejch J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Petkevičius S, Várady M. Does the in vitro egg hatch test predict the failure of benzimidazole treatment in Haemonchus contortus? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:62. [PMID: 34410223 PMCID: PMC8375488 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has been directed towards optimising in vitro tests that can diagnose resistance in pre-parasitic stages of parasites. The objective of this study was to compare the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), the in vitro egg hatch test (EHT), and the molecular determination of the frequency of a codon 200 allele of β-tubulin isotype 1 associated with benzimidazole resistance in larval stages of Haemonchus contortus obtained from infected goats. Animals were infected with composite infective doses representing 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80% resistant alleles. Faecal samples for the EHT were collected on 28, 33, and 35 days post-infection. The results of the in vivo FECRT indicated that albendazole treatment reduced infections consisting of composite doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80% larvae of the resistant isolate by 91.3, 78.0, 63.3, 48.4, 36.5, and 41.4%, respectively. The drug concentration at which 50% of the eggs were prevented from developing hatching larvae (ED50) in the in vitro EHT varied from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 15.63 ± 12.10 μg/mL thiabendazole. The results of the in vitro EHT indicated that the test could estimate in vivo resistance well. The EHT could thus accurately estimate the in vivo efficacy of the drug and percentage of the resistance allele in the population using hatching parameters in delineation doses. This finding was also supported by comparing the FECRT data to the hatching percentages in the EHT on 30 goat farms in Slovakia with natural mixed infections of gastrointestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Babják
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alžbeta Königová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Urda Dolinská
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Kupčinskas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert von Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saulius Petkevičius
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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17
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Kellerová P, Navrátilová M, Nguyen LT, Dimunová D, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Štěrbová K, Skálová L, Matoušková P. UDP-Glycosyltransferases and Albendazole Metabolism in the Juvenile Stages of Haemonchus contortus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:594116. [PMID: 33324241 PMCID: PMC7726322 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.594116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Haemonchus contortus, a gastrointestinal parasite of ruminants, can severely burden livestock production. Although anthelmintics are the mainstay in the treatment of haemonchosis, their efficacy diminishes due to drug-resistance development in H. contortus. An increased anthelmintics inactivation via biotransformation belongs to a significant drug-resistance mechanism in H. contortus. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) participate in the metabolic inactivation of anthelmintics and other xenobiotic substrates through their conjugation with activated sugar, which drives the elimination of the xenobiotics due to enhanced solubility. The UGTs family, in terms of the biotransformation of commonly used anthelmintics, has been well described in adults as a target stage. In contrast, the free-living juvenile stages of H. contortus have attracted less attention. The expression of UGTs considerably varies throughout the life cycle of the juvenile nematodes, suggesting their different roles. Furthermore, the constitutive expression in a susceptible strain with two resistant strains shows several resistance-related changes in UGTs expression, and the exposure of juvenile stages of H. contortus to albendazole (ABZ) and ABZ-sulfoxide (ABZSO; in sublethal concentrations) leads to the increased expression of several UGTs. The anthelmintic drug ABZ and its primary metabolite ABZSO biotransformation, tested in the juvenile stages, shows significant differences between susceptible and resistant strain. Moreover, higher amounts of glycosidated metabolites of ABZ are formed in the resistant strain. Our results show similarly, as in adults, the UGTs and glycosidations significant for resistance-related differences in ABZ biotransformation and warrant further investigation in their individual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Kellerová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Diana Dimunová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Karolína Štěrbová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
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18
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Kellerová P, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Matoušková P, Štěrbová K, Lamka J, Navrátilová M, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Sub-lethal doses of albendazole induce drug metabolizing enzymes and increase albendazole deactivation in Haemonchus contortus adults. Vet Res 2020; 51:94. [PMID: 32703268 PMCID: PMC7379777 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of anthelmintic therapy of farm animals rapidly decreases due to drug resistance development in helminths. In resistant isolates, the increased expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), e.g. cytochromes P450 (CYPs), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and P-glycoprotein transporters (P-gps), in comparison to sensitive isolates have been described. However, the mechanisms and circumstances of DMEs induction are not well known. Therefore, the present study was designed to find the changes in expression of CYPs, UGTs and P-gps in adult parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus exposed to sub-lethal doses of the benzimidazole anthelmintic drug albendazole (ABZ) and its active metabolite ABZ-sulfoxide (ABZSO). In addition, the effect of ABZ at sub-lethal doses on the ability to deactivate ABZ during consequent treatment was studied. The results showed that contact of H. contortus adults with sub-lethal doses of ABZ and ABZSO led to a significant induction of several DMEs, particularly cyp-2, cyp-3, cyp-6, cyp-7, cyp-8, UGT10B1, UGT24C1, UGT26A2, UGT365A1, UGT366C1, UGT368B2, UGT367A1, UGT371A1, UGT372A1 and pgp-3, pgp-9.1, pgp-9.2, pgp-10. This induction led to increased formation of ABZ metabolites (especially glycosides) and their increased export from the helminths' body into the medium. The present study demonstrates for the first time that contact of H. contortus with sub-lethal doses of ABZ (e.g. during underdose treatment) improves the ability of H. contortus adults to deactivate ABZ in consequent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Kellerová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Štěrbová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Assessment of the F200Y mutation frequency in the β tubulin gene of Haemonchus contortus following the exposure to a discriminating concentration of thiabendazole in the egg hatch test. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107957. [PMID: 32687847 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ruminant livestock production sector is under threat due to the infections with gastrointestinal nematode parasites and the subsequent development of anthelmintic resistance. One of most common and pathogenic species in small ruminants is Haemonchus contortus. The ability to control the infections with this and other gastrointestinal nematodes relies heavily on the use of anthelmintic drugs. Although resistance to all major classes of anthelmintics has been shown in H. contortus, the precise mechanism of resistance acquisition is only known for benzimidazoles. F200Y (TAC) is a common point mutation in the isotype 1 β tubulin gene which is associated with an effective increase in the resistance towards benzimidazole drugs. Here, we show the utility of using this mutation as a marker in a droplet digital PCR assay to track how two H. contortus laboratory strains, characterized by different resistance levels, change with respect to this mutation, when subjected to increasing concentrations of thiabendazole. Additionally, we wanted to investigate whether exposure to a discriminating dose of thiabendazole in the egg hatch test resulted in the death of all H. contortus eggs with a susceptible genotype. We found the MHco5 strain to maintain an overall higher frequency of the F200Y mutation (80-100%) over all drug concentrations, whilst a steady, gradual increase from around 30%-60% was observed in the case of the MHco4 strain. This is further supported by the dose-response curves, displaying a much higher tolerance of the MHco5 strain (LD50 = 0.38 μg/ml) in comparison to the MHco4 strain (LD50 = 0.07 μg/ml) to the effects of thiabendazole. All things considered, we show that the F200Y mutation is still a viable and reliable marker for the detection and surveillance of benzimidazole drug resistance in H. contortus in Europe.
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Quantitative molecular diagnosis of levamisole resistance in populations of Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Similarities and differences in the biotransformation and transcriptomic responses of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus to five different benzimidazole drugs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 11:13-29. [PMID: 31542693 PMCID: PMC6796749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have undertaken a detailed analysis of the biotransformation of five of the most therapeutically important benzimidazole anthelmintics - albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), oxfendazole (OxBZ) and fenbendazole (FBZ) - in Caenorhabditis elegans and the ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus. Drug metabolites were detected by LC-MS/MS analysis in supernatants of C. elegans cultures with a hexose conjugate, most likely glucose, dominating for all five drugs. This work adds to a growing body of evidence that glucose conjugation is a major pathway of xenobiotic metabolism in nematodes and may be a target for enhancement of anthelmintic potency. Consistent with this, we found that biotransformation of albendazole by C. elegans reduced drug potency. Glucose metabolite production by C. elegans was reduced in the presence of the pharmacological inhibitor chrysin suggesting that UDP-glucuronosyl/glucosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes may catalyze benzimidazole glucosidation. Similar glucoside metabolites were detected following ex vivo culture of adult Haemonchus contortus. As a step towards identifying nematode enzymes potentially responsible for benzimidazole biotransformation, we characterised the transcriptomic response to each of the benzimidazole drugs using the C. elegans resistant strain CB3474 ben-1(e1880)III. In the case of albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, and oxfendazole the shared transcriptomic response was dominated by the up-regulation of classical xenobiotic response genes including a shared group of UGT enzymes (ugt-14/25/33/34/37/41/8/9). In the case of fenbendazole, a much greater number of genes were up-regulated, as well as developmental and brood size effects suggesting the presence of secondary drug targets in addition to BEN-1. The transcriptional xenobiotic response of a multiply resistant H. contortus strain UGA/2004 was essentially undetectable in the adult stage but present in the L3 infective stage, albeit more muted than C. elegans. This suggests that xenobiotic responses may be less efficient in stages of parasitic nematodes that reside in the host compared with the free-living stages. C. e. & H. c. display hexose conjugation (likely glucose) and excretion of 5 BZs. C. elegans (C.e.) biotransformation of ABZ reduces drug potency. UGT inhibitor chrysin reduces ABZ biotransformation by C. elegans. Transcriptomic response of C. e. (ben-1) to 5 BZs dominated by xenobiotic response and additional targets for FBZ. Minimal transcriptomic response of H. contortus to ABZ exposure.
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Kellerová P, Matoušková P, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Zajíčková M, Pasák M, Skálová L. Ivermectin-induced changes in the expression of cytochromes P450 and efflux transporters in Haemonchus contortus female and male adults. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mating barriers between genetically divergent strains of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus suggest incipient speciation. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:531-540. [PMID: 31034791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, in common with many nematode species, has extremely high levels of genetic variation within and between field populations derived from distant geographical locations. MHco10(CAVR), MHco3(ISE) and MHco4(WRS) are genetically divergent H. contortus strains, originally derived from Australia, Kenya and South Africa, respectively, that have been maintained by numerous rounds of in vivo experimental infection of sheep. In order to explore potential pre-zygotic competition or post-zygotic incompatibility between the strains, we have investigated the ability of MHco10(CAVR) to interbreed with either MHco3(ISE) or MHco4(WRS) during dual strain co-infections. Sheep were experimentally co-infected with 4000 infective larvae (L3) per os of the MHco10(CAVR) strain and an equal number of either the MHco3(ISE) or the MHco4(WRS) strain L3. The adult worm establishement rates and the proportions of F1 progeny resulting from intra- and inter-strain mating events were determined by admixture analysis of microsatellite multi-locus genotypes. Although there was no difference in adult worm establishment rates, the proportions of F1 progeny of both the MHco10(CAVR) × MHco3(ISE) and MHco10(CAVR) × MHco4(WRS) dual strain co-infections departed from Mendelian expectations. The proportions of inter-strain hybrid F1 progeny were lower than the expected 50%, suggesting either pre-zygotic competition or post-zygotic incompatibility between the co-infecting strains. To investigate this further, both eggs and hatched L1 of broods from single adult female worms recovered from each dual co-infection were genotyped. Unhatched eggs from the broods revealed no inter-strain hybrid genotype deficit, suggesting there is no pre-zygotic competition between the strains. In contrast, there was a deficit in L1 inter-strain hybrid genotypes in the broods derived from MHco3(ISE) or MHco4(WRS) maternal parents, but not from MHco10(CAVR) maternal parents. This suggests that hybrid progeny of MHco10(CAVR) paternal parents have reduced post-zygotic development and/or viability consistent with incipient speciation of the MHco10(CAVR) strain. The presence of mating barriers between allopatric H. contortus strains has important implications for parasite ecology, including the ability of newly introduced anthelmintic-resistant parasite populations to compete and interbreed with populations already established in a region.
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Doyle SR, Illingworth CJR, Laing R, Bartley DJ, Redman E, Martinelli A, Holroyd N, Morrison AA, Rezansoff A, Tracey A, Devaney E, Berriman M, Sargison N, Cotton JA, Gilleard JS. Population genomic and evolutionary modelling analyses reveal a single major QTL for ivermectin drug resistance in the pathogenic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:218. [PMID: 30876405 PMCID: PMC6420744 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with helminths cause an enormous disease burden in billions of animals and plants worldwide. Large scale use of anthelmintics has driven the evolution of resistance in a number of species that infect livestock and companion animals, and there are growing concerns regarding the reduced efficacy in some human-infective helminths. Understanding the mechanisms by which resistance evolves is the focus of increasing interest; robust genetic analysis of helminths is challenging, and although many candidate genes have been proposed, the genetic basis of resistance remains poorly resolved. RESULTS Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of two genetic crosses between ivermectin resistant and sensitive isolates of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus, an economically important gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants and a model for anthelmintic research. Whole genome sequencing of parental populations, and key stages throughout the crosses, identified extensive genomic diversity that differentiates populations, but after backcrossing and selection, a single genomic quantitative trait locus (QTL) localised on chromosome V was revealed to be associated with ivermectin resistance. This QTL was common between the two geographically and genetically divergent resistant populations and did not include any leading candidate genes, suggestive of a previously uncharacterised mechanism and/or driver of resistance. Despite limited resolution due to low recombination in this region, population genetic analyses and novel evolutionary models supported strong selection at this QTL, driven by at least partial dominance of the resistant allele, and that large resistance-associated haplotype blocks were enriched in response to selection. CONCLUSIONS We have described the genetic architecture and mode of ivermectin selection, revealing a major genomic locus associated with ivermectin resistance, the most conclusive evidence to date in any parasitic nematode. This study highlights a novel genome-wide approach to the analysis of a genetic cross in non-model organisms with extreme genetic diversity, and the importance of a high-quality reference genome in interpreting the signals of selection so identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. R. Illingworth
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH UK
- Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA UK
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - David J. Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
- Present Address: Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Present Address: Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Alison A. Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Andrew Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | | | - Neil Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
| | - James A. Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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25
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UDP-glycosyltransferase family in Haemonchus contortus: Phylogenetic analysis, constitutive expression, sex-differences and resistance-related differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:420-429. [PMID: 30293057 PMCID: PMC6174829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT), catalysing conjugation of UDP-activated sugar donors to small lipophilic chemicals, are widespread in living organisms from bacteria to fungi, plant, or animals. The progress of genome sequencing has enabled an assessment of the UGT multigene family in Haemonchus contortus (family Trichostrongylidae, Nematoda), a hematophagous gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants. Here we report 32 putative UGT genes divided into 15 UGT families. Phylogenetic analysis in comparison with UGTs from Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living model nematode, revealed several single member homologues, a lack of the dramatic gene expansion seen in C. elegans, but also several families (UGT365, UGT366, UGT368) expanded in H. contortus only. The assessment of constitutive UGT mRNA expression in H. contortus adults identified significant differences between females and males. In addition, we compared the expression of selected UGTs in the drug-sensitive ISE strain to two benzimidazole-resistant strains, IRE and WR, with different genetic backgrounds. Constitutive expression of UGT368B2 was significantly higher in both resistant strains than in the sensitive strain. As resistant strains were able to deactivate benzimidazole anthelmintics via glycosylation more effectively then the sensitive strain, UGT368B2 enhanced constitutive expression might contribute to drug resistance in H. contortus.
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26
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Sallé G, Laing R, Cotton JA, Maitland K, Martinelli A, Holroyd N, Tracey A, Berriman M, Smith WD, Newlands GFJ, Hanks E, Devaney E, Britton C. Transcriptomic profiling of nematode parasites surviving vaccine exposure. Int J Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29534987 PMCID: PMC5909036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surviving Haemonchus contortus from vaccinated sheep were compared with control worms. There is no evidence for changes in expression of genes encoding Barbervax® antigens. There was increased expression of other proteases and regulators of lysosome trafficking. Surviving worms displayed up-regulated lipid storage and defecation abilities.
Some nematode species are economically important parasites of livestock, while others are important human pathogens causing some of the most important neglected tropical diseases. In both humans and animals, anthelmintic drug administration is the main control strategy, but the emergence of drug-resistant worms has stimulated the development of alternative control approaches. Among these, vaccination is considered to be a sustainable and cost effective strategy. Currently, Barbervax® for the ruminant strongylid Haemonchus contortus is the only registered subunit vaccine for a nematode parasite, although a vaccine for the human hookworm Necator americanus is undergoing clinical trials (HOOKVAC consortium). As both these vaccines comprise a limited number of proteins, there is potential for selection of nematodes with altered sequences or expression of the vaccine antigens. Here we compared the transcriptome of H. contortus populations from sheep vaccinated with Barbervax® with worms from control animals. Barbervax® antigens are native integral membrane proteins isolated from the brush border of the intestinal cells of the adult parasite and many of those are proteases. Our findings provide no evidence for changes in expression of genes encoding Barbervax® antigens in the surviving parasite populations. However, surviving parasites from vaccinated animals showed increased expression of other proteases and regulators of lysosome trafficking, and displayed up-regulated lipid storage and defecation abilities that may have circumvented the effect of the vaccine. Implications for other potential vaccines for human and veterinary nematodes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sallé
- INRA - U. Tours, UMR 1282 ISP Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W David Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - George F J Newlands
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Hanks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Doyle SR, Laing R, Bartley DJ, Britton C, Chaudhry U, Gilleard JS, Holroyd N, Mable BK, Maitland K, Morrison AA, Tait A, Tracey A, Berriman M, Devaney E, Cotton JA, Sargison ND. A Genome Resequencing-Based Genetic Map Reveals the Recombination Landscape of an Outbred Parasitic Nematode in the Presence of Polyploidy and Polyandry. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:396-409. [PMID: 29267942 PMCID: PMC5793844 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is an economically and clinically important pathogen of small ruminants, and a model system for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of traits such as anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance is widespread and is a major threat to the sustainability of livestock agriculture globally; however, little is known about the genome architecture and parameters such as recombination that will ultimately influence the rate at which resistance may evolve and spread. Here, we performed a genetic cross between two divergent strains of H. contortus, and subsequently used whole-genome resequencing of a female worm and her brood to identify the distribution of genome-wide variation that characterizes these strains. Using a novel bioinformatic approach to identify variants that segregate as expected in a pseudotestcross, we characterized linkage groups and estimated genetic distances between markers to generate a chromosome-scale F1 genetic map. We exploited this map to reveal the recombination landscape, the first for any helminth species, demonstrating extensive variation in recombination rate within and between chromosomes. Analyses of these data also revealed the extent of polyandry, whereby at least eight males were found to have contributed to the genetic variation of the progeny analyzed. Triploid offspring were also identified, which we hypothesize are the result of nondisjunction during female meiosis or polyspermy. These results expand our knowledge of the genetics of parasitic helminths and the unusual life-history of H. contortus, and enhance ongoing efforts to understand the genetic basis of resistance to the drugs used to control these worms and for related species that infect livestock and humans throughout the world. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using whole-genome resequencing data to directly construct a genetic map in a single generation cross from a noninbred nonmodel organism with a complex lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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28
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Metabolism of albendazole, ricobendazole and flubendazole in Haemonchus contortus adults: Sex differences, resistance-related differences and the identification of new metabolites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:50-58. [PMID: 29414106 PMCID: PMC6114105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (family Trichostrongylidae, Nematoda), a hematophagous gastrointestinal parasite found in small ruminants, has a great ability to develop resistance to anthelmintic drugs. We studied the biotransformation of the three benzimidazole anthelmintics: albendazole (ABZ), ricobendazole (albendazole S-oxide; RCB) and flubendazole (FLU) in females and males of H. contortus in both a susceptible ISE strain and resistant IRE strain. The ex vivo cultivation of living nematodes in culture medium with or without the anthelmintics was used. Ultrasensitive UHPLC/MS/MS analysis revealed 9, 7 and 12 metabolites of ABZ, RCB and FLU, respectively, with most of these metabolites now described in the present study for the first time in H. contortus. The structure of certain metabolites shows the presence of biotransformation reactions not previously reported in nematodes. There were significant qualitative and semi-quantitative differences in the metabolites formed by male and female worms. In most cases, females metabolized drugs more extensively than males. Adults of the IRE strain were able to form many more metabolites of all the drugs than adults of the ISE strain. Some metabolites were even found only in adults of the IRE strain. These findings suggest that increased drug metabolism may play a role in resistance to benzimidazole drugs in H. contortus.
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29
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Santos JMLD, Vasconcelos JF, Frota GA, Ribeiro WLC, André WPP, Vieira LDS, Teixeira M, Bevilaqua CML, Monteiro JP. Haemonchus contortus β-tubulin isotype 1 gene F200Y and F167Y SNPs are both selected by ivermectin and oxfendazole treatments with differing impacts on anthelmintic resistance. Vet Parasitol 2017; 248:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Gillan V, Maitland K, Laing R, Gu H, Marks ND, Winter AD, Bartley D, Morrison A, Skuce PJ, Rezansoff AM, Gilleard JS, Martinelli A, Britton C, Devaney E. Increased Expression of a MicroRNA Correlates with Anthelmintic Resistance in Parasitic Nematodes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:452. [PMID: 29209592 PMCID: PMC5701612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to anthelmintic drugs is a major problem in the global fight against parasitic nematodes infecting humans and animals. While previous studies have identified mutations in drug target genes in resistant parasites, changes in the expression levels of both targets and transporters have also been reported. The mechanisms underlying these changes in gene expression are unresolved. Here, we take a novel approach to this problem by investigating the role of small regulatory RNAs in drug resistant strains of the important parasite Haemonchus contortus. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding predominantly to the 3′ UTR of mRNAs. Changes in miRNA expression have been implicated in drug resistance in a variety of tumor cells. In this study, we focused on two geographically distinct ivermectin resistant strains of H. contortus and two lines generated by multiple rounds of backcrossing between susceptible and resistant parents, with ivermectin selection. All four resistant strains showed significantly increased expression of a single miRNA, hco-miR-9551, compared to the susceptible strain. This same miRNA is also upregulated in a multi-drug-resistant strain of the related nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. hco-miR-9551 is enriched in female worms, is likely to be located on the X chromosome and is restricted to clade V parasitic nematodes. Genes containing predicted binding sites for hco-miR-9551 were identified computationally and refined based on differential expression in a transcriptomic dataset prepared from the same drug resistant and susceptible strains. This analysis identified three putative target mRNAs, one of which, a CHAC domain containing protein, is located in a region of the H. contortus genome introgressed from the resistant parent. hco-miR-9551 was shown to interact with the 3′ UTR of this gene by dual luciferase assay. This study is the first to suggest a role for miRNAs and the genes they regulate in drug resistant parasitic nematodes. miR-9551 also has potential as a biomarker of resistance in different nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gillan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Gu
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Marks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Winter
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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A method for single pair mating in an obligate parasitic nematode. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:159-165. [PMID: 29111440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematode species have extremely high levels of genetic diversity, presenting a number of experimental challenges for genomic and genetic work. Consequently, there is a need to develop inbred laboratory strains with reduced levels of polymorphism. The most efficient approach to inbred line development is single pair mating, but this is challenging for obligate parasites where the adult sexual reproductive stages are inside the host, and thus difficult to experimentally manipulate. This paper describes a successful approach to single pair mating of a parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. The method allows for polyandrous mating behaviour and involves the surgical transplantation of a single adult male worm with multiple immature adult females directly into the sheep abomasum. We used a panel of microsatellite markers to monitor and validate the single pair mating crosses and to ensure that the genotypes of progeny and subsequent filial generations were consistent with those expected from a mating between a single female parent of known genotype and a single male parent of unknown genotype. We have established two inbred lines that both show a significant overall reduction in genetic diversity based on microsatellite genotyping and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism. There was an approximately 50% reduction in heterozygous SNP sites across the genome in the MHco3.N1 line compared with the MoHco3(ISE) parental strain. The MHco3.N1 inbred line has subsequently been used to provide DNA template for whole genome sequencing of H. contortus. This work provides proof of concept and methodologies for forward genetic analysis of obligate parasitic nematodes.
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Jirsová D, Štefka J, Jirků M. Discordant population histories of host and its parasite: A role for ecological permeability of extreme environment? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175286. [PMID: 28394904 PMCID: PMC5386267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeographical and ecological barriers strongly affect the course of micro-evolutionary processes in free living organisms. Here we assess the impact of a recently emerged barrier on populations of limnic fauna. Genetic diversity and population structure in a host-parasite system (Wenyonia virilis tapeworm, Synodontis schall catfish) are analyzed in the recently divided Turkana and Nile basins. The two basins, were repeatedly connected during the Holocene wet/dry climatic oscillations, following late Pleistocene dessication of the Turkana basin. Mitochondrial DNA sequences for cytochrome oxidase I gene (cox I) and a whole genome scanning method—amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed. A total of 347 cox I sequences (representing 209 haplotypes) and 716 AFLP fragments, as well as 120 cox I sequences (20 haplotypes) and 532 AFLP fragments were obtained from parasites and hosts, respectively. Although results indicate that host and parasite populations share some formative traits (bottlenecks, Nilotic origin), their population histories/patterns differ markedly. Mitochondrial analysis revealed that parasite populations evolve significantly faster and show remarkably higher genetic variability. Analyses of both markers confirmed that the parasites undergo lineage fission, forming new clusters specific for either freshwater or saline parts of Lake Turkana. In congruence with the geological history, these clusters apparently indicate multiple colonisations of Lake Turkana from the Nile. In contrast, the host population pattern indicates fusion of different colonisation waves. Although fish host populations remain connected, saline habitats in Lake Turkana (absent in the Nile), apparently pose a barrier to the gene flow in the parasite, possibly due to its multihost lifecycle, which involves freshwater annelids. Despite partially corroborating mitochondrial results, AFLP data was not sufficiently informative for analyzing populations with recently mixed biogeographic histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Jirsová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan Štefka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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High levels of benzimidazole resistance and β-tubulin isotype 1 SNP F167Y in Haemonchus contortus populations from Ceará State, Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Emery DL, Hunt PW, Le Jambre LF. Haemonchus contortus: the then and now, and where to from here? Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:755-769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Implications of between-isolate variation for climate change impact modelling of Haemonchus contortus populations. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:144-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rezansoff AM, Laing R, Gilleard JS. Evidence from two independent backcross experiments supports genetic linkage of microsatellite Hcms8a20, but not other candidate loci, to a major ivermectin resistance locus in Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:653-61. [PMID: 27216082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is the leading parasitic nematode species used to study anthelmintic drug resistance. A variety of candidate loci have been implicated as being associated with ivermectin resistance in this parasite but definitive evidence of their importance is still lacking. We have previously performed two independent serial backcross experiments to introgress ivermectin resistance loci from two H. contortus ivermectin-resistant strains - MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR) - into the genetic background of the ivermectin-susceptible genome reference strain MHco3(ISE). We have interrogated a number of candidate ivermectin resistance loci in the resulting backcross populations and assessed the evidence for their genetic linkage to an ivermectin resistance locus. These include the microsatellite marker Hcms8a20 and six candidate genes Hco-glc-5, Hco-avr-14, Hco-lgc-37 (previously designated Hco-hg-1), Hco-pgp-9 (previously designated Hco-pgp-1), Hco-pgp-2 and Hco-dyf-7. We have sampled the haplotype diversity of amplicon markers within, or adjacent to, each of these loci in the parental strains and fourth generation backcross populations to assess the evidence for haplotype introgression from the resistant parental strain into the genomic background of the susceptible parental strain in each backcross. The microsatellite Hcms8a20 locus showed strong evidence of such introgression in both independent backcrosses, suggesting it is linked to an important ivermectin resistance mutation in both the MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR) strains. In contrast, Hco-glc-5, Hco-avr-14, Hco-pgp-9 and Hco-dyf-7 showed no evidence of introgression in either backcross. Hco-lgc-37 and Hco-pgp-2 showed only weak evidence of introgression in the MHco3/4 backcross but not in the MHco3/10 backcross. Overall, these results suggest that microsatellite marker Hcms8a20, but not the other candidate genes tested, is linked to a major ivermectin resistance locus in the MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR) strains. This work also emphasises the need for genome-wide approaches to identify mutations responsible for the ivermectin resistance in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Laing R, Maitland K, Lecová L, Skuce PJ, Tait A, Devaney E. Analysis of putative resistance gene loci in UK field populations of Haemonchus contortus after 6years of macrocyclic lactone use. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:621-30. [PMID: 27179994 PMCID: PMC5011429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sheep farmers in the UK rely on strategic anthelmintic use to treat and control gastrointestinal roundworms in their flocks. However, resistance to these drugs is now widespread and threatens the sustainability of sheep production. The mechanisms underlying resistance to the most commonly used class, the macrocyclic lactones, are not known and sensitive diagnostic tools based on molecular markers are not currently available. This prohibits accurate surveillance of resistance or assessment of strategies aimed at controlling its spread. In this study, we examined four UK field populations of Haemonchus contortus, differing in macrocyclic lactone treatment history, for evidence of selection at 'candidate gene' loci identified as determining macrocyclic lactone resistance in previously published research. Individual worms were genotyped at Hc-lgc-37, Hc-glc-5, Hc-avr-14 and Hc-dyf-7, and four microsatellite loci. High levels of polymorphism were identified at the first three candidate gene loci with remarkably little polymorphism at Hc-dyf-7. While some between-population comparisons of individual farms with and without long-term macrocyclic lactone use identified statistically significant differences in allele frequency and/or fixation index at the Hc-lgc-37, Hc-glc-5 or Hc-avr-14 loci, we found no consistent evidence of selection in other equivalent comparisons. While it is possible that different mechanisms are important in different populations or that resistance may be conferred by small changes at multiple loci, our findings suggest that these are unlikely to be major loci conferring macrocyclic lactone resistance on UK farms or suitable for diagnostic marker development. More powerful approaches, using genome-wide or whole genome sequencing, may be required to define macrocyclic lactone resistance loci in such genetically variable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lenka Lecová
- Department of Tropical Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most successful and problematic livestock parasites worldwide. From its apparent evolutionary origins in sub-Saharan Africa, it is now found in small ruminants in almost all regions of the globe, and can infect a range of different domestic and wildlife artiodactyl hosts. It has a remarkably high propensity to develop resistance to anthelmintic drugs, making control increasingly difficult. The success of this parasite is, at least in part, due to its extremely high levels of genetic diversity that, in turn, provide a high adaptive capacity. Understanding this genetic diversity is important for many areas of research including anthelmintic resistance, epidemiology, control, drug/vaccine development and molecular diagnostics. In this article, we review the current knowledge of H. contortus genetic diversity and population structure for both field isolates and laboratory strains. We highlight the practical relevance of this knowledge with a particular emphasis on anthelmintic resistance research.
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Comparison of two in vitro methods for the detection of ivermectin resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Helminthologia 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/helmin-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in sheep cause severe economic losses. Anthelmintics are the most commonly used drugs for prophylaxis and therapy against parasitic helminths. The problem of drug resistance has developed for all commercially available anthelmintics in several genera and classes of helminths. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to detect anthelmintic resistance. Two in vitro methods (larval migration inhibition test and micromotility test) for the detection of ivermectin (IVM) resistance were compared using IVM-resistant and IVM-susceptible isolates of Haemonchus contortus. The degree of resistance for each test was expressed as a resistance factor (RF). The micromotility test was more sensitive for quantitatively measuring the degree of resistance between susceptible and resistant isolates. The RFs for this test for IVM and eprinomectin ranged from 1.00 to 108.05 and from 3.87 to 32.32, respectively.
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Bartley DJ, Meslé M, Donegan H, Devin L, Morrison AA. Phenotypic assessment of the ovicidal activity of monepantel and monepantel sulfone on gastro-intestinal nematode eggs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:87-92. [PMID: 26995727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro ovicidal activity of the amino acetonitrile derivative, monepantel (MPTL) and its active metabolite monepantel sulfone (MPTL-SO2) were assessed against a number of commercially important nematode species of ruminants, namely Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei. An egg hatch test (EHT) was used to make the assessment of both drug sensitive and drug resistant isolates. Both MPTL and MPTL-SO2 showed moderate ovicidal activity in vitro against all of the species examined, although species specific differences as measured by inhibitory concentration were observed. Analysis of the drug sensitive isolates showed H. contortus to be the most sensitive to both MPTL and MPTL-SO2 (ED50 1.7 and 2.7 μg/ml respectively) followed by T. circumcincta (ED50 2.1 and 2.7 μg/ml respectively) followed by T. axei (ED50 68.7 and 60.1 μg/ml respectively). Overall the EHT results would suggest no "global" in vitro discriminatory dose for detection of MPTL resistance is likely to be achievable, using the egg hatch test, due to large inherent variability observed between species. The test identified a dose dependent increase in MPTL and MPTL-SO2 sensitivity in two MPTL resistant T. circumcincta isolates and therefore offers to be a promising tool for the phenotypic characterisation of MPTL sensitivity, allowing exploration into the mechanisms involved in selection and development of MPTL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bartley
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - M Meslé
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - H Donegan
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - L Devin
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - A A Morrison
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Haemonchus contortus: Genome Structure, Organization and Comparative Genomics. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:569-98. [PMID: 27238013 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the first genome sequencing projects for a parasitic nematode was that for Haemonchus contortus. The open access data from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute provided a valuable early resource for the research community, particularly for the identification of specific genes and genetic markers. Later, a second sequencing project was initiated by the University of Melbourne, and the two draft genome sequences for H. contortus were published back-to-back in 2013. There is a pressing need for long-range genomic information for genetic mapping, population genetics and functional genomic studies, so we are continuing to improve the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute assembly to provide a finished reference genome for H. contortus. This review describes this process, compares the H. contortus genome assemblies with draft genomes from other members of the strongylid group and discusses future directions for parasite genomics using the H. contortus model.
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Courtot E, Charvet CL, Beech RN, Harmache A, Wolstenholme AJ, Holden-Dye L, O’Connor V, Peineau N, Woods DJ, Neveu C. Functional Characterization of a Novel Class of Morantel-Sensitive Acetylcholine Receptors in Nematodes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005267. [PMID: 26625142 PMCID: PMC4666645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine receptors are pentameric ligand-gated channels involved in excitatory neuro-transmission in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In nematodes, they represent major targets for cholinergic agonist or antagonist anthelmintic drugs. Despite the large diversity of acetylcholine-receptor subunit genes present in nematodes, only a few receptor subtypes have been characterized so far. Interestingly, parasitic nematodes affecting human or animal health possess two closely related members of this gene family, acr-26 and acr-27 that are essentially absent in free-living or plant parasitic species. Using the pathogenic parasitic nematode of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus, as a model, we found that Hco-ACR-26 and Hco-ACR-27 are co-expressed in body muscle cells. We demonstrated that co-expression of Hco-ACR-26 and Hco-ACR-27 in Xenopus laevis oocytes led to the functional expression of an acetylcholine-receptor highly sensitive to the anthelmintics morantel and pyrantel. Importantly we also reported that ACR-26 and ACR-27, from the distantly related parasitic nematode of horses, Parascaris equorum, also formed a functional acetylcholine-receptor highly sensitive to these two drugs. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living model nematode, we demonstrated that heterologous expression of the H. contortus and P. equorum receptors drastically increased its sensitivity to morantel and pyrantel, mirroring the pharmacological properties observed in Xenopus oocytes. Our results are the first to describe significant molecular determinants of a novel class of nematode body wall muscle AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Courtot
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université de François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Claude L. Charvet
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université de François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Robin N. Beech
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdallah Harmache
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université de François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Adrian J. Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Disease and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent O’Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Peineau
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Département de physiologie animale, Tours, France
| | - Debra J. Woods
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis LLC, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cedric Neveu
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université de François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
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Stuchlíková L, Lecová L, Jirásko R, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Holčapek M, Skálová L. Comparison of biotransformation and efficacy of aminoacetonitrile anthelmintics in vitro. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:214-20. [PMID: 25922167 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro study was designed to test and compare anthelmintic activity, hepatotoxicity, and biotransformation of four selected aminoacetonitrile derivatives (AADs): monepantel (MOP, anthelmintic approved for the treatment), AAD-970, AAD-1154, and AAD-1336. Micro-agar larval development test, MTT test of cytotoxicity, and biotransformation study coupled with Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technique were used for this purpose. Larvae of two Haemonchus contortus strains (drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant) and primary cultures of rat and ovine hepatocytes served as model systems. All AADs (including MOP) exhibited significant larvicidal effect in H. contortus susceptible as well as multi-resistant strains, much higher than those of reference anthelmintics thiabendazole and flubendazole. AAD-1154 provides the best results for most tested parameters among all AADs in this study. The cytotoxicity test showed that all AADs can be considered as nontoxic for hepatocytes. In the biotransformation study, Phase I and Phase II metabolites of AADs were identified and schemes of possible metabolic pathways in ovine hepatocytes were proposed. Biotransformation of MOP was much more extensive than biotransformation of other AADs. Based on obtained results, AAD-1154 and AAD-1336 can be considered as promising candidates for further in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Lecová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Laing R, Bartley DJ, Morrison AA, Rezansoff A, Martinelli A, Laing ST, Gilleard JS. The cytochrome P450 family in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:243-51. [PMID: 25558056 PMCID: PMC4365919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a highly pathogenic and economically important parasitic nematode of sheep, is particularly adept at developing resistance to the anthelmintic drugs used in its treatment and control. The basis of anthelmintic resistance is poorly understood for many commonly used drugs with most research being focused on mechanisms involving drug targets or drug efflux. Altered or increased drug metabolism is a possible mechanism that has yet to receive much attention despite the clear role of xenobiotic metabolism in pesticide resistance in insects. The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a large family of drug-metabolising enzymes present in almost all living organisms, but for many years thought to be absent from parasitic nematodes. In this paper, we describe the CYP sequences encoded in the H. contortus genome and compare their expression in different parasite life-stages, sexes and tissues. We developed a novel real-time PCR approach based on partially assembled CYP sequences "tags" and confirmed findings in the subsequent draft genome with RNA-seq. Constitutive expression was highest in larval stages for the majority of CYPs, although higher expression was detected in the adult male or female for a small subset of genes. Many CYPs were expressed in the worm intestine. A number of H. contortus genes share high identity with Caenorhabditis elegans CYPs and the similarity in their expression profiles supports their classification as putative orthologues. Notably, H. contortus appears to lack the dramatic CYP subfamily expansions seen in C. elegans and other species, which are typical of CYPs with exogenous roles. However, a small group of H. contortus genes cluster with the C. elegans CYP34 and CYP35 subfamilies and may represent candidate xenobiotic metabolising genes in the parasite.
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Chaudhry U, Redman EM, Abbas M, Muthusamy R, Ashraf K, Gilleard JS. Genetic evidence for hybridisation between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in natural field populations and its implications for interspecies transmission of anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Exploring the limitations of pathophysiological indicators used for targeted selective treatment in sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morrison AA, Mitchell S, Mearns R, Richards I, Matthews JB, Bartley DJ. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of benzimidazole resistance in the ovine parasite Nematodirus battus. Vet Res 2014; 45:116. [PMID: 25487605 PMCID: PMC4334412 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole resistance is common amongst many ovine trichostrongylid nematodes species globally. Although anthelmintics have been used for over half a century in some areas of the world for the control of Nematodirus battus, resistance has never been detected. Veterinary investigations conducted in 2010 demonstrated reduced efficacy in a flock that had been treated previously with fenbendazole (FBZ), suggesting probable resistance in N. battus. Infective larvae (L3; designated MNba2) were generated from the original material to conduct a controlled efficacy test (CET). Faecal egg counts showed an average of 37% reduction in the FBZ treated group 7 days post treatment compared to the untreated lambs. Average worm burden results showed no reduction after FBZ treatment compared to the untreated group (3850 and 3850 worms respectively). A molecular assay to assess the frequency of the commonly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene, F200Y and E198A, was developed. Larval genotypes were predominantly homozygous resistant at codon 200 SNP, ranging from 56%-83% and remained stable at 70% for adult worm populations taken from treated and control lambs in the CET. Only susceptible genotypes were found at codon 198. The allele frequency for F200Y ranged between 80-83% in adult worms taken from the CET from treated and control lambs. The results confirmed initial findings and demonstrated the first report of FBZ resistance in N. battus whilst providing evidence that the P200 point mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene is a potential mechanism of resistance in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Sian Mitchell
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Camarthen, Job's Well Road, Johnstown, Camarthen, SE31 3EZ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Mearns
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Penrith, Merrythought, Calthwaite, Penrith, Cumbria, CA11 9RR, UK.
| | - Iain Richards
- Care of Westmorland Veterinary Group, Riverside Business Park, Natland Road, Kendal, LA9 7SX, UK.
| | - Jacqui B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Storage of gastrointestinal nematode infective larvae for species preservation and experimental infections. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:715-20. [PMID: 25468381 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Techniques to preserve the infective third-stage larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes are of considerable interest to preserve rare species and to maintain a stable source for routine experimental infections. This study compares the relative pros and cons of the two most common techniques, cryopreservation and refrigeration by comparing how they influence consequent infection outcome parameters in terms of life-history traits and fitness as a function of time using the gastrointestinal nematode of sheep Haemonchus contortus as a study species. Establishment capacity was found to be significantly reduced in cryopreserved stocks of L3 compared to refrigerated stocks, but this was followed by significant increases in their fecundity. Refrigeration did not affect L3 stocks consequent fitness by 16 months (the maximum examined) although they did incur a significant reduction in establishment, followed once again by an augmentation in fecundity. The study highlights potential areas for bias in comparing studies using L3 larvae maintained for different periods of time under different techniques.
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Chylinski C, Lherminé E, Coquille M, Cabaret J. Desiccation tolerance of gastrointestinal nematode third-stage larvae: exploring the effects on survival and fitness. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2789-96. [PMID: 24828346 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The free-living third-stage larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes are able to tolerate extreme weather conditions such as desiccation, but little is known about the consequent effects this has on their fitness. This study explored how the desiccation of Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae affected their absolute fitness by examining their success at consequent life cycle stages for a complete generation, and comparing them against a control. The stages examined include establishment, fecundity, larval development and pathogenicity. The results show that while desiccation greatly reduced the survival of the L3 prior to infection in sheep, their absolute fitness was not negatively impacted. Instead, it appears desiccation slightly augmented H. contortus fitness by triggering increases in fecundity. The study further explored what influence different gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species (H. contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Teladorsagia circumcincta), isolates and age of L3 had on their capacity to revive following various periods of desiccation. The results showed desiccation tolerance varied as a function of each of these variables. The greatest L3 survival was found in Te. circumcincta followed by Tr. colubriformis and finally H. contortus. Significant variation was observed between individual species isolates and as a function of age. The results of this study carry important practical implications for the epidemiological understanding of gastrointestinal nematode species of economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chylinski
- INRA, UMR 1282, ISP 213, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a major problem for the control livestock parasites and a potential threat to the sustainability of community-wide treatment programmes being used to control human parasites in the developing world. Anthelmintic resistance is essentially a complex quantitative trait in which multiple mutations contribute to the resistance phenotype in an additive manner. Consequently, a combination of forward genetic and genomic approaches are needed to identify the causal mutations and quantify their contribution to the resistance phenotype. Therefore, there is a need to develop genetic and genomic approaches for key parasite species identified as relevant models. Haemonchus contortus, a gastro-intestinal parasite of sheep, has shown a remarkable propensity to develop resistance to all the drugs used in its control. Partly because of this, and partly because of its experimental amenability, research on this parasite has contributed more than any other to our understanding of anthelmintic resistance. H. contortus offers a variety of advantages as an experimental system including the ability to undertake genetic crosses; a prerequisite for genetic mapping. This review will discuss the current progress on developing H. contortus as a model system in which to study anthelmintic resistance.
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