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Charneau S, de Oliveira LS, Zenonos Z, Hopp CS, Bastos IMD, Loew D, Lombard B, Pandolfo Silveira A, de Carvalho Nardeli Basílio Lobo G, Bao SN, Grellier P, Rayner JC. APEX2-based proximity proteomic analysis identifies candidate interactors for Plasmodium falciparum knob-associated histidine-rich protein in infected erythrocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11242. [PMID: 38755230 PMCID: PMC11099048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) with the vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in malaria pathology and disease. KAHRP is an exported P. falciparum protein involved in iRBC remodelling, which is essential for the formation of protrusions or "knobs" on the iRBC surface. These knobs and the proteins that are concentrated within them allow the parasites to escape the immune response and host spleen clearance by mediating cytoadherence of the iRBC to the endothelial wall, but this also slows down blood circulation, leading in some cases to severe cerebral and placental complications. In this work, we have applied genetic and biochemical tools to identify proteins that interact with P. falciparum KAHRP using enhanced ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2) proximity-dependent biotinylation and label-free shotgun proteomics. A total of 30 potential KAHRP-interacting candidates were identified, based on the assigned fragmented biotinylated ions. Several identified proteins have been previously reported to be part of the Maurer's clefts and knobs, where KAHRP resides. This study may contribute to a broader understanding of P. falciparum protein trafficking and knob architecture and shows for the first time the feasibility of using APEX2-proximity labelling in iRBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
- UMR 7245 MCAM Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Zenon Zenonos
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Biologics Engineering, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGranta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine S Hopp
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Izabela M D Bastos
- Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interaction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Bérangère Lombard
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ariane Pandolfo Silveira
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Sônia Nair Bao
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Philippe Grellier
- UMR 7245 MCAM Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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2
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Bekić V, Kilian N. Novel secretory organelles of parasite origin - at the center of host-parasite interaction. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200241. [PMID: 37518819 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of cell organelle-deprived host red blood cells by the apicomplexan malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their cytoadherence to endothelial cells that line the microvasculature. This increases the time red blood cells infected with mature developmental stages remain within selected organs such as the brain to avoid the spleen passage, which can lead to severe complications and cumulate in patient death. The Maurer's clefts are a novel secretory organelle of parasite origin established by the parasite in the cytoplasm of the host red blood cell in order to facilitate the establishment of cytoadherence by conducting the trafficking of immunovariant adhesins to the host cell surface. Another important function of the organelle is the sorting of other proteins the parasite traffics into its host cell. Although the organelle is of high importance for the pathology of malaria, additional putative functions, structure, and genesis remain shrouded in mystery more than a century after its discovery. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge about the Maurer's clefts and other novel secretory organelles established within the host cell cytoplasm by human-pathogenic malaria parasites and other parasites that reside within human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bekić
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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3
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Garcia GA, Kariyawasam TN, Lord AR, da Costa CF, Chaves LB, Lima-Junior JDC, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Sikulu-Lord MT. Malaria absorption peaks acquired through the skin of patients with infrared light can detect patients with varying parasitemia. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac272. [PMID: 36712329 PMCID: PMC9802436 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To eliminate malaria, scalable tools that are rapid, affordable, and can detect patients with low parasitemia are required. Non-invasive diagnostic tools that are rapid, reagent-free, and affordable would also provide a justifiable platform for testing malaria in asymptomatic patients. However, non-invasive surveillance techniques for malaria remain a diagnostic gap. Here, we show near-infrared Plasmodium absorption peaks acquired non-invasively through the skin using a miniaturized hand-held near-infrared spectrometer. Using spectra from the ear, these absorption peaks and machine learning techniques enabled non-invasive detection of malaria-infected human subjects with varying parasitemia levels in less than 10 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Garcia
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Tharanga N Kariyawasam
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072,, Australia
| | - Anton R Lord
- School of Computer Science, Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | | | - Lana Bitencourt Chaves
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
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4
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Silvestre A, Shintre SS, Rachidi N. Released Parasite-Derived Kinases as Novel Targets for Antiparasitic Therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:825458. [PMID: 35252034 PMCID: PMC8893276 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.825458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient manipulation of their host cell is an essential feature of intracellular parasites. Most molecular mechanisms governing the subversion of host cell by protozoan parasites involve the release of parasite-derived molecules into the host cell cytoplasm and direct interaction with host proteins. Among these released proteins, kinases are particularly important as they govern the subversion of important host pathways, such as signalling or metabolic pathways. These enzymes, which catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP onto serine, threonine, tyrosine or histidine residues to covalently modify proteins, are involved in numerous essential biological processes such as cell cycle or transport. Although little is known about the role of most of the released parasite-derived kinases in the host cell, they are examples of kinases hijacking host cellular pathways such as signal transduction or apoptosis, which are essential for immune response evasion as well as parasite survival and development. Here we present the current knowledge on released protozoan kinases and their involvement in host-pathogen interactions. We also highlight the knowledge gaps remaining before considering those kinases - involved in host signalling subversion - as antiparasitic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Silvestre
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Silvestre, ; Najma Rachidi,
| | - Sharvani Shrinivas Shintre
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Silvestre, ; Najma Rachidi,
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5
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Impact of Sickle Cell Trait Hemoglobin on the Intraerythrocytic Transcriptional Program of Plasmodium falciparum. mSphere 2021; 6:e0075521. [PMID: 34668757 PMCID: PMC8527989 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00755-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle-trait hemoglobin (HbAS) confers nearly complete protection from severe, life-threatening falciparum malaria in African children. Despite this clear protection, the molecular mechanisms by which HbAS confers these protective phenotypes remain incompletely understood. As a forward genetic screen for aberrant parasite transcriptional responses associated with parasite neutralization in HbAS red blood cells (RBCs), we performed comparative transcriptomic analyses of Plasmodium falciparum in normal (HbAA) and HbAS erythrocytes during both in vitro cultivation of reference parasite strains and naturally occurring P. falciparum infections in Malian children with HbAA or HbAS. During in vitro cultivation, parasites matured normally in HbAS RBCs, and the temporal expression was largely unperturbed of the highly ordered transcriptional program that underlies the parasite’s maturation throughout the intraerythrocytic development cycle (IDC). However, differential expression analysis identified hundreds of transcripts aberrantly expressed in HbAS, largely occurring late in the IDC. Surprisingly, transcripts encoding members of the Maurer’s clefts were overexpressed in HbAS despite impaired parasite protein export in these RBCs, while parasites in HbAS RBCs underexpressed transcripts associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and those encoding serine repeat antigen proteases that promote parasite egress. Analyses of P. falciparum transcriptomes from 32 children with uncomplicated malaria identified stage-specific differential expression: among infections composed of ring-stage parasites, only cyclophilin 19B was underexpressed in children with HbAS, while trophozoite-stage infections identified a range of differentially expressed transcripts, including downregulation in HbAS of several transcripts associated with severe malaria in collateral studies. Collectively, our comparative transcriptomic screen in vitro and in vivo indicates that P. falciparum adapts to HbAS by altering its protein chaperone and folding machinery, oxidative stress response, and protein export machinery. Because HbAS consistently protects from severe P. falciparum, modulation of these responses may offer avenues by which to neutralize P. falciparum parasites. IMPORTANCE Sickle-trait hemoglobin (HbAS) confers nearly complete protection from severe, life-threatening malaria, yet the molecular mechanisms that underlie HbAS protection from severe malaria remain incompletely understood. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to measure the impact of HbAS on the blood-stage transcriptome of Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro time series experiments and in vivo samples from natural infections. Our in vitro time series data reveal that, during its blood stage, P. falciparum’s gene expression in HbAS is impacted primarily through alterations in the abundance of gene products as opposed to variations in the timing of gene expression. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that P. falciparum adapts to HbAS by altering its protein chaperone and folding machinery, oxidative stress response, and protein export machinery. Due to the persistent association of HbAS and protection from severe disease, these processes that are modified in HbAS may offer strategies to neutralize P. falciparum.
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Jonsdottir TK, Gabriela M, Crabb BS, F de Koning-Ward T, Gilson PR. Defining the Essential Exportome of the Malaria Parasite. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:664-675. [PMID: 33985912 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To survive inside red blood cells (RBCs), malaria parasites export many proteins to alter their host cell's physiological properties. Although most proteins of this exportome are involved in immune avoidance or in the trafficking of exported proteins to the host membrane, about 20% are essential for parasite survival in culture but little is known about their biological functions. Here, we have combined information from large-scale genetic screens and targeted gene-disruption studies to tabulate all currently known Plasmodium falciparum exported proteins according to their likelihood of being essential. We also discuss the essential functional pathways that exported proteins might be involved in to help direct research efforts towards a more comprehensive understanding of host-cell remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorey K Jonsdottir
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mikha Gabriela
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Jonsdottir TK, Counihan NA, Modak JK, Kouskousis B, Sanders PR, Gabriela M, Bullen HE, Crabb BS, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR. Characterisation of complexes formed by parasite proteins exported into the host cell compartment of Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13332. [PMID: 33774908 PMCID: PMC8365696 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During its intraerythrocytic life cycle, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum supplements its nutritional requirements by scavenging substrates from the plasma through the new permeability pathways (NPPs) installed in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Parasite proteins of the RhopH complex: CLAG3, RhopH2, RhopH3, have been implicated in NPP activity. Here, we studied 13 exported proteins previously hypothesised to interact with RhopH2, to study their potential contribution to the function of NPPs. NPP activity assays revealed that the 13 proteins do not appear to be individually important for NPP function, as conditional knockdown of these proteins had no effect on sorbitol uptake. Intriguingly, reciprocal immunoprecipitation assays showed that five of the 13 proteins interact with all members of the RhopH complex, with PF3D7_1401200 showing the strongest association. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics further identified new protein complexes; a cytoskeletal complex and a Maurer's clefts/J‐dot complex, which overall helps clarify protein–protein interactions within the infected RBC (iRBC) and is suggestive of the potential trafficking route of the RhopH complex itself to the RBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorey K Jonsdottir
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Joyanta K Modak
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Betty Kouskousis
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Micro-imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mikha Gabriela
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | | | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Yadavalli R, Peterson JW, Drazba JA, Sam-Yellowe TY. Trafficking and Association of Plasmodium falciparum MC-2TM with the Maurer's Clefts. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040431. [PMID: 33916455 PMCID: PMC8066109 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated stage specific expression, trafficking, solubility and topology of endogenous PfMC-2TM in P. falciparum (3D7) infected erythrocytes. Following Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment of parasites, PfMC-2TM traffic was evaluated using immunofluorescence with antibodies reactive with PfMC-2TM. PfMC-2TM is sensitive to BFA treatment and permeabilization of infected erythrocytes with streptolysin O (SLO) and saponin, showed that the N and C-termini of PfMC-2TM are exposed to the erythrocyte cytoplasm with the central portion of the protein protected in the MC membranes. PfMC-2TM was expressed as early as 4 h post invasion (hpi), was tightly colocalized with REX-1 and trafficked to the erythrocyte membrane without a change in solubility. PfMC-2TM associated with the MC and infected erythrocyte membrane and was resistant to extraction with alkaline sodium carbonate, suggestive of protein-lipid interactions with membranes of the MC and erythrocyte. PfMC-2TM is an additional marker of the nascent MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Yadavalli
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
| | - John W. Peterson
- Imaging Core Facility, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (J.W.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Judith A. Drazba
- Imaging Core Facility, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (J.W.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-687-2068
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9
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Eraky MT, Abd El-Rahman AI, Shazly MH, Abdelrahman MM. Mechanics of deformation of malaria-infected red blood cells. MECHANICS RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 113:103666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mechrescom.2021.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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An Integrative Computational Approach for the Prediction of Human- Plasmodium Protein-Protein Interactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:2082540. [PMID: 33426052 PMCID: PMC7771252 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2082540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen molecular cross-talks are critical in determining the pathophysiology of a specific infection. Most of these cross-talks are mediated via protein-protein interactions between the host and the pathogen (HP-PPI). Thus, it is essential to know how some pathogens interact with their hosts to understand the mechanism of infections. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by an obligate intracellular parasite belonging to the Plasmodium genus, of which P. falciparum is the most prevalent. Several previous studies predicted human-plasmodium protein-protein interactions using computational methods have demonstrated their utility, accuracy, and efficiency to identify the interacting partners and therefore complementing experimental efforts to characterize host-pathogen interaction networks. To predict potential putative HP-PPIs, we use an integrative computational approach based on the combination of multiple OMICS-based methods including human red blood cells (RBC) and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain expressed proteins, domain-domain based PPI, similarity of gene ontology terms, structure similarity method homology identification, and machine learning prediction. Our results reported a set of 716 protein interactions involving 302 human proteins and 130 Plasmodium proteins. This work provides a list of potential human-Plasmodium interacting proteins. These findings will contribute to better understand the mechanisms underlying the molecular determinism of malaria disease and potentially to identify candidate pharmacological targets.
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11
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Dousti M, Manzano-Román R, Rashidi S, Barzegar G, Ahmadpour NB, Mohammadi A, Hatam G. A proteomic glimpse into the effect of antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum proteome towards highlighting possible therapeutic targets. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa071. [PMID: 33202000 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no effective vaccine against malaria; therefore, chemotherapy is to date the only choice to fight against this infectious disease. However, there is growing evidences of drug-resistance mechanisms in malaria treatments. Therefore, the identification of new drug targets is an urgent need for the clinical management of the disease. Proteomic approaches offer the chance of determining the effects of antimalarial drugs on the proteome of Plasmodium parasites. Accordingly, we reviewed the effects of antimalarial drugs on the Plasmodium falciparum proteome pointing out the relevance of several proteins as possible drug targets in malaria treatment. In addition, some of the P. falciparum stage-specific altered proteins and parasite-host interactions might play important roles in pathogenicity, survival, invasion and metabolic pathways and thus serve as potential sources of drug targets. In this review, we have identified several proteins, including thioredoxin reductase, helicases, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium-binding protein, choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, apical membrane antigen 1, glutamate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, heat shock protein 70x, knob-associated histidine-rich protein and erythrocyte membrane protein 1, as promising antimalarial drugs targets. Overall, proteomic approaches are able to partially facilitate finding possible drug targets. However, the integration of other 'omics' and specific pharmaceutical techniques with proteomics may increase the therapeutic properties of the critical proteins identified in the P. falciparum proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Dousti
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Barzegar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Department of Disease Control, Komijan Treatment and Health Network, Arak University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Kilian N, Zhang Y, LaMonica L, Hooker G, Toomre D, Mamoun CB, Ernst AM. Palmitoylated Proteins in Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes: Investigation with Click Chemistry and Metabolic Labeling. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900145. [PMID: 32342554 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The examination of the complex cell biology of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum usually relies on the time-consuming generation of transgenic parasites. Here, metabolic labeling and click chemistry are employed as a fast transfection-independent method for the microscopic examination of protein S-palmitoylation, an important post-translational modification during the asexual intraerythrocytic replication of P. falciparum. Applying various microscopy approaches such as confocal, single-molecule switching, and electron microscopy, differences in the extent of labeling within the different asexual developmental stages of P. falciparum and the host erythrocytes over time are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kilian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8056, USA
| | - Yongdeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8002, USA
| | - Lauren LaMonica
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8002, USA
| | - Giles Hooker
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8002, USA.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8056, USA
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8002, USA
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Das D, Krishnan SR, Roy A, Bulusu G. A network-based approach reveals novel invasion and Maurer's clefts-related proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Omics 2019; 15:431-441. [PMID: 31631203 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00124g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major concern in developing countries despite continuous efforts to find a cure for the disease. Understanding the pathogenesis mechanism is necessary to identify more effective drug targets against malaria. Many years of experimental research have generated a large amount of data for the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. These data are useful to understand the importance of certain parasite proteins, but it often remains unclear how these proteins come together, interact with other proteins and carry out their function. Identification of all proteins involved in pathogenesis is an important step towards understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. In this study, dynamic stage-specific protein-protein interaction networks were created based on gene expression data during the parasite's intra-erythrocytic stages and static protein-protein interaction data. Using previously known proteins of a biological event as seed proteins, the random walk with restart (RWR) method was used on the dynamic protein-protein interaction networks to identify novel proteins related to that event. Two screening procedures namely, permutation test and GO enrichment test were performed to increase the reliability of the RWR predictions. The proposed method was first validated on Plasmodium falciparum proteins related to invasion, where it could reproduce the existing knowledge from a small set of seed proteins. It was then used to identify novel Maurer's clefts resident proteins, where it could identify 152 parasite proteins. We show that the current approach can annotate conserved proteins with unknown function. The predicted proteins can help build a mechanistic model for disease pathogenesis, which will be useful in identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Das
- TCS Innovation Labs - Hyderabad (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, India.
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14
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Kumar V, Behl A, Sharma R, Sharma A, Hora R. Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric family-an enigmatic piece of the Plasmodium biology puzzle. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2753-2766. [PMID: 31418110 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) refurbishes the infected erythrocytes by exporting a myriad of parasite proteins to the host cell. A novel exported protein family 'Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Subtelomeric' (PHIST) has gained attention for its significant roles in parasite biology. Here, we have collected and analysed available information on PHIST members to enhance understanding of their functions, varied localization and structure-function correlation. Functional diversity of PHIST proteins is highlighted by their involvement in PfEMP1 (Pf erythrocyte membrane protein 1) expression, trafficking and switching. This family also contributes to cytoadherence, gametocytogenesis, host cell modification and generation of extracellular vesicles. While the PHIST domain forms the hallmark of this family, existence and functions of additional domains (LyMP, TIGR01639) and the MEC motif underscores its diversity further. Since specific PHIST proteins seem to form pairs with PfEMP1 members, we have used in silico tools to predict such potential partners in Pf. This information and our analysis of structural data on a PHIST member provide important insights into their functioning. This review overall enables readers to view the PHIST family comprehensively, while highlighting key knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Behl
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rachana Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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15
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Fröhlich B, Jäger J, Lansche C, Sanchez CP, Cyrklaff M, Buchholz B, Soubeiga ST, Simpore J, Ito H, Schwarz US, Lanzer M, Tanaka M. Hemoglobin S and C affect biomechanical membrane properties of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:311. [PMID: 31428699 PMCID: PMC6692299 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During intraerythrocytic development, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mechanical deformability of its host cell. The underpinning biological processes involve gain in parasite mass, changes in the membrane protein compositions, reorganization of the cytoskeletons and its coupling to the plasma membrane, and formation of membrane protrusions, termed knobs. The hemoglobinopathies S and C are known to partially protect carriers from severe malaria, possibly through additional changes in the erythrocyte biomechanics, but a detailed quantification of cell mechanics is still missing. Here, we combined flicker spectroscopy and a mathematical model and demonstrated that knob formation strongly suppresses membrane fluctuations by increasing membrane-cytoskeleton coupling. We found that the confinement increased with hemoglobin S but decreases with hemoglobin C in spite of comparable knob densities and diameters. We further found that the membrane bending modulus strongly depends on the hemoglobinopathetic variant, suggesting increased amounts of irreversibly oxidized hemichromes bound to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Serge Theophile Soubeiga
- Biomolecular ResearchCenter Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacque Simpore
- Biomolecular ResearchCenter Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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16
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Takano R, Kozuka-Hata H, Kondoh D, Bochimoto H, Oyama M, Kato K. A High-Resolution Map of SBP1 Interactomes in Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes. iScience 2019; 19:703-714. [PMID: 31476617 PMCID: PMC6728614 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of malaria parasites depends on host erythrocyte modifications that are facilitated by parasite proteins exported to the host cytoplasm. These exported proteins form a trafficking complex in the host cytoplasm that transports virulence determinants to the erythrocyte surface; this complex is thus essential for malaria virulence. Here, we report a comprehensive interaction network map of this complex. We developed authentic, unbiased, highly sensitive proteomic approaches to determine the proteins that interact with a core component of the complex, SBP1 (skeleton-binding protein 1). SBP1 interactomes revealed numerous exported proteins and potential interactors associated with SBP1 intracellular trafficking. We identified several host-parasite protein interactions and linked the exported protein MAL8P1.4 to Plasmodium falciparum virulence in infected erythrocytes. Our study highlights the complicated interplay between parasite and host proteins in the host cytoplasm and provides an interaction dataset connecting dozens of exported proteins required for P. falciparum virulence. We used shotgun proteomics to identify SBP1-interacting factors System validation showed complex interplay between parasite and host proteins Our system can be used to explore protozoan parasite virulence in erythrocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takano
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Health Care Administration Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
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17
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Thekkiniath J, Kilian N, Lawres L, Gewirtz MA, Graham MM, Liu X, Ledizet M, Ben Mamoun C. Evidence for vesicle-mediated antigen export by the human pathogen Babesia microti. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201900382. [PMID: 31196872 PMCID: PMC6572159 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Babesia microti undergoes unique morphogenesis during its development within human and mouse red blood cells and uses a novel vesicle-based system for export of antigens into the host cell and environment. The apicomplexan parasite Babesia microti is the primary agent of human babesiosis, a malaria-like illness and potentially fatal tick-borne disease. Unlike its close relatives, the agents of human malaria, B. microti develops within human and mouse red blood cells in the absence of a parasitophorous vacuole, and its secreted antigens lack trafficking motifs found in malarial secreted antigens. Here, we show that after invasion of erythrocytes, B. microti undergoes a major morphogenic change during which it produces an interlacement of vesicles (IOV); the IOV system extends from the plasma membrane of the parasite into the cytoplasm of the host erythrocyte. We developed antibodies against two immunodominant antigens of the parasite and used them in cell fractionation studies and fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy analyses to monitor the mode of secretion of B. microti antigens. These analyses demonstrate that the IOV system serves as a major export mechanism for important antigens of B. microti and represents a novel mechanism for delivery of parasite effectors into the host by this apicomplexan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Thekkiniath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Lawres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meital A Gewirtz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Morven M Graham
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michel Ledizet
- L2 Diagnostics, Limited Liability Corporation, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Kaur J, Kumar V, Singh AP, Singh V, Bisht A, Dube T, Panda JJ, Behl A, Mishra PC, Hora R. Plasmodium falciparumprotein ‘PfJ23’ hosts distinct binding sites for major virulence factor ‘PfEMP1’ and Maurer's cleft marker ‘PfSBP1’. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5255127. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasweer Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077 India. 4. Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab 160062 India
| | - Anjali Bisht
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Taru Dube
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ankita Behl
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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19
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Kaur J, Hora R. '2TM proteins': an antigenically diverse superfamily with variable functions and export pathways. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4757. [PMID: 29770278 PMCID: PMC5951124 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects millions of people annually. An intracellular habitat and lack of protein synthesizing machinery in erythrocytes pose numerous difficulties for survival of the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite refurbishes the infected red blood cell (iRBC) by synthesis and export of several proteins in an attempt to suffice its metabolic needs and evade the host immune response. Immune evasion is largely mediated by surface display of highly polymorphic protein families known as variable surface antigens. These include the two trans-membrane (2TM) superfamily constituted by multicopy repetitive interspersed family (RIFINs), subtelomeric variable open reading frame (STEVORs) and Plasmodium falciparum Maurer's cleft two trans-membrane proteins present only in P. falciparum and some simian infecting Plasmodium species. Their hypervariable region flanked by 2TM domains exposed on the iRBC surface is believed to generate antigenic diversity. Though historically named "2TM superfamily," several A-type RIFINs and some STEVORs assume one trans-membrane topology. RIFINs and STEVORs share varied functions in different parasite life cycle stages like rosetting, alteration of iRBC rigidity and immune evasion. Additionally, a member of the STEVOR family has been implicated in merozoite invasion. Differential expression of these families in laboratory strains and clinical isolates propose them to be important for host cell survival and defense. The role of RIFINs in modulation of host immune response and presence of protective antibodies against these surface exposed molecules in patient sera highlights them as attractive targets of antimalarial therapies and vaccines. 2TM proteins are Plasmodium export elements positive, and several of these are exported to the infected erythrocyte surface after exiting through the classical secretory pathway within parasites. Cleaved and modified proteins are trafficked after packaging in vesicles to reach Maurer's clefts, while information regarding delivery to the iRBC surface is sparse. Expression and export timing of the RIFIN and Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein1 families correspond to each other. Here, we have compiled and comprehended detailed information regarding orthologues, domain architecture, surface topology, functions and trafficking of members of the "2TM superfamily." Considering the large repertoire of proteins included in the 2TM superfamily and recent advances defining their function in malaria biology, a surge in research carried out on this important protein superfamily is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasweer Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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20
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Sherling ES, van Ooij C. Host cell remodeling by pathogens: the exomembrane system in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 40:701-21. [PMID: 27587718 PMCID: PMC5007283 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by infection of erythrocytes by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. To survive inside erythrocytes, these parasites induce sweeping changes within the host cell, one of the most dramatic of which is the formation of multiple membranous compartments, collectively referred to as the exomembrane system. As an uninfected mammalian erythrocyte is devoid of internal membranes, the parasite must be the force and the source behind the formation of these compartments. Even though the first evidence of the presence these of internal compartments was obtained over a century ago, their functions remain mostly unclear, and in some cases completely unknown, and the mechanisms underlying their formation are still mysterious. In this review, we provide an overview of the different parts of the exomembrane system, describing the parasitophorous vacuole, the tubovesicular network, Maurer's clefts, the caveola-vesicle complex, J dots and other mobile compartments, and the small vesicles that have been observed in Plasmodium-infected cells. Finally, we combine the data into a simplified view of the exomembrane system and its relation to the alterations of the host erythrocyte. Plasmodium parasites remodel the host erythrocyte in various ways, including the formation of several membranous compartments, together referred to as the exomembrane system, within the erythrocyte cytosol that together are key to the sweeping changes in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Sherling
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Christiaan van Ooij
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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21
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Frank V, Chushkin Y, Fröhlich B, Abuillan W, Rieger H, Becker AS, Yamamoto A, Rossetti FF, Kaufmann S, Lanzer M, Zontone F, Tanaka M. Lensless Tomographic Imaging of Near Surface Structures of Frozen Hydrated Malaria-Infected Human Erythrocytes by Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14081. [PMID: 29074975 PMCID: PMC5658481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lensless, coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy has been drawing considerable attentions for tomographic imaging of whole human cells. In this study, we performed cryogenic coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of human erythrocytes with and without malaria infection. To shed light on structural features near the surface, “ghost cells” were prepared by the removal of cytoplasm. From two-dimensional images, we found that the surface of erythrocytes after 32 h of infection became much rougher compared to that of healthy, uninfected erythrocytes. The Gaussian roughness of an infected erythrocyte surface (69 nm) is about two times larger than that of an uninfected one (31 nm), reflecting the formation of protein knobs on infected erythrocyte surfaces. Three-dimensional tomography further enables to obtain images of the whole cells with no remarkable radiation damage, whose accuracy was estimated using phase retrieval transfer functions to be as good as 64 nm for uninfected and 80 nm for infected erythrocytes, respectively. Future improvements in phase retrieval algorithm, increase in degree of coherence, and higher flux in combination with complementary X-ray fluorescence are necessary to gain both structural and chemical details of mesoscopic architectures, such as cytoskeletons, membraneous structures, and protein complexes, in frozen hydrated human cells, especially under diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Frank
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Chushkin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France.
| | - Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wasim Abuillan
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harden Rieger
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Becker
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fernanda F Rossetti
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Stefan Kaufmann
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Zontone
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Carey MA, Papin JA, Guler JL. Novel Plasmodium falciparum metabolic network reconstruction identifies shifts associated with clinical antimalarial resistance. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:543. [PMID: 28724354 PMCID: PMC5518114 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major public health burden and resistance has emerged to every antimalarial on the market, including the frontline drug, artemisinin. Our limited understanding of Plasmodium biology hinders the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. In this regard, systems biology approaches can facilitate the integration of existing experimental knowledge and further understanding of these mechanisms. Results Here, we developed a novel genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction, iPfal17, of the asexual blood-stage P. falciparum parasite to expand our understanding of metabolic changes that support resistance. We identified 11 metabolic tasks to evaluate iPfal17 performance. Flux balance analysis and simulation of gene knockouts and enzyme inhibition predict candidate drug targets unique to resistant parasites. Moreover, integration of clinical parasite transcriptomes into the iPfal17 reconstruction reveals patterns associated with antimalarial resistance. These results predict that artemisinin sensitive and resistant parasites differentially utilize scavenging and biosynthetic pathways for multiple essential metabolites, including folate and polyamines. Our findings are consistent with experimental literature, while generating novel hypotheses about artemisinin resistance and parasite biology. We detect evidence that resistant parasites maintain greater metabolic flexibility, perhaps representing an incomplete transition to the metabolic state most appropriate for nutrient-rich blood. Conclusion Using this systems biology approach, we identify metabolic shifts that arise with or in support of the resistant phenotype. This perspective allows us to more productively analyze and interpret clinical expression data for the identification of candidate drug targets for the treatment of resistant parasites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3905-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Carey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Jason A Papin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Guler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA.
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23
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The Rheopathobiology of Plasmodium vivax and Other Important Primate Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:321-334. [PMID: 28040374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of how malaria parasites remodel their host red blood cells (RBCs) and ultimately cause disease is largely based on studies of Plasmodium falciparum. In this review, we expand our knowledge to include what is currently known about pathophysiological changes to RBCs that are infected by non-falciparum malaria parasites. We highlight the potential folly of making generalizations about the rheology of malaria infection, and emphasize the need for more systematic studies into the erythrocytic biology of non-falciparum malaria parasites. We propose that a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the changes to RBCs induced by malaria parasites other than P. falciparum may be highly informative for the development of therapeutics that specifically disrupt the altered rheological profile of RBCs infected with either sexual- or asexual-stage parasites, resulting in drugs that block transmission, reduce disease severity, and help delay the onset of resistance to current and future anti-malaria drugs.
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24
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Oxidative insult can induce malaria-protective trait of sickle and fetal erythrocytes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13401. [PMID: 27824335 PMCID: PMC5105170 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infections can cause severe malaria, but not every infected person develops life-threatening complications. In particular, carriers of the structural haemoglobinopathies S and C and infants are protected from severe disease. Protection is associated with impaired parasite-induced host actin reorganization, required for vesicular trafficking of parasite-encoded adhesins, and reduced cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes in the microvasculature. Here we show that aberrant host actin remodelling and the ensuing reduced cytoadherence result from a redox imbalance inherent to haemoglobinopathic and fetal erythrocytes. We further show that a transient oxidative insult to wild-type erythrocytes before infection with P. falciparum induces the phenotypic features associated with the protective trait of haemoglobinopathic and fetal erythrocytes. Moreover, pretreatment of mice with the pro-oxidative nutritional supplement menadione mitigate the development of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify redox imbalance as a causative principle of protection from severe malaria, which might inspire host-directed intervention strategies.
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25
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Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Subtelomeric (PHIST) Proteins, at the Center of Host Cell Remodeling. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:905-27. [PMID: 27582258 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00014-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the asexual cycle, Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels the human erythrocyte to make it a suitable host cell. A large number of exported proteins facilitate this remodeling process, which causes erythrocytes to become more rigid, cytoadherent, and permeable for nutrients and metabolic products. Among the exported proteins, a family of 89 proteins, called the Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) protein family, has been identified. While also found in other Plasmodium species, the PHIST family is greatly expanded in P. falciparum. Although a decade has passed since their first description, to date, most PHIST proteins remain uncharacterized and are of unknown function and localization within the host cell, and there are few data on their interactions with other host or parasite proteins. However, over the past few years, PHIST proteins have been mentioned in the literature at an increasing rate owing to their presence at various localizations within the infected erythrocyte. Expression of PHIST proteins has been implicated in molecular and cellular processes such as the surface display of PfEMP1, gametocytogenesis, changes in cell rigidity, and also cerebral and pregnancy-associated malaria. Thus, we conclude that PHIST proteins are central to host cell remodeling, but despite their obvious importance in pathology, PHIST proteins seem to be understudied. Here we review current knowledge, shed light on the definition of PHIST proteins, and discuss these proteins with respect to their localization and probable function. We take into consideration interaction studies, microarray analyses, or data from blood samples from naturally infected patients to combine all available information on this protein family.
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26
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de Koning-Ward TF, Dixon MW, Tilley L, Gilson PR. Plasmodium species: master renovators of their host cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:494-507. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Chakraborty A. Emerging drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: A review of well-characterized drug targets for novel antimalarial chemotherapy. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Przyborski JM, Nyboer B, Lanzer M. Ticket to ride: export of proteins to the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:1-11. [PMID: 26996123 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum exports numerous proteins to its chosen host cell, the mature human erythrocyte. Many of these proteins are important for parasite survival. To reach the host cell, parasites must cross multiple membrane barriers and then furthermore be targeted to their correct sub-cellular localisation. This novel transport pathway has received much research attention in the past decades, especially as many of the mechanisms are expected to be parasite-specific and thus potential targets for drug development. In this article we summarize some of the most recent advances in this field, and highlight areas in which further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude M Przyborski
- Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Britta Nyboer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Moreira CK, Naissant B, Coppi A, Bennett BL, Aime E, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Coppens I, Sinnis P, Templeton TJ. The Plasmodium PHIST and RESA-Like Protein Families of Human and Rodent Malaria Parasites. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152510. [PMID: 27022937 PMCID: PMC4811531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phist gene family has members identified across the Plasmodium genus, defined by the presence of a domain of roughly 150 amino acids having conserved aromatic residues and an all alpha-helical structure. The family is highly amplified in P. falciparum, with 65 predicted genes in the genome of the 3D7 isolate. In contrast, in the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei 3 genes are identified, one of which is an apparent pseudogene. Transcripts of the P. berghei phist genes are predominant in schizonts, whereas in P. falciparum transcript profiles span different asexual blood stages and gametocytes. We pursued targeted disruption of P. berghei phist genes in order to characterize a simplistic model for the expanded phist gene repertoire in P. falciparum. Unsuccessful attempts to disrupt P. berghei PBANKA_114540 suggest that this phist gene is essential, while knockout of phist PBANKA_122900 shows an apparent normal progression and non-essential function throughout the life cycle. Epitope-tagging of P. falciparum and P. berghei phist genes confirmed protein export to the erythrocyte cytoplasm and localization with a punctate pattern. Three P. berghei PEXEL/HT-positive exported proteins exhibit at least partial co-localization, in support of a common vesicular compartment in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with rodent malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina K. Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Bernina Naissant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Alida Coppi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, United States of America
| | - Brandy L. Bennett
- Department of Medical Parasitology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, United States of America
| | - Elena Aime
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Templeton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Mata-Cantero L, Azkargorta M, Aillet F, Xolalpa W, LaFuente MJ, Elortza F, Carvalho AS, Martin-Plaza J, Matthiesen R, Rodriguez MS. New insights into host-parasite ubiquitin proteome dynamics in P. falciparum infected red blood cells using a TUBEs-MS approach. J Proteomics 2016; 139:45-59. [PMID: 26972027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), ranks as one of the most baleful infectious diseases worldwide. New antimalarial treatments are needed to face existing or emerging drug resistant strains. Protein degradation appears to play a significant role during the asexual intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) of P. falciparum. Inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), a major intracellular proteolytic pathway, effectively reduces infection and parasite replication. P. falciparum and erythrocyte UPS coexist during IDC but the nature of their relationship is largely unknown. We used an approach based on Tandem Ubiquitin-Binding Entities (TUBEs) and 1D gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry to identify major components of the TUBEs-associated ubiquitin proteome of both host and parasite during ring, trophozoite and schizont stages. Ring-exported protein (REX1), a P. falciparum protein located in Maurer's clefts and important for parasite nutrient import, was found to reach a maximum level of ubiquitylation in trophozoites stage. The Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) TUBEs associated ubiquitin proteome decreased during the infection, whereas the equivalent P. falciparum TUBEs-associated ubiquitin proteome counterpart increased. Major cellular processes such as DNA repair, replication, stress response, vesicular transport and catabolic events appear to be regulated by ubiquitylation along the IDC P. falciparum infection. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this work we analyze for the first time the interconnection between Plasmodium and human red blood cells ubiquitin-regulated proteins in the context of infection. We identified a number of human and Plasmodium proteins whose ubiquitylation pattern changes during the asexual infective stage. We demonstrate that ubiquitylation of REX1, a P. falciparum protein located in Maurer's clefts and important for parasite nutrient import, peaks in trophozoites stage. The ubiquitin-proteome from P. falciparum infected red blood cells (iRBCs) revealed a significant host-parasite crosstalk, underlining the importance of ubiquitin-regulated proteolytic activities during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) of P. falciparum. Major cellular processes defined from gene ontology such as DNA repair, replication, stress response, vesicular transport and catabolic events appear to be regulated by ubiquitylation along the IDC P. falciparum infection. Given the importance of ubiquitylation in the development of infectious diseases, this work provides a number of potential drug-target candidates that should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Mata-Cantero
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain; Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Fabienne Aillet
- Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Wendy Xolalpa
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Maria J LaFuente
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Carvalho
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Julio Martin-Plaza
- Centro de Investigación Básica, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Manuel S Rodriguez
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; Institut des Technologies Avancées en sciences du Vivant (ITAV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France; University of Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
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31
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Soni R, Sharma D, Bhatt TK. Plasmodium falciparum Secretome in Erythrocyte and Beyond. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:194. [PMID: 26925057 PMCID: PMC4759260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of deadly malaria disease. It is an intracellular eukaryote and completes its multi-stage life cycle spanning the two hosts viz, mosquito and human. In order to habituate within host environment, parasite conform several strategies to evade host immune responses such as surface antigen polymorphism or modulation of host immune system and it is mediated by secretion of proteins from parasite to the host erythrocyte and beyond, collectively known as, malaria secretome. In this review, we will discuss about the deployment of parasitic secretory protein in mechanism implicated for immune evasion, protein trafficking, providing virulence, changing permeability and cyto-adherence of infected erythrocyte. We will be covering the possibilities of developing malaria secretome as a drug/vaccine target. This gathered information will be worthwhile in depicting a well-organized picture for host-pathogen interplay during the malaria infection and may also provide some clues for the development of novel anti-malarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
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Ramakrishnan G, Srinivasan N, Padmapriya P, Natarajan V. Homology-Based Prediction of Potential Protein-Protein Interactions between Human Erythrocytes and Plasmodium falciparum. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:195-206. [PMID: 26740742 PMCID: PMC4689366 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s31880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, a causative agent of malaria, is a well-characterized obligate intracellular parasite known for its ability to remodel host cells, particularly erythrocytes, to successfully persist in the host environment. However, the current levels of understanding from the laboratory experiments on the host–parasite interactions and the strategies pursued by the parasite to remodel host erythrocytes are modest. Several computational means developed in the recent past to predict host–parasite/pathogen interactions have generated testable hypotheses on feasible protein–protein interactions. We demonstrate the utility of protein structure-based protocol in the recognition of potential interacting proteins across P. falciparum and host erythrocytes. In concert with the information on the expression and subcellular localization of host and parasite proteins, we have identified 208 biologically feasible interactions potentially brought about by 59 P. falciparum and 30 host erythrocyte proteins. For selected cases, we have evaluated the physicochemical viability of the predicted interactions in terms of surface complementarity, electrostatic complementarity, and interaction energies at protein interface regions. Such careful inspection of molecular and mechanistic details generates high confidence on the predicted host–parasite protein–protein interactions. The predicted host–parasite interactions generate many experimentally testable hypotheses that can contribute to the understanding of possible mechanisms undertaken by the parasite in host erythrocyte remodeling. Thus, the key protein players recognized in P. falciparum can be explored for their usefulness as targets for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Ramakrishnan
- Indian Institute of Science Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Ponnan Padmapriya
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasant Natarajan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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33
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Skorokhod OA, Davalos-Schafler D, Gallo V, Valente E, Ulliers D, Notarpietro A, Mandili G, Novelli F, Persico M, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Arese P, Schwarzer E. Oxidative stress-mediated antimalarial activity of plakortin, a natural endoperoxide from the tropical sponge Plakortis simplex. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:624-37. [PMID: 26459031 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plakortin, a polyketide endoperoxide from the sponge Plakortis simplex has antiparasitic activity against P. falciparum. Similar to artemisinin, its activity depends on the peroxide functionality. Plakortin induced stage-, dose- and time-dependent morphologic anomalies, early maturation delay, ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in the parasite. Ring damage by 1 and 10 µM plakortin led to parasite death before schizogony at 20 and 95%, respectively. Treatment of late schizonts with 1, 2, 5 and 10 µM plakortin resulted in decreased reinfection rates by 30, 50, 61 and 65%, respectively. In both rings and trophozoites, plakortin induced a dose- and time-dependent ROS production as well as a significant lipid peroxidation and up to 4-fold increase of the lipoperoxide breakdown product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Antioxidants and the free radical scavengers trolox and N-acetylcysteine significantly attenuated the parasite damage. Plakortin generated 4-HNE conjugates with the P. falciparum proteins: heat shock protein Hsp70-1, endoplasmatic reticulum-standing Hsp70-2 (BiP analogue), V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A, enolase, the putative vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11, and the dynein heavy chain-like protein, whose specific binding sites were identified by mass spectrometry. These proteins are crucially involved in protein trafficking, transmembrane and vesicular transport and parasite survival. We hypothesize that binding of 4-HNE to functionally relevant parasite proteins may explain the observed plakortin-induced morphologic aberrations and parasite death. The identification of 4-HNE-protein conjugates may generate a novel paradigm to explain the mechanism of action of pro-oxidant, peroxide-based antimalarials such as plakortin, artemisinins and synthetic endoperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii A Skorokhod
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Valentina Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elena Valente
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ulliers
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Agata Notarpietro
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino Medical School, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino Medical School, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli 'Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Arese
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite that causes most malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in humans with over 500,000 deaths annually. The disease symptoms are associated with repeated cycles of invasion and asexual multiplication inside red blood cells of the parasite. Partial, non-sterile immunity to P. falciparum malaria develops only after repeated infections and continuous exposure. The successful evasion of the human immune system relies on the large repertoire of antigenically diverse parasite proteins displayed on the red blood cell surface and on the merozoite membrane where they are exposed to the human immune system. Expression switching of these polymorphic proteins between asexual parasite generations provides an efficient mechanism to adapt to the changing environment in the host and to maintain chronic infection. This chapter discusses antigenic diversity and variation in the malaria parasite and our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that direct the expression of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Petter
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael F Duffy
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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35
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Isewon I, Oyelade J, Brors B, Adebiyi E. In Silico Gene Regulatory Network of the Maurer's Cleft Pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Evol Bioinform Online 2015; 11:231-8. [PMID: 26526876 PMCID: PMC4620995 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s25585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maurer's clefts (MCs) are very important for the survival of Plasmodium falciparum within an infected cell as they are induced by the parasite itself in the erythrocyte for protein trafficking. The MCs form an interesting part of the parasite's biology as they shed more light on how the parasite remodels the erythrocyte leading to host pathogenesis and death. Here, we predicted and analyzed the genetic regulatory network of genes identified to belong to the MCs using regularized graphical Gaussian model. Our network shows four major activators, their corresponding target genes, and predicted binding sites. One of these master activators is the serine repeat antigen 5 (SERA5), predominantly expressed among the SERA multigene family of P. falciparum, which is one of the blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates. Our results provide more details about functional interactions and the regulation of the genes in the MCs’ pathway of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itunuoluwa Isewon
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Jelili Oyelade
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Subudhi AK, Boopathi PA, Pandey I, Kohli R, Karwa R, Middha S, Acharya J, Kochar SK, Kochar DK, Das A. Plasmodium falciparum complicated malaria: Modulation and connectivity between exportome and variant surface antigen gene families. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 201:31-46. [PMID: 26022315 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In temperate and sub-tropical regions of Asia and Latin America, complicated malaria manifested as hepatic dysfunction or renal dysfunction is seen in all age groups. There has been a concerted focus on understanding the patho-physiological and molecular basis of complicated malaria in children, much less is known about it in adults. We report here, the analysis of data from a custom, cross strain microarray (Agilent Platform) using material from adult patient samples, showing hepatic dysfunction or renal failure. These are the most common manifestations seen in adults along with cerebral malaria. The data has been analyzed with reference to variant surface antigens, encoded by the var, rifin and stevor gene families. The differential regulation profiles of key genes (comparison between Plasmodium falciparum complicated and uncomplicated isolates) have been observed. The exportome has been analyzed using similar parameters. Gene ontology term based functional enrichment of differentially regulated genes identified, up-regulated genes statistically enriched (P<0.05) to critical biological processes like generation of precursor metabolite and energy, chromosome organization and electron transport chain. Systems network based functional enrichment of overall differentially regulated genes yielded a similar result. We are reporting here, up-regulation of var group B and C genes whose proteins are predicted to interact with CD36 receptor in the host, the up-regulation of domain cassette 13 (DC13) containing var group A, as also the up-regulation of group A rifins and many of the stevors. This is contrary to most other reports from pediatric patients, with cerebral malaria where the up-regulation of mostly var A group genes have been seen. A protein-protein interaction based network has been created and analysis performed. This co-expression and text mining based network has shown overall connectivity between the variant surface antigens (VSA) and the exportome. The up-regulation of var group B and C genes encoding PfEMP1 with different domain architecture would be important for deciding strategies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Subudhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
| | - P A Boopathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Isha Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Ramandeep Kohli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Rohan Karwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sheetal Middha
- Department of Medicine, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Jyoti Acharya
- Department of Medicine, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sanjay K Kochar
- Department of Medicine, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dhanpat K Kochar
- Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Ashis Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
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Mbengue A, Vialla E, Berry L, Fall G, Audiger N, Demettre-Verceil E, Boteller D, Braun-Breton C. New Export Pathway inPlasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes: Role of the Parasite Group II Chaperonin, PfTRiC. Traffic 2015; 16:461-75. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alassane Mbengue
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Emilie Vialla
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Laurence Berry
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Gamou Fall
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nicolas Audiger
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Edith Demettre-Verceil
- Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle - FPP; UMS CNRS 3426 - US 009 INSERM - UMI - UMII, IGF; 141 rue de la Cardonille 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - David Boteller
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Catherine Braun-Breton
- University Montpellier II; CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier I; Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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38
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Kilian N, Srismith S, Dittmer M, Ouermi D, Bisseye C, Simpore J, Cyrklaff M, Sanchez CP, Lanzer M. Hemoglobin S and C affect protein export in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Biol Open 2015; 4:400-10. [PMID: 25701664 PMCID: PMC4359745 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a potentially deadly disease. However, not every infected person develops severe symptoms. Some people are protected by naturally occurring mechanisms that frequently involve inheritable modifications in their hemoglobin. The best studied protective hemoglobins are the sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) and hemoglobin C (HbC) which both result from a single amino acid substitution in β-globin: glutamic acid at position 6 is replaced by valine or lysine, respectively. How these hemoglobinopathies protect from severe malaria is only partly understood. Models currently proposed in the literature include reduced disease-mediating cytoadherence of parasitized hemoglobinopathic erythrocytes, impaired intraerythrocytic development of the parasite, dampened inflammatory responses, or a combination thereof. Using a conditional protein export system and tightly synchronized Plasmodium falciparum cultures, we now show that export of parasite-encoded proteins across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane is delayed, slower, and reduced in amount in hemoglobinopathic erythrocytes as compared to parasitized wild type red blood cells. Impaired protein export affects proteins targeted to the host cell cytoplasm, Maurer's clefts, and the host cell plasma membrane. Impaired protein export into the host cell compartment provides a mechanistic explanation for the reduced cytoadherence phenotype associated with parasitized hemoglobinopathic erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kilian
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sirikamol Srismith
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Dittmer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Djeneba Ouermi
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Almelli T, Nuel G, Bischoff E, Aubouy A, Elati M, Wang CW, Dillies MA, Coppée JY, Ayissi GN, Basco LK, Rogier C, Ndam NT, Deloron P, Tahar R. Differences in gene transcriptomic pattern of Plasmodium falciparum in children with cerebral malaria and asymptomatic carriers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114401. [PMID: 25479608 PMCID: PMC4257676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of clinical malaria remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that differential gene expression contributes to phenotypic variation of parasites which results in a specific interaction with the host, leading to different clinical features of malaria. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of isolates obtained from asymptomatic carriers and patients with uncomplicated or cerebral malaria. We also investigated the transcriptomes of 3D7 clone and 3D7-Lib that expresses severe malaria associated-variant surface antigen. Our findings revealed a specific up-regulation of genes involved in pathogenesis, adhesion to host cell, and erythrocyte aggregation in parasites from patients with cerebral malaria and 3D7-Lib, compared to parasites from asymptomatic carriers and 3D7, respectively. However, we did not find any significant difference between the transcriptomes of parasites from cerebral malaria and uncomplicated malaria, suggesting similar transcriptomic pattern in these two parasite populations. The difference between isolates from asymptomatic children and cerebral malaria concerned genes coding for exported proteins, Maurer's cleft proteins, transcriptional factor proteins, proteins implicated in protein transport, as well as Plasmodium conserved and hypothetical proteins. Interestingly, UPs A1, A2, A3 and UPs B1 of var genes were predominantly found in cerebral malaria-associated isolates and those containing architectural domains of DC4, DC5, DC13 and their neighboring rif genes in 3D7-lib. Therefore, more investigations are needed to analyze the effective role of these genes during malaria infection to provide with new knowledge on malaria pathology. In addition, concomitant regulation of genes within the chromosomal neighborhood suggests a common mechanism of gene regulation in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talleh Almelli
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris-Descartes, Près Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Nuel
- PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Immunology of Parasites, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3012, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Aubouy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et pharmacologie pour le développement - (PHARMA-DEV), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Elati
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, Evry, France
| | - Christian William Wang
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and at Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Agnès Dillies
- Plate-forme Transcriptome et Epigénome, Departement Génomes et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Plate-forme Transcriptome et Epigénome, Departement Génomes et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Leonardo Kishi Basco
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 198 Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, B.P. 1274, Ambatofotsikely, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Nicaise Tuikue Ndam
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris-Descartes, Près Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deloron
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris-Descartes, Près Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Rachida Tahar
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris-Descartes, Près Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
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Export of virulence proteins by malaria-infected erythrocytes involves remodeling of host actin cytoskeleton. Blood 2014; 124:3459-68. [PMID: 25139348 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following invasion of human red blood cells (RBCs) by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, a remarkable process of remodeling occurs in the host cell mediated by trafficking of several hundred effector proteins to the RBC compartment. The exported virulence protein, P falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), is responsible for cytoadherence of infected cells to host endothelial receptors. Maurer clefts are organelles essential for protein trafficking, sorting, and assembly of protein complexes. Here we demonstrate that disruption of PfEMP1 trafficking protein 1 (PfPTP1) function leads to severe alterations in the architecture of Maurer's clefts. Furthermore, 2 major surface antigen families, PfEMP1 and STEVOR, are no longer displayed on the host cell surface leading to ablation of cytoadherence to host receptors. PfPTP1 functions in a large complex of proteins and is required for linking of Maurer's clefts to the host actin cytoskeleton.
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Prajapati SK, Culleton R, Singh OP. Protein trafficking in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red cells and impact of the expansion of exported protein families. Parasitology 2014; 141:1-11. [PMID: 25076418 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Erythrocytes are extensively remodelled by the malaria parasite following invasion of the cell. Plasmodium falciparum encodes numerous virulence-associated and host-cell remodelling proteins that are trafficked to the cytoplasm, the cell membrane and the surface of the infected erythrocyte. The export of soluble proteins relies on a sequence directing entry into the secretory pathways in addition to an export signal. The export signal consisting of five amino acids is termed the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) or the vacuole transport signal (VTS). Genome mining studies have revealed that PEXEL/VTS carrying protein families have expanded dramatically in P. falciparum compared with other malaria parasite species, possibly due to lineage-specific expansion linked to the unique requirements of P. falciparum for host-cell remodelling. The functional characterization of such genes and gene families may reveal potential drug targets that could inhibit protein trafficking in infected erythrocytes. This review highlights some of the recent advances and key knowledge gaps in protein trafficking pathways in P. falciparum-infected red cells and speculates on the impact of exported gene families in the trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Prajapati
- Molecular Biology Division,National Institute of Malaria Research,New Delhi,India
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit,Institute for Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University,Nagasaki,Japan
| | - Om P Singh
- Molecular Biology Division,National Institute of Malaria Research,New Delhi,India
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Grützke J, Rindte K, Goosmann C, Silvie O, Rauch C, Heuer D, Lehmann MJ, Mueller AK, Brinkmann V, Matuschewski K, Ingmundson A. The spatiotemporal dynamics and membranous features of the Plasmodium liver stage tubovesicular network. Traffic 2014; 15:362-82. [PMID: 24423236 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For membrane-bound intracellular pathogens, the surrounding vacuole is the portal of communication with the host cell. The parasitophorous vacuole (PV) harboring intrahepatocytic Plasmodium parasites satisfies the parasites' needs of nutrition and protection from host defenses to allow the rapid parasite growth that occurs during the liver stage of infection. In this study, we visualized the PV membrane (PVM) and the associated tubovesicular network (TVN) through fluorescent tagging of two PVM-resident Plasmodium berghei proteins, UIS4 and IBIS1. This strategy revealed previously unrecognized dynamics with which these membranes extend throughout the host cell. We observed dynamic vesicles, elongated clusters of membranes and long tubules that rapidly extend and contract from the PVM in a microtubule-dependent manner. Live microscopy, correlative light-electron microscopy and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching enabled a detailed characterization of these membranous features, including velocities, the distribution of UIS4 and IBIS1, and the connectivity of PVM and TVN. Labeling of host cell compartments revealed association of late endosomes and lysosomes with the elongated membrane clusters. Moreover, the signature host autophagosome protein LC3 was recruited to the PVM and TVN and colocalized with UIS4. Together, our data demonstrate that the membranes surrounding intrahepatic Plasmodium are involved in active remodeling of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Grützke
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Melo PM, Bagnaresi P, Paschoalin T, Hirata IY, Gazarini ML, Carmona AK. Plasmodium falciparum proteases hydrolyze plasminogen, generating angiostatin-like fragments. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 193:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ankarklev J, Hjelmqvist D, Mantel PY. Uncovering the Role of Erythrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Malaria: From Immune Regulation to Cell Communication. J Circ Biomark 2014. [DOI: 10.5772/58596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ankarklev
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daisy Hjelmqvist
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, completely remodels the infected human erythrocyte to acquire nutrients and to evade the immune system. For this process, the parasite exports more than 10% of all its proteins into the host cell cytosol, including the major virulence factor PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte surface protein 1). This unusual protein trafficking system involves long-known parasite-derived membranous structures in the host cell cytosol, called Maurer's clefts. However, the genesis, role, and function of Maurer's clefts remain elusive. Similarly unclear is how proteins are sorted and how they are transported to and from these structures. Recent years have seen a large increase of knowledge but, as yet, no functional model has been established. In this perspective we review the most important findings and conclude with potential possibilities to shed light into the enigma of Maurer's clefts. Understanding the mechanism and function of these structures, as well as their involvement in protein export in P. falciparum, might lead to innovative control strategies and might give us a handle with which to help to eliminate this deadly parasite.
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A process similar to autophagy is associated with cytocidal chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79059. [PMID: 24278114 PMCID: PMC3835802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the cytostatic activity of the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) is becoming well understood, however, resistance to cytocidal effects of CQ is largely unexplored. We find that PfCRT mutations that almost fully recapitulate P. falciparum cytostatic CQ resistance (CQRCS) as quantified by CQ IC50 shift, account for only 10–20% of cytocidal CQR (CQRCC) as quantified by CQ LD50 shift. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of the progeny of a chloroquine sensitive (CQS; strain HB3)×chloroquine resistant (CQR; strain Dd2) genetic cross identifies distinct genetic architectures for CQRCS vs CQRCC phenotypes, including identification of novel interacting chromosomal loci that influence CQ LD50. Candidate genes in these loci are consistent with a role for autophagy in CQRCC, leading us to directly examine the autophagy pathway in intraerythrocytic CQR parasites. Indirect immunofluorescence of RBC infected with synchronized CQS vs CQR trophozoite stage parasites reveals differences in the distribution of the autophagy marker protein PfATG8 coinciding with CQRCC. Taken together, the data show that an unusual autophagy – like process is either activated or inhibited for intraerythrocytic trophozoite parasites at LD50 doses (but not IC50 doses) of CQ, that the pathway is altered in CQR P. falciparum, and that it may contribute along with mutations in PfCRT to confer the CQRCC phenotype.
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Remodeling of human red cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum and the impact of PHIST proteins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:195-202. [PMID: 23880461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In an infected erythrocyte (iRBC), renovation and decoration are crucial for malarial parasite survival, pathogenesis and reproduction. Host cell remodeling is mediated by an array of diverse parasite-encoded export proteins that traffic within iRBC. These remodeling proteins extensively modify the membrane and cytoskeleton of iRBC and help in formation of parasite-induced novel organelles such as 'Maurer's Cleft (MC), tubulovesicular network (TVN) and parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) inside the iRBC. The genome sequence of Plasmodium falciparum shows expansion of export proteins, which suggests a complex requirement of these export proteins for specific pathogenesis and erythrocyte remodeling. Plasmodium helical intersperse sub-telomeric (PHIST) is a family of seventy-two small export proteins and many of its recently discovered functional characteristics suggest an intriguing putative role in modification of an iRBC. This review highlights the recent advances in parasite genomics, proteomics, and cell biology studies unraveling the host cell modification; providing a speculation on the impact of PHIST proteins in modification of the iRBC.
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The exported protein PbCP1 localises to cleft-like structures in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61482. [PMID: 23658610 PMCID: PMC3637216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein export into the host red blood cell is one of the key processes in the pathobiology of the malaria parasite Plasmodiumtrl falciparum, which extensively remodels the red blood cell to ensure its virulence and survival. In this study, we aimed to shed further light on the protein export mechanisms in the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei and provide further proof of the conserved nature of host cell remodeling in Plasmodium spp. Based on the presence of an export motif (R/KxLxE/Q/D) termed PEXEL (Plasmodium export element), we have generated transgenic P. berghei parasite lines expressing GFP chimera of putatively exported proteins and analysed one of the newly identified exported proteins in detail. This essential protein, termed PbCP1 (P. berghei Cleft-like Protein 1), harbours an atypical PEXEL motif (RxLxY) and is further characterised by two predicted transmembrane domains (2TMD) in the C-terminal end of the protein. We have functionally validated the unusual PEXEL motif in PbCP1 and analysed the role of the 2TMD region, which is required to recruit PbCP1 to discrete membranous structures in the red blood cell cytosol that have a convoluted, vesico-tubular morphology by electron microscopy. Importantly, this study reveals that rodent malaria species also induce modifications to their host red blood cell.
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Mbengue A, Audiger N, Vialla E, Dubremetz JF, Braun-Breton C. NovelPlasmodium falciparum Maurer's clefts protein families implicated in the release of infectious merozoites. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:425-42. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McMillan PJ, Millet C, Batinovic S, Maiorca M, Hanssen E, Kenny S, Muhle RA, Melcher M, Fidock DA, Smith JD, Dixon MWA, Tilley L. Spatial and temporal mapping of the PfEMP1 export pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1401-18. [PMID: 23421990 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, modifies the red blood cells (RBCs) that it infects by exporting proteins to the host cell. One key virulence protein, P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 (PfEMP1), is trafficked to the surface of the infected RBC, where it mediates adhesion to the vascular endothelium. We have investigated the organization and development of the exomembrane system that is used for PfEMP1 trafficking. Maurer's cleft cisternae are formed early after invasion and proteins are delivered to these (initially mobile) structures in a temporally staggered and spatially segregated manner. Membrane-Associated Histidine-Rich Protein-2 (MAHRP2)-containing tether-like structures are generated as early as 4 h post invasion and become attached to Maurer's clefts. The tether/Maurer's cleft complex docks onto the RBC membrane at ~20 h post invasion via a process that is not affected by cytochalasin D treatment. We have examined the trafficking of a GFP chimera of PfEMP1 expressed in transfected parasites. PfEMP1B-GFP accumulates near the parasite surface, within membranous structures exhibiting a defined ultrastructure, before being transferred to pre-formed mobile Maurer's clefts. Endogenous PfEMP1 and PfEMP1B-GFP are associated with Electron-Dense Vesicles that may be responsible for trafficking PfEMP1 from the Maurer's clefts to the RBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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