Curcumin-phospholipid complex: Preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study in rats

Novel ophthalmic hyaluronic acid-hydrogel with curcumin nanoparticles for enhanced healing of ulcerative keratitis in rabbit model

Corneal ulcers, whether melting or indolent, are common in humans and companion animals. Treatment involves local administration of antibiotic eye drops and corneal healing drugs. Compared to traditional treatments for ulcerative keratitis, herbal medicines offer unique advantages, such as potent anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. Curcumin, extracted from the Curcuma Longa plant, possesses extensive pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties, and is used in various medicines. In this study, we developed a novel ophthalmic drop hydrogel using a formulation of Curcumin NPs encapsulated with β-cyclodextrin and hyaluronic acid, to accelerate corneal healing and improve the quality of healed structures. The formation of Curcumin NPs into Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels was characterized by zeta, FTIR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. A total of 25 healthy male New Zealand Albino rabbits were experimentally induced with ulcerative keratitis and treated individually with topical medication. Rabbits were divided into five groups. Fluorescein dye staining, corneal clarity score, Schirmer tear test, proinflammatory cytokine measurement, and pathologic factors assessments were used to evaluate the optimised Curcumin NPs with β-cyclodextrin in Hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Our results demonstrated that the optimized Curcumin NPs with β-cyclodextrin in hyaluronic acid hydrogel significantly reduced the frequency of medication administration compared to conventional therapies, enhancing the quality of healed structures and effectively treating ulcerative keratitis. All findings in this study provide new insight into designing and fabricating novel ophthalmic medicine for ulcerative keratitis for topical usage.

Inhibition of HIV-1 infection with curcumin conjugated PEG-citrate dendrimer; a new nano formulation

BACKGROUND

Nano-drug delivery systems have become a promising approach to overcoming problems such as low solubility and cellular uptake of drugs. Along with various delivery devices, dendrimers are widely used through their unique features. PEG-citrate dendrimers are biocompatible and nontoxic, with the ability to improve drug solubility. Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, has multiple beneficial properties, such as antiviral activities. However, its optimum potential has been significantly hampered due to its poor water solubility, which leads to reduced bioavailability. So, the present study attempted to address this issue and investigate its antiviral effects against HIV-1.

METHOD

The G2 PEG-citrate dendrimer was synthesized. Then, curcumin was conjugated to it directly. FTIR, HNMR, DLS, and LCMS characterized the structure of products. The conjugate displayed an intense yellow color. In addition, increased aqueous solubility and cell permeability of curcumin were achieved based on flow cytometry results. So, it could be a suitable vehicle for improving the therapeutic applications of curcumin. Moreover, cell toxicity was assessed using XTT method. Ultimately, the SCR HIV system provided an opportunity to evaluate the level of HIV-1 inhibition by the curcumin-dendrimer conjugate using a p24 HIV ELISA kit.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated a 50% up to 90% inhibition of HIV proliferation at 12 μm and 60 μm, respectively. Inhibition of HIV-1 at concentrations much lower than CC50 (300 µM) indicates a high potential of curcumin-dendrimer conjugate against this virus.

CONCLUSION

Thereby, curcumin-dendrimer conjugate proves to be a promising tool to use in HIV-1 therapy.

Curcumin as a regulator of Th17 cells: Unveiling the mechanisms

Curcumin, a polyphenol natural product derived from turmeric, possesses diverse pharmacological effects due to its interactions with various cells and molecules. Recent studies have highlighted its immunomodulatory properties, including its impact on immune cells and mediators involved in immune responses. Th17 cells play a crucial role in promoting immune responses against extracellular pathogens by recruiting neutrophils and inducing inflammation. These cells produce inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-26. Curcumin has been shown to significantly inhibit the proliferation of Th17 cells and reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-22, and IL-17. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of curcumin and its underlying mechanisms in modulating Th17 cells.

Amorphous Polymer-Phospholipid Solid Dispersions for the Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Piperine Prepared via Hot-Melt Extrusion

Curcumin and piperine are plant compounds known for their health-promoting properties, but their use in the prevention or treatment of various diseases is limited by their poor solubility. To overcome this drawback, the curcumin-piperine amorphous polymer-phospholipid dispersions were prepared by hot melt extrusion technology. X-ray powder diffraction indicated the formation of amorphous systems. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed amorphization and provided information on the good miscibility of the active compound-polymer-phospholipid dispersions. Owing to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the intermolecular interactions in systems were investigated. In the biopharmaceutical properties assessment, the improvement in solubility as well as the maintenance of the supersaturation state were confirmed. Moreover, PAMPA models simulating the gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier showed enhanced permeability of active compounds presented in dispersions compared to the crystalline form of individual compounds. The presented paper suggests that polymer-phospholipid dispersions advantageously impact the bioaccessibility of poorly soluble active compounds.

Enhancing the Bioavailability of the Ellagitannin, Geraniin: Formulation, Characterization, and in vivo Evaluation

Geraniin (GE), an ellagitannin (ET) renowned for its promising health advantages, faces challenges in its practical applications due to its limited bioavailability. This innovative and novel formulation of GE and soy-phosphatidylcholine (GE-PL) complex has the potential to increase oral bioavailability, exhibiting high entrapment efficiency of 100.2 ± 0.8 %, and complexation efficiency of 94.6 ± 1.1 %. The small particle size (1.04 ± 0.11 μm), low polydispersity index (0.26 ± 0.02), and adequate zeta potential (-26.1 ± 0.12 mV), indicate its uniformity and stability. Moreover, the formulation also demonstrates improved lipophilicity, reduced aqueous and buffer solubilities, and better partition coefficient. It has been validated by various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of free GE and GE-PL complex investigated in rabbits demonstrated enhanced plasma concentration of ellagic acid (EA) compared to free GE. Significantly, GE, whether in its free form or as part of the GE-PL complex, was not found in the circulatory system. However, EA levels were observed at 0.5 h after administration, displaying two distinct peaks at 2 ± 0.03 h (T1max) and 24 ± 0.06 h (T2max). These peaks corresponded to peak plasma concentrations (C1max and C2max) of 588.82 ng/mL and 711.13 ng/mL respectively, signifying substantial 11-fold and 5-fold enhancements when compared to free GE. Additionally, it showed an increased area under the curve (AUC), the elimination half-life (t1/2, el) and the elimination rate constant (Kel). The formulation of the GE-PL complex prolonged the presence of EA in the bloodstream and improved its absorption, ultimately leading to a higher oral bioavailability. In summary, the study highlights the significance of the GE-PL complex in overcoming the bioavailability limitations of GE, paving the way for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and potential applications in drug delivery and healthcare.

Development and in vitro evaluation of an infant friendly self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) loaded with an amphotericin B-monoacyl phosphatidylcholine complex for oral delivery

Until relatively recently, the pediatric population has largely been ignored during the development of new drug products, which has led to a high level of "off-label" use of drugs in this particular population. In this study, an infant friendly self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed for oral delivery of a commonly used "off-label" drug - amphotericin B (AmB). AmB was complexed with monoacyl-phosphatidylcholine (MAPC) by lyophilization, transforming crystalline AmB into its amorphous state in the AmB-MAPC complex (APC). The APC-loaded SNEDDS (APC-SNEDDS) showed excellent self-emulsifying properties; after dispersion of the APC-SNEDDS in purified water, nanoscale emulsion droplets were formed within 1 min with a z-average size of 179 ± 1 nm. In vitro pediatric gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and dissolution results showed that the APC-SNEDDS significantly increased the amount of AmB solubilized in aqueous phase and that the precipitated AmB from the APC-SNEDDS re-dissolved faster, compared with crystalline AmB in SNEDDS (AmB-SNEDDS), the complex without the SNEDDS (APC), the physical mixture of AmB and MAPC (AmB/MAPC PM), and crystalline AmB alone (AmB). Overall, the present in vitro results suggest that integrating the APC into an infant friendly SNEDDS is a promising approach for oral delivery of AmB to young pediatric patients.

Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals

Phytosomes (phytophospholipid complex) are dosage forms that have recently been introduced to increase the stability and therapeutic effect of herbal medicine. Currently, bioactive herbs and the phytochemicals they contain are considered to be the best remedies for chronic diseases. One promising approach to increase the efficacy of plant-based therapies is to improve the stability and bioavailability of their bio-active ingredients. Phytosomes employ phospholipids as their active ingredients, and use their amphiphilic properties to solubilize and protect herbal extracts. The unique properties of phospholipids in drug delivery and their use in herbal medicines to improve bioavailability results in significantly enhanced health benefits. The introduction of phytosome nanotechnology can alter and revolutionize the current state of drug delivery. The goal of this review is to explain the application of phytosomes, their future prospects in drug delivery, and their advantages over conventional formulations. Please cite this article as: Chauhan D, Yadav PK, Sultana N, Agarwal A, Verma S, Chourasia MK, Gayen JR. Advancements in nanotechnology for the delivery of phytochemicals. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(4): 385-398.

Enhanced Dissolution and Bioavailability of Curcumin Nanocrystals Prepared by Hot Melt Extrusion Technology

Purpose

Curcumin nanocrystals (Cur-NCs) were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) technology to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of curcumin (Cur).

Methods

Cur-NCs with different drug-carrier ratios were prepared by one-step extrusion process with Eudragit® EPO (EEP) as the carrier. The dispersed size and solid state of Cur in extruded samples were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal stability of Cur was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dissolution and pharmacokinetics were studied to evaluate the improvement of dissolution and absorption of Cur by nano-preparation.

Results

Cur-NCs with particle sizes in the range of 50~150 nm were successfully prepared by using drug-carrier ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1, and the crystal form of Cur was Form 1 both before and after HME. The extrudate powders showed very efficient dissolution with the cumulative dissolution percentage of 80% in less than 2 min, and the intrinsic dissolution rates of them were 13.68 ± 1.20 mg/min/cm2, 11.78 ± 0.57 mg/min/cm2 and 4.35 ± 0.20 mg/min/cm2, respectively, whereas that of pure Cur was only 0.04 ± 0.00 mg/min/cm2. The TGA data demonstrated that the degradation temperature of Cur was about 250 °C, while the HPLC results showed Cur was degraded when extruded at the temperature over 150 °C. Pharmacokinetic experiment showed a significant improvement in the absorption of Cur. The Cmax of Cur in the Cur-NC group was 1.68 times that of pure Cur group, and the Cmax and area under the curve (AUC0-∞) of metabolites were 2.79 and 4.07 times compared with pure Cur group.

Conclusion

Cur-NCs can be prepared by HME technology in one step, which significantly improves the dissolution and bioavailability of Cur. Such a novel method for preparing insoluble drug nanocrystals has broad application prospects.

A comparative study on the preparation and evaluation of solubilizing systems for silymarin

Silymarin (SM) exhibits clinical efficacy in treating liver injuries, cirrhosis, and chronic hepatitis. However, its limited water solubility and low bioavailability hinder its therapeutic potential. The primary objective of this study was to compare the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the four distinct SM solubilization systems, namely SM solid dispersion (SM-SD), SM phospholipid complex (SM-PC), SM sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (SM-SBE-β-CDIC) and SM self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SM-SMEDDS) to provide further insights into their potential for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of SM. The formation of SM-SD, SM-PC, and SM-SBE-β-CDIC was thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) techniques to analyze the changes in their microscopic structure, molecular structure, and crystalline state. The particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of SM-SMEDDS were 71.6 ± 1.57 nm, and 0.13 ± 0.03, respectively. The self-emulsifying time of SM-SMEDDS was 3.0 ± 0.3 min. SM-SMEDDS exhibited an improved in vitro dissolution rate and demonstrated the highest relative bioavailability compared to pure SM, SM-SD, SM-PC, SM-SBE-β-CDIC, and Legalon®. Consequently, SMEDDS shows promise as a drug delivery system for orally administered SM, offering enhanced solubility and bioavailability.

NF-κB pathway as a molecular target for curcumin in diabetes mellitus treatment: Focusing on oxidative stress and inflammation

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory reactions in the development of DM. Curcumin (CUR), a natural compound derived from turmeric, exerts beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus through its interaction with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Research indicates that CUR targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. By reducing the expression of these inflammatory factors, CUR demonstrates protective effects in DM by improving pancreatic β-cells function, normalizing inflammatory cytokines, reducing OS and enhancing insulin sensitivity. The findings reveal that CUR administration effectively lowered blood glucose elevation, reinstated diminished serum insulin levels, and enhanced body weight in Streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. CUR exerts its beneficial effects in management of diabetic complications through regulation of signaling pathways, such as calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), NF-κB, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1). Moreover, CUR reversed the heightened expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6) and chemokines like MCP-1 in diabetic specimens, vindicating its anti-inflammatory potency in counteracting hyperglycemia-induced alterations. CUR diminishes OS, avert structural kidney damage linked to diabetic nephropathy, and suppress NF-κB activity. Furthermore, CUR exhibited a protective effect against diabetic cardiomyopathy, lung injury, and diabetic gastroparesis. Conclusively, the study posits that CUR could potentially offer therapeutic benefits in relieving diabetic complications through its influence on the NF-κB pathway.

Nanocarriers for natural polyphenol senotherapeutics

Senescence is a heterogenous and dynamic process in which various cell types undergo cell-cycle arrest due to cellular stressors. While senescence has been implicated in aging and many human pathologies, therapeutic interventions remain inadequate due to the absence of a comprehensive set of biomarkers in a context-dependent manner. Polyphenols have been investigated as senotherapeutics in both preclinical and clinical settings. However, their use is hindered by limited stability, toxicity, modest bioavailability, and often inadequate concentration at target sites. To address these limitations, nanocarriers such as polymer nanoparticles and lipid vesicles can be utilized to enhance the efficacy of senolytic polyphenols. Focusing on widely studied senolytic agents-specifically fisetin, quercetin, and resveratrol-we provide concise summaries of their physical and chemical properties, along with an overview of preclinical and clinical findings. We also highlight common signaling pathways and potential toxicities associated with these agents. Addressing challenges linked to nanocarriers, we present examples of senotherapeutic delivery to various cell types, both with and without nanocarriers. Finally, continued research and development of senolytic agents and nanocarriers are encouraged to reduce the undesirable effects of senescence on different cell types and organs. This review underscores the need for establishing reliable sets of senescence biomarkers that could assist in evaluating the effectiveness of current and future senotherapeutic candidates and nanocarriers.

Improving the Dissolution Rate and Bioavailability of Curcumin via Co-Crystallization

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic compound with various pharmacological activities. Low water solubility and bioavailability limit its clinical application. In this work, to improve the bioavailability of CUR, we prepared a new co-crystal of curcumin and L-carnitine (CUR-L-CN) via liquid-assisted grinding. Both CUR and L-CN have high safe dosages and have a wide range of applications in liver protection and animal nutrition. The co-crystal was fully characterized and the crystal structure was disclosed. Dissolution experiments were conducted in simulated gastric fluids (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluids (SIF). CUR-L-CN exhibited significantly faster dissolution rates than those of pure CUR. Hirshfeld surface analysis and wettability testing indicate that CUR-L-CN has a higher affinity for water and thus exhibits faster dissolution rates. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rats and the results showed that compared to pure CUR, CUR-L-CN exhibited 6.3-times-higher AUC0-t and 10.7-times-higher Cmax.

Revolutionizing Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: Innovative Self-Nano-Emulsifying Polyethylene Glycol Organogel of Curcumin for Effective Topical Delivery

In the current study, self-nano-emulsifying (SNE) physically cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG) organogel (SNE-POG) as an innovative hybrid system was fabricated for topical delivery of water-insoluble and unstable bioactive compound curcumin (CUR). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Optimal Design was utilized to evaluate the formulation factors. Solid fiber mechanism with homogenization was used to prepare formulations. Pharmaceutical evaluation including rheological and texture analysis, their mathematical correlations besides physical and chemical stability experiments, DSC study, in vitro release, skin permeation behavior, and clinical evaluation were carried out to characterize and optimize the SNE-OGs. PEG 4000 as the main organogelator, Poloxamer 188 (Plx188) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) as co-gelator/nanoemulsifier agents, and PEG 400 and glycerin as solvent/co-emulsifier agents could generate SNE-POGs in PS range of 356 to 1410 nm that indicated organic base percentage and PEG 4000 were the most detrimental variables. The optimized OG maintained CUR stable in room and accelerated temperatures and could release CUR sustainably up to 72 h achieving high flux of CUR through guinea pig skin. A double-blind clinical trial confirmed that pain scores, stiffness, and difficulty with physical function were remarkably diminished at the end of 8 weeks compared to the placebo (71.68% vs. 7.03%, 62.40% vs. 21.44%, and 45.54% vs. 8.66%, respectively) indicating very high efficiency of system for treating knee osteoarthritis. SNE-POGs show great potential as a new topical drug delivery system for water-insoluble and unstable drugs like CUR that could offer a safe and effective alternative to conventional topical drug delivery system.

Controlled release, chitosan-tethered luteolin phytocubosomes; Formulation optimization to in-vivo antiglaucoma and anti-inflammatory ocular evaluation

A chitosan-coated luteolin-loaded phytocubosomal system was prepared to improve the pharmacodynamic performance of luteolin in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular inflammation after topical ocular administration. Luteolin, a potent anti-oxidant herbal drug with poor aqueous solubility, was complexed with phospholipid. The prepared phytocubosomes were coated with chitosan, producing homogenously distributed nanosized particles (258 ± 9.05 nm) with a positive charge (+49 ± 6.09 mV), improved EE% (96 %), and increased concentration of encapsulated drug to 288 μg/ml. Polarized light microscopy revealed a cubic phase. Chitosan-coated phytocubosomes showed a sustained drug release profile (38 % over 24 h) and improved anti-oxidant activity (IC50 of 32 μg/ml). Ex vivo transcorneal permeation was higher by 3.60 folds compared to luteolin suspension. Irritancy tests confirmed their safety in ocular tissues after single and multiple administrations. The pharmacodynamic studies on glaucomatous rabbit eyes demonstrated 6.46-, 3.88-, and 1.89-fold reductions in IOP of chitosan-coated phytocubosomes compared to luteolin suspension, cubosomes, and phytocubosomes, respectively. Pharmacodynamic anti-inflammatory studies revealed faster recovery capabilities of chitosan-coated phytocubosomes over other formulations. Thus, chitosan-coated phytocubosomes could be a promising ocular hybrid system for delivering herbal lipophilic drugs such as luteolin.

Natural products in traditional Chinese medicine: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of renal fibrosis and state-of-the-art drug delivery systems

Renal fibrosis (RF) is the end stage of several chronic kidney diseases. Its series of changes include excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular cells, fibroblast activation, immune cell infiltration, and renal cell apoptosis. RF can eventually lead to renal dysfunction or even renal failure. A large body of evidence suggests that natural products in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have great potential for treating RF. In this article, we first describe the recent advances in RF treatment by several natural products and clarify their mechanisms of action. They can ameliorate the RF disease phenotype, which includes apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and EMT, by affecting relevant signaling pathways and molecular targets, thereby delaying or reversing fibrosis. We also present the roles of nanodrug delivery systems, which have been explored to address the drawback of low oral bioavailability of natural products. This may provide new ideas for using natural products for RF treatment. Finally, we provide new insights into the clinical prospects of herbal natural products.

Effect of resveratrol and curcumin and the potential synergism on hypertension: A mini-review of human and animal model studies

Resveratrol (RES) and curcumin (CUR) are two of the most extensively studied bioactive compounds in cardiovascular research from the past until today. These compounds have effectively lowered blood pressure by downregulating the renin-angiotensin system, exerting antioxidant effects, and exhibiting antiproliferative activities on blood vessels. This study aims to summarize the results of human and animal studies investigating the effects of CUR, RES, and their combination on hypertension and the molecular mechanisms involved. The published trials' results are controversial regarding blood pressure reduction with different doses of RES and CUR, highlighting the need to address this issue.

Can Polyherbal Medicine be used for the Treatment of Diabetes? - A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.

Microcurrent Cloth-Assisted Transdermal Penetration and Follicular Ducts Escape of Curcumin-Loaded Micelles for Enhanced Wound Healing

Purpose

Larger nanoparticles of bioactive compounds deposit high concentrations in follicular ducts after skin penetration. In this study, we investigated the effects of microcurrent cloth on the skin penetration and translocation of large nanoparticle applied for wound repair applications.

Methods

A self-assembly of curcumin-loaded micelles (CMs) was prepared to improve the water solubility and transdermal efficiency of curcumin. Microcurrent cloth (M) was produced by Zn/Ag electrofabric printing to facilitate iontophoretic transdermal delivery. The transdermal performance of CMs combined with M was evaluated by a transdermal system and confocal microscopy. The CMs/iontophoretic combination effects on nitric oxide (NO) production and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in Raw 264.7 cells. The wound-healing property of the combined treatment was assessed in a surgically created full-thickness circular wound mouse model.

Results

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Zn/Ag on the microcurrent cloth. The average potential of M was measured to be +214.6 mV in PBS. Large particle CMs (CM-L) prepared using surfactant/cosurfactant present a particle size of 142.9 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.319. The solubility of curcumin in CM-L was 2143.67 μg/mL, indicating 250-fold higher than native curcumin (8.68 μg/mL). The combined treatment (CM-L+M) demonstrated a significant ability to inhibit NO production and increase IL-6 and IL-10 secretion. Surprisingly, microcurrent application significantly improved 20.01-fold transdermal performance of curcumin in CM-L with an obvious escape of CM-L from follicular ducts to surrounding observed by confocal microscopy. The CM-L+M group also exhibited a better wound-closure rate (77.94% on day 4) and the regenerated collagen intensity was approximately 2.66-fold higher than the control group, with a closure rate greater than 90% on day 8 in vivo.

Conclusion

Microcurrent cloth play as a promising iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery accelerator that enhances skin penetration and assists CMs to escape from follicular ducts for wound repair applications.

Development of phospholipon®90H complex nanocarrier with enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory potential of genistein

Genistein (GEN), an isoflavonoid, offers multifunctional biological activities. However, its poor oral bioavailability, aqueous solubility, extensive metabolism, and short half-life restricted its clinical use. Therefore, the Phospholipon®90H complex of genistein (GPLC) was prepared to enhance its biopharmaceutical properties and anti-inflammatory activity. GPLC was characterized by employing particle size and zeta potential, Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffractometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, aqueous solubility, in vitro dissolution, ex vivo permeation, oral bioavailability and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The complex showed high entrapment of GEN (∼97.88% w/w) within the Phospholipon®90H matrix. Particle size and zeta potential studies confirmed the small particle size with the modest stability of GPLC. The characterization analysis supported the formation of GPLC through the participation of hydrogen bonding between GEN and Phospholipon®90H. GPLC significantly enhanced the aqueous solubility (∼2-fold) compared to GEN. Dissolution studies revealed that GPLC drastically improved the GEN dissolution rate compared to GEN. Likewise, the complex improved the permeation rate across the membrane compared to GEN. GPLC formulation significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of GEN via improving its Cmax, tmax, AUC, half-life and mean residence time within the blood circulation compared to GEN. The GPLC (∼20 mg/kg, p.o.) remarkably inhibited the increase in paw edema up to 5 h, compared to GEN and diclofenac. Results suggest that the Phospholipon®90 complex is a superior and promising carrier for enhancing the biopharmaceutical parameters of GEN and other bioactive with similar properties.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Polyherbal Mouthwash

A nanoemulsion-based polyherbal mouthwash (PHFX) of Curcuma longa hydroalcoholic extract was developed and evaluated for its antibacterial effects against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral pathogens in comparison to standard chlorhexidine acetate (CHD-A) (positive control). Various nanoemulsion-based mouthwashes of C. longa extract were produced using an aqueous phase titration approach via construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams. The developed nanoemulsion-based PHFX was studied for thermodynamic stability tests. Selected formulations (PHFX1-PHFX5) were characterized physicochemically for droplet diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), refractive index (RI), transmittance, and pH. The drug release studies were performed using the dialysis method. Based on the minimum droplet diameter (26.34 nm), least PDI (0.132), optimal RI (1.337), maximum %T (99.13), optimal pH (6.45), and maximum cumulative drug release (98.2%), formulation PHFX1 (containing 0.5% w/w of C. longa extract, 1.5% w/w of clove oil, 7.0% w/w of Tween-80, 7.0% w/w of Transcutol-HP, and 84.0% w/w of water) was selected for antimicrobial studies in comparison to standard CHD-A. The antibacterial effects and minimum inhibitory concentration were studied against various Gram-positive oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative oral pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibacterial effects of PHFX1 were found to be significant over standard CHD-A against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral pathogens. The antimicrobial studies showed that the formulation PHFX1 was effective against all oral pathogens even at 3- to 4-fold lower working concentrations. These findings indicated the potential of nanoemulsion-based mouthwash in the treatment of a variety of oral pathogen infections.

Carvacrol-Loaded Phytosomes for Enhanced Wound Healing: Molecular Docking, Formulation, DoE-Aided Optimization, and in vitro/in vivo Evaluation

Background

Despite recent advances in wound healing products, phytochemicals have been considered promising and attractive alternatives. Carvacrol (CAR), a natural phenolic compound, has been reported to be effective in wound healing.

Purpose

This work endeavored to develop novel CAR-loaded phytosomes for the enhancement of the wound healing process.

Methods

Molecular docking was performed to compare the affinities of the different types of phospholipids to CAR. Phytosomes were prepared by three methods (thin-film hydration, cosolvency, and salting out) using Lipoid S100 and Phospholipon 90H with three levels of saturation percent (0%, 50%, and 100%), and three levels of phospholipid molar percent (66.67%, 75%, and 80%). The optimization was performed using Design Expert where particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were chosen as dependent variables. The optimized formula (F1) was further investigated regarding entrapment efficiency, TEM, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC, X-RD, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation, and stability. Furthermore, it was incorporated into a hydrogel formulation, and an in vivo study was conducted to investigate the wound-healing properties of F1.

Results

F1 was chosen as the optimized formula prepared via the thin-film hydration method with a saturation percent and a phospholipid molar percent of zero and 66.67, respectively. TEM revealed the spherical shape of phytosomal vesicles with uniform size, while the results of 1H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC, and X-RD confirmed the formation of the phytosomal complex. F1 demonstrated a higher in vitro release and a slower permeation than free CAR. The wound area of F1-treated animals showed a marked reduction associated with a high degree of collagen fiber deposition and enhanced cellular proliferation.

Conclusion

F1 can be considered as a promising remedy for the enhancement of wound healing and hence it would be hoped to undergo further investigation.

Development and in vivo evaluation of therapeutic phytosomes for alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with progressive articular damage, functional loss and comorbidity. Conventional RA therapy requires frequent dosing and prolonged use, and usually results in poor efficacy and severe toxicity. In the current study, for the first time, we describe a combination strategy using phytosomes co-loaded with curcumin (CUR) and leflunomide (LEF) to improve the clinical outcomes of RA therapy. Exploiting 23 factorial design, various compositions of CUR and LEF co-loaded phytosomes (CUR/LEF-phytosomes) were successfully prepared and were extensively characterized (e.g., particle size, zeta potential, drugs encapsulation efficiency, morphology, DSC, FTIR and release kinetics). The optimal CUR/LEF-loaded phytosomes (F2) demonstrated high stability and spherical morphology with a particle size of ca. 760 nm and negative zeta potential value of - 55.7, high entrapment for both drugs, and sustained release profile of the entrapped medications. In vivo, oral administration of the CUR/LEF-phytosomes (F2) in arthritic rats resulted in significant reduction of paw swelling and inflammatory markers, compared to the free drugs and their physical mixture. Histopathological examination revealed significant improvement in phytosomes-treated animal group with no signs of arthritis. CUR/LEF-loaded phytosomes provide an auspicious strategy for alleviation of RA.

Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin Derivatives against Obesity and Associated Metabolic Complications: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, increasing the risk for chronic diseases. Thus, the need to identify more effective anti-obesity agents has spurred significant interest in the health-promoting properties of natural compounds. Of these, curcumin, the most abundant and bioactive constituent of turmeric, possesses a variety of health benefits including anti-obesity effects. However, despite its anti-obesity potential, curcumin has demonstrated poor bioavailability, which limits its clinical applicability. Synthesizing curcumin derivatives, which are structurally modified analogs of curcumin, has been postulated to improve bioavailability while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes in vitro and in vivo studies that assessed the effects of curcumin derivatives against obesity and its associated metabolic complications. We identified eight synthetic curcumin derivatives that were shown to ameliorate obesity and metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obese animal models, while five of these derivatives also attenuated obesity and associated metabolic complications in cell culture models. These curcumin derivatives modulated adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, steatosis, lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, fibrosis, and dyslipidemia to a greater extent than curcumin. In conclusion, the findings from this review show that compared to curcumin, synthetic curcumin derivatives present potential candidates for further development as therapeutic agents to modulate obesity and obesity-associated metabolic complications.

Rosehip Extract-Loaded Liposomes for Potential Skin Application: Physicochemical Properties of Non- and UV-Irradiated Liposomes

In the present study, rosehip (Rosa canina L.) extract was successfully encapsulated in phospholipid liposomes using a single-step procedure named the proliposome method. Part of the obtained liposomes was subjected to UV irradiation and non-treated (native) and UV-irradiated liposomes were further characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, chemical composition (HPLC analysis), antioxidant capacity, particle size, PDI, zeta potential, conductivity, mobility, and antioxidant capacity. Raman spectroscopy as well as DSC analysis were applied to evaluate the influence of UV irradiation on the physicochemical properties of liposomes. The encapsulation efficiency of extract-loaded liposomes was higher than 90%; the average size was 251.5 nm; the zeta potential was -22.4 mV; and the conductivity was found to be 0.007 mS/cm. UV irradiation did not cause a change in the mentioned parameters. In addition, irradiation did not affect the antioxidant potential of the liposome-extract system. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the extract was completely covered by the lipid membrane during liposome entrapment, and the peroxidation process was minimized by the presence of rosehip extract in liposomes. These results may guide the potential application of rosehip extract-loaded liposomes in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industries, particularly when liposomal sterilization is needed.

Nanotechnology Formulations Designed with Herbal Extracts and Their Therapeutic Applications - A Review

Because of the increasing demand for natural products, the development of nanoformulations containing natural active ingredients requires in-depth knowledge of the substances used, methods of obtaining, and stability profiles to ensure product quality, efficacy, and safety. Considering this, the bibliography of the last five years presented in databases (PubMed and Science Direct) was discussed in this work, discussing the study with medicinal plants to obtain active metabolites with therapeutic properties, as well as the different nano-systems responsible for carrying these molecules. Due to the wealth of biodiversity found in the world, many species are submitted to the extraction process for several purposes. However, identifying, classifying, and quantifying the constituents of herbal matrices are crucial steps to verify their therapeutic potential. In addition, knowing the techniques of production and elaboration of nanotechnology products allows the optimization of the incorporation of herbal extracts as an innovation target. For studies to be successful, it is necessary to exhaust experimental results that guarantee the efficacy, safety, and quality of natural nanosystems, with the objective of obtaining reliable answers in nanotechnology therapy.

Mimosa pudica mucilage nanoparticles of losartan potassium: Characterization and pharmacodynamics evaluation

The current research was to develop nanoparticles based on Mimosa pudica mucilage (MPM) that could encapsulate losartan potassium (LP). Nanoparticles (NPs) produced through ionic-gelation method; the polymerization of the mucilage carried out using calcium chloride as cross-linking agent. The MPMLP-NPs demonstrated vastly enhanced pharmaceutical characteristics, presented discrete surface with spherical shape of 198.4-264.6 nm with PDI ranging 0.326-0.461 and entrapment efficiency was in the range of 80.65 ± 0.82-90.79 ± 0.96%. FTIR and DSC indicated the stability of drug during the formulation of nanoparticles. An acute oral toxicity investigation found no significant alterations in behavior and histopathology criteria. The MPMLP-NPs formulation revealed the better rates and sustained effect as assessed with the commercial product. Moreover, low dose of MPMLP-NPs showed similar anti-hypertensive effect as assessed with the marketed tablet.

Chitosan Microspheres Loaded with Curcumin and Gallic Acid: Modified Synthesis, Sustainable Slow Release, and Enhanced Biological Property

Improving the utilization rate of loaded-drugs is of huge importance for generating chitosan-based (CS) micro-carriers. This study aims to fabricate a novel CS microspheres co-delivered curcumin (Cur) and gallic acid (Ga) to assess drug loading and release kinetics, the blood compatibility and anti-osteosarcoma properties. The present study observes the interaction between CS and Cur/Ga molecules and estimates the change in crystallinity and loading and release rate. In addition, blood compatibility and cytotoxicity of such microspheres are also evaluated. Cur-Ga-CS microspheres present high entrapment rate of (55.84 ± 0.34) % for Ga and (42.68 ± 0.11) % for Cur, possibly attributed to surface positive charge (21.76 ± 2.46) mV. Strikingly, Cur-Ga-CS microspheres exhibit slowly sustainable release for almost 7 days in physiological buffer. Importantly, these microspheres possess negligibly toxic to blood and normal BMSC cells, but strong anti-osteosarcoma effect on U2OS cells. Overall, Cur-Ga-CS microspheres are promising to become a novel anti-osteosarcoma agent or sustainable delivery carrier in biomedical applications.

In situ delivery of a curcumin-loaded dynamic hydrogel for the treatment of chronic peripheral neuropathy

Patients with peripheral nerve injuries would highly likely suffer from chronic neuropathic pain even after surgical intervention. The primary reasons for this involve sustained neuroinflammatory and dysfunctional changes in the nervous system after the nerve injury. We previously reported an injectable boronic ester-based hydrogel with inherent antioxidative and nerve protective properties. Herein, we first explored the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Curcumin on primary sensory neurons and activated macrophages in vitro. Next, we incorporated thiolated Curcumin-Pluronic F-127 micelles (Cur-M) into our boronic ester-based hydrogel to develop an injectable hydrogel that serves as sustained curcumin release system (Gel-Cur-M). By orthotopically injecting the Gel-Cur-M to sciatic nerves of mice with chronic constriction injuries, we found that the bioactive components could remain on the nerves for at least 21 days. In addition, the Gel-Cur-M exhibited superior functions compared to Gel and Cur-M alone, which includes ameliorating hyperalgesia while simultaneously improving locomotor and muscular functions after the nerve injury. This could stem from in situ anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and nerve protection. Furthermore, the Gel-Cur-M also showed extended beneficial effects for preventing the overexpression of TRPV1 as well as microglial activation in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, respectively, which also contributed to its analgesic effects. The underlying mechanism may involve the suppression of CC chemokine ligand-2 and colony-stimulating factor-1 in the injured sensory neurons. Overall, this study suggests that orthotopic injection of the Gel-Cur-M is a promising therapeutic strategy that especially benefits patients with peripheral neuropathy who require surgical interventions.

Cationic Ester Prodrugs of Curcumin with N,N-dimethyl Amino Acid Promoieties Improved Poor Water Solubility and Intestinal Absorption

PURPOSE

Although curcumin (Cur) has powerful pharmacological effects, its use in medicine has not been established yet. The oral bioavailability (BA) of Cur is limited because of its poor water solubility. The purpose of this study was to confirm whether cationic N,N-dimethyl amino acid esters of Cur could act as prodrugs and improve its water solubility and oral bioavailability.

METHODS

Two N,N-dimethyl amino acid esters of Cur were synthesized. The hydrolysis profile of the esters was evaluated using rat and human microsomes. A pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of the Cur ester derivatives was performed in rats and compared to the administration of suspended or dissolved Cur formulation. The anti-inflammatory effects of the Cur derivatives were evaluated using macrophage RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.

RESULTS

Cur ester derivatives showed  > 200 mM water solubility. The derivatives were reconverted to the parent compound (Cur) after cleavage of the ester bonds by microsomal esterase, indicating that the compounds could act as Cur prodrugs. The Cur prodrugs enhanced the absolute oral bioavailability of Cur by a 9- and threefold increase of suspended and dissolved Cur administration, respectively, thereby improving intestinal absorption. Cur prodrugs strongly attenuated COX2, iNOS, and ERK phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

The cationic N,N-dimethyl amino acid ester prodrugs of Cur improved the water solubility of Cur and enhanced oral bioavailability in rats. These Cur prodrugs may be good candidates for developing medicinal options previously unavailable due to the poor water solubility and oral BA of Cur.

The Development of Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Cardiovascular Damage, and the Protective Effects of Curcuminoids

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a health problem that is constantly growing. This disease presents a diverse symptomatology that implies complex therapeutic management. One of its characteristic symptoms is dyslipidemia, which becomes a risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases and increases the mortality of CKD patients. Various drugs, particularly those used for dyslipidemia, consumed in the course of CKD lead to side effects that delay the patient's recovery. Therefore, it is necessary to implement new therapies with natural compounds, such as curcuminoids (derived from the Curcuma longa plant), which can cushion the damage caused by the excessive use of medications. This manuscript aims to review the current evidence on the use of curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in CKD and CKD-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD). We first described oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and metabolic reprogramming as factors that induce dyslipidemia in CKD and their association with CVD development. We proposed the potential use of curcuminoids in CKD and their utilization in clinics to treat CKD-dyslipidemia.

Comparison of properties and application of starch nanoparticles optimized prepared from different crystalline starches

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) were produced by nanoprecipitation combined with ultrasonication with the use of different starches (corn, potato and sago starch) and used to stabilize Pickering emulsions. The orthogonal experiment was used to optimize preparation conditions of gelatinization pretreatment duration of 30 min, ultrasonic power of 600 W, and ultrasonic time of 40 min. Compared with native starch, the SNPs were spherical in shape and displayed a V-type crystalline structure with low relative crystallinity and higher degree of double-helix. Compared with native starch-Pickering emulsion, the SNP-Pickering emulsion had a smaller droplet size, more uniform distribution, clearer oil/water interface, and higher static stability of droplets. The sago SNP-Pickering emulsion had the great gelatinous structure and emulsion stability. In addition, the SNP-Pickering emulsion had the better loading efficiency and controlled release performance of curcumin. Meanwhile, the bioavailability of curcumin in sago SNP-Pickering emulsion was highest.

Minimalist Nanocomplex with Dual Regulation of Endothelial Function and Inflammation for Targeted Therapy of Inflammatory Vascular Diseases

Vascular disorders, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction combined with inflammation, are correlated with numerous fatal diseases, such as coronavirus disease-19 and atherosclerosis. Achieving vascular normalization is an urgent problem that must be solved when treating inflammatory vascular diseases. Inspired by the vascular regulatory versatility of nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) catalyzing l-arginine (l-Arg), the eNOS-activating effects of l-Arg, and the powerful anti-inflammatory and eNOS-replenishing effects of budesonide (BUD), we constructed a bi-prodrug minimalist nanoplatform co-loaded with BUD and l-Arg via polysialic acid (PSA) to form BUD-l-Arg@PSA. This promoted vascular normalization by simultaneously regulating vascular endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Mediated by the special affinity between PSA and E-selectin, which is highly expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells (ECs), BUD-l-Arg@PSA selectively accumulated in activated ECs, targeted eNOS expression and activation, and promoted NO production. Consequently, the binary synergistic regulation of the NO/eNOS signaling pathway occurred and improved vascular endothelial function. NO-induced nuclear factor-kappa B alpha inhibitor (IκBα) stabilization and BUD-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) response gene site occupancy achieved dual-site blockade of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing the inflammatory response and inhibiting the infiltration of inflammation-related immune cells. In a renal ischemia-reperfusion injury mouse model, BUD-l-Arg@PSA reduced acute injury. In an atherosclerosis mouse model, BUD-l-Arg@PSA decreased atherosclerotic plaque burden and improved vasodilation. This represents a revolutionary therapeutic strategy for inflammatory vascular diseases.

Computational and experimental therapeutic efficacy analysis of andrographolide phospholipid complex self-assembled nanoparticles against Neuro2a cells

BACKGROUND

Neuroblastoma is one of the most common malignancies in childhood, accounts for approximately 7% of all malignancies. Andrographolide (AN) inhibits cancer cells progression via multiple pathways like cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial apoptosis, NF-κβ inhibition, and antiangiogenesis mechanism. Despite multiple advantages, application of AN is very limited due to its low aqueous solubility (6.39 ± 0.47 μg/mL), high lipophilicity (log P ∼ 2.632 ± 0.135), and reduced stability owing to pH sensitive lactone ring.

OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS

In present investigation, a molecular complex of AN with soya-L-α-phosphatidyl choline (SPC) was synthesized as ANSPC and characterized by FT-IR and¹H NMR spectroscopy. Spectral and molecular simulation techniques confirmed the intermolecular interactions between the 14-OH group of AN and the N⁺(CH₃)₃part of SPC. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to determine the degree of interaction between various proteins such as TNF-α, caspase-3, and Bcl-2. Later, ANSPC complex was transformed in to self-assembled soft nanoparticles of size 201.8 ± 1.48 nm with PDI of 0.092 ± 0.004 and zeta potential of -21.7 ± 0.85 mV. The IC50 offree AN (8.319 μg/mL) and the self-assembled soft ANSPC nanoparticles (3.406 μg/mL ∼ 1.2 μg of AN) against Neuro2a cells was estimated with significant (P < 0.05) difference. Interestingly, the self-assembled soft ANSPC nanoparticles showed better endocytosis compared to free AN in Neuro2a cells. In-vitrobiological assays confirmed that self-assembled soft ANSPC nanoparticles induces apoptosis in Neuro2a cells by declining the MMP (Δψm) and increasing the ROS generation.

CONCLUSION

Self-assembled soft ANSPC nanoparticles warrant further in-depth antitumor study in xenograft model of neuroblastoma to establish the anticancer potential.

A Review of the Role of Curcumin in Metal Induced Toxicity

Metal toxicity poses a potential global threat to the environment and living beings. Their numerous agricultural, medical, industrial, domestic, and technological applications result in widespread distribution in the environment which raises concern on the potential effects of metals in terms of health hazards and environmental pollution. Chelation therapy has been the preferred medical treatment for metal poisoning. The chelating agent bounds metal ions to form complex cyclic structures known as 'chelates' to intensify their excretion from the body. The main disadvantage of synthetic chelators is that the chelation process removes vital nutrients along with toxic metals. Natural compounds are widely available, economical, and have minimal adverse effects compared to classical chelators. Herbal preparations can bind to the metal, reduce its absorption in the intestines, and facilitate excretion from the body. Curcumin, a bioactive substance in turmeric, is widely used as a dietary supplement. Most studies have shown that curcumin protects against metal-induced lipid peroxidation and mitigates adverse effects on the antioxidant system. This review article provides an analysis to show that curcumin imparts promising metal toxicity-ameliorative effects that are related to its intrinsic antioxidant activity.

Combined treatments with AZD5363, AZD8542, curcumin or resveratrol induce death of human glioblastoma cells by suppressing the PI3K/AKT and SHH signaling pathways

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a very aggressive tumor that presents vascularization, necrosis and is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Current treatments are not effective eradicating GBM, thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies against GBM. AZD5363, AZD8542, curcumin and resveratrol, are widely studied for the treatment of cancer and in the present study we explored the effects of the administration of combined treatments with AZD5363, AZD8542, curcumin or resveratrol on human GBM cells. We found that the combined treatments with AZD5363+AZD8542+Curcumin and AZD8542+Curcumin+Resveratrol inhibit the PI3K/AKT and SHH survival pathways by decreasing the activity of AKT, the reduction of the expression of SMO, pP70S6k, pS6k, GLI1, p21 and p27, and the activation of caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis. These results provide evidence that the combined treatments AZD5363+AZD8542+Curcumin and AZD8542+Curcumin+Resveratrol have the potential to be an interesting option against GBM.

Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of Gentiopicroside-Phospholipid Complex (GTP-PC) and Its Self-Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery System (GTP-PC-SNEDDS)

The objective of the present study was to develop a gentiopicroside-phospholipid complex (GTP-PC) and its self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system (GTP-PC-SNEDDS) to increase the oral bioavailability of gentiopicroside (GTP). The factors affecting the formation of GTP-PC were studied with the complexation efficiency and dissociation rate. The properties of the complex were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), dissolution, etc. Then, GTP-PC was loaded into SNEDDS by investigating the effects of weight ratios of GTP-PC to blank SNEDDS, preparation technology, dilution media, and dilution multi, based on the screening results of oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants. In rats, GTP, GTP-PC, and GTP-PC-SNEDDS were orally administered at different times, and GTP concentrations were determined using RP-HPLC. The optimal GTP-PC was prepared with tetrahydrofuran as the reaction solvent, GTP:phospholipid = 1:2, and stirring for 4 h. The optimal prescription for GTP-PC-SNEDDS was as follows: Maisin 35-1:Miglycol = 30%, Labrasol:Cremophor EL = 1:4 = 40%, Transcutol P = 30%; Maisin 35-1:Miglycol = 12, and the ratio of GTP-PC to blank was 1:10-then the mixture was stirred at 37 °C for 1 d and then placed for 2 d to form stable GTP-PC-SNEDDS. After oral administration of GTP, GTP-PC and GTP-PC-SNEDDS, and mean plasma GTP concentration-time curves were all in accordance with the single-compartment model. The C_max, AUC_0-∞, and Fr of the three formulations were significantly higher than that of GTP, demonstrating that GTP was metabolized rapidly, and its higher bioavailability could be achieved by the formation of GTP-PC and GTP-PC-SNEDDS. Among the three formations, the bioavailability of GTP-PC-SNEDDS was highest, with approximately 2.6-fold and 1.3-fold of Fr value, compared with GTP-PC (suspension) and GTP-PC (oil solution), respectively. Compared with GTP, GTP-PC and GTP-PC-SNEDDS enhanced the bioavailability of GTP significantly. In the future, this study could serve as a reference for clinical trials using GTP-PC and GTP-PC-SNEDDS.

A novel solvent-free co-grinding preparation improves curcumin bioavailability in healthy volunteers: A single-center crossover study

Curcumin, from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), has a wide variety of biological activities. Unfortunately, its poor water-solubility greatly limits its bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CUMINUP60®, a novel preparation utilizing a solvent-free, co-grinding method designed to improve curcumin's bioavailability. We performed a single-center crossover experiment to compare the new product with standard 95% curcumin in the blood plasma of twelve healthy adults (10 males, 2 females). Total bioavailability of curcumin and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates from the test product, measured by their areas under the curve over 12 h (AUC_0-T), showed a combined increase of 178-fold over standard curcumin and its conjugates from the reference product. The new product represents a significant improvement for providing greater bioavailability of curcumin, as compared with several other branded preparations. It therefore has broad applications for preparing curcumin as a more effective health ingredient in functional foods, beverages, and nutraceuticals.

Cationic biopolymer decorated Asiatic Acid and Centella asiatica extract incorporated liposomes for treating early-stage Alzheimer's disease: An In-vitro and In-vivo investigation

Background: Asiatic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid derivative of Centella asiatica (CA) with neuroprotective effect. The study aimed to design an ideal oral drug delivery system to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) and develop chitosan-embedded liposomes comprising an extract of CA (CLCAE) and compare them with the chitosan-coated liposomes of asiatic acid (CLAA) for oral delivery to treat the initial phases of AD.  Methods: The solvent evaporation technique was used to develop CLCAE and CLAA, optimised with the experiment's design, and was further evaluated. Results: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies confirmed coating with chitosan. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the successful formation of CLCAE and CLAA. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) confirmed the drug-phospholipid complex. Furthermore, the rate of  in vitro release of CLCAE and CLAA was found to be 69.43±0.3 % and 85.3±0.3 %, respectively, in 24 h.  Ex vivo permeation of CLCAE and CLAA was found to be 48±0.3 % and 78±0.3 %, respectively. In the Alcl3-induced AD model in rats, disease progression was confirmed by Y-maze, the preliminary histopathology evaluation showed significantly higher efficacy of the prepared liposomes (CLCAE and CLAA) compared to the Centella asiatica extract (CAE) and they were found to have equivalent efficacy to the standard drug (rivastigmine tartrate). The considerable increase in pharmacodynamic parameters in terms of neuronal count in the CLAA group indicated the protective role against Alcl3 toxicity and was also confirmed by assessing acetylcholine (Ach) levels. The pharmacokinetic study, such as C _max, T _max, and area under curve (AUC) parameters, proved an increase in AA bioavailability in the form of CLAA compared to the pure AA and CLCAE forms. Conclusion: The preclinical study suggested that CLAA was found to have better stability and an ideal oral drug delivery system to treat AD.

Solvent Free Twin Screw Processed Silybin Nanophytophospholipid: In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Insights

Silybin (SIL) is a polyphenolic phytoconstituent that is commonly used to treat liver disorders. It is difficult to fabricate an orally delivered SIL product due to its low oral bioavailability (0.95%). Therefore, the current research focusses on the development of a novel composition of a phospholipid complex, termed as nanophytophospholipid, of SIL by employing a unique, solvent-free Twin Screw Process (TSP), with the goal of augmenting the solubility and bioavailability of SIL. The optimised SIL-nanophytophospholipid (H6-SNP) was subjected to physicochemical interactions by spectrometry, thermal, X-ray and electron microscopy. The mechanism of drug and phospholipid interaction was confirmed by molecular docking and dynamics studies. Saturation solubility, in vitro dissolution, ex vivo permeation and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies were also conducted. H6-SNP showed good complexation efficiency, with a high practical yield (80%). The low particle size (334.7 ± 3.0 nm) and positively charged zeta potential (30.21 ± 0.3 mV) indicated the immediate dispersive nature of H6-SNP into nanometric dimensions, with good physical stability. Further high solubility and high drug release from the H6-SNP was also observed. The superiority of the H6-SNP was demonstrated in the ex vivo and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies, displaying enhanced apparent permeability (2.45-fold) and enhanced bioavailability (1.28-fold). Overall, these findings indicate that not only can phospholipid complexes be formed using solvent-free TSP, but also that nanophytophospholipids can be formed by using a specific quantity of lipid, drug, surfactant, superdisintegrant and diluent. This amalgamation of technology and unique composition can improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble and permeable phytoconstituents or drugs.

Recent Advances in Senotherapeutics Delivery

Accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) in various tissue types has been connected to an occurrence of different age-related diseases that are indicated by its own tissue-specific hallmarks. Discovery of novel senolytic compounds that target major cellular mechanisms to inhibit the level of SnCs within the specific tissues or organs has been an emerging field in the age-related disease research. Although the positive effect of senolytics in global suppression of SnCs has been well studied in the past, effective tissue-specific delivery strategy of senotherapeutics before clinical application needs to be further investigated. In this review, we discuss the latest biological insights to currently available senotherapeutic options and explore the impactful in vitro tissue-engineered models possibly as a testbed for replicable testing of tissue-specific potency of senolytics. Impact statement Senotherapy, the inhibition of accumulated senescent cells, is recognized as a significantly impactful way to treat various human diseases. However, there is limited comprehensive reviews on this topic. This review provides in-depth discussion on diverse delivery strategies of senolytic agents and latest updates on a novel senotherapeutic research.

Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of Innovative O/W Emulsions Containing Curcumin Derivatives with Enhanced Antioxidant Properties

In the present study, a series of semisolid Oil in Water (O/W) emulsions containing different Curcumin (Cur) derivatives (Cur powder, Cur extract and Cur complexed with β-cyclodextrin) in varying concentrations, were prepared. Initially, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), microscopy, pH and viscosity measurements were performed to evaluate their stability over time. Moreover, the effect of the active cosmetic substances on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the prepared emulsions was investigated. It was observed that emulsions containing Cur extract and Cur β-cyclodextrin complex presented great viscosity and pH stability for up to 90 days of storage contrary to the emulsions containing Cur powder which showed unstable behavior due to the formation of agglomerates. All samples presented SPF values between 2.6 and 3.2. The emulsions with Cur in all forms exhibited high antioxidant activity, whereas the emulsion containing Cur β-cyclodextrin complex presented the highest value. Despite their improved stability and antioxidant activity, the emulsions containing Cur extract and Cur-β-cyclodextrin exhibited a low percentage of antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus bacteria. Instead, the emulsions containing Cur powder presented a reduction rate over 90 % against E. coli and Staphylococcus colonies.

Preparation, characterization, and evaluation (in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo) of naturosomal nanocarriers for enhanced delivery and therapeutic efficacy of hesperetin

The present study intends to formulate, characterize and appraise the phospholipid-based nanovesicular system for enhanced delivery of Hesperetin (HT). The quality by design (QbD) approach was employed to prepare Hesperetin naturosomes (HTN) using the solvent evaporation technique and assessed for physicochemical and pharmacological attributes. The FTIR, DSC, and PXRD studies confirmed the successful formation of a vesicular drug-phospholipid complex, while photomicroscopy, SEM, and TEM analysis revealed the morphology of HTN. The functional attributes substantially enhanced the HT’s aqueous solubility, drug release, and membrane permeation. The aqueous solubility of HTN was ~10-fold more than that of pure HT. Likewise, the in-vitro dissolution data of HTN showed better competence in releasing the HT (>93%) than the pure HT (~64%) or the physical mixture (~74%). Furthermore, HTN significantly altered HT permeation (>53%) when compared to pure HT (23%) or the physical mixture (28%). The current study showed that naturosomes are a promising way to improve the solubility in water, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs.

Multifaceted role of polyphenols in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are conditions that cause neuron structure and/or function to deteriorate over time. Genetic alterations may be responsible for several NDDs. However, a multitude of physiological systems can trigger neurodegeneration. Several NDDs, such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, are assigned to oxidative stress (OS). Low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial for maintaining normal brain activities, as their increasing concentrations can promote neural apoptosis. OS-mediated neurodegeneration has been linked to several factors, including notable dysfunction of mitochondria, excitotoxicity, and Ca²⁺ stress. However, synthetic drugs are commonly utilized to treat most NDDs, and these treatments have been known to have side effects during treatment. According to providing empirical evidence, studies have discovered many occurring natural components in plants used to treat NDDs. Polyphenols are often safer and have lesser side effects. As, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, celastrol, berberine, genistein, and luteolin have p-values less than 0.05, so they are typically considered to be statistically significant. These polyphenols could be a choice of interest as therapeutics for NDDs. This review highlighted to discusses the putative effectiveness of polyphenols against the most prevalent NDDs.

A Recent Review on Bio-availability Enhancement of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs by using Bioenhancer and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System

BACKGROUND

Intravenous route of drug administration has maximum bioavailability, which shows 100% of the drug reaches blood circulation, whereas the oral administration of drugs, are readily undergoing pre-systemic metabolism, which means the poor bioavailability of the drug and limited amount of drug reaches the target site.

INTRODUCTION

Bioenhancers are substances having medicinal entities which enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of the active constituents of drugs. The enhanced bioavailability of drugs may lead to dose reduction, which may further reduce the cost and undesired side effects associated with the drugs.

METHODS

The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with ketoprofen made from carnauba wax and beeswax. It was discovered that when the drug-loaded SLNs were mixed with egg-lecithin and Tween-80, as well as when the total surfactant concentration was increased, the average particle size of the drug-loaded SLNs decreased.

RESULTS

The drug-loaded nanoparticles, when given in combination with bio-enhancers such as piperine and quercetin, enhanced the drug's effectiveness. The Area Under Curve (AUC) was increased when the drug was coupled with bio-enhancers. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that piperine and quercetin when used with drug-loaded nanoparticles improve their therapeutic effectiveness.

CONCLUSION

Bioenhancers are crucial to amplifying the bioavailability of many synthetic drugs. These attributes are useful to reduce the dose of drugs and increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs with poor bioavailability.

Development of a novel oral complex lipid emulsion containing triptolide for targeting pancreatic cancer

Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide, exhibits strong anti-cancer activities, especially against pancreatic cancer, but its clinical application is limited by organ toxicity. TP was combined with diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG), as a cytoprotective agent, in a novel oral complex lipid emulsion (TP/DG-CLE) to increase the therapeutic index of TP against pancreatic cancer. The emulsion was produced by subjecting phospholipid and active components to high shear conditions using high-pressure homogenization resulting in droplets of essentially neutral or small positive charge and consistent size below 200nm. Pharmacokinetic studies in Sprague Dawley rats revealed an AUC _(0-8h) of TP following oral dosing of TP/DG-CLE that was 4-fold higher than that achieved for triptolide/diammonium glycyrrhizinate suspension, demonstrating significantly higher TP bioavailability and longer residence time in the bloodstream. Tissue distribution data obtained in mice demonstrated that TP/DG-CLE having a TP/DG weight ratio of 1:22.5 preferentially accumulated in the pancreas. Moreover, toxicology assays in rats provided indications of minor liver damage following daily administration of the emulsion for two weeks. Together these studies establish complex lipid emulsions containing triptolide and DG as a promising oral formulation for treatment of pancreatic cancer and establish a platform for developing new chemotherapeutic treatments.