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Patel RP, Cristofoletti R, Wu F, Shoyaib AA, Polli JE. In Vitro Lipolysis Model to Predict Food Effect of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Itraconazole, Rivaroxaban, and Ritonavir. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00132-1. [PMID: 38614321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
It is desirable to predict positive food effect of oral formulations due to food mediated dissolution enhancement of lipophilic drugs. The objective was to assess the ability of in vitro lipolysis to anticipate a positive food effect. Tested formulations included rivaroxaban and itraconazole, where some formulations, but not all, exhibit a positive food effect in vivo in humans. Amorphous solid dispersion formulations of ritonavir, which exhibit a negative food effect in vivo in humans, were also studied. Fe-lipolysis and Fa-lipolysis media representing fed and fasted intestinal conditions were used. Results show frequent agreement between in vitro lipolysis predictions and in vivo human outcomes. For rivaroxaban, food effect of unformulated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and products were correctly predicted where 2.5 mg and 10 mg strengths did not show any food effect; however, 20 mg did show a positive food effect. For itraconazole, all four products were correctly predicted, with Sporanox, Sempera, and generic capsules having a food effect, but Tolsura not having a positive food effect. For ritonavir, lipolysis predicted a positive food effect for API and Norvir tablet and powder, but Norvir products have negative food effect in vivo in humans. Overall, the lipolysis model showed favorable predictability and merits additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni P Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD, USA
| | | | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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2
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Zupančič O, Kushwah V, Paudel A. Pancreatic lipase digestion: The forgotten barrier in oral administration of lipid-based delivery systems? J Control Release 2023; 362:381-395. [PMID: 37579977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of controlling the digestion process of orally administered lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) and their performance. Oral LBDS are prone to digestion via pancreatic lipase in the small intestine. Rapid or uncontrolled digestion may cause the loss of delivery system integrity, its structural changes, reduced solubilization capacity and physical stability issues. All these events can lead to uncontrolled drug release from the digested LBDS into the gastrointestinal environment, exposing the incorporated drug to precipitation or degradation by luminal proteases. To prevent this, the digestion rate of orally administered LBDS can be estimated by appropriate choice of the formulation type, excipient combinations and their ratios. In addition, in vitro digestion models like pH-stat are useful tools to evaluate the formulation digestion rate. Controlling digestion can be achieved by conventional lipase inhibitors like orlistat, sterically hindering of lipase adsorption on the delivery system surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, lipase desorption or saturation of the interface with surfactants as well as formulating LBDS with ester-free excipients. Recent in vivo studies demonstrated that digestion inhibition lead to altered pharmacokinetic profiles, where Cmax and Tmax were reduced in spite of same AUC compared to control or even improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/3, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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3
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Chu Y, Wong A, Chen H, Ji L, Qin C, Feng W, Stocks MJ, Gershkovich P. Development of lipophilic ester prodrugs of dolutegravir for intestinal lymphatic transport. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:90-102. [PMID: 37634824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of latent cellular and anatomical viral reservoirs is a major obstacle to achieving a cure for people infected by HIV. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) are one of the most important anatomical reservoirs of HIV. Suboptimal levels of antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs in these difficult-to-penetrate viral reservoirs is one of the limitations of current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. This study aimed to design and assess highly lipophilic ester prodrugs of dolutegravir (DTG) formulated with long-chain triglyceride (LCT) for delivery of DTG to the viral reservoir in mesenteric lymph and MLNs. A number of alkyl ester prodrugs of DTG were designed based on the predicted affinity to chylomicrons (CM), and the six most promising prodrugs were selected and synthesised. The synthesised prodrugs were further assessed for their intestinal lymphatic transport potential and biotransformation in biorelevant media in vitro and ex vivo. DTG and the most promising prodrug (prodrug 5) were then assessed in pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies in rats. Although oral administration of 5 mg/kg of unmodified DTG (an allometrically scaled dose from humans) with or without lipids achieved concentrations above protein binding-adjusted IC90 (PA-IC90) (64 ng/mL) in most tissues, the drug was not selectively targeted to MLNs. The combination of lipophilic ester prodrug and LCT-based formulation approach improved the targeting selectivity of DTG to MLNs 4.8-fold compared to unmodified DTG. However, systemic exposure to DTG was limited, most likely due to poor intestinal absorption of the prodrug following oral administration. In vitro lipolysis showed a good correlation between micellar solubilisation of the prodrug and systemic exposure to DTG in rats in vivo. Thus, it is prudent to include in vitro lipolysis in the early assessment of orally administered drugs and prodrugs in lipidic formulations, even when intestinal lymphatic transport is involved in the absorption pathway. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of low systemic bioavailability of DTG following oral administration of the prodrug and potential ways to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenju Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Abigail Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Haojie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Liuhang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Yilmaz Usta D, Olgac S, Timur B, Teksin ZS. Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Neusilin® US2-based S-SNEDDS tablets for bosentan: Fasted and fed states bioavailability, IVIS® real-time biodistribution, and ex-vivo imaging. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123219. [PMID: 37433349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The study reported here aimed to develop and optimize the S-SNEDDS tablet of bosentan (BOS) and to investigate its pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties. The BOS-loaded SNEDDS have been developed and characterized in a previous study. The BOS-loaded SNEDDS formulation was converted to S-SNEDDS using Neusilin® US2. The S-SNEDDS tablets were obtained using the direct compression technique, and in vitro dissolution, in vitro lipolysis, and ex-vivo permeability studies of the tablets were performed. The S-SNEDDS tablet and reference tablet (Tracleer®) were administered to male Wistar rats at 50 mg/kg dose by oral gavage in fasted and fed state conditions. The biodistribution of the S-SNEDDS tablet was investigated in Balb/c mice using fluorescent dye. The tablets were dispersed in distilled water before administration to animals. The relationship between in vitro dissolution data and in vivo plasma concentration was examined. The S-SNEDDS tablets showed 2.47, 7.49, 3.70, and 4.39 increases in the percentages of cumulative dissolution in FaSSIF, FeSSIF, FaSSIF-V2, and FeSSIF-V2, respectively, when compared to the reference, and increased the Cmax and AUC 2.65 and 1.28-fold and 4.73 and 2.37-fold in fasted and fed states, respectively, when compared to the reference. S-SNEDDS tablets also significantly reduced interindividual variability in both fasted and fed states (p < 0.05). The XenoLight™ DiR and VivoTag® 680XL labeled S-SNEDDS tablet formulation increased the real-time biodistribution in the body by factors of 2.4 and 3.4 and organ uptake and total emission increased by factors of 2.8 and 3.1, respectively. The IVIVR has been successfully established for S-SNEDDS tablets (R2 > 0.9). The present study confirms the potential of the S-SNEDDS tablet to enhance the in vitro and in vivo performance of BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Yilmaz Usta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkiye.
| | - Seval Olgac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkiye.
| | - Burcu Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkiye; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkiye.
| | - Zeynep Safak Teksin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkiye.
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Wu P, Chen L, Chen M, Chiou BS, Xu F, Liu F, Zhong F. Use of sodium alginate coatings to improve bioavailability of liposomes containing DPP-IV inhibitory collagen peptides. Food Chem 2023; 414:135685. [PMID: 36809726 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Sodium alginate (SA) was used to coat liposomes containing DPP-IV inhibitory collagen peptides to improve their stability and in vitro absorption for intra-oral delivery. The liposome structure as well as entrapment efficiency and DPP-IV inhibitory activity was characterized. The liposome stability was determined by measuring in vitro release rates and their gastrointestinal stability. Transcellular permeability of liposomes was further tested to characterize their permeability in small intestinal epithelial cells. The results showed that the 0.3% SA coating increased the diameter (166.7 nm to 249.9 nm), absolute value of zeta potential (30.2 mV to 40.1 mV) and entrapment efficiency (61.52% to 70.99%) of liposomes. The SA-coated liposomes containing collagen peptides showed enhanced storage stability within one month, gastrointestinal stability increased by 50% in bioavailability, transcellular permeability increased by 18% in transmission percentage, and in vitro release rates reduced by 34%, compared to uncoated liposomes. SA coating liposomes are promising carriers for transporting hydrophilic molecules, may be beneficial for improving nutrient absorption and can protect bioactive compounds from being inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Maoshen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bor-Sen Chiou
- Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Feifei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Murshed M, Salim M, Boyd BJ. Existing and emerging mitigation strategies for the prevention of accidental overdose from oral pharmaceutical products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Timur B, Usta DY, Teksin ZS. Investigation of the effect of colloidal structures formed during lipolysis of lipid-based formulation on exemestane permeability using the in vitro lipolysis-permeation model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Zöller K, To D, Knoll P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Digestion of lipid excipients and lipid-based nanocarriers by pancreatic lipase and pancreatin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:32-42. [PMID: 35584719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The digestion behaviour of lipid-based nanocarriers (LNC) has a great impact on their oral drug delivery properties. In this study, various excipients including surfactants, glycerides and waxes, as well as various drug-delivery systems, namely self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were examined via the pH-stat lipolysis model. Lipolysis experiments with lipase and pancreatin revealed the highest release of fatty acids for medium chain glycerides, followed by long chain glycerides and surfactants. Waxes appeared to be poor substrates with a maximum digestion of up to 10% within 60 min. Within the group of surfactants, the enzymatic cleavage decreased in the following order: glycerol monostearate > polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate > PEG-35 castor oil > sorbitan monostearate. After digestion experiments of the excipients, SEDDS, SLN and NLC with sizes between 30 and 300 nm were prepared. The size of almost all formulations was increasing during lipolysis and levelled off after approximately 15 min except for the SLN and NLC consisting of cetyl palmitate. SEDDS exceeded 6000 nm after some minutes and were almost completely hydrolysed by pancreatin. No significant difference was observed between comparable SLN and NLC but surfactant choice and selection of the lipid component had an impact on digestion. SLN and NLC with cetyl palmitate were only digested by 5% whereas particles with glyceryl distearate were decomposed by 40-80% within 60 min. Additionally, the digestion of the same SLN or NLC, only differing in the surfactant, was higher for SLN/NLC containing polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate than PEG-35 castor oil. This observation might be explained by the higher PEG content of PEG-35 castor oil causing a more pronounced steric hindrance for the access of lipase. Generally, digestion experiments performed with pancreatin resulted in a higher digestion compared to lipase. According to these results, the digestion behaviour of LNC depends on both, the type of nanocarrier and on the excipients used for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zöller
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dennis To
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Knoll
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Mahmoudian M, Maleki Dizaj S, Salatin S, Löbenberg R, Saadat M, Islambulchilar Z, Valizadeh H, Zakeri-Milani P. Oral delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles: underlining the physicochemical characteristics and physiological condition affecting the lipolysis rate. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1707-1722. [PMID: 34553650 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1982891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipid-based nano-drug delivery systems (LBNDDSs) have gained widespread attention in oral drug delivery due to their tunable and versatile properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, which makes them promising delivery systems for a variety of therapeutics. Currently, different types of LBNDDSs including liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are developed for drug delivery applications. SLNs can be used as a controlled drug delivery system for oral delivery applications. However, its lipidic context makes that susceptible to lipolysis. The lipolysis rate of SLNs is affected by many factors that raise many questions for developing a more efficient delivery system. AREAS COVERED In the present work, we highlighted different factors affecting the digestion rate/level of SLNs in the gastrointestinal tract. This paper can be most useful for those researchers who are keen to develop a properly controlled drug delivery system based on SLNs for oral delivery applications. EXPERT OPINION SLNs can be used as a controlled drug delivery system for oral delivery applications. However, its lipidic context makes that susceptible to lipolysis. The lipolysis rate of SLNs is affected by many factors that raise many questions for developing a more efficient delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Salatin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maryam Saadat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lipophilic Salts and Lipid-Based Formulations for Bridging the Food Effect Gap of Venetoclax. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:164-174. [PMID: 34516990 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid based formulations (LBF) have shown to overcome food dependent bioavailability for some poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the utility of LBFs can be limited by low dose loading due to a low drug solubility in LBF vehicles. This study investigated the solubility and drug loading increases in LBFs using lipophilic counterions to form lipophilic salts of venetoclax. Venetoclax docusate was formed from venetoclax free base and verified by 1H NMR. Formation of stable venetoclax-fatty acid associations with either oleic acid or decanoic acid were attempted, however, the molecular associations were less consistent based on 1H NMR. Venetoclax docusate displayed a up to 6.2-fold higher solubility in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) when compared to the venetoclax free base solubility resulting in a higher dose loading. A subsequent bioavailability study in landrace pigs demonstrated a 2.5-fold higher bioavailability for the lipophilic salt containing long chain SEDDS compared to the commercially available solid dispersion Venclyxto® in the fasted state. The bioavailability of all lipophilic salt SEDDS in the fasted state was similar to Venclyxto® in the fed state. This study confirmed that lipophilic drug salts increase the dose loading in LBFs and showed that lipophilic salt-SEDDS combinations may be able to overcome bioavailability limitations of drugs with low inherent dose loading in lipid vehicles. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated the utility of a LBF approach, in combination with lipophilic salts, to overcome food dependent variable oral bioavailability of drugs.
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Feng W, Qin C, Cipolla E, Lee JB, Zgair A, Chu Y, Ortori CA, Stocks MJ, Constantinescu CS, Barrett DA, Fischer PM, Gershkovich P. Inclusion of Medium-Chain Triglyceride in Lipid-Based Formulation of Cannabidiol Facilitates Micellar Solubilization In Vitro, but In Vivo Performance Remains Superior with Pure Sesame Oil Vehicle. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1349. [PMID: 34575426 PMCID: PMC8472830 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral sesame oil-based formulation facilitates the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug cannabidiol (CBD) to the lymphatic system and blood circulation. However, this natural oil-based formulation also leads to considerable variability in absorption of CBD. In this work, the performance of lipid-based formulations with the addition of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or surfactants to the sesame oil vehicle has been tested in vitro and in vivo using CBD as a model drug. The in vitro lipolysis has shown that addition of the MCT leads to a higher distribution of CBD into the micellar phase. Further addition of surfactants to MCT-containing formulations did not improve distribution of the drug into the micellar phase. In vivo, formulations containing MCT led to lower or similar concentrations of CBD in serum, lymph and MLNs, but with reduced variability. MCT improves the emulsification and micellar solubilization of CBD, but surfactants did not facilitate further the rate and extent of lipolysis. Even though addition of MCT reduces the variability, the in vivo performance for the extent of both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability remains superior with a pure natural oil vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Elena Cipolla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
- School of Pharmacy, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Atheer Zgair
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq
| | - Yenju Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
- Tri-Service General Hospital, Medical Supplies and Maintenance Office, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan
| | - Catherine A. Ortori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | | | - David A. Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Peter M. Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
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12
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Effinger A, McAllister M, Tomaszewska I, O'Driscoll CM, Taylor M, Gomersall S, Heaton J, Smith KL, Sarcevica I, Young SL, Fotaki N. Investigating the Impact of Crohn's Disease on the Bioaccessibility of a Lipid-Based Formulation with an In Vitro Dynamic Gastrointestinal Model. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1530-1543. [PMID: 33656882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of Crohn's disease (CD) on the performance of a lipid-based formulation of ciprofloxacin in a complex gastrointestinal simulator (TIM-1, TNO) and to compare the luminal environment in terms of bile salt and lipid composition in CD and healthy conditions. CD conditions were simulated in the TIM-1 system with a reduced concentration of porcine pancreatin and porcine bile. The bioaccessibility of ciprofloxacin was similar in simulated CD and healthy conditions considering its extent as well as its time course in the jejunum and ileum filtrate. Differences were observed in terms of the luminal concentration of triglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids in the different TIM-1 compartments, indicating a reduction and delay in the lipolysis of formulation excipients in CD. The quantitative analysis of bile salts revealed higher concentrations for healthy conditions (standard TIM-1 fasted-state protocol) in the duodenum and jejunum TIM-1 compartments compared to published data in human intestinal fluids of healthy subjects. The reduced concentrations of bile salts in simulated CD conditions correspond to the levels observed in human intestinal fluids of healthy subjects in the fasted state.A lipidomics approach with ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be a time-efficient method to semiquantitatively analyze differences in fatty acid and bile salt levels between healthy and CD conditions. The dynamic luminal environment in CD and healthy conditions after administration of a lipid-based formulation can be simulated using the TIM-1 system. For ciprofloxacin, an altered luminal lipid composition had no impact on its performance indicating a low risk of altered performance in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Effinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | | | | | - Caitriona M O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Mark Taylor
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Steve Gomersall
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - James Heaton
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Kieran L Smith
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Inese Sarcevica
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Sam L Young
- Pfizer Drug Product Design, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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13
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Nano lipid based carriers for lymphatic voyage of anti-cancer drugs: An insight into the in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-situ and in-vivo study models. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Klitgaard M, Beilles S, Sassene PJ, Berthelsen R, Müllertz A. Adding a Gastric Step to the Intestinal In Vitro Digestion Model Improves the Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Data in Beagle Dogs of Two Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3214-3222. [PMID: 32662647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug release from a lipid-based drug delivery system (LbDDS) is typically studied in vitro using a one-step intestinal digestion model. However, lately the importance of incorporating gastric digestion has been stressed. The aim of the present study was to compare a two-step gastro-intestinal (GI) in vitro digestion model to the commonly used one-step intestinal digestion model. The models were evaluated by studying release of the model drug A1260 from two LbDDSs (F-I and F-II), for which in vivo pharmacokinetic data from oral administration to beagle dogs were available. The amount of A1260 recovered in the aqueous phases during and after the GI digestion of F-I and F-II was related to the Cmax and AUC0-48h of the plasma concentration-time profiles of each formulation and produced a rank order in vitro-in vivo (IVIV) relation. In comparison, a similar IVIV rank ordering was obtained when relating the amount of A1260 recovered in the aqueous phase prior (t = 0 min), and following 15 min of intestinal digestion, to the plasma concentration-time profiles. However, after 60 min of intestinal digestion, the LbDDSs performed equally in the one-step in vitro digestion model, contrary to what was observed in the two-step digestion model, and in vivo. As the GI digestion model produced a clearer distinction in terms of LbDDS rank ordering of the two LbDDSs, compared to the intestinal digestion model, it was found to be a promising in vitro model to study and estimate the LbDDS behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Klitgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephane Beilles
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Sanofi, Montpellier 34080, France
| | | | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Bioneer:FARMA, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
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15
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Koehl NJ, Holm R, Kuentz M, Jannin V, Griffin BT. Exploring the Impact of Surfactant Type and Digestion: Highly Digestible Surfactants Improve Oral Bioavailability of Nilotinib. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3202-3213. [PMID: 32649208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The scientific rationale for selection of the surfactant type during oral formulation development requires an in-depth understanding of the interplay between surfactant characteristics and biopharmaceutical factors. Currently, however, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge of how surfactant properties, such as hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), digestibility, and fatty acid (FA) chain length, translate into in vivo performance. In the present study, the relationship between surfactant properties, in vitro characteristics, and in vivo bioavailability was systematically evaluated. An in vitro lipolysis model was used to study the digestibility of a variety of nonionic surfactants. Eight surfactants and one surfactant mixture were selected for further analysis using the model poorly water-soluble drug nilotinib. In vitro lipolysis of all nilotinib formulations was performed, followed by an in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats. The in vitro lipolysis studies showed that medium-chain FA-based surfactants were more readily digested compared to long-chain surfactants. The in vivo study demonstrated that a Tween 20 formulation significantly enhanced the absolute bioavailability of nilotinib up to 5.2-fold relative to an aqueous suspension. In general, surfactants that were highly digestible in vitro tended to display higher bioavailability of nilotinib in vivo. The bioavailability may additionally be related to the FA chain length of digestible surfactants with an improved exposure in the case of medium-chain FA-based surfactants. There was no apparent relationship between the HLB value of surfactants and the in vivo bioavailability of nilotinib. The impact of this study's findings suggests that when designing surfactant-based formulations to enhance oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug nilotinib, highly digestible, medium chain-based surfactants are preferred. Additionally, for low-permeability drugs such as nilotinib, which is subject to efflux by intestinal P-glycoprotein, the biopharmaceutical effects of surfactants merit further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 Chemin de Genas, 69804 Saint-Priest Cedex, France
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Supersaturated Lipid-Based Formulations to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability of Venetoclax. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060564. [PMID: 32570753 PMCID: PMC7355533 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of beyond Rule-of-Five drugs are emerging from discovery pipelines, generating a need for bio-enabling formulation approaches, such as lipid-based formulations (LBF), to ensure maximal in vivo exposure. However, many drug candidates display insufficient lipid solubility, leading to dose-loading limitations in LBFs. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of supersaturated LBFs (sLBF) for the beyond Rule-of-Five drug venetoclax. Temperature-induced sLBFs of venetoclax were obtained in olive oil, Captex® 1000, Peceol® and Capmul MCM®, respectively. A Peceol®-based sLBF displayed the highest drug loading and was therefore evaluated further. In vitro lipolysis demonstrated that the Peceol®-based sLBF was able to generate higher venetoclax concentrations in the aqueous phase compared to a Peceol®-based suspension and an aqueous suspension. A subsequent bioavailability study in pigs demonstrated for sLBF a 3.8-fold and 2.1-fold higher bioavailability compared to the drug powder and Peceol®-based suspension, respectively. In conclusion, sLBF is a promising bio-enabling formulation approach to enhance in vivo exposure of beyond Rule-of-Five drugs, such as venetoclax. The in vitro lipolysis results correctly predicted a higher exposure of the sLBF in vivo. The findings of this study are of particular relevance to pre-clinical drug development, where maximum exposure is required.
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Hens B, Kataoka M, Ueda K, Gao P, Tsume Y, Augustijns P, Kawakami K, Yamashita S. Biopredictive in vitro testing methods to assess intestinal drug absorption from supersaturating dosage forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Tran T, Bønløkke P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Nosrati Z, Esquinas PL, Borkar N, Plum J, Strindberg S, Karagiozov S, Rades T, Müllertz A, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO. Using in vitro lipolysis and SPECT/CT in vivo imaging to understand oral absorption of fenofibrate from lipid-based drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 317:375-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Michaelsen MH, Siqueira Jørgensen SD, Abdi IM, Wasan KM, Rades T, Müllertz A. Fenofibrate oral absorption from SNEDDS and super-SNEDDS is not significantly affected by lipase inhibition in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:258-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Ye J, Wu H, Huang C, Lin W, Zhang C, Huang B, Lu B, Xu H, Li X, Long X. Comparisons of in vitro Fick's first law, lipolysis, and in vivo rat models for oral absorption on BCS II drugs in SNEDDS. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5623-5636. [PMID: 31440045 PMCID: PMC6664859 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s203911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to compare the in vitro Fick’s first law, in vitro lipolysis, and in vivo rat assays for oral absorption of Biopharmaceutical Classification Systems Class II (BCS II) drugs in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), and studied drugs and oils properties effects on the absorption. Methods The transport abilities of griseofulvin (GRI), phenytoin (PHE), indomethacin (IND), and ketoprofen (KET) in saturated water solutions and SNEDDS were investigated using the in vitro Madin-Darby canine kidney cell model. GRI and cinnarizine (CIN) in medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)-SNEDDS and long-chain triglycerides (LCT)-SNEDDS were administered in the in vivo SD rat and in vitro lipolysis models to compare the oral absorption and the distribution behaviors in GIT and build an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). Results In the cell model, the solubility of GRI, PHE, IND, and KET increased 6–8 fold by SNEDDS, but their permeability were only 18%, 4%, 8%, and 33% of those of their saturated water solutions, respectively. However, in vivo absorption of GRI-SNEDDS was twice that of the GRI suspension and those of CIN-SNEDDS were 15–21 fold those of the CIN suspension. In the lipolysis model, the GRI% in aqueous and pellet phases of MCT were similar to that in LCT. In contrast, the CIN% in the aqueous and pellet phases were decreased but that of the lipid phase increased. In addition, an IVIVC was found between the CIN% in the lipid phase and in vivo relative oral bioavailability (Fr). Conclusion The in vitro cell model was still a suitable tool to study drug properties effects on biofilm transport and SNEDDS absorption mechanisms. The in vitro lipolysis model provided superior oral absorption simulation of SNEDDS and helped to build correlation with in vivo rats. The oral drug absorption was affected by drug and oil properties in SNEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanli Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Lin
- Department of Pharmacy of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Caifeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Huang
- Department of Pharmacy of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Banyi Lu
- Department of Pharmacy of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Xiaoying Long
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral Delivery, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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21
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Verma R, Kaushik D. In vitro Lipolysis as a Tool for the Establishment of IVIVC for Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:688-697. [PMID: 31250755 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190620115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro lipolysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the development of in vitro in vivo correlation for Lipid-based Drug Delivery System (LbDDS). In vitro lipolysis possesses the ability to mimic the assimilation of LbDDS in the human biological system. The digestion medium for in vitro lipolysis commonly contains an aqueous buffer media, bile salts, phospholipids and sodium chloride. The concentrations of these compounds are defined by the physiological conditions prevailing in the fasted or fed state. The pH of the medium is monitored by a pH-sensitive electrode connected to a computercontrolled pH-stat device capable of maintaining a predefined pH value via titration with sodium hydroxide. Copenhagen, Monash and Jerusalem are used as different models for in vitro lipolysis studies. The most common approach used in evaluating the kinetics of lipolysis of emulsion-based encapsulation systems is the pH-stat titration technique. This is widely used in both the nutritional and the pharmacological research fields as a rapid screening tool. Analytical tools for the assessment of in vitro lipolysis include HPLC, GC, HPTLC, SEM, Cryo TEM, Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) for the characterization of the lipids and colloidal phases after digestion of lipids. Various researches have been carried out for the establishment of IVIVC by using in vitro lipolysis models. The current publication also presents an updated review of various researches in the field of in vitro lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
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22
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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23
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Banerjee S, Pillai J. Solid lipid matrix mediated nanoarchitectonics for improved oral bioavailability of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:499-515. [PMID: 31104522 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1621289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Solid matrix mediated lipid nanoparticle formulations (LNFs) retain some of the best features of ideal drug carriers necessary for improving the oral absorption and bioavailability (BA) of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. LNFs with solid matrices may be typically categorized into three major types of formulations, viz., solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles (LDC-NPs). Solid matrix based LNFs are, potentially, the most appropriate delivery systems for poorly water soluble drugs in need of improved drug solubility, permeability, absorption, or increased oral BA. In addition, LNFs as matrices are able to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs in a single matrix based on their excellent ability to form cores and shells. Interestingly, LNFs also act as delivery devices to impart chemical stability to various orally administered drugs. Areas covered: Aim of the review is to forecast the presentation of pharmacokinetic characteristics of solid lipid matrix based nanocarriers which are typically biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic carrier systems for efficient oral delivery of various drugs. Efficient delivery is broadly mediated by the fact that lipophilic drugs are readily soluble in lipidic substrates that are capable of permeating across the gut epithelium following oral administration, subsequently delivering the moiety of interest more efficiently across the gut mucosal membrane. This enhances the overall BA of many drugs facing oral delivery challenges by improving their pharmacokinetic profile. This article specifically focuses on the biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic aspects of such solid lipid matrix based nanoformulations and possible mechanisms for better drug absorption and improved BA following oral administration. It also briefly reviews methods to access the efficacy of LNFs for improving oral BA of drugs, regulatory aspects and some interesting lipid-derived commercial formulations, with a concluding remark. Expert opinion: LNFs enhance the overall BA of many drugs facing oral delivery challenges by improving their pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Banerjee
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) , Guwahati , Assam , India.,b Centre for Bio-design (CBD) , Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI) , Faridabad , Haryana , India
| | - Jonathan Pillai
- b Centre for Bio-design (CBD) , Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI) , Faridabad , Haryana , India
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Vithani K, Goyanes A, Jannin V, Basit AW, Gaisford S, Boyd BJ. A Proof of Concept for 3D Printing of Solid Lipid-Based Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs to Control Formulation Dispersion Kinetics. Pharm Res 2019; 36:102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vithani K, Jannin V, Pouton CW, Boyd BJ. Colloidal aspects of dispersion and digestion of self-dispersing lipid-based formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:16-34. [PMID: 30677448 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-dispersing lipid-based formulations, particularly self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have gained an increased interest in recent times as a means to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble lipophilic drugs. Upon dilution, SMEDDS self-emulsify in an aqueous fluid and usually form a kinetically stable oil-in-water emulsion or in some rare cases a true thermodynamically stable microemulsion. The digestion of the formulation leads to the production of amphiphilic digestion products that interact with endogenous amphiphilic components and form self-assembled colloidal phases in the aqueous environment of the intestine. The formed colloidal phases play a pivotal role in maintaining the lipophilic drug in the solubilised state during gastrointestinal transit prior to absorption. Thus, this review describes the structural characterisation techniques employed for SMEDDS and the recent literature studies that elucidated the colloidal aspects during dispersion and digestion of SMEDDS and solid SMEDDS. Possible future studies are proposed to gain better understanding on the colloidal aspects of SMEDDS and solid SMEDDS.
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Berthelsen R, Klitgaard M, Rades T, Müllertz A. In vitro digestion models to evaluate lipid based drug delivery systems; present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:35-49. [PMID: 31265861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, a range of in vitro models simulating the digestion processes occurring in the stomach and small intestine have been developed to characterize lipid based drug delivery systems (LbDDSs). This review describes the presently existing range of in vitro digestion models and their use in the field of oral drug delivery. The models are evaluated in terms of their suitability to assess LbDDSs, and their ability to produce in vitro - in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). While the pH-stat lipolysis model is by far the most commonly utilized in vitro digestion model in relation to characterizing LbDDSs, a series of recent studies have shown a lack of IVIVCs limiting its future use. Presently, no single in vitro digestion model exists which is able to predict the in vivo performance of various LbDDSs. However, recent research has shown the potential of combined digestion-permeation models as well as species specific digestion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragna Berthelsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Klitgaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anette Müllertz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Butler J, Hens B, Vertzoni M, Brouwers J, Berben P, Dressman J, Andreas CJ, Schaefer KJ, Mann J, McAllister M, Jamei M, Kostewicz E, Kesisoglou F, Langguth P, Minekus M, Müllertz A, Schilderink R, Koziolek M, Jedamzik P, Weitschies W, Reppas C, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms: Recent progress from partnership through the IMI OrBiTo collaboration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Kuentz M. Drug supersaturation during formulation digestion, including real-time analytical approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:50-61. [PMID: 30445096 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying and other lipid-based drug delivery systems have drawn considerable interest from pharmaceutical scientists for managing oral delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Following administration, self-emulsifying systems exhibit complex aqueous dispersion and digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract. These processes generally result in drug supersaturation, which leads to enhanced absorption or the high drug concentrations may cause precipitation with erratic and variable oral bioavailability. This review briefly outlines drug supersaturation obtained from self-emulsifying and other lipid-based formulations; recent advancements of in vitro lipolysis testing are also discussed. Further, a main focus is mechanisms by which supersaturation is triggered from gastro-intestinal processes, as well as analytical techniques that are promising from a research and development perspective. Comparatively simple approaches are presented together with more sophisticated process analytics to enable direct examination of kinetic changes. The analytical methods together with their sensor probes are discussed in detail to clarify opportunities as well as technical limitations. Some of the more sophisticated methods, including those based on synchrotron radiation, are primarily research oriented despite interesting experimental findings from an industrial viewpoint. The availability of kinetic data further opens the door to mathematical modeling of supersaturation and precipitation versus permeation, which lays the groundwork for better in vitro to in vivo correlations as well as for physiologically-based modeling of lipid-based systems.
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Siqueira Jørgensen S, Rades T, Mu H, Graeser K, Müllertz A. Exploring the utility of the Chasing Principle: influence of drug-free SNEDDS composition on solubilization of carvedilol, cinnarizine and R3040 in aqueous suspension. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:194-201. [PMID: 30766791 PMCID: PMC6361727 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of the composition of drug-free SNEDDS co-dosed with aqueous suspensions of carvedilol (CAR), cinnarizine (CIN) or R3040 on drug solubilization in a two-compartment in vitro lipolysis model. Correlation of drug logP or solubility in SNEDDS with drug solubilization during in vitro lipolysis in the presence of drug-free SNEDDS was assessed. SNEDDS with varying ratios of soybean oil:Maisine 35-1 (1:1, w/w) and Kolliphor RH40, with ethanol at 10% (w/w) were used. SNEDDS were named F65, F55 and F20 (numbers refer to the percentage of lipids) and aqueous suspensions without drug-free SNEDDS (F0) were also analyzed. While the ranking order of drug solubilization was F65=F55=F20>F0 for CAR; F65=F55>F20>F0 for CIN and F65=F55=F20>F0 for R3040 - with higher CAR solubilization than for R3040 and CIN - the ranking of S eq of CAR, CIN and R3040 in SNEDDS was F65F20 and F65>F55>F20, respectively. Therefore, the composition of SNEDDS influenced the solubilization of CIN, but not CAR and R3040. Furthermore, high S eq in SNEDDS did not reflect high drug solubilization. As CAR (logP 3.8) showed higher solubilization than CIN (logP 5.8) and R3040 (logP 10.4), a correlation between drug logP and drug solubilization was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Graeser
- Roche Pharma Research and Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Switzerland
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Qiu S, Liang D, Guo F, Deng T, Peng T, Gao Y, Zhang X, Zhong H. Solid lipid nanoparticles modified with amphipathic chitosan derivatives for improved stability in the gastrointestinal tract. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Belubbi T, Shevade S, Dhawan V, Sridhar V, Majumdar A, Nunes R, Araújo F, Sarmento B, Nagarsenker K, Steiniger F, Fahr A, Magarkar A, Bunker A, Nagarsenker M. Lipid Architectonics for Superior Oral Bioavailability of Nelfinavir Mesylate: Comparative in vitro and in vivo Assessment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3584-3598. [PMID: 30209788 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelfinavir mesylate (NFV), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor, is an integral component of highly active anti retro viral therapy (HAART) for management of AIDS. NFV possesses pH-dependent solubility and has low and variable bioavailability hampering its use in therapeutics. Lipid-based particulates have shown to improve solubility of poorly water soluble drugs and oral absorption, thereby aiding in improved bioavailability. The current study compares potential of vesicular and solid lipid nanocarriers of NFV with drug nanocrystallites and microvesicular systems like cochleates in improving bioavailability of NFV. The paper outlines investigation of systems using in vitro models like in vitro lipolysis, in vitro release, and permeation through cell lines to predict the in vivo potential of nanocarriers. Finally, in vivo pharmacokinetic study is reported which provided proof of concept in sync with results from in vitro studies. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Jo M, Ban C, Goh KK, Choi YJ. Gastrointestinal digestion and stability of submicron-sized emulsions stabilized using waxy maize starch crystals. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Application of in vitro lipolysis for the development of oral self-emulsified delivery system of nimodipine. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:441-453. [PMID: 30385374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to optimize for the first time the formulation variables of self-emulsified drug delivery system (SEDDS) based on drug solubilization during lipolysis under a biorelevant condition of digestion such as lipase activity, temperature, pH, fed-fasting state, etc. Nimodipine (ND), a BCS class II, was used as a model drug to prepare the SEDDS. Various oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants were screened for their solubilization potential of ND. Area of self-emulsification was identified using various ternary phase diagrams. Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate effects of formulation variables on various dispersion, emulsification, and lipolysis characteristics of SEDDS. Among 26 candidate formulations, highest ND solubility of 12.72%, 11.09% and 11.2% w/w were obtained in peppermint oil as the oily phase, Cremphor EL as the surfactant and PEG400 as the cosurfactant, respectively. Cremphor EL was the most significant factor to decrease SEDDS droplet size to 30.16 nm. On the other hand, increasing the oil concentration was found to significantly increase the polydispersity index up to 0.31. A faster emulsification rate of 3.37%/min was obtained at higher Cremphor El/PEG 400 ratio. Increasing the percentage of lipid components of SEDDS resulted in lower rate of lipolysis with less recovery of ND in aqueous phase. Under fed state, percentage of lipolysis of optimized formulation was less than that observed under fasted state. However, lowest rate and percentage of lipolysis were observed in lipolysis media without phospholipids and bile salts. Hence, this study demonstrated that in vitro lipolysis could be used as a surrogate approach to distinguish effects of formulation variables on fate of SEDDS upon digestion. Further studies are in progress to identify the lipolytic products of the employed excipients by LC-MS/MS.
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34
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Lee JB, Kim TH, Feng W, Choi HG, Zgair A, Shin S, Yoo SD, Gershkovich P, Shin BS. Quantitative Prediction of Oral Bioavailability of a Lipophilic Antineoplastic Drug Bexarotene Administered in Lipidic Formulation Using a Combined In Vitro Lipolysis/Microsomal Metabolism Approach. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1047-1052. [PMID: 30268807 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For performance assessment of the lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs), in vitro lipolysis is commonly applied because traditional dissolution tests do not reflect the complicated in vivo micellar formation and solubilization processes. Much of previous research on in vitro lipolysis has mostly focused on rank-ordering formulations for their predicted performances. In this study, we have incorporated in vitro lipolysis with microsomal stability to quantitatively predict the oral bioavailability of a lipophilic antineoplastic drug bexarotene (BEX) administered in LBDDS. Two types of LBDDS were applied: lipid solution and lipid suspension. The predicted oral bioavailability values of BEX from linking in vitro lipolysis with microsomal stability for lipid solution and lipid suspension were 34.2 ± 1.6% and 36.2 ± 2.6%, respectively, whereas the in vivo oral bioavailability of BEX was tested as 31.5 ± 13.4% and 31.4 ± 5.2%, respectively. The predicted oral bioavailability corresponded well with the oral bioavailability for both formulations, demonstrating that the combination of in vitro lipolysis and microsomal stability can quantitatively predict oral bioavailability of BEX. In vivo intestinal lymphatic uptake was also assessed for the formulations and resulted in <1% of the dose, which confirmed that liver microsomal stability was necessary for correct prediction of the bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hyeon Gwan Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Atheer Zgair
- College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Anbar 31001, Iraq
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Dong Yoo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Addition of Cationic Surfactants to Lipid-Based Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Acidic Drugs Alters the Phase Distribution and the Solid-State Form of the Precipitate Upon In Vitro Lipolysis. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2420-2427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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Vithani K, Hawley A, Jannin V, Pouton C, Boyd BJ. Solubilisation behaviour of poorly water-soluble drugs during digestion of solid SMEDDS. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:236-246. [PMID: 29981444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid based-formulations can enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble lipophilic drugs through enhanced solubilisation of drugs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during digestion. This study investigates the solubilisation behaviour of poorly water-soluble drugs upon digestion of solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS). The S-SMEDDS were prepared using two different core lipids, Gelucire® 44/14 (GEL) or glyceryl monooleate (GMO), and were loaded with two model drugs, fenofibrate (FEN) and cinnarizine (CINN). S-SMEDDS formulations were characterized using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and Raman spectroscopy, and their structural behaviour and drug solubilisation behaviour were monitored using drug-related diffraction peaks during digestion under fasted and fed simulated intestinal conditions using time-resolved small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). The concentrations of FEN and CINN released into the aqueous phase (AP) during digestion were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both model drugs, FEN and CINN, had greater solubility in the GMO-based S-SMEDDS formulations and were partially solubilised into lipid matrix and uniformly distributed in solid formulations. The extent of digestion was greater for the GEL-based systems (92-94%) than GMO-based systems (65-75%) as was the rate of digestion. GEL-based S-SMEDDS formulations formed a lamellar phase during digestion in the fasted state and formed mixed micelles in the fed state. In contrast, the GMO-based system formed the mixed micelles in both intestinal conditions. The time-resolved SAXS profiles revealed solubilisation of crystalline drugs into the lipolysis products. Synchrotron SAXS results were in correlation with the HPLC measurements, confirming the ability of the SAXS technique to monitor drug behaviour and showing that the digestion of S-SMEDDS can enhance drug solubilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapilkumar Vithani
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS Beamtime, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 Chemin de Genas, 69804 Saint-Priest, France
| | - Colin Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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37
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Bolko Seljak K, Ilić IG, Gašperlin M, Zvonar Pobirk A. Self-microemulsifying tablets prepared by direct compression for improved resveratrol delivery. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:263-275. [PMID: 29969713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop self-microemulsifying (SME-) tablets to improve resveratrol solubility whilst delivering resveratrol in a preferred tablet dosage form. Resveratrol was dissolved in liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) (10% w/w) and solidified through adsorption on several different solid carriers. Two ranges of synthetic amorphous silica (Sylysia® 290, 350, 470, 580; Syloid® 244FP, AL-1FP) as well as granulated magnesium aluminometasilicate (Neusilin® US2) were screened for their SMEDDS adsorbent capacity. The most efficient carrier from every range was chosen for further SME-tablet development. To counteract the high ratio of liquid in SME-tablets, additional dry binders (microcrystalline cellulose, copovidone) were added to the tableting mixture, as well as superdisintegrant (croscarmellose sodium) and lubricant (magnesium stearate). Finally, approx. 600 mg tablets were directly pressed using 12 mm flat face punch, containing 41.75% SMEDDS. Overall, all tablets exhibited sufficient hardness (>50 N), although it was negatively affected by higher compression force. Tablets with Neusilin® US2 proved to have highest hardness, as granulated structure of Neusilin® US2 provided best compaction properties needed for successful direct compression of tablets. All prepared SME tablet formulations disintegrated in under 10 min and formed microemulsions (droplet size < 100 nm) upon dilution with water, with Neusilin® US2 tablets exhibiting the lowest droplet size (<30 nm). While conventional dissolution test indicated incomplete resveratrol release from solid carriers in both pH 1.2 and 6.8 media, no difference fatty acid amount titrated during fasted state in vitro lipolysis between liquid and solid SMEDDS was observed. Moreover, accelerated stability tests confirmed over 90% of trans-resveratrol remained in solid SMEDDS following 90 days at 40 °C, with no crystallization of resveratrol observed during that time. To sum up, through adsorption on solid carriers, in particular Neusilin® US2, SMEDDS was successfully transformed into a directly compressible mixture and tableted without the loss of its self-microemulsifying ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilija German Ilić
- Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za farmacijo, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za farmacijo, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Zvonar Pobirk
- Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za farmacijo, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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38
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Salim M, Khan J, Ramirez G, Clulow AJ, Hawley A, Ramachandruni H, Boyd BJ. Interactions of Artefenomel (OZ439) with Milk during Digestion: Insights into Digestion-Driven Solubilization and Polymorphic Transformations. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3535-3544. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jamal Khan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Hanu Ramachandruni
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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39
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Smith L, Serrano DR, Mauger M, Bolás-Fernández F, Dea-Ayuela MA, Lalatsa A. Orally Bioavailable and Effective Buparvaquone Lipid-Based Nanomedicines for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2570-2583. [PMID: 29762040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoenabled lipid-based drug delivery systems offer a platform to overcome challenges encountered with current failed leads in the treatment of parasitic and infectious diseases. When prepared with FDA or EMA approved excipients, they can be readily translated without the need for further toxicological studies, while they remain affordable and amenable to scale-up. Buparvaquone (BPQ), a hydroxynapthoquinone with in vitro activity in the nanomolar range, failed to clinically translate as a viable treatment for visceral leishmaniasis due to its poor oral bioavailability limited by its poor aqueous solubility (BCS Class II drug). Here we describe a self-nanoemulsifying system (SNEDDS) with high loading and thermal stability up to 6 months in tropical conditions and the ability to enhance the solubilization capacity of BPQ in gastrointestinal media as demonstrated by flow-through cell and dynamic in vitro lipolysis studies. BPQ SNEDDS demonstrated an enhanced oral bioavailability compared to aqueous BPQ dispersions (probe-sonicated), resulting in an increased plasma AUC0-24 by 55% that is 4-fold higher than any previous reported values for BPQ formulations. BPQ SNEDDS can be adsorbed on low molecular glycol chitosan polymers forming solid dispersions that when compressed into tablets allow the complete dissolution of BPQ in gastrointestinal media. BPQ SNEDDS and BPQ solid SNEDDS demonstrated potent in vitro efficacy in the nanomolar range (<37 nM) and were able to near completely inhibit parasite replication in the spleen while also demonstrating 48 ± 48 and 56 ± 23% inhibition of the parasite replication in the liver, respectively, compared to oral miltefosine after daily administration over 10 days. The proposed platform technology can be used to elicit a range of cost-effective and orally bioavailable noninvasive formulations for a range of antiparasitic and infectious disease drugs that are needed for closing the global health innovation gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Smith
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , White Swan Road , Portsmouth PO1 2DT , U.K
| | - Dolores R Serrano
- Departament of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI) , School of Pharmacy, University Complutense , Avenida Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Marion Mauger
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , White Swan Road , Portsmouth PO1 2DT , U.K
| | - Francisco Bolás-Fernández
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera , Edificio Seminario s/n , 46113 Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , White Swan Road , Portsmouth PO1 2DT , U.K
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40
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Sassene PJ, Fanø M, Mu H, Rades T, Aquistapace S, Schmitt B, Cruz-Hernandez C, Wooster TJ, Müllertz A. Comparison of lipases for in vitro models of gastric digestion: lipolysis using two infant formulas as model substrates. Food Funct 2018; 7:3989-3998. [PMID: 27711870 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find a lipase suitable as a surrogate for Human Gastric Lipase (HGL), since the development of predictive gastrointestinal lipolysis models are hampered by the lack of a lipase with similar digestive properties as HGL. Three potential surrogates for HGL; Rhizopus Oryzae Lipase (ROL), Rabbit Gastric Lipase (RGL) and recombinant HGL (rHGL), were used to catalyze the in vitro digestion of two infant formulas (a medium-chain triacylglyceride enriched formula (MC-IF) and a predominantly long-chain triacylglyceride formula (LC-IF)). Digesta were withdrawn after 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 min of gastric digestion and after 90 or 180 min of intestinal digestion with or without the presence of pancreatic enzymes, respectively. The digesta were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography to quantify the release of fatty acids (FAs). Digestions of both formulas, catalyzed by ROL, showed that the extent of gastric digestion was higher than expected from previously published in vivo data. ROL was furthermore insensitive to FA chain length and all FAs were released at the same pace. RGL and rHGL favoured the release of MC-FAs in both formulas, but rHGL did also release some LC-FAs during digestion of MC-IF, whereas RGL only released MC-FAs. Digestion of a MC-IF by HGL in vivo showed that MC-FAs are preferentially released, but some LC-FAs are also released. Thus of the tested lipase rHGL replicated the digestive properties of HGL the best and is a suitable surrogate for HGL for use in in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sassene
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Fanø
- Bioneer:Farma, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - T Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - B Schmitt
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - T J Wooster
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. and Bioneer:Farma, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Lipids in the Stomach – Implications for the Evaluation of Food Effects on Oral Drug Absorption. Pharm Res 2018; 35:55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Ban C, Jo M, Lim S, Choi YJ. Control of the gastrointestinal digestion of solid lipid nanoparticles using PEGylated emulsifiers. Food Chem 2018; 239:442-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Sahbaz Y, Nguyen TH, Ford L, McEvoy CL, Williams HD, Scammells PJ, Porter CJH. Ionic Liquid Forms of Weakly Acidic Drugs in Oral Lipid Formulations: Preparation, Characterization, in Vitro Digestion, and in Vivo Absorption Studies. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3669-3683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Sahbaz
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Claire L. McEvoy
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hywel D. Williams
- Capsugel R&D Australia, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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44
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Ge L, He X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chai F, Jiang L, Webster TJ, Zheng C. A dabigatran etexilate phospholipid complex nanoemulsion system for further oral bioavailability by reducing drug-leakage in the gastrointestinal tract. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:S1549-9634(17)30156-9. [PMID: 28842377 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dabigatran etexilate (DE) is insoluble at neutral pH values but soluble at low pH values due to protonation, which is the major cause for the poor bioavailability of commercial DE products. Here, we first developed a DE nanoemulsion system and improved dissolution in simulated intestinal fluids by encapsulating DE into an oil phase, but 35.8% of the drug still leaked out. Further, we prepared a DE-phospholipid complex (DE-PC) to enhance lipophilicity and solubility of DE. The resulting DE-PC nanoemulsions significantly (P<0.05) reduced drug leakage and subsequent precipitation. As a result, the relative bioavailability of DE-PC nanoemulsions increased to 147.3% and 606.6% compared to DE nanoemulsions and commercial DE products, respectively. Thus, the presently developed drug-phospholipid complex nanoemulsion system is a promising drug delivery system for improving the oral bioavailability of pH-dependent soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fujuan Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liqun Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Larsen A, Holm R, Müllertz A. Solution or suspension – Does it matter for lipid based systems? In vivo studies of chase dosing lipid vehicles with aqueous suspensions of a poorly soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:308-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bibi HA, Holm R, Bauer-Brandl A. Simultaneous lipolysis/permeation in vitro model, for the estimation of bioavailability of lipid based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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47
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The gut in the beaker: Missing the surfactants? Int J Pharm 2017; 514:73-80. [PMID: 27863685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal drug administration is the preferred route for the majority of drugs however, the natural physiology and physicochemistry of the gastrointestinal tract is critical to absorption but complex and influenced by factors such as diet or disease. The pharmaceutical sciences drive for product consistency has led to the development of in vitro product performance tests whose utility and interpretation is hindered by the complexity, variability and a lack of understanding. This article explores some of these issues with respect to the drug, formulation and the presence of surfactant excipients and how these interact with the natural bile salt surfactants. Interactions start in the mouth and during swallowing but the stomach and small intestine present the major challenges related to drug dissolution, solubility, the impact of surfactants and supersaturation along with precipitation. The behaviour of lipid based formulations and the influence of surfactant excipients is explored along with the difficulties of translating in vitro results to in vivo performance. Possible future research areas are highlighted with the conclusion that, "a great deal of work using modern methods is still required to clarify the situation".
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High-Throughput Lipolysis in 96-Well Plates for Rapid Screening of Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1183-1186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Characterization, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of chlorogenic acid-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 100:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kamstrup D, Berthelsen R, Sassene PJ, Selen A, Müllertz A. In Vitro Model Simulating Gastro-Intestinal Digestion in the Pediatric Population (Neonates and Young Infants). AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:317-329. [PMID: 27796909 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on drug delivery for the pediatric population has been steadily increasing in the last decades. In terms of developing in vitro models simulating characteristics of the targeted pediatric population, with the purpose of predicting drug product performance after oral administration, it is important to simulate the gastro-intestinal conditions and processes the drug will encounter upon oral administration. When a drug is administered in the fed state, which is commonly the case for neonates, as they are typically fed every 3 h, the digestion of the milk will affect the composition of the fluid available for drug dissolution/solubilization. Therefore, in order to predict the solubilized amount of drug available for absorption, an in vitro model simulating digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract should be utilized. In order to simulate the digestion process and the drug solubilization taking place in vivo, the following aspects should be considered; physiologically relevant media, media volume, use of physiological enzymes in proper amounts, as well as correct pH and addition of relevant co-factors, e.g., bile salts and co-enzymes. Furthermore, physiological transit times and appropriate mixing should be considered and mimicked as close as possible. This paper presents a literature review on physiological factors relevant for digestion and drug solubilization in neonates. Based on the available literature data, a novel in vitro digestion model simulating digestion and drug solubilization in the neonate and young infant pediatric population (2 months old and younger) was designed.
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