1
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Yang S, Hu Z, Wu P, Kirk T, Chen XD. In vitro release and bioaccessibility of oral solid preparations in a dynamic gastrointestinal system simulating fasted and fed states: A case study of metformin hydrochloride tablets. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123869. [PMID: 38296171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Food and formulation characteristics are crucial factors affecting the gastrointestinal release and absorption kinetics of oral solid preparations. In the present study, the dynamic continuous release and bioaccessibility of metformin hydrochloride immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) tablets were investigated in the dynamic human stomach-intestine (DHSI-IV) system simulating fasted and fed states in healthy adults. Both tablet formulations (particularly IR tablet) exhibited a postponed release in the fed state compared to the fasted state. Correspondingly, the bioaccessible fraction of metformin from IR tablets in the presence of high-fat meal was significantly reduced to 76.2 % of the fasted state. However, the in vitro bioaccessibility was less impaired by food for SR tablets with a fed/fasted ratio of 95.5 %. A convolution-based approach was used to convert in vitro bioaccessibility results to plasma concentration data. The predicted plasma concentration curve showed good agreement with human data in terms of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. In the fasted state, the predicted Cmax, Tmax and AUC0-24h of IR tablets were 943.9 ± 25.7 ng/mL, 2.0 ± 0.4 h and 7090.7 ± 112.0 ng.h/mL, respectively, mirroring values observed in healthy subjects. Overall, the DHSI-IV system has demonstrated potential to assess and predict the impact of meal intake on the in vivo release and absorption behaviors of oral solid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Yang
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Xiao Dong Pro-health (Suzhou) Instrumentation Co Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215152, China
| | - Zejun Hu
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Xiao Dong Pro-health (Suzhou) Instrumentation Co Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215152, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
| | - Tim Kirk
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
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2
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Vinarov Z, Butler J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Augustijns P. Assessment of food effects during clinical development. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122758. [PMID: 36801481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Food-drug interactions frequently hamper oral drug development due to various physicochemical, physiological and formulation-dependent mechanisms. This has stimulated the development of a range of promising biopharmaceutical assessment tools which, however, lack standardized settings and protocols. Hence, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the general approach and the methodology used in food effect assessment and prediction. For in vitro dissolution-based predictions, the expected food effect mechanism should be carefully considered when selecting the level of complexity of the model, together with its drawbacks and advantages. Typically, in vitro dissolution profiles are then incorporated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, which can estimate the impact of food-drug interactions on bioavailability within 2-fold prediction error, at least. Positive food effects related to drug solubilization in the GI tract are easier to predict than negative food effects. Preclinical animal models also provide a good level of food effect prediction, with beagle dogs remaining the gold standard. When solubility-related food-drug interactions have large clinical impact, advanced formulation approaches can be used to improve fasted state pharmacokinetics, hence decreasing the fasted/fed difference in oral bioavailability. Finally, the knowledge from all studies should be combined to secure regulatory approval of the labelling instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Butler
- Medicine Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Small Molecule CMC Development, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Barbre Pedersen P, Berthelsen R, Rades T, Astrup Jørgensen S, Vilmann P, Bar-Shalom D, Baldursdottir S, Müllertz A. Physico-chemical characterization of aspirated human and simulated human gastric fluids to study their influence on the intrinsic dissolution rate of cinnarizine. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121856. [PMID: 35618175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the critical parameters affecting drug dissolution in the human stomach, the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of cinnarizine was determined in aspirated and simulated human gastric fluids (HGF). Fasted aspirated HGF (aspHGF) was collected from 23 healthy volunteers during a gastroscopic examination. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) pH 1.2, fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF), and simulated human gastric fluid (simHGF) developed to have rheological, and physico-chemical properties similar to aspHGF, were used as simulated HGFs. The IDR of cinnarizine was significantly higher in HCl pH 1.2 (952±27 µg/(cm2∙min)) than in FaSSGF pH 1.6 (444±7 µg/(cm2∙min)), and simHGF pH 2.5 (49±5 µg/(cm2∙min)) due to the pH dependent drug solubility and viscosity differences of the three simulated HGFs. The shear thinning behavior of aspHGF had a significant impact on the IDR of cinnarizine, indicating that the use of FaSSGF, with viscosity similar to water, to evaluate gastric drug dissolution, might overestimate the IDR by a factor of 100-10.000, compared to the non-Newtonian, more viscous, fluids in the human stomach. The developed simHGF simulated the viscosity of the gastric fluids, as well as the IDR of the model drug, making it very promising medium to study gastric drug dissolution in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Vilmann
- GastroUnit, Copenhagen University hospital Herlev, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Daniel Bar-Shalom
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer:FARMA, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer:FARMA, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Lex TR, Rodriguez JD, Zhang L, Jiang W, Gao Z. Development of In Vitro Dissolution Testing Methods to Simulate Fed Conditions for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms. AAPS J 2022; 24:40. [PMID: 35277760 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro dissolution testing is widely used to mimic and predict in vivo performance of oral drug products in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This literature review assesses the current in vitro dissolution methodologies being employed to simulate and predict in vivo drug dissolution under fasted and fed conditions, with emphasis on immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms. Notable human GI physiological conditions under fasted and fed states have been reviewed and summarized. Literature results showed that dissolution media, mechanical forces, and transit times are key dissolution test parameters for simulating specific postprandial conditions. A number of biorelevant systems, including the fed stomach model (FSM), GastroDuo device, dynamic gastric model (DGM), simulated gastrointestinal tract models (TIM), and the human gastric simulator (HGS), have been developed to mimic the postprandial state of the stomach. While these models have assisted in expanding physiological relevance of in vitro dissolution tests, in general, these models lack the ability to fully replicate physiological conditions/processes. Furthermore, the translatability of in vitro data to an in vivo system remains challenging. Additionally, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been employed to evaluate the effect of food on drug bioavailability and bioequivalence. Here, we assess the current status of in vitro dissolution methodologies and absorption PBPK modeling approaches to identify knowledge gaps and facilitate further development of in vitro dissolution methods that factor in fasted and fed states. Prediction of in vivo drug performance under fasted and fed conditions via in vitro dissolution testing and modeling may potentially help efforts in harmonizing global regulatory recommendations regarding in vivo fasted and fed bioequivalence studies for solid oral IR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Lex
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Zongming Gao
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
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5
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Gao Z, Cao LNY, Liu X, Tian L, Rodriguez JD. An In Vitro Dissolution Method for Testing Extended-Release Tablets Under Mechanical Compression and Sample Friction. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1652-1658. [PMID: 34742730 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The release and dissolution of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the solid oral formulation into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is critical for the drug's absorption into systemic circulation. Extended-release (ER) solid oral dosage forms are normally subjected to physical shear and grinding forces as well as pressure exerted by peristaltic movements when passing through the GI tract. The complex physical contraction and sample friction exerted by the GI tract are not simulated well by compendial dissolution methods. These limitations render traditional in vitro dissolution testing unable to discriminate and predict a product's in vivo performance. The objective of this study was to develop a dissolution method that better simulates the GI environment that products are subject to when taken by patients. A newly designed Mechanical Apparatus under GI Conditions (MAGIC) was assembled with a dissolution platform and mechanical capabilities to allow in vitro dissolution testing under sample contractions and friction. The dissolution platform, with medium flow-through configuration, was manufactured by 3D printing. A 60 mg polymer matrix-based ER nifedipine product was tested. To simulate GI physiological conditions during the dissolution testing, the flow rate of the medium, and a combination of mechanical compression with rotation induced sample friction at various rotation frequencies were explored. The polymer matrix-based nifedipine ER formulation used here failed its controlled release functionality in the simulated GI environment under mechanical compression and sample friction. The results showed that the MAGIC system, with flow-through configuration under compression and sample friction, has advantages over compendial methods in testing ER solid oral formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Gao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Complex Drug Analysis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.
| | - Leo N Y Cao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Complex Drug Analysis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Complex Drug Analysis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Li Tian
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Complex Drug Analysis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Complex Drug Analysis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
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6
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O'Farrell C, Stamatopoulos K, Simmons M, Batchelor H. In vitro models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113924. [PMID: 34390774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orally ingestible medical devices offer significant opportunity in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. Their development necessitates the use of models that simulate the gastrointestinal environment on both a macro and micro scale. An evolution in scientific technology has enabled a wide range of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to be developed that replicate the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the landscape of the existing range of in vitro tools that are available to characterize ingestible devices. Models are presented with details on their benefits and limitations with regards to the evaluation of ingestible devices and examples of their use in the evaluation of such devices is presented where available. The multitude of models available provides a suite of tools that can be used in the evaluation of ingestible devices that should be selected on the functionality of the device and the mechanism of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor O'Farrell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Stamatopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Mark Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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7
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Marzorati M, Calatayud M, Rotsaert C, Van Mele M, Duysburgh C, Durkee S, White T, Fowler K, Jannin V, Bellamine A. Comparison of protection and release behavior of different capsule polymer combinations based on L. acidophilus survivability and function and caffeine release. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120977. [PMID: 34384885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients, nutraceuticals, enzymes or probiotics requires an appropriate delivery system for optimal bioactivity and absorption. The harsh conditions during the gastrointestinal transit can degrade the administered products, hampering their efficacy. Enteric or delayed-release pharmaceutical formulations may help overcome these issues. In a Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem model (SHIME) and using caffeine as a marker for release kinetics and L. acidophilus survivability as an indicator for protection, we compared the performance of ten capsule configurations, single or DUOCAP® combinations. The function of L. acidophilus and its impact on the gut microbiota was further tested in three selected capsule types, combinations of DRcaps® capsule in DRcaps® capsule (DR-in-DR) and DRcaps® capsule in Vcaps® capsule (DR-in-VC) and single Vcaps® Plus capsule under colonic conditions. We found that under stomach and small intestine conditions, DR-in-DR and DR-in-VC led to the best performance both under fed and fasted conditions based on the slow caffeine release and the highest L. acidophilus survivability. The Vcaps® Plus capsule however, led to the quickest caffeine and probiotic release. When DR-in-DR, DR-in-VC and single Vcaps® Plus capsules were tested through the whole gastrointestinal tract, including under colonic conditions, caffeine release was found to be slower in capsules containing DRcaps® capsules compared to the single Vcaps® capsules. In addition, colonic survival of L. acidophilus was significantly increased under fasted conditions in DR-in-DR or DR-in-VC formulation compared to Vcaps® Plus capsule. To assess the impact of these formulations on the microbial function, acetate, butyrate and propionate as well as ammonia were measured. L. acidophilus released from DR-in-DR or DR-in-VC induced a significant increase in butyrate and a decrease in ammonia, suggesting a proliferation of butyrate-producing bacteria and reduction in ammonia-producing bacteria. These data suggest that L. acidophilus included in DR-in-DR or DR-in-VC reaching the colon is viable and functional, potentially contributing to changes in colonic microbiota composition and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marzorati
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; ProDigest bvba, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Calatayud
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; ProDigest bvba, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Shane Durkee
- Capsules and Health Ingredients Lonza Inc, 412, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Tyler White
- Capsules and Health Ingredients Lonza Inc, 412, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Kelli Fowler
- Capsules and Health Ingredients Lonza Inc, 412, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Lonza Capsules and Health Ingredients, 10 rue Timken, 68000 Colmar, France.
| | - Aouatef Bellamine
- Capsules and Health Ingredients Lonza Inc, 412, Morristown, NJ, USA.
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8
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Recent Advances in Dissolution Testing and Their Use to Improve In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations in Oral Drug Formulations. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Inoo K, Yamamoto M, Tabata Y. Preparation of cell aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres of sugar-responsive water solubilization. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1050-1062. [PMID: 32478475 DOI: 10.1002/term.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to design hydrogel microspheres of a cell scaffold, which not only function as a scaffold to form cell aggregates of three-dimensional culture but also can disappear to release growth factors in the well-controlled manner by noncytotoxic stimulation in any timing. The hydrogel microspheres were prepared by a water-in-oil emulsion method from m-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA)-introduced gelatin (APBA-gelatin) with or without poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) mixing. Irrespective of the PVA concentration, the microspheres with the same diameter were prepared. The microspheres were water solubilized only by adding sorbitol of a sugar although the solubilization extent depended on the PVA concentration. When cocultured with the microspheres, mesenchymal stem cells formed cell aggregates homogeneously incorporating the microspheres. Upon adding sorbitol in the culture medium, mixed APBA-gelatin-PVA hydrogel microspheres disappeared with time in the cell aggregates. The microspheres containing basic fibroblast growth factor or bone morphogenetic protein-2 released the respective growth factor accompanied with the microspheres disappearance. It is concluded that the present microspheres of sugar-responsive water solubilization are promising scaffold of cell aggregates and have an ability to allow growth factors to be released in the cell aggregates when it is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Inoo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Bermejo M, Sanchez-Dengra B, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I. Oral controlled release dosage forms: dissolution versus diffusion. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:791-803. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1750593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Barbara Sanchez-Dengra
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
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11
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Li ZT, Zhu L, Zhang WL, Zhan XB, Gao MJ. New dynamic digestion model reactor that mimics gastrointestinal function. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Mackie A, Mulet-Cabero AI, Torcello-Gómez A. Simulating human digestion: developing our knowledge to create healthier and more sustainable foods. Food Funct 2020; 11:9397-9431. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01981j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gold standard for nutrition studies is clinical trials but they are expensive and variable, and do not always provide the mechanistic information required, hence the increased use ofin vitroand increasinglyin silicosimulations of digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mackie
- The School of Food Science and Nutrition
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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13
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Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Results Using the GastroDuo and the Salivary Tracer Technique: Immediate Release Dosage Forms under Fasting Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120659. [PMID: 31817867 PMCID: PMC6956200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fasted state administration of immediate release (IR) dosage forms is often regarded as uncritical since physiological aspects seem to play a minor role for disintegration and drug release. However, recent in vivo studies in humans have highlighted that fasted state conditions are in fact highly dynamic. It was therefore the aim of this study to investigate the disintegration and drug release behavior of four different IR formulations of the probe drug caffeine under physiologically relevant conditions with the aid of the GastroDuo. One film-coated tablet and three different capsule formulations based on capsule shells either made from hard gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) were tested in six different test programs. To evaluate the relevance of the data generated, the four IR formulations were also studied in a four-way cross-over study in 14 healthy volunteers by using the salivary tracer technique (STT). It could be shown that the IR formulations behaved differently in the in vitro test programs. Thereby, the simulated parameters affected the disintegration and dissolution behavior of the four IR formulations in different ways. Whereas drug release from the tablet started early and was barely affected by temperature, pH or motility, the different capsule formulations showed a longer lag time and were sensitive to specific parameters. However, once drug release was initiated, it typically progressed with a higher rate for the capsules compared to the tablet. Interestingly, the results obtained with the STT were not always in line with the in vitro data. This observation was due to the fact that the probability of the different test programs was not equal and that certain scenarios were rather unlikely to occur under the controlled and standardized conditions of clinical studies. Nonetheless, the in vitro data are still valuable as they allowed to discriminate between different formulations.
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14
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Schneider F, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. In Vitro and In Vivo Test Methods for the Evaluation of Gastroretentive Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E416. [PMID: 31426417 PMCID: PMC6723944 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years ago, the first concepts for gastroretentive drug delivery systems were developed. Despite extensive research in this field, there is no single formulation concept for which reliable gastroretention has been demonstrated under different prandial conditions. Thus, gastroretention remains the holy grail of oral drug delivery. One of the major reasons for the various setbacks in this field is the lack of predictive in vitro and in vivo test methods used during preclinical development. In most cases, human gastrointestinal physiology is not properly considered, which leads to the application of inappropriate in vitro and animal models. Moreover, conditions in the stomach are often not fully understood. Important aspects such as the kinetics of fluid volumes, gastric pH or mechanical stresses have to be considered in a realistic manner, otherwise, the gastroretentive potential as well as drug release of novel formulations cannot be assessed correctly in preclinical studies. This review, therefore, highlights the most important aspects of human gastrointestinal physiology and discusses their potential implications for the evaluation of gastroretentive drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schneider
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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15
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Shrivas M, Khunt D, Shrivas M, Choudhari M, Rathod R, Misra M. Advances in In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Testing of Solid Oral Formulations: How Closer to In Vivo Performance? J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Mandalari G, Bisignano C, Smeriglio A, Denaro M, Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Mancuso F, Ferro S, Trombetta D, Monforte AM, Sciortino MT, De Luca L. Simulated human digestion of N1-aryl-2-arylthioacetamidobenzimidazoles and their activity against Herpes-simplex virus 1 in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216384. [PMID: 31048874 PMCID: PMC6497310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug performance in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a crucial role in determining release and absorption. In the present work, we assessed the in vitro digestion of two synthetic N1-aryl-2-arylthioacetamidobenzimidazoles (NAABs), NAAB-496 and NAAB-503, using bio-relevant models of the human stomach and small intestine. The activity of NAAB-496 and NAAB-503 against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) replication was also investigated. NAAB-496 was resistant to pepsin in the gastric environment, with a virtual 100% recovery, which decreased to 43.2% in the small intestine. NAAB-503 was sensitive to pepsin, with 65.7% degradation after 120 min gastric phase. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) post in vitro digestion highlighted an alteration of NAAB-496 after the gastric phase, whereas NAAB-503 appeared comparable to the original spectral data. Both NAAB-496 and NAAB-503 revealed some antiviral activity anti-HSV-1. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of the compounds was 0.058 mg/mL for NAAB-496 and 0.066 for NAAB-503. Future studies will evaluate the behavior of NAAB-496 within pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlo Bisignano
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Monforte
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Berthelsen R, Klitgaard M, Rades T, Müllertz A. In vitro digestion models to evaluate lipid based drug delivery systems; present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:35-49. [PMID: 31265861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, a range of in vitro models simulating the digestion processes occurring in the stomach and small intestine have been developed to characterize lipid based drug delivery systems (LbDDSs). This review describes the presently existing range of in vitro digestion models and their use in the field of oral drug delivery. The models are evaluated in terms of their suitability to assess LbDDSs, and their ability to produce in vitro - in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). While the pH-stat lipolysis model is by far the most commonly utilized in vitro digestion model in relation to characterizing LbDDSs, a series of recent studies have shown a lack of IVIVCs limiting its future use. Presently, no single in vitro digestion model exists which is able to predict the in vivo performance of various LbDDSs. However, recent research has shown the potential of combined digestion-permeation models as well as species specific digestion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragna Berthelsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Klitgaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anette Müllertz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Grimm M, Ball K, Scholz E, Schneider F, Sivert A, Benameur H, Kromrey ML, Kühn JP, Weitschies W. Characterization of the gastrointestinal transit and disintegration behavior of floating and sinking acid-resistant capsules using a novel MRI labeling technique. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 129:163-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Advances and challenges in liposome digestion: Surface interaction, biological fate, and GIT modeling. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 263:52-67. [PMID: 30508694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past 50 years, there has been increased interest in liposomes as carriers of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural products. More recently, much progress has been made in the use of surface-modified formulas in experimental food matrices. However, before the viability and the applications of nutrients in liposomal form in the edible field can be determined, the digestion behavior along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) must be clarified. In vitro digestion models, from static models to dynamic mono-/bi-/multi-compartmental models, are increasingly being developed and applied as alternatives to in vivo assays. This review describes the surface interactions of liposomes with their encapsulated ingredients and with external food components and updates the biological fate of liposomes after ingestion. It summarizes current models for the human stomach and intestine that are available and their relevance in nutritional studies. It highlights limitations and challenges in the use of these models for liposomal colloid system digestion and discusses crucial factors, such as enzymes and bile salts, that affect liposomal bilayer degradation.
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Pentafragka C, Symillides M, McAllister M, Dressman J, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. The impact of food intake on the luminal environment and performance of oral drug products with a view to in vitro and in silico simulations: a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:557-580. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Using the type of meal and dosing conditions suggested by regulatory agencies as a basis, this review has two specific objectives: first, to summarize our understanding on the impact of food intake on luminal environment and drug product performance and second, to summarize the usefulness and limitations of available in vitro and in silico methodologies for the evaluation of drug product performance after food intake.
Key findings
Characterization of the luminal environment and studies evaluating product performance in the lumen, under conditions suggested by regulatory agencies for simulating the fed state, are limited. Various in vitro methodologies have been proposed for evaluating drug product performance in the fed state, but systematic validation is lacking. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling approaches require the use of in vitro biorelevant data and, to date, have been used primarily for investigating the mechanisms via which an already observed food effect is mediated.
Summary
Better understanding of the impact of changes induced by the meal administration conditions suggested by regulatory agencies on the luminal fate of the drug product is needed. Relevant information will be useful for optimizing the in vitro test methods and increasing the usefulness of PBPK modelling methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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21
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López-Barón N, Sagnelli D, Blennow A, Holse M, Gao J, Saaby L, Müllertz A, Jespersen B, Vasanthan T. Hydrolysed pea proteins mitigate in vitro wheat starch digestibility. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Inoo K, Bando H, Tabata Y. Enhanced survival and insulin secretion of insulinoma cell aggregates by incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres. Regen Ther 2018; 8:29-37. [PMID: 30271863 PMCID: PMC6149185 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to evaluate the survival and glucose-induced insulin secretion of rat-derived insulinoma cells (INS-1) from their aggregates incorporating different size of gelatin hydrogel microspheres comparing with microspheres-free cell aggregates. Methods The gelatin hydrogel microspheres were prepared by the conventional w/o emulsion method. The INS-1 cells were cultured in a V-bottomed well, combining with or without the gelatin hydrogel microspheres to form their aggregates with or without microspheres. Results When the cell viability, the live cell number, the reductase activity, and the insulin secretion of cell aggregates were evaluated 7 or 14 days after incubation, the cell aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres showed higher cell viability, reductase activity and a larger number of live cells. The cell aggregates incorporating larger size and number of gelatin hydrogel microspheres secreted a larger amount of insulin, compared with those incorporating smaller size and number of microspheres or without microspheres. Conclusion It is conceivable that the incorporation of gelatin hydrogel microspheres in cell aggregates is promising to improve their survival and insulin secretion function. INS-1 cell aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres are prepared. Gelatin hydrogel microspheres incorporation improves cell viability and glucose-induced insulin secretion of cell aggregates. The size and number of gelatin hydrogel microspheres affected the cell condition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Inoo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroto Bando
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Corresponding author. Institute for Life and Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. Fax: +81 75 751 4646.
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Optimization of Dissolution Compartments in a Biorelevant Dissolution Apparatus Golem v2, Supported by Multivariate Analysis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122042. [PMID: 29168747 PMCID: PMC6149748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biorelevant dissolution instruments represent an important tool for pharmaceutical research and development. These instruments are designed to simulate the dissolution of drug formulations in conditions most closely mimicking the gastrointestinal tract. In this work, we focused on the optimization of dissolution compartments/vessels for an updated version of the biorelevant dissolution apparatus-Golem v2. We designed eight compartments of uniform size but different inner geometry. The dissolution performance of the compartments was tested using immediate release caffeine tablets and evaluated by standard statistical methods and principal component analysis. Based on two phases of dissolution testing (using 250 and 100 mL of dissolution medium), we selected two compartment types yielding the highest measurement reproducibility. We also confirmed a statistically ssignificant effect of agitation rate and dissolution volume on the extent of drug dissolved and measurement reproducibility.
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Sager M, Schneider F, Jedamzik P, Wiedmann M, Schremmer E, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Effect of Coadministered Water on the In Vivo Performance of Oral Formulations Containing N-Acetylcysteine: An In Vitro Approach Using the Dynamic Open Flow-Through Test Apparatus. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4272-4280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sager
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Jedamzik
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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25
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Hribar M, Trontelj J, Klančar U, Markun B, Čeligoj Dujc T, Legen I. A Novel Intestine Model Apparatus for Drug Dissolution Capable of Simulating the Peristaltic Action. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1646-1656. [PMID: 27663704 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dissolution apparatus has been proposed as an alternative apparatus for dissolution testing. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the new intestine model for simulating the peristaltic action (IMSPA), generating the movement that closely mimics peristaltic contractions of the small intestine. Two polyethylene oxide matrix tablet formulations, containing a model drug belonging to class III of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, were tested. Dissolution was also performed in the USP2 apparatus. The release profiles were further compared to the in vivo data to evaluate the in vivo relevance of the new apparatus. The results demonstrated that the novel apparatus showed good discriminatory power between different polyethylene oxide formulations. Moreover, a better relation to the in vivo data was established by the IMSPA as compared to the USP2 apparatus. In conclusion, the model parameters were efficiently controlled to ensure the dissolution conditions crucial for evaluating the in vivo release performance of the tested formulations.
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26
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Schneider F, Beeck R, Hoppe M, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. In vitro simulation of realistic gastric pressure profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:71-77. [PMID: 28673756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel in vitro dissolution tools can aid the development of orally administered drugs by explaining dosage form related in vivo phenomena that are not explainable with standard test apparatuses. Such novel tools are able to mimic various parameters in accordance with gastrointestinal conditions. Hereby, in vivo occurring pressure events were shown to be of major importance since they largely affect dosage form disintegration, drug dissolution and subsequently resulting drug plasma concentration profiles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of producing biorelevant pressure events with standard test apparatuses and with the dynamic open flow through test apparatus. For this purpose, we used the SmartPill®, a swallowable capsule that houses a pressure sensor and that was already applied to gather human in vivo data. Among the standard apparatuses, highest pressures were measured in the reciprocating cylinder apparatus and the disintegration tester. No relevant pressure peaks could be detected in the paddle apparatus and the mini paddle apparatus. In contrast, the dynamic open flow through test apparatus enabled the simulation of complete gastric pressure profiles as they occur in vivo. The present work underlines the potential of novel in vitro dissolution models as useful tools during the drug development process as well as for explanatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schneider
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Regine Beeck
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Hoppe
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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27
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Bleakley S, Hayes M. Algal Proteins: Extraction, Application, and Challenges Concerning Production. Foods 2017; 6:E33. [PMID: 28445408 PMCID: PMC5447909 DOI: 10.3390/foods6050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth combined with increasingly limited resources of arable land and fresh water has resulted in a need for alternative protein sources. Macroalgae (seaweed) and microalgae are examples of under-exploited "crops". Algae do not compete with traditional food crops for space and resources. This review details the characteristics of commonly consumed algae, as well as their potential for use as a protein source based on their protein quality, amino acid composition, and digestibility. Protein extraction methods applied to algae to date, including enzymatic hydrolysis, physical processes, and chemical extraction and novel methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field, and microwave-assisted extraction are discussed. Moreover, existing protein enrichment methods used in the dairy industry and the potential of these methods to generate high value ingredients from algae, such as bioactive peptides and functional ingredients are discussed. Applications of algae in human nutrition, animal feed, and aquaculture are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bleakley
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health and Environment, Sustainability and Health Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland.
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
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28
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Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ® and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 encapsulated in chocolate during in vitro simulated passage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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30
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Mason LM, Chessa S, Huatan H, Storey DE, Gupta P, Burley J, Melia CD. Use of the Dynamic Gastric Model as a tool for investigating fed and fasted sensitivities of low polymer content hydrophilic matrix formulations. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Koziolek M, Grimm M, Schneider F, Jedamzik P, Sager M, Kühn JP, Siegmund W, Weitschies W. Navigating the human gastrointestinal tract for oral drug delivery: Uncharted waters and new frontiers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:75-88. [PMID: 27037063 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many concepts of oral drug delivery are based on our comprehension of human gastrointestinal physiology. Unfortunately, we tend to oversimplify the complex interplay between the various physiological factors in the human gut and, in particular, the dynamics of these transit conditions to which oral dosage forms are exposed. Recent advances in spatial and temporal resolution of medical instrumentation as well as improved access to these technologies have facilitated clinical trials to characterize the dynamic processes within the human gastrointestinal tract. These studies have shown that highly relevant parameters such as fluid volumes, dosage form movement, and pH values in the lumen of the upper GI tract are very dynamic. As a result of these new insights into the human gastrointestinal environment, some common concepts and ideas of oral drug delivery are no longer valid and have to be reviewed in order to ensure efficacy and safety of oral drug therapy.
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32
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Elder DP. Methodology of oral formulation selection in the pharmaceutical industry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:136-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Mercuri A, Fares R, Bresciani M, Fotaki N. An in vitro–in vivo correlation study for nifedipine immediate release capsules administered with water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages: Impact of in vitro dissolution media and hydrodynamics. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:330-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Evaluating Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Digestion Models. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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35
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Draijer R, Duchateau GS. Capsule Formats May Hamper Green Tea Catechin Bioavailability. J Nutr 2015; 145:2797-8. [PMID: 26628589 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Draijer
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (RD; GSD, e-mail: )
| | - Guus S Duchateau
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (RD; GSD, e-mail: )
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Nokhodchi A, Asare-Addo K. Drug release from matrix tablets: physiological parameters and the effect of food. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1401-18. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.924498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Garbacz G, Cadé D, Benameur H, Weitschies W. Bio-relevant dissolution testing of hard capsules prepared from different shell materials using the dynamic open flow through test apparatus. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:264-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Kostewicz ES, Abrahamsson B, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Butler J, Carlert S, Dickinson PA, Dressman J, Holm R, Klein S, Mann J, McAllister M, Minekus M, Muenster U, Müllertz A, Verwei M, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:342-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Stefanič M, Vrečer F, Rizmal P, Mrhar A, Bogataj M. Prediction of the in vivo performance of enteric coated pellets in the fasted state under selected biorelevant dissolution conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:8-15. [PMID: 24844699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to predict the in vivo dissolution of lansoprazole from enteric coated pellets in the fasted state using a biorelevant flow-through dissolution method with low flow rates and volumes close to those in vivo. Additionally, a novel rotating stirring element, composed from magnet inserted in a silicone tube, was used to produce the movement of the pellets and expose them to slightly increased physical stress. Obtained dissolution results were compared to the dissolution results of our previous work using the USP IV with higher flow rate (11 ml/min). As drug release from enteric coated pellets usually starts in the small intestine, the influence of pellets' residence time in the gastric medium and additionally the effect of different media on drug release was studied. Prolongation of residence time in an acidic medium had only minor effect on the release rate after initial lag time, but significantly reduced the total amount of the drug released from both tested formulations, which was attributed to the drug's degradation in an acidic medium. The increased physical load on the pellets induced by the rotating stirring element compensated for the decrease of flow rate from 11 ml/min using the USP IV to 3 ml/min using the non-compendial system. Considering also gastric emptying kinetics good prediction of the in vivo release was achieved compared to in vivo absorption data obtained from a pharmacokinetic study under fasting conditions. Thus, using more physiologically relevant dissolution conditions, expressed through low volume and lower flow rate, and in combination with increased mechanical stress we obtained equally good in vitro/in vivo correlation as using USP IV and higher flow rates. Comparison of the dissolution results obtained with two different systems provided additional insight into product behaviour and improved prediction of in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stefanič
- KRKA d.d., Novo mesto, Šmarješka cesta 6, 8501 Novo Mesto, Slovenia
| | - F Vrečer
- KRKA d.d., Novo mesto, Šmarješka cesta 6, 8501 Novo Mesto, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Rizmal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Mrhar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Bogataj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Dokania S, Joshi AK. Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS)--challenges and road ahead. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:675-90. [PMID: 24670091 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.896058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has emerged as a vital strategy to formulate poor water soluble compounds for bioavailability enhancement. However, certain limitations are associated with SMEDDS formulations which include in vivo drug precipitation, formulation handling issues, limited lymphatic uptake, lack of predictive in vitro tests and oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. These limitations restrict their potential usage. Inclusion of polymers or precipitation inhibitors within lipid based formulations helps to maintain drug supersaturation after dispersion. This, thereby, improves the bioavailability and reduces the variability on exposure. Also, formulating solid SMEDDS helps to overcome liquid handling and stability problems. Usage of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and suitable antioxidants to minimize oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids are few of the steps to overcome the limitations associated with SMEDDS. The review discussed here, in detail, the limitations of SMEDDS and suitable measures that can be taken to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhu Dokania
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , NIPER Ahmedabad , C/o B.V. Patel PERD Centre , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Amita K Joshi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , NIPER Ahmedabad , C/o B.V. Patel PERD Centre , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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41
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Ménard O, Cattenoz T, Guillemin H, Souchon I, Deglaire A, Dupont D, Picque D. Validation of a new in vitro dynamic system to simulate infant digestion. Food Chem 2014; 145:1039-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Varum F, Hatton G, Basit A. Food, physiology and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:446-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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43
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Glube N, Moos LV, Duchateau G. Capsule shell material impacts the in vitro disintegration and dissolution behaviour of a green tea extract. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2013; 3:1-6. [PMID: 25755998 PMCID: PMC3940125 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In vitro disintegration and dissolution are routine methods used to assess the performance and quality of oral dosage forms. The purpose of the current work was to determine the potential for interaction between capsule shell material and a green tea extract and the impact it can have on the release. Methods A green tea extract was formulated into simple powder-in-capsule formulations of which the capsule shell material was either of gelatin or HPMC origin. The disintegration times were determined together with the dissolution profiles in compendial and biorelevant media. Results All formulations disintegrated within 30 min, meeting the USP criteria for botanical formulations. An immediate release dissolution profile was achieved for gelatin capsules in all media but not for the specified HPMC formulations. Dissolution release was especially impaired for HPMCgell at pH 1.2 and for both HPMC formulations in FeSSIF media suggesting the potential for food interactions. Conclusions The delayed release from studied HPMC capsule materials is likely attributed to an interaction between the catechins, the major constituents of the green tea extract, and the capsule shell material. An assessment of in vitro dissolution is recommended prior to the release of a dietary supplement or clinical trial investigational product to ensure efficacy.
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Key Words
- BA, bioavailability
- BCS, biopharmaceutical classification system
- C, catechin
- DS, dietary supplement
- Disintegration
- EC, epicatechin
- ECG, epicatechin gallate
- EGC, epigallocatechin
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- FaSSIF, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
- FeSSIF, fed state simulated intestinal fluid
- Formulation
- GA, gallic acid
- GTE, green tea extract
- Green tea extract
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- HPMCcarr, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing carrageenan
- HPMCgell, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing gellan gum
- Hard shell capsule
- IR, immediate release
- In vitro dissolution
- PIC, powder-in-capsule
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guus Duchateau
- Correspondence to: Unilever Research & Development, Nutrition & Health Department, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 10 460 6470; fax: +31 10 460 5993.
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Batchelor HK, Kendall R, Desset-Brethes S, Alex R, Ernest TB. Application of in vitro biopharmaceutical methods in development of immediate release oral dosage forms intended for paediatric patients. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:833-42. [PMID: 23665448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutics is routinely used in the design and development of medicines to generate science based evidence to predict in vivo performance; the application of this knowledge specifically to paediatric medicines development is yet to be explored. The aim of this review is to present the current status of available biopharmaceutical tools and tests including solubility, permeability and dissolution that may be appropriate for use in the development of immediate release oral paediatric medicines. The existing tools used in adults are discussed together with any limitations for their use within paediatric populations. The results of this review highlight several knowledge gaps in current methodologies in paediatric biopharmaceutics. The authors provide recommendations based on existing knowledge to adapt tests to better represent paediatric patient populations and also provide suggestions for future research that may lead to better tools to evaluate paediatric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Batchelor
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Koziolek M, Garbacz G, Neumann M, Weitschies W. Simulating the Postprandial Stomach: Biorelevant Test Methods for the Estimation of Intragastric Drug Dissolution. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2211-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300607e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution GmbH, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Guerra A, Etienne-Mesmin L, Livrelli V, Denis S, Blanquet-Diot S, Alric M. Relevance and challenges in modeling human gastric and small intestinal digestion. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:591-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Etcheverry P, Grusak MA, Fleige LE. Application of in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability methods for calcium, carotenoids, folate, iron, magnesium, polyphenols, zinc, and vitamins B(6), B(12), D, and E. Front Physiol 2012; 3:317. [PMID: 22934067 PMCID: PMC3429087 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability methods for polyphenols and selected nutrients is presented. The review focuses on in vitro solubility, dialyzability, the dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM)™, and Caco-2 cell models, the latter primarily for uptake and transport, and a discussion of how these methods have been applied to generate data for a range of nutrients, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Recommendations are given regarding which methods are most justified for answering bioaccessibility or bioavailability related questions for specific nutrients. The need for more validation studies in which in vivo results are compared to in vitro results is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Etcheverry
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, USA
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Wagner C, Jantratid E, Kesisoglou F, Vertzoni M, Reppas C, B Dressman J. Predicting the oral absorption of a poorly soluble, poorly permeable weak base using biorelevant dissolution and transfer model tests coupled with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:127-38. [PMID: 22652546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For predicting food effects and simulating plasma profiles of poorly soluble drugs, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have become a widely accepted tool in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Up till now, however, simulations appearing in the open literature have mainly focused on BCS class II compounds, and many of these simulations tend to have more of a "retrospective" than a prognostic, predictive character. In this work, investigations on the absorption of a weakly basic BCS class IV drug, "Compound A", were performed. The objective was to predict the plasma profiles of an immediate release (IR) formulation of Compound A in the fasted and fed state. For this purpose, in vitro biorelevant dissolution tests and transfer model experiments were conducted. Dissolution and precipitation kinetics were then combined with in vivo post-absorptive disposition parameters using STELLA® software. As Compound A not only exhibits poor solubility but also poor permeability, a previously developed STELLA® model was revised to accommodate the less than optimal permeability characteristics as well as precipitation of the drug in the fasted state small intestine. Permeability restrictions were introduced into the model using an absorption rate constant calculated from the Caco-2 permeability value of Compound A, the effective intestinal surface area and appropriate intestinal fluid volumes. The results show that biorelevant dissolution tests are a helpful tool to predict food effects of Compound A qualitatively. However, the plasma profiles of Compound A could only be predicted quantitatively when the results of biorelevant dissolution test were coupled with the newly developed PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Reppas C, Vertzoni M. Biorelevant in-vitro performance testing of orally administered dosage forms. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:919-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review focuses on the evolution and current status of biorelevant media and hydrodynamics, and discusses the usefulness of biorelevant performance testing in the evaluation of specific dosage form related lumenal processes.
Key findings
During the last 15 years our knowledge of the gastrointestinal environment (including the lower gut) has improved dramatically and biorelevant media composition and, to a lesser extent, biorelevant hydrodynamics, have been refined. Biorelevant dissolution/release testing is useful for the evaluation of formulation and food effects on plasma levels after administration of immediate release dosage forms containing low solubility compounds and after administration of extended release products. Lumenal disintegration times of immediate release dosage forms and the bile acid sequestering activity of resins in the lumen can also be successfully forecasted with biorelevant in vitro testing.
Summary
Biorelevant in-vitro performance testing is an important tool for evaluating intralumenal dosage form performance. Since the formulation of new active pharmaceutical ingredients for oral delivery is more challenging than ever before, efforts to improve the predictability of biorelevant tests are expected to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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50
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The disintegration behaviour of capsules in fed subjects: A comparison of hypromellose (carrageenan) capsules and standard gelatin capsules. Int J Pharm 2012; 424:40-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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