1
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Mohan S, Li Y, Chu K, De La Paz L, Sperger D, Shi B, Foti C, Rucker V, Lai C. Integrative Salt Selection and Formulation Optimization: Perspectives of Disproportionation and Microenvironmental pH Modulation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2590-2605. [PMID: 38656981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We report a novel utilization of a pH modifier as a disproportionation retardant in a tablet formulation. The drug molecule of interest has significant bioavailability challenges that require solubility enhancement. In addition to limited salt/cocrystal options, disproportionation of the potential salt(s) was identified as a substantial risk. Using a combination of Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics and quantitative X-ray diffraction in specially designed stress testing, we investigated the disproportionation phenomena. The learnings and insight drawn from crystallography drove the selection of the maleate form as the target API. Inspired by the fumarate form's unique stability and solubility characteristics, we used fumaric acid as the microenvironmental pH modulator. Proof-of-concept experiments with high-risk (HCl) and moderate-risk (maleate) scenarios confirmed the synergistic advantage of fumaric acid, which interacts with the freebase released by disproportionation to form a more soluble species. The resultant hemifumarate helps maintain the solubility at an elevated level. This work demonstrates an innovative technique to mediate the solubility drop during the "parachute" phase of drug absorption using compendial excipients, and this approach can potentially serve as an effective risk-mitigating strategy for salt disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Mohan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kevin Chu
- Velexi Corporation, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
| | | | - Diana Sperger
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bing Shi
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Chris Foti
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Victor Rucker
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Chiajen Lai
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
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2
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Modhave D, Barrios B, Iyer J, Paudel A. Influence of Crystal Disorder on the Forced Oxidative Degradation of Vortioxetine HBr. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 25:10. [PMID: 38158448 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of the solid-state disorder of vortioxetine hydrobromide (HBr) on oxidative degradation under accelerated conditions. A range of solid-state disorders was generated via cryogenic ball milling. The solid-state properties were evaluated by calorimetry, infrared-, and Raman spectroscopies. While salt disproportionation occurred upon milling, no chemical degradation occurred by milling. The amorphous fraction remained physically intact under ambient storage conditions. Subsequently, samples with representative disordered fractions were mixed with a solid oxidative stressor (PVP-H2O2 complex) and were compressed to compacts. The compacts were exposed to 40°C/75% RH for up to 6 h. The sample was periodically withdrawn and analyzed for the physical transformations and degradation. Two oxidative degradation products (DPs) were found to be formed, for which dissimilar relations to the degree of disorder and kinetics of formation were observed. The degradation rate of the major DP formation obtained by fitting the exponential model to the experimental data was found to increase up to a certain degree of disorder and decrease with a further increase in the disordered fraction. In contrast, the minor DP formation kinetics was found to increase monotonically with the increase in the disorder content. For the similar crystallinity level, the degradation trend (rate and extent) differed between the single-phase disorder generated by milling and physically mixed two-phase systems. Overall, the study demonstrates the importance of evaluating the physical and chemical (in)stabilities of the disordered solid state of a salt form of a drug substance, generated through mechano-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Brenda Barrios
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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3
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Van Duong T, Diab S, Hodnett NS, Taylor LS. Kinetic Barriers to Disproportionation of Salts of Weakly Basic Drugs. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3886-3894. [PMID: 37494545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Disproportionation is a major issue in formulations containing salts of weakly basic drugs. Despite considerable interest in risk assessment approaches for disproportionation, the prediction of salt-to-base conversion remains challenging. Recent studies have highlighted several confounding factors other than pHmax that appear to play an important role in salt disproportionation and have suggested that kinetic barriers need to be considered in addition to the thermodynamic driving force when assessing the risk of a salt to undergo conversion to parent free base. Herein, we describe the concurrent application of in situ Raman spectroscopy and pH monitoring to investigate the disproportionation kinetics of three model salts, pioglitazone hydrochloride, sorafenib tosylate, and atazanavir sulfate, in aqueous slurries. We found that even for favorable thermodynamic conditions (i.e., pH ≫ pHmax), disproportionation kinetics of the salts were very different despite each system having a similar pHmax. The importance of free base nucleation kinetics was highlighted by the observation that the disproportionation conversion time in the slurries showed the same trend as the free base nucleation induction time. Pioglitazone hydrochloride, with a free base induction time of <1 min, rapidly converted to the free base in slurry experiments. In contrast, atazanavir sulfate, where the free base induction time was much longer, took several hours to undergo disproportionation in the slurry for pH ≫ pHmax. Additionally, we altered an established thermodynamically based modeling framework to account for kinetic effects (representing the nucleation kinetic barrier) to estimate the solid-state stability of salt formulations. In conclusion, a solution-based thermodynamic model is mechanistically appropriate to predict salt disproportionation in a solid-state formulation, when kinetic barriers are also taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Samir Diab
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, SG12 0DP, U.K
| | - Neil S Hodnett
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
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4
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Henry S, Descamps L, Vanhoorne V, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Exploiting common ion addition to accelerate zolpidem hemitartrate release from Eudragit EPO extrudates. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123089. [PMID: 37263450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed at optimizing a previously developed non-clinical formulation for use in zolpidem deprescribing. The formulation under investigation consists of extruded zolpidem hemitartrate (30% w/w) and Eudragit EPO (70% w/w) mixtures which display unsatisfactory dissolution behavior. Both milled extrudates and physical mixtures were compressed to produce tablets with identical target weight and solid fraction. First, the susceptibility of zolpidem hemitartrate towards heat and shear degradation was identified utilizing thermal and HPLC-DAD analysis. The drug salt proved prone to thermally induced disproportionation. Moreover, the impurity content increased after applying hot melt extrusion although ICH guidelines were still attained. Secondly, extrudates and physical mixtures were subjected to FTIR analysis. As a result, interaction and protonation of the dimethyl aminoethyl group from Eudragit EPO resulting from zolpidem disproportionation was elucidated. As such, the formulations' slow dissolution kinetics in comparison to formulations containing non-ionizable polymers (e.g. Kollidon 12PF and Kollidon VA64) is explained. Finally, addition of tartaric acid, a microenvironmental pH modulator and common ion, proved a successful method to increase dissolution kinetics. The amount of drug released after 15 min increased drastically from 10 to 40% upon the addition of 5% tartaric acid. Immediate release behavior (80% within 15 min) was however not yet attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Henry
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Descamps
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Kestur U, Patel A, Badawy S, Mathias N, Zhang L. Strategies for Managing Solid Form Transformation Risk in Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:909-921. [PMID: 36513146 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) Q6A document provides guidance on setting specifications for new drug substances and drug products.1 In this paper we focus on decision trees 4 (#1) to (#3) in the guidance related to solid-state form transformation. Form transformation could occur from use of high energy forms to overcome solubility challenges or stresses from manufacturing processes. The decision trees provide guidance on when and how polymorphic form changes should be monitored and controlled. However, guidance is high level and does not capture aspects related to assessments needed to understand if there is a risk of transformation or tools that can be integrated to understand the severity of bioavailability impact at different stages of development. The objective of this paper is therefore to provide comprehensive chemistry manufacturing and controls (CMC) and regulatory strategies to manage the risk of form transformation. This includes practical workflows for form transformation risk assessment, analytical tools to detect and quantify the transformation including their shortcomings, biopharmaceutical tools to understand the severity of transformation risk and if needed justify the limits based on clinical relevance. Finally, a few case studies are discussed that capture how the workflow can be used to manage transformation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kestur
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Anisha Patel
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Sherif Badawy
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Neil Mathias
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Limin Zhang
- Analytical Strategy & Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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6
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Weldeab AO, McElderry JD, Lin Y. The Effect of In-Situ-Generated Moisture on Disproportionation of Pharmaceutical Salt. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:561-571. [PMID: 36524757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical salts are ubiquitously present in the market given their benefits in optimizing the critical properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Achieving these benefits requires careful selection and understanding of the salt form of choice. Stability is especially critical here, as salts are susceptible to disproportionation. Several studies have shown the impact of moisture on disproportionation, with more focus on external humidity (moisture coming from outside the system). This work, on the other hand, is systematically designed to study the impact of moisture generated in situ (moisture produced within the system). To that end, an in-house developed compound 1 was selected as our salt API, and its disproportionation was studied in blends (binary and prototype) with hydrated model excipient─trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate (TSPD). TSPD possesses 12 water molecules, which could get released when triggered with enough energy (confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and humidity studies). As a control for this study, similar blends were prepared with anhydrous trisodium phosphate (TSP), which has comparable properties to TSPD but lacks water. Overall, significant disproportionation was observed in TSPD blends exposed to 40 °C or 70 °C in a closed system; while no disproportionation was observed when the system was left open due to the escape of the moisture generated in situ. The API also remained intact for the blends with anhydrous TSP, as expected. Meanwhile, stressing at 40 °C/75%RH condition resulted in significant disproportionation for both TSPD and TSP blends due to the exposure to external humidity. Hydrated excipients are normally used in drug development, and this work stresses the need for probing the impact from within the system when such excipients are utilized with salt API. This will help fully unravel the overall effect of moisture on the drug, which is relevant downstream when selecting processing conditions, packaging, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmerom O Weldeab
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts02142, United States
| | - John-David McElderry
- Analytical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts02142, United States
| | - Yiqing Lin
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts02142, United States
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7
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Huang S, Venables DS, Lawrence SE. Pharmaceutical Salts of Piroxicam and Meloxicam with Organic Counterions. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:6504-6520. [PMID: 36817751 PMCID: PMC9933440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Piroxicam (PRM) and meloxicam (MEL) are two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II drugs. In this study, six novel pharmaceutical salts of PRM and MEL with three basic organic counterions, that is, 4-aminopyridine (4AP), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4DMP), and piperazine (PPZ), were prepared by both slurrying and slow evaporation. These salts were characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All six salts, especially MEL-4DMP and MEL-4AP, showed a significantly improved apparent solubility and dissolution rate in sodium phosphate solution compared with the pure APIs. Notably, PRM-4AP and PRM-4DMP salts exhibited enhanced fluorescence, and the PRM-PPZ salt showed weaker fluorescence compared with that of pure PRM due to different luminescence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Dean S. Venables
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Simon E. Lawrence
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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8
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Wang B, Bruhn JF, Weldeab A, Wilson TS, McGilvray PT, Mashore M, Song Q, Scapin G, Lin Y. Absolute configuration determination of pharmaceutical crystalline powders by MicroED via chiral salt formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4711-4714. [PMID: 35293405 PMCID: PMC9004345 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00221c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has established its complementary role alongside X-ray diffraction in crystal structure elucidation. Unfortunately, kinematical refinement of MicroED data lacks the differentiation power to assign the absolute structure solely based on the measured intensities. Here we report a method for absolute configuration determination via MicroED by employing salt formation with chiral counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jessica F Bruhn
- NanoImaging Services, 4940 Carroll Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Asmerom Weldeab
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Timothy S Wilson
- NanoImaging Services, 4940 Carroll Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Philip T McGilvray
- NanoImaging Services, 4940 Carroll Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael Mashore
- NanoImaging Services, 4940 Carroll Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Qiong Song
- NanoImaging Services, 4940 Carroll Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Giovanna Scapin
- NanoImaging Services, 4940 Carroll Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yiqing Lin
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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9
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Gabrič A, Hodnik Ž, Pajk S. Oxidation of Drugs during Drug Product Development: Problems and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020325. [PMID: 35214057 PMCID: PMC8876153 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is the second most common degradation pathway for pharmaceuticals, after hydrolysis. However, in contrast to hydrolysis, oxidation is mechanistically more complex and produces a wider range of degradation products; oxidation is thus harder to control. The propensity of a drug towards oxidation is established during forced degradation studies. However, a more realistic insight into degradation in the solid state can be achieved with accelerated studies of mixtures of drugs and excipients, as the excipients are the most common sources of impurities that have the potential to initiate oxidation of a solid drug product. Based on the results of these studies, critical parameters can be identified and appropriate measures can be taken to avoid the problems that oxidation poses to the quality of a drug product. This article reviews the most common types of oxidation mechanisms, possible sources of reactive oxygen species, and how to minimize the oxidation of a solid drug product based on a well-planned accelerated study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Gabrič
- Krka d.d., R&D, Šmarješka Cesta 6, 8001 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Hodnik
- Krka d.d., R&D, Šmarješka Cesta 6, 8001 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (Ž.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Stane Pajk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (Ž.H.); (S.P.)
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10
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Avdeef A, Sugano K. Salt Solubility and Disproportionation - Uses and Limitations of Equations for pH max and the In-silico Prediction of pH max. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:225-246. [PMID: 34863819 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiphasic mass action equilibrium model was used to study the phase properties near the critical pH ('pHmax') in an acid-base transformation of a solid drug salt into its corresponding solid free base form in pure water slurries. The goal of this study was to better define the characteristics of disproportionation of pharmaceutical salts, objectively (i) to classify salts as μ-type (microclimate stable) or δ-type (disproportionation prone) based on the relationship between the calculated pHmax and the calculated pH of the saturated salt solution, (ii) to compare the distribution of μ/δ-type salts to predictions from the disproportionation potential equation introduced by Merritt et al.,20 (iii) to determine if the intrinsic solubility of the free base, S0, can be predicted from the measured μ-type salt solubility as a means of estimating the value of pHmax, (iv) to determine S0 directly from the measured δ-type salt solubility, and (v) to address some of the limitations of the equations commonly used to calculate pHmax. When the salt solubility is measured for a basic API (pKa of which is known), but the experimental value of S0 is unavailable, a potentially useful simple screen for disproportionation is still possible, since pHmax can be estimated from a 'μ-predicted' (objective iii) or 'δ-measured' S0 (objective iv). Twelve model weak base API were selected in the study. For each API, 2-17 different salt forms with reported salt solubilities in distilled water were sourced from the literature. In all, 73 salt solubility values based on 29 different salt-forming acids comprise the studied set. All the corresponding free base solubility values were available. The pKa values for all the acids and bases studied are generally well known. For each API salt, an acid-base titration simulation was performed, anchored to the measured salt solubility value, using the general mass action analysis program pDISOL-X. The log S-pH profiles were drawn out by analytic continuity from pH 0 to 13, as described in detail previously.24 Potentially useful in-silico models were developed that correlate pS0 to linear functions of the salt solubility in water, pSw, the partition coefficient of the salt-forming acid (log POCTacid) and the melting point (mp) of the drug salt, thereby enabling the derivation of the approximate pHmax value from the predicted pS0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue, #102, New York, NY, 10128, USA.
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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11
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Accelerating pre-formulation investigations in early drug product life cycles using predictive methodologies and computational algorithms. Ther Deliv 2021; 12:789-797. [PMID: 34792419 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2021-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precisely developed computational methodologies can allow the drug product lifecycle process to be time-efficient, cost-effective and reliable through a thorough fundamental understanding at the molecular level. Computational methodologies include computational simulations, virtual screening, mathematical modeling and predictive tools. In light of current trends and increased expectations of product discovery in early pharmaceutical development, we have discussed different case studies. These case studies clearly demonstrate the successful application of predictive tools alone or in combination with analytical techniques to predict the physicochemical properties of drug substances and drug products, thereby shortening research and development timelines. The overall goal of this report is to summarize unique predictive methodologies, which can assist pharmaceutical scientists in achieving time-sensitive research goals and avoiding associated risks that can potentially affect the drug product quality.
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12
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Abouselo A, Rance GA, Tres F, Taylor LS, Kwokal A, Renou L, Scurr DJ, Burley JC, Aylott JW. Effect of Excipients on Salt Disproportionation during Dissolution: A Novel Application of In Situ Raman Imaging. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3247-3259. [PMID: 34399050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have employed a bespoke setup combining confocal Raman microscopy and an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy flow cell to investigate the effect of excipients on the disproportionation kinetics of Pioglitazone HCl (PioHCl) in tablets during dissolution. Three binary formulations of PioHCl, containing citric acid monohydrate (CA), lactose monohydrate (LM), or magnesium stearate (MgSt), respectively, were used as models to study the influence of excipients' physicochemical properties on the rate of salt disproportionation kinetics and dissolution performance in different aqueous pH environments. It was found that formulation excipients can induce or prevent salt disproportionation by modulating the microenvironmental pH regardless of the pH of the dissolution media. Incorporating CA in PioHCl tablets preserves the salt form and enhances the dissolution performance of the salt in the acidic medium (pH = 1.2). In contrast, LM and MgSt had a detrimental effect on in vitro drug performance by inducing salt disproportionation in the tablet during dissolution in the same acidic medium. Dissolution in the neutral medium (pH = 6.8) showed rapid formation of the free base upon contact with the dissolution medium. The Raman maps of the cross-sectioned tablets revealed the formation of a shell consisting of the free base around the edge of the tablet. This shell decreased the rate of penetration of the dissolution medium into the tablet, which had significant implications on the release of the API into the surrounding solution, as shown by the UV-vis absorption spectroscopy drug release data. Our findings highlight the utility of the Raman/UV-vis flow cell analytical platform as an advanced analytical technique to investigate the effect of excipients and dissolution media on salt disproportionation in real time. This methodology will be used to enhance our understanding of salt stability studies that may pave the way for more stable multicomponent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Abouselo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Francesco Tres
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 4790, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 4790, United States
| | - Ana Kwokal
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ludovic Renou
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonathan C Burley
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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13
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Kaur N, Suryanarayanan R. Levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate tablets - formulation considerations. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3743-3756. [PMID: 34384799 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Even though levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate tablets have been in the market since 1955, there continue to be recalls due to sub potency. We have comprehensively reviewed the factors affecting its stability in solid oral dosage forms. A compilation of marketed formulation compositions enabled the identification of the potential 'problem excipients'. Two excipient properties, hygroscopicity and microenvironmental acidity, appeared to be responsible for inducing drug instability. In drug products, depending on the formulation composition and storage conditions, the pentahydrate can dehydrate to highly reactive levothyroxine sodium monohydrate, or undergo salt disproportionation to the free acid form of the drug. The USP assay method (HPLC based) is insensitive to these different physical forms of the drug. The influence of physical form of levothyroxine on its chemical stability is incompletely understood. The USP has five product-specific dissolution tests reflecting the complexity in its evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
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14
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How to stop disproportionation of a hydrochloride salt of a very weakly basic compound in a non-clinical suspension formulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120875. [PMID: 34273425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to stabilize a non-clinical suspension for use in toxicological studies and to develop methods to investigate the stability of the formulation in terms of salt disproportionation. The compound under research was a hydrochloride salt of a practically insoluble discovery compound ODM-203. The first of the three formulation approaches was a suspension prepared and stored at room temperature. The second formulation was stabilized by pH adjustment. In the third approach cooling was used to prevent salt disproportionation. 5 mg/mL aqueous suspension consisting of 20 mg/mL PVP/VA and 5 mg/mL Tween 80 was prepared for each of the approaches. The polymer was used as precipitation inhibitor to provide prolonged supersaturation while Tween 80 was used to enhance dissolution and homogeneity of the suspension. The consequences of salt disproportionation were studied by a small-scale in vitro dissolution method and by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. Our results show that disproportionation was successfully suppressed by applying cooling of the suspension in an ice bath at 2-8 °C. This procedure enabled us to proceed to the toxicological studies in rats. The in vivo study results obtained for the practically insoluble compound showed adequate exposures with acceptable variation at each dose level.
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15
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Abstract
A multiphasic mass action equilibrium model is used to show that the critical pH in the acid-base disproportionation of a solid salt into its corresponding solid free-base form in aqueous suspensions, widely known as "pHmax", is incompletely interpreted. It is shown that the traditional thermodynamic model does not predict the invariance of pH and solubility during the salt-to-free-base conversion process in an alkalimetric titration. Rather, the conversion entails a range of pH and solubility values, depending on the amount of added excess salt above that needed to form a saturated solution. A more precise definition is proposed for pHmax (pH at the maximum solubility of a eutectic mixture), and three new terms are introduced: pHmin (pH at the minimum solubility of the eutectic mixture), pHδ (disproportionation invariant pH within the eutectic, i.e., the equilibrium pH of a spontaneously disproportionating salt slurry), and pHγ (Gibbs pH at which disproportionation yields equimolar amounts of excess salt and excess free-base solids within the eutectic). Two test compounds with reported multiple salts and the free-base solubility values were selected to illustrate the expanded concepts, the bases WR-122455 and RPR-127963. Also, dibasic calcium phosphate was selected as an ionizable test excipient. The salts are designated in the study as μ-type, when they are thermodynamically stable with respect to spontaneous disproportionation in pure water (e.g., WR-122455 salts), and δ-type, when they are predicted to spontaneously disproportionate in pure water (e.g., RPR-127963 salts). In an alkalimetric titration, when an acidified suspension of a salt of a basic molecule is titrated with a strong base (e.g., NaOH), the passage across the eutectic domain (bounded by pHmax and pHmin) is often characterized by (a) minimum in ionic strength either at pHmax (μ-type salt) or pHδ (δ-type salt) and (b) maximum buffer capacity at pHγ. When the alkalimetric titration is performed with a large excess of added salt, a wide eutectic domain forms: pHmax and pHδ remain invariant, but pHmin and pHγ shift substantially in pH. The acid-base mass action model described here can be useful in predicting the stability of salt formulations in mixtures with excipients that can act as pH modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue #102, New York, New York 10128, United States
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16
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Kaur N, Suryanarayanan R. Investigating the Influence of Excipients on the Stability of Levothyroxine Sodium Pentahydrate. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2683-2693. [PMID: 34061524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A range of tablet excipients were evaluated for their influence on the physical form and chemical stability of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate (LSP; C15H10I4NNaO4·5H2O). LSP-excipient binary powder blends were stored under two conditions: (a) in hermetically sealed containers at 40 °C and (b) at 40 °C/75% RH. By use of synchrotron X-ray diffractometry, the disappearance of LSP could be quantified and the appearance of crystalline levothyroxine (free acid) could be identified. Under hermetically sealed conditions (40 °C) hygroscopic excipients such as povidone induced partial dehydration of LSP to form levothyroxine sodium monohydrate. When stored at 40 °C/75% RH, acidic excipients induced measurable disproportionation of LSP resulting in the formation of levothyroxine (free acid). HPLC analyses of drug-excipient mixtures revealed that lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and croscarmellose sodium caused pronounced chemical decomposition of LSP. On the other hand, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and alkaline pH modifiers did not affect the physical and chemical stability of the API following storage at 40 °C/75% RH. HPLC, being a solution based technique, revealed chemical decomposition of the API, but the technique was insensitive to physical transformations. Excipient properties such as hygroscopicity and microenvironmental acidity were identified to be critical determinants of both physical and chemical stability of LSP in a drug product. For drugs exhibiting both physical and chemical transformations, simultaneous solid-state and solution based analyses will enable comprehensive stability evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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17
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Lai A, Sahbaz Y, Ford L, Nguyen TH, Haque S, Williams HD, Benameur H, Scammells PJ, Porter CJH. Stabilising disproportionation of lipophilic ionic liquid salts in lipid-based formulations. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120292. [PMID: 33581479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid based formulations (LBFs) can enhance oral bioavailability, however, their utility may be restricted by low drug loading in the formulation. Converting drugs to drug-ionic liquids (drug-ILs) or lipophilic salts can significantly increase lipid solubility but this approach is complicated in some cases by salt disproportionation, leading to a reduction in solubility and physical instability. Here we explore the physical stability of the weakly basic model drug, cinnarizine (CIN), when paired with a decanoate counterion (Dec) to form the drug-IL, cinnarizine decanoate (CIN.Dec). Consistent with published studies of salt disproportionation in aqueous solution, weakly acidic counterions such as Dec lead to the generation of drug-IL lipid solutions with pHs below pHmax. This leads to CIN deprotonation to the less soluble free base and precipitation. Subsequent studies however, show that these effects can be reversed by acidification of the formulation (either with excess decanoic acid or other lipid soluble acids), stimulating a pH shift to the salt plateau of CIN.Dec and the formation of stable lipid solutions of CIN.Dec. Altering formulation pH to more acidic conditions, therefore stabilises drug-ILs formed using weakly acidic lipophilic counterions, and is a viable method to promote formulation stability via inhibition of disproportionation of some drug-ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Yasemin Sahbaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Leigh Ford
- Oral Drug Delivery Innovation, Chemical Division, Lonza Pharma Biotech & Nutrition, Melbourne Australia
| | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Shadabul Haque
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hywel D Williams
- Oral Drug Delivery Innovation, Chemical Division, Lonza Pharma Biotech & Nutrition, Melbourne Australia
| | - Hassan Benameur
- Oral Drug Delivery Innovation, Chemical Division, Lonza Pharma Biotech & Nutrition, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia.
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18
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Voronin AP, Vasilev NA, Surov AO, Churakov AV, Perlovich GL. Exploring the solid form landscape of the antifungal drug isavuconazole: crystal structure analysis, phase transformation behavior and dissolution performance. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phase transformation of ISV solid forms during dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Voronin
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Vasilev
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Artem O. Surov
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, 31 Leninsky Prosp, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - German L. Perlovich
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St., 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
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19
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Štukelj J, Agopov M, Yliruusi J, Strachan CJ, Svanbäck S. Machine-Vision-Enabled Salt Dissolution Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9730-9738. [PMID: 32544319 PMCID: PMC7497625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Salt
formation is a well-established method to increase the solubility
of ionizable drug candidates. However, possible conversion of salt
to its original form of free acid or base—disproportionation—can
have a drastic effect on the solubility and consequently the bioavailability
of a drug. Therefore, during the salt selection process, the salt
dissolution behavior should be well understood. Improved understanding
could be achieved by a method that enables simultaneous screening
of small sample amounts and detailed dissolution process analysis.
Here, we use a machine-vision-based single-particle analysis (SPA)
method to successfully determine the pH-solubility profile, intrinsic
solubility, common-ion effect, pKa, pHmax, and Ksp values of three model
compounds in a fast and low sample consumption (<1 mg) manner.
Moreover, the SPA method enables, with a particle-scale resolution,
in situ observation of the disproportionation process and its immediate
effect on the morphology and solubility of dissolving species. In
this study, a potentially higher energy thermodynamic solid-state
form of diclofenac free acid and an intriguing conversion to liquid
verapamil free base were observed upon disproportionation of the respective
salts. As such, the SPA method offers a low sample consumption platform
for fast yet elaborate characterization of the salt dissolution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Štukelj
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Sahakijpijarn S, Smyth HD, Miller DP, Weers JG. Post-inhalation cough with therapeutic aerosols: Formulation considerations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:127-141. [PMID: 32417367 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an assessment of post-inhalation cough with therapeutic aerosols. Factors that increase cough may be mitigated through design of the drug, formulation, and device. The incidence of cough is typically less than 5% for drugs with a nominal dose less than 1 mg, including asthma and COPD therapeutics. Cough increases markedly as the dose approaches 100 mg. This is due to changes in the composition of epithelial lining fluid (e.g., increases in osmolality, proton concentration). Whether an individual exhibits cough depends on their degree of sensitization to mechanical and chemical stimuli. Hypersensitivity is increased when the drug, formulation or disease result in increases in lung inflammation. Cough related to changes in epithelial lining fluid composition can be limited by using insoluble neutral forms of drugs and excipients.
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21
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Koranne S, Lalge R, Suryanarayanan R. Modulation of Microenvironmental Acidity: A Strategy to Mitigate Salt Disproportionation in Drug Product Environment. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1324-1334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Koranne
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rahul Lalge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-177 WDH, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Hu C, Liu Z, Liu C, Li J, Wang Z, Xu L, Chen C, Fan H, Qian F. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Anti-Echinococcosis Efficacy of Albendazole Achieved by Optimizing the "Spring" and "Parachute". Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4978-4986. [PMID: 31613633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maximizing the pharmacological efficacy of albendazole (ABZ), an anti-echinococcosis drug, is essential in the long-term treatment of patients with echinococcosis. As a weakly alkaline drug, ABZ has a pH-dependent solubility that decreases dramatically from gastric fluid (pH 1.4) to intestinal fluid (pH 6.5), where it is absorbed. In this study, we endeavored to develop an optimized tablet formulation of ABZ to improve its dissolution and oral bioavailability from two aspects: a faster initial dissolution in the gastric pH condition (i.e., the "spring") and a more prolonged drug supersaturation in the intestinal pH condition (i.e., the "parachute"). To achieve this goal, ABZ-HCl salt was selected first, which demonstrated a higher intrinsic dissolution rate under pH 1.4 compared with the ABZ free base that is used in the commercial product Albenda. Second, by comparing the ABZ supersaturation kinetics under pH 6.5 in the presence of various polymers including poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), PVP/VA, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and HPMC acetate succinate (HPMC-AS), HPMC-AS was found to be the most effective crystallization inhibitor for ABZ, likely due to the hydrophobic interaction between ABZ and HPMC-AS in an aqueous environment. The newly designed tablet formulation containing ABZ-HCl and HPMC-AS showed ∼3 times higher oral bioavailability compared with that of Albenda in Beagle dogs. More significantly, the anti-echinococcosis efficacy of the improved formulation was 2.4 times higher than that of Albenda in a secondary hepatic alveolar echinococcosis Sprague-Dawley rat model. The strategy of simultaneously improving the spring and parachute of an oral formulation of ABZ, by using a highly soluble salt and an effective polymeric crystallization inhibitor, was once again proven to be a viable and readily translatable approach to optimize the unsatisfactory oral medicines due to solubility and bioavailability limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,Medical College, Qinghai University, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Liuting Xu
- Crystal Pharmatech Co., Ltd., B4-101, Biobay, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cen Chen
- Crystal Pharmatech Co., Ltd., B4-101, Biobay, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | | | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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23
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Campbell JM, Lee M, Clawson J, Kennedy-Gabb S, Bethune S, Janiga A, Kindon L, Leach KP. The Degradation Chemistry of GSK2879552: Salt Selection and Microenvironmental pH Modulation to Stabilize a Cyclopropyl Amine. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2858-2864. [PMID: 31054890 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopropyl amine moiety in GSK2879552 (1) degrades hydrolytically in high pH conditions. This degradation pathway was observed during long-term stability studies and impacted the shelf life of the drug product. This article describes the work to identify the degradation impurities, elucidate the degradation mechanism, and design a stable drug product. It was found that salt selection and control of the microenvironmental pH of the drug product formulation blend significantly improved the chemical stability of the molecule in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426.
| | - Mei Lee
- Product and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Jacalyn Clawson
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Sonya Kennedy-Gabb
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Sarah Bethune
- Drug Product Design and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Ashley Janiga
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Leanda Kindon
- Product and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kevin P Leach
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
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24
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Bermejo M, Kuminek G, Al-Gousous J, Ruiz-Picazo A, Tsume Y, Garcia-Arieta A, González-Alvarez I, Hens B, Amidon GE, Rodriguez-Hornedo N, Amidon GL, Mudie D. Exploring Bioequivalence of Dexketoprofen Trometamol Drug Products with the Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS) and Precipitation Pathways Analyses. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030122. [PMID: 30884755 PMCID: PMC6471271 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to explain the differences in oral performance in fasted humans who were categorized into groups based on the three different drug product formulations of dexketoprofen trometamol (DKT) salt—Using a combination of in vitro techniques and pharmacokinetic analysis. The non-bioequivalence (non-BE) tablet group achieved higher plasma Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) than the reference and BE tablets groups, with only one difference in tablet composition, which was the presence of calcium monohydrogen phosphate, an alkalinizing excipient, in the tablet core of the non-BE formulation. Concentration profiles determined using a gastrointestinal simulator (GIS) apparatus designed with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid and 34 mM sodium chloride as the gastric medium and fasted state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF-v1) as the intestinal medium showed a faster rate and a higher extent of dissolution of the non-BE product compared to the BE and reference products. These in vitro profiles mirrored the fraction doses absorbed in vivo obtained from deconvoluted plasma concentration–time profiles. However, when sodium chloride was not included in the gastric medium and phosphate buffer without bile salts and phospholipids were used as the intestinal medium, the three products exhibited nearly identical concentration profiles. Microscopic examination of DKT salt dissolution in the gastric medium containing sodium chloride identified that when calcium phosphate was present, the DKT dissolved without conversion to the less soluble free acid, which was consistent with the higher drug exposure of the non-BE formulation. In the absence of calcium phosphate, however, dexketoprofen trometamol salt dissolution began with a nano-phase formation that grew to a liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and formed the less soluble free acid crystals. This phenomenon was dependent on the salt/excipient concentrations and the presence of free acid crystals in the salt phase. This work demonstrated the importance of excipients and purity of salt phase on the evolution and rate of salt disproportionation pathways. Moreover, the presented data clearly showed the usefulness of the GIS apparatus as a discriminating tool that could highlight the differences in formulation behavior when utilizing physiologically-relevant media and experimental conditions in combination with microscopy imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Gislaine Kuminek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jozef Al-Gousous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Merck and Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Arieta
- Service on Pharmacokinetics and Generic Medicines, Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Evaluation, Department of Human Use Medicines, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products, 28022 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel González-Alvarez
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Nair Rodriguez-Hornedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Drug Product Development and Innovation, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, OR 97703, USA.
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25
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Newman A, Zografi G. An Examination of Water Vapor Sorption by Multicomponent Crystalline and Amorphous Solids and Its Effects on Their Solid-State Properties. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1061-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Chattoraj S, Daugherity P, McDermott T, Olsofsky A, Roth WJ, Tobyn M. Sticking and Picking in Pharmaceutical Tablet Compression: An IQ Consortium Review. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2267-2282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Hirsh DA, Su Y, Nie H, Xu W, Stueber D, Variankaval N, Schurko RW. Quantifying Disproportionation in Pharmaceutical Formulations with 35Cl Solid-State NMR. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4038-4048. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hirsh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yongchao Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haichen Nie
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dirk Stueber
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Narayan Variankaval
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert W. Schurko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
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Patel MA, Luthra S, Shamblin SL, Arora KK, Krzyzaniak JF, Taylor LS. Effect of excipient properties, water activity, and water content on the disproportionation of a pharmaceutical salt. Int J Pharm 2018; 546:226-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen YM, Rodríguez-Hornedo N. Cocrystals Mitigate Negative Effects of High pH on Solubility and Dissolution of a Basic Drug. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2018; 18:1358-1366. [PMID: 30505243 PMCID: PMC6261521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Weakly basic drugs are predisposed to order of magnitude decreases in solubility and dissolution as pH increases from 1 to 7 along the gastrointestinal tract. Such behavior is known to be detrimental to drug absorption. The work presented here shows how cocrystals of basic drugs with acidic coformers can mitigate these negative effects. Cocrystals of ketoconazole (KTZ) with adipic, fumaric, and succinic acids exhibit a parabolic solubility dependence on pH such that with increasing pH, solubility decreases, reaches a minimum, and increases. Cocrystals exhibit pHmax values between 3.6 and 3.8, above which they generate supersaturation with respect to drug. Cocrystal supersaturation index (SA), defined as Scocrystal/Sdrug, changes from 1 (pHmax) to 10-30 (pH 5) to 800 - 3,000 (pH 6.5). SA represents the driving force for cocrystal conversion to the less soluble drug during dissolution. SA is not expected to be equal to the observed supersaturation, but it is of great value to classify cocrystals in terms of their risk of conversion. Cocrystal dissolution behavior was analyzed in terms of Cmax, σmax (maximum KTZ concentration and supersaturation), AUCdiss (KTZ concentration area under the curve during dissolution-precipitation), and SA. The three cocrystals studied achieved σmax values between 5 and 15 and sustained supersaturation for 1 to 3 h, resulting in AUCdiss advantage over drug in the range of 2 to 12. SA values as high as 800 were associated with enhanced drug exposure. SA of 3,000 led to limited exposure, very rapid conversion, and no measurable supersaturation. Since cocrystals may be more soluble than needed and/or too soluble to be developed, there is great value in recognizing the relationship between supersaturation threshold, cocrystal solubility, and SA. This becomes more important as cocrystal SA is dependent on pH and other environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian M Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
| | - Naír Rodríguez-Hornedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
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