Stability, biocompatibility and antioxidant activity of PEG-modified liposomes containing resveratrol

Targeted delivery of bee venom to A549 lung cancer cells by PEGylate liposomal formulation: an apoptotic investigation

This study focused on developing an optimal formulation of liposomes loaded with bee venom (BV) and coated with PEG (BV-Lipo-PEG). The liposomes were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Among the liposomal formulations, F3 exhibited the narrowest size distribution with a low PDI value of 193.72 ± 7.35, indicating minimal agglomeration-related issues and a more uniform size distribution. BV-Lipo-PEG demonstrated remarkable stability over 3 months when stored at 4 °C. Furthermore, the release of the drug from the liposomal formulations was found to be pH-dependent. Moreover, BV-Lipo-PEG exhibited favorable entrapment efficiencies, with values reaching 96.74 ± 1.49. The anticancer potential of the liposomal nanocarriers was evaluated through MTT assay, flow cytometry, cell cycle analysis, and real-time experiments. The functionalization of the liposomal system enhanced endocytosis. The IC50 value of BV-Lipo-PEG showed a notable decrease compared to both the free drug and BV-Lipo alone, signifying that BV-Lipo-PEG is more effective in inducing cell death in A549 cell lines. BV-Lipo-PEG exhibited a higher apoptotic rate in A549 cell lines compared to other samples. In A549 cell lines treated with BV-Lipo-PEG, the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and Cyclin E genes decreased, whereas the expression levels of Caspase3 and Caspase9 increased. These findings suggest that delivering BV via PEGylated liposomes holds significant promise for the treatment of lung cancer.

Nanotechnology in medicine revolutionizing drug delivery for cancer and viral infection treatments

Advancements in nanotechnology were vastly applied in medicine and pharmacy, especially in the field of nano-delivery systems. It took a long time for these systems to ensure precise delivery of very delicate molecules, such as RNA, to cells at concentrations that yield remarkable efficiency, with success rates reaching 95.0% and 94.5%. These days, there are several advantages of using nanotechnological solutions in the prevention and treatment of cancer and viral infections. Its interventions improve treatment outcomes both due to increased effectiveness of the drug at target location and by reducing adverse reactions, thereby increasing patient adherence to the therapy. Based on the current knowledge an updated review was made, and perspective, opportunities and challenges in nanomedicine were discussed. The methods employed include comprehensive examination of existing literature and studies on nanoparticles and nano-delivery systems including both in vitro tests performed on cell cultures and in vivo assessments carried out on appropriate animal models, with a specific emphasis on their applications in oncology and virology. This brings together various aspects including both structure and formation as well as its association with characteristic behaviour in organisms, providing a novel perspective. Furthermore, the practical application of these systems in medicine and pharmacy with a focus on viral diseases and malignancies was explored. This review can serve as a valuable guide for fellow researchers, helping them navigate the abundance of findings in this field. The results indicate that applications of nanotechnological solutions for the delivery of medicinal products improving therapeutic outcomes will continue to expand.

Pegylated-liposomes increase the efficacy of Idelalisib in lymphoma B-cells

New drugs and technologies are continuously developed to improve the efficacy and minimize the critical side effects of cancer treatments. The present investigation focuses on the development of a liposomal formulation for Idelalisib, a small-molecule kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Idelalisib is a potent and selective antitumor agent, but it is not indicated nor recommended for first-line treatment due to fatal and serious toxicities. Herein, liposomes are proposed as a delivery tool to improve the therapeutic profile of Idelalisib. Specifically, PEGylated liposomes were prepared, and their physicochemical and technological features were investigated. Light-scattering spectroscopy and cryo-transmission electron microscopy revealed nanosized unilamellar vesicles, which were proved to be stable in storage and in simulated biological fluids. The cytotoxicity of the liposome formulation was investigated in a human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cell line. Idelalisib was able to induce death of tumor cells if delivered by the nanocarrier system at increased efficacy. These findings suggest that combining Idelalisib and nanotechnologies may be a powerful strategy to increase the antitumor efficacy of the drug.

A microthrombus-driven fixed-point cleaved nanosystem for preventing post-thrombolysis recurrence via inhibiting ferroptosis

Thrombus-induced cardiovascular diseases threaten human health. Current treatment strategies often rely on urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) for its efficacy, yet it has such limiting factors as short half-life, lack of thrombus targeting, and systemic side effects leading to unintended bleeding. In addition, thrombolytic interventions can trigger inflammation-induced damage at thrombus sites, which affects endothelial function. To address these challenges, Fer-1/uPA@pep-CREKA-Lipo (Fu@pep-CLipo) has been developed. This system achieves precise and efficient thrombolysis while enhancing the thrombus microenvironment and mitigating ischemia-reperfusion injury, with exceptional thrombus targeting ability via the strong affinity of the Cys-Arg-Glu-Lys-Ala (CREKA) peptide for fibrin. The Cys-Nle-TPRSFL-DSPE (pep) could respond to the thrombus microenvironment and fixed-point cleavage. The uPA component linked to the liposome surface is strategically cleaved upon exposure to abundant thrombin at thrombus sites. Importantly, the inclusion of Fer-1 within Fu@pep-CLipo contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and significantly improves the thrombus microenvironment. This innovative approach not only achieves highly efficient and precise thrombolysis but also positively influences the expression of eNOS protein while suppressing inflammatory factors like TNF-α and IL-6. This dual action contributes to improved thrombus inflammatory microenvironment and mitigated ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Lubricity, wear prevention, and anti-biofouling properties of macromolecular coatings for endotracheal tubes

Macromolecular coatings can improve the surface properties of many medical devices by enhancing their wetting behavior, tribological performance, and anti-biofouling properties - and covalent coatings produced from mucin glycoproteins have been shown to be very powerful in all those aspects. However, obtaining highly functional mucin glycoproteins is, at the moment, still a time-consuming process, which renders mucins rather expensive compared to other biomacromolecules. Here, we study a set of commercially available macromolecules that have the potential of substituting mucins in coatings for endotracheal tubes (ETTs). We present an overview of the different properties these macromolecular coatings establish on the ETT surface and whether they withstand storage or sterilization processes. Our study pinpoints several strategies of how to enhance the lubricity of ETTs by applying macromolecular coatings but also demonstrates the limited anti-biofouling abilities of well-established macromolecules such as hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol, and dextran. Based on the obtained results, we discuss to what extent those coatings can be considered equivalent alternatives to mucin coatings for applications on medical devices - their applicability does not have to be limited to ETTs, but could be broadened to catheters and endoscopes as well.

Ultrasound robotics for precision therapy

In recent years, the application of microrobots in precision therapy has gained significant attention. The small size and maneuverability of these micromachines enable them to potentially access regions that are difficult to reach using traditional methods; thus, reducing off-target toxicities and maximizing treatment effectiveness. Specifically, acoustic actuation has emerged as a promising method to exert control. By harnessing the power of acoustic energy, these small machines potentially navigate the body, assemble at the desired sites, and deliver therapies with enhanced precision and effectiveness. Amidst the enthusiasm surrounding these miniature agents, their translation to clinical environments has proven difficult. The primary objectives of this review are threefold: firstly, to offer an overview of the fundamental acoustic principles employed in the field of microrobots; secondly, to assess their current applications in medical therapies, encompassing tissue targeting, drug delivery or even cell infiltration; and lastly, to delve into the continuous efforts aimed at integrating acoustic microrobots into in vivo applications.

Protection against cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular injury by planed-derived polyphenols and nanomaterials

Cancer therapy-induced heart injury is a significant concern for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and also targeted molecular therapy. The use of these treatments can lead to oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte damage in the heart, which can result in heart failure and other cardiac complications. Experimental studies have revealed that chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide can cause severe side effects such as cardiac fibrosis, electrophysiological remodeling, chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, etc., which may increase risk of cardiac disorders and attacks for patients that underwent chemotherapy. Similar consequences may also be observed for patients that undergo radiotherapy for left breast or lung malignancies. Polyphenols, a group of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have shown the potential in protecting against cancer therapy-induced heart injury. These compounds have been found to reduce oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis in the heart, thereby preserving cardiac function. In recent years, nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols have also provided for the delivery of these compounds and increasing their efficacy in different organs. These nanoparticles can improve the bioavailability and efficacy of polyphenols while minimizing their toxicity. This review article summarizes the current understanding of the protective effects of polyphenols and nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols against cancer therapy-induced heart injury. The article discusses the mechanisms by which polyphenols protect the heart, including antioxidant and anti-inflammation abilities. The article also highlights the potential benefits of using nanoparticles for the delivery of polyphenols.

Specific surface modification of liposomes for gut targeting of food bioactive agents

Liposomes have become a research hotspot in recent years as food delivery systems with attractive properties, including the bilayer structure assembled like the cell membrane, reducing the side-effect and improving environmental stability of cargos, controlling release, extending duration of functional ingredients, and high biodegradable and biocompatible abilities in the body. However, the conventional liposomes lack stability during storage and are weak in targeted absorption in the gastrointestinal track. At present, surface modification has been approved to be an effective platform to shield these barricades and help liposomes deliver the agents safely and effectively to the ideal site. In this review, the gastrointestinal stability of conventional liposomes, cargo release models from liposomes, and the biological fate of the core materials after release were emphasized. Then, the strategies in both physical and chemical perspectives to improve the stability and utilization of liposomes in the gastrointestinal tract, and the emerging approaches for improving gut targeting by specifically modified liposomes and the intestinal receptors relative to liposomes/cargos absorption were highlighted. Last but not the least, the safety, challenges, and opportunities for the improvement of liposomal bioavailability were also discussed to inspire new applications of liposomes as oral carriers.

Phenylalanine and Tryptophan-Based Surfactants as New Antibacterial Agents: Characterization, Self-Aggregation Properties, and DPPC/Surfactants Vesicles Formulation

Cationic surfactants based on phenylalanine (C_nPC₃NH₃Cl) and tryptophan (C_nTC₃NH₃Cl) were synthesized using renewable raw materials as starting compounds and a green synthetic procedure. The synthesis, acid-base equilibrium, aggregation properties, and antibacterial activity were investigated. Conductivity and fluorescence were used to establish critical micelle concentrations. Micellization of C_nPC₃NH₃Cl and C_nTC₃NH₃Cl occurred in the ranges of 0.42-16.2 mM and 0.29-4.6 mM, respectively. Since those surfactants have some acidic character, the apparent pK_a was determined through titrations, observing increasing acidity with increasing chain length and being slightly more acidic with the phenylalanine than the tryptophan derivatives. Both families showed promising antibacterial efficacy against eight different bacterial strains. Molecular docking studies against the enzyme peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (PDB ID:2OQO) were used to investigate the potential binding mechanism of target surfactant molecules. According to small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results, the surfactants incorporate into DPPC (Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline) bilayers without strong perturbation up to high surfactant concentration. Some of the C₁₂TC₃NH₃Cl/DPPC formulations (40%/60% and 20%/80% molar ratios) exhibited good antibacterial activity, while the others were not effective against the tested bacteria. The strong affinity between DPPC and surfactant molecules, as determined by the DFT (density functional theory) method, could be one of the reasons for the loss of antibacterial activity of these cationic surfactants when they are incorporated in vesicles.

Recent advances in access to overcome cancer drug resistance by nanocarrier drug delivery system

Cancer is currently one of the most intractable diseases causing human death. Although the prognosis of tumor patients has been improved to a certain extent through various modern treatment methods, multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells is still a major problem leading to clinical treatment failure. Chemotherapy resistance refers to the resistance of tumor cells and/or tissues to a drug, usually inherent or developed during treatment. Therefore, an urgent need to research the ideal drug delivery system to overcome the shortcoming of traditional chemotherapy. The rapid development of nanotechnology has brought us new enlightenments to solve this problem. The novel nanocarrier provides a considerably effective treatment to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy or other drugs resulting from systemic side effects such as resistance, high toxicity, lack of targeting, and off-target. Herein, we introduce several tumor MDR mechanisms and discuss novel nanoparticle technology applied to surmount cancer drug resistance. Nanomaterials contain liposomes, polymer conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, carbon-based, metal nanoparticles, and nucleotides which can be used to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs, photosensitizers, and small interfering RNA (siRNA). This review aims to elucidate the advantages of nanomedicine in overcoming cancer drug resistance and discuss the latest developments.

Ceratonia siliqua L. Pod Extract: From Phytochemical Characterization to Liposomal Formulation and Evaluation of Behaviour in Cells

The formulation of plant extracts in phospholipid vesicles is a promising strategy to exploit their biological properties while solving problems related to poor solubility in water, high instability, and low skin permeation and retention time. In this study, Ceratonia siliqua ripe pods were used for the preparation of a hydro-ethanolic extract, which showed antioxidant properties owing to the presence of biologically active compounds identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (e.g., hydroxybenzoic acid and flavonoid derivatives). To improve the applicability of the extract in therapy, a topical formulation based on liposomes was explored. The vesicles were characterized by small size (around 100 nm), negative charge (-13 mV), and high entrapment efficiency (>90%). Furthermore, they displayed both spherical and elongated shapes, with oligolamellar structure. Their biocompatibility was demonstrated in cells, including erythrocytes and representative skin cell lines. The antioxidant activity of the extract was proved by the scavenging of free radicals, the reduction of ferric ions, and the protection of skin cells from oxidative damage.

Enhancing the targeting performance and prolonging the antibacterial effects of clove essential oil liposomes to Campylobacter jejuni by antibody modification

The application of plant essential oil liposomes to prevent and control food safety risks caused by Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) still faces challenges such as lack of targeting and low release rate. Here, a bacteria-targeted and protease-activated antibacterial liposome (ACCLPs) was successfully synthesized through encapsulation of clove essential oil (CEO) by film dispersion method, embedding of casein by freeze-thaw method, and conjugation of C. jejuni antibody on the liposome membrane by post-insertion method. The average particle size, the essential oil encapsulation rate, the casein mosaic rate, and the antibody coupling efficiency of ACCLPs were determined as185.87 nm,16.9%,70.1% and 87.5%, respectively. The modification with C. jejuni antibody could significantly improve the targeting of ACCLPs to C. jejuni. Controlled release experiments showed that the exocrine protease from C. jejuni could hydrolyze the embedded casein and perforation on the ACCLPs, thus leading to a bacteria-dependent CEO release and significant prolonging the antibacterial effects of ACCLPs. Application results of ACCLPs on C. jejuni-contaminated foods showed that ACCLPs could effectively inhibit C. jejuni in a variety of meat products, fruits and vegetables and extend their shelf life without significantly affecting food quality. The results above in this work would provide a new view for the development of high efficient liposome-based antibacterial system of plant essential oil.

Phenolic Fingerprint, Bioactivity and Nanoformulation of Prunus spinosa L. Fruit Extract for Skin Delivery

The nanoformulation of plant extracts in phospholipid vesicles is a promising strategy to exploit the biological properties of natural bioactive substances and overcome drawbacks such as poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, low skin permeation and retention time, which strongly limit their topical application. In this study, Prunus spinosa berries were used for the preparation of a hydro-ethanolic extract, which showed antioxidant and antibacterial properties owing to the presence of phenolic compounds. Two types of phospholipid vesicles were developed to improve the applicability as topical formulations. Liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles were characterized for mean diameter, polydispersity, surface charge, shape, lamellarity, and entrapment efficiency. Additionally, their safety was assayed with different cell models, including erythrocytes and representative skin cell lines.

Antitumor Activity of PEGylated and TEGylated Phenothiazine Derivatives: Structure–Activity Relationship

The paper aims to investigate the antitumor activity of a series of phenothiazine derivatives in order to establish a structure–antitumor activity relationship. To this end, PEGylated and TEGylated phenothiazine have been functionalized with formyl units and further with sulfonamide units via dynamic imine bonds. Their antitumor activity was monitored in vitro against seven human tumors cell lines and a mouse one compared to a human normal cell line by MTS assay. In order to find the potential influence of different building blocks on antitumor activity, the antioxidant activity, the ability to inhibit farnesyltransferase and the capacity to bind amino acids relevant for tumor cell growth were investigated as well. It was established that different building blocks conferred different functionalities, inducing specific antitumor activity against the tumor cells.

OSA-starch stabilized EPA nanoliposomes: preparation, characterization, stability and digestion in vitro and in vivo

OSA-starch stabilized EPA nanoliposomes (OSA-EPA-NLs) were prepared by thin film rehydration/dispersion method. The physical properties and morphology of OSA-EPA-NLs were characterized. The best formulated sample was used to measure the storage stability and oxidative properties of EPA under different environmental stresses and to determine release and absorption of OSA-EPA-NLs in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the encapsulation efficiency of OSA-EPA-NLs was 84.61%. All samples were relatively stable under different environmental stresses, and the release rate of EPA in simulated intestine stage (89.87%) was higher than that in the simulated gastric stage (5.86%). The areas under the EPA concentration-time curve of OSA-EPA-NLs group and EPA-NLs group through in vivo study were 0.42 and 0.32, respectively, which indicated that OSA-starch could improve the stability of EPA nanoliposomes and enhance EPA bioavailability in the form of ethyl esters.

PEGylated Liposomes Loaded with Carbamate Inhibitor ANP0903 Trigger Apoptosis by Enhancing ER Stress in HepG2 Cancer Cells

Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the development of systemic therapies, but there is still the need for new drugs and technologies that can increase the survival and quality of life of patients. The present investigation reports the development of a liposomal formulation of a carbamate molecule, reported as ANP0903, previously tested as an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease and now evaluated for its ability to induce cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. PEGylated liposomes were prepared and characterized. Small, oligolamellar vesicles were produced, as demonstrated by light scattering results and TEM images. The physical stability of the vesicles in biological fluids was demonstrated in vitro, alongside the stability during storage. An enhanced cellular uptake was verified in HepG2 cells treated with liposomal ANP0903, resulting in a greater cytotoxicity. Several biological assays were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms explaining the proapoptotic effect of ANP0903. Our results allow us to hypothesize that the cytotoxic action in tumor cells is probably due to the inhibition of the proteasome, resulting in an increase in the amount of ubiquitinated proteins within the cells, which in turn triggers activation of autophagy and apoptosis processes, resulting in cell death. The proposed liposomal formulation represents a promising approach to deliver a novel antitumor agent to cancer cells and enhance its activity.

Nanomicellar Formulations Loaded with Histamine and Paclitaxel as a New Strategy to Improve Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype. Currently, paclitaxel (PTX) represents the first-line therapy for TNBC; however it presents a hydrophobic behavior and produces severe adverse effects. The aim of this work is to improve the therapeutic index of PTX through the design and characterization of novel nanomicellar polymeric formulations composed of a biocompatible copolymer Soluplus^® (S), surface-decorated with glucose (GS), and co-loaded either with histamine (HA, 5 mg/mL) and/or PTX (4 mg/mL). Their micellar size, evaluated by dynamic light scattering, showed a hydrodynamic diameter between 70 and 90 nm for loaded nanoformulations with a unimodal size distribution. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays were performed to assess their efficacy in vitro in human MDA-MB-231 and murine 4T1 TNBC cells rendering optimal antitumor efficacy in both cell lines for the nanoformulations with both drugs. In a model of TNBC developed in BALB/c mice with 4T1 cells, we found that all loaded micellar systems reduced tumor volume and that both HA and HA-PTX-loaded SG micelles reduced tumor weight and neovascularization compared with the empty micelles. We conclude that HA-PTX co-loaded micelles in addition to HA-loaded formulations present promising potential as nano-drug delivery systems for cancer chemotherapy.

Nanoliposomal delivery systems of natural antibacterial compounds; properties, applications, and recent advances

Todays, nanoliposomes (NLPs) are considered as one of the most efficient nanocarriers to deal with bacteria, practically in food products. These nanodelivery systems are able to be loaded with different bioactive compounds. The main aim of this review is investigating recent approaches (mostly from the years of 2018 to 2022) regarding development of nanoliposomal natural antibacterial compounds. In this regard, NLPs alone, combined with films, coatings, or fibers, and in coated forms are reviewed as advanced delivery systems of antibacterial substances. Moreover, a robust and comprehensive coverage of the morphological and physical properties of formulated NLPs as well as their interactions with antibacterial substances are discussed. The importance of NLPs to encapsulate antibacterial ingredients, advantages and drawbacks, antibacterial pathways of formulated NLPs, and comparison of them with pure antibacterial bioactive compounds are also explained.

Novel Therapeutic Approach in PEGylated Chitosan Nanoparticles of Apigenin for the Treatment of Cancer via Oral Nanomedicine

The goal of this study was to optimize and formulate apigenin (APG)-loaded pegylated chitosan nanoparticles (PEGylated-CNPs) via ionic gelation techniques using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Three individual variables, X₁(chitosan: TPP concentration), X₂ (PEG-400 concentration), and X₃ (sonication time), were investigated for their influence on response variables (Y₁-particle size (PS); Y₂-drug entrapment efficiency (DEE); and Y₃-zeta potential (ZP). The optimized formula of APG-PEGylated CNPs was picked from the statistical design and was then examined for physical, morphological, release characterization, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor potential. The average PS, PDI, %DEE, and ZP were found to be 139.63 ± 5.67 nm, 0.296 ± 0.014, 79.55 ± 3.12%, and 24.68 ± 1.84 mV, respectively. The optimized APG formulation was chosen and reformulated based on the desirability function. Results of the observed and predicted values of responses through the BBD process were found to be nearly identical. The resulting APG-PEGylated CNPs were spherical and smooth, according to surface morphology studies. The release study revealed that PEGylated-CNPs exhibited biphasic release patterns distinguished by an initial burst release of APG only at early phases accompanied by a delayed release near 24 h. Furthermore, APG-PEGylated CNPs demonstrated statistically increased antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells compared to pure APG. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that BBD was efficient in optimizing the PEGylated CNPs formulation and recognizing the impacts of formulation variables. In conclusion, the developed formulation has a significant potential for anticancer therapy.

Toxicity Assessment of Resveratrol Liposomes-in-Hydrogel Delivery System by EpiVaginalTM Tissue Model

The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RES) has shown great potential as an antimicrobial, including against microbes associated with vaginal infections. To fully exploit the activities of RES, an all-natural ingredients formulation for RES delivery at vaginal site has been developed, namely liposomes loaded with RES, incorporated into a chitosan hydrogel as secondary vehicle. Although considered non-toxic and safe on their own, the compatibility of the final formulation must be evaluated for its biocompatibility and non-irritancy to the vaginal mucosa. As a preclinical safety assessment, the impact of RES formulation on the tissue viability, the effect on barrier function and cell monolayer integrity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the cell-based vaginal tissue model, the EpiVaginal™ tissue. RES liposomes-in-hydrogel formulations neither affected the mitochondrial activity, nor the integrity of the cell monolayer in RES concentration up to 60 µg/mL. Moreover, the barrier function was maintained to a greater extent by RES in formulation, emphasizing the benefits of the delivery system. Additionally, none of the tested formulations expressed an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to the non-treated tissues. The evaluation of the RES delivery system suggests that it is non-irritant and biocompatible with vaginal tissue in vitro in the RES concentrations considered as therapeutic.

Quatsomes Formulated with l-Prolinol-Derived Surfactants as Antibacterial Nanocarriers of (+)-Usnic Acid with Antioxidant Activity

The efficacy of the treatment of bacterial infection is seriously reduced because of antibiotic resistance; thus, therapeutic solutions against drug-resistant microbes are necessary. Nanoparticle-based solutions are particularly promising for meeting this challenge because they can offer intrinsic antimicrobial activity and sustained drug release at the target site. Herein, we present a newly developed nanovesicle system of the quatsome family, composed of l-prolinol-derived surfactants and cholesterol, which has noticeable antibacterial activity even on Gram-negative strains, demonstrating great potential for the treatment of bacterial infections. We optimized the vesicle stability and antibacterial activity by tuning the surfactant chain length and headgroup charge (cationic or zwitterionic) and show that these quatsomes can furthermore serve as nanocarriers of pharmaceutical actives, demonstrated here by the encapsulation of (+)-usnic acid, a natural substance with many pharmacological properties.

Cell-membrane-inspired polymers for constructing biointerfaces with efficient molecular recognition

Fabrication of devices that accurately recognize, detect, and separate target molecules from mixtures is a crucial aspect of biotechnology for applications in medical, pharmaceutical, and food sciences. This technology has also been recently applied in solving environmental and energy-related problems. In molecular recognition, biomolecules are typically complexed with a substrate, and specific molecules from a mixture are recognized, captured, and reacted. To increase sensitivity and efficiency, the activity of the biomolecules used for capture should be maintained, and non-specific reactions on the surface should be prevented. This review summarizes polymeric materials that are used for constructing biointerfaces. Precise molecular recognition occurring at the surface of cell membranes is fundamental to sustaining life; therefore, materials that mimic the structure and properties of this particular surface are emphasized in this article. The requirements for biointerfaces to eliminate nonspecific interactions of biomolecules are described. In particular, the major issue of protein adsorption on biointerfaces is discussed by focusing on the structure of water near the interface from a thermodynamic viewpoint; moreover, the structure of polymer molecules that control the water structure is considered. Methodologies enabling stable formation of these interfaces on material surfaces are also presented.

Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Neurological Disorders: A Review of the State-of-the-Art and Therapeutic Success to Date

Neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and dementia are chronic and advanced diseases that are associated with loss of neurons and other related pathologies. Furthermore, these disorders involve structural and functional defections of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Consequently, advances in medicines and therapeutics have led to a better appreciation of various pathways associated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders, thus focusing on drug discovery and research for targeted drug therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). Although the BBB functions as a shield to prevent toxins in the blood from reaching the brain, drug delivery to the CNS is hindered by its presence. Owing to this, various formulation approaches, including the use of lipid-based nanocarriers, have been proposed to address shortcomings related to BBB permeation in CNS-targeted therapy, thus showing the potential of these carriers for translation into clinical use. Nevertheless, to date, none of these nanocarriers has been granted market authorization following the successful completion of all stages of clinical trials. While the aforementioned benefits of using lipid-based carriers underscores the need to fast-track their translational development into clinical practice, technological advances need to be initiated to achieve appropriate capacity for scale-up and the production of affordable dosage forms.

Emerging Trends in the Delivery of Resveratrol by Nanostructures: Applications of Nanotechnology in Life Sciences

Resveratrol (RES) is a stilbene group of natural polyphenolic compounds in trees, peanuts, and grapes. RES is revealed with anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Though it is proven with prominent therapeutic activity, low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, and short half-life had hindered its use to exploit the potential. Also, the first-pass metabolism and undergoing enterohepatic recirculation are obscure in the minds of researchers for their in vitro studies. Many approaches have been investigated and shown promising results in manipulating their physicochemical properties to break this barrier. Nanocarriers are one of them to reduce the first-pass metabolism and to overcome other hurdles. This article reviews and highlights such encapsulation technologies. Nanoencapsulated RES improves in vitro antioxidant effect, and this review also highlights the new strategies and the concept behind how resveratrol can be handled and implemented with better therapeutic efficacy.

Study of Valproic Acid Liposomes for Delivery into the Brain through an Intranasal Route

Intranasal drug transport through the olfactory route to the brain is an effective drug route for increased absorption and bioavailability of the drug. The objective of this study was to increase the penetration of valproic acid as an anticonvulsant into a delivery system comprising liposomes. Valproic acid liposomes were prepared by a thin-layer hydration technique using soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol as the main ingredients. The formulations were evaluated for diameter size, entrapment efficiency (EE), zeta potential, polydispersity index, and morphology. ex vivo permeation using sheep nasal mucosa and in vivo efficacy were assessed by performing a pharmacokinetic study in Wistar albino rats following intranasal administration of the formulations in comparison with pure drug. The mean size particle of optimized liposomes ranged from 90 to 210 nm with a low polydispersity index (<0.5). The EE of optimized liposomes was between 60% and 85%, increasing the concentration of phosphatidylcholine added to the formula. Transmission electron microscopy observations (40,000×) showed that valproic acid liposomes have a spherical molecular shape and a particle size of below 250 nm. The ex vivo and in vivo results showed that liposomal formulations provided enhanced brain exposure. Among the formulations studied, Formula 4 (F4) showed greater uptake of valproic acid into the brain than plasma. The high brain targeting efficiency index for F4 indicated the preferential transport of the drug to the brain. The study demonstrated the successful formulation of surface-modified valproic acid liposomes for nasal delivery with brain targeting potential.

Journey to the Market: The Evolution of Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems

Biodegradable polymers have been used as carriers in drug delivery systems for more than four decades. Early work used crude natural materials for particle fabrication, whereas more recent work has utilized synthetic polymers. Applications include the macroscale, the microscale, and the nanoscale. Since pioneering work in the 1960’s, an array of products that use biodegradable polymers to encapsulate the desired drug payload have been approved for human use by international regulatory agencies. The commercial success of these products has led to further research in the field aimed at bringing forward new formulation types for improved delivery of various small molecule and biologic drugs. Here, we review recent advances in the development of these materials and we provide insight on their drug delivery application. We also address payload encapsulation and drug release mechanisms from biodegradable formulations and their application in approved therapeutic products.

Formulation and Evaluation of Luteolin-Loaded Nanovesicles: In Vitro Physicochemical Characterization and Viability Assessment

Luteolin (LT) is a natural polyphenol water-insoluble compound. LT-loaded nanovesicles (NVs) were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. LT-NVs were prepared using cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, span 60, and labrasol in a different composition. The prepared LT-NVs were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and permeation study. The optimized LT-NVs were further evaluated for antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity using the lung cancer cell line. LT-NVs showed nanometric size (less than 300 nm), an optimum polydispersibility index (less than 0.5), and a negative zeta potential value. The formulations also showed significant variability in the encapsulation efficiency (69.44 ± 0.52 to 83.75 ± 0.35%) depending upon the formulation composition. The in vitro and permeation study results revealed enhanced drug release as well as permeation profile. The formulation LT-NVs (F2) showed the maximum drug release of 88.28 ± 1.13%, while pure LT showed only 20.1 ± 1.21% in 12 h. The release data revealed significant variation (p < 0.001) in the release pattern. The permeation results also depicted significant (p < 0.001) enhancement in the permeation across the membrane. The enhanced permeation from LT-NVs was achieved due to the enhanced solubility of LT in the presence of the surfactant. The antioxidant activity results proved that LT-NVs showed greater activity compared to pure LT. The cytotoxicity study showed lesser IC50 value from LT-NVs than the pure LT. Thus, it can be concluded that LT-NVs are a natural alternative to the synthetic drug in the treatment of lung cancer.

Advances in the therapeutic delivery and applications of functionalized Pluronics: A critical review

Pluronic (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymers can form nano-sized micelles with a structure composed of a hydrophobic PPO core and hydrophilic PEO shell layer. Pluronics are U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved polymers, which are widely used for solubilization of drugs and their delivery, gene/therapeutic delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering applications due to their non-ionic properties, non-toxicity, micelle forming ability, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Although Pluronics have been employed as drug carrier systems for several decades, numerous issues such as rapid dissolution, shorter residence time in biological media, fast clearance and weak mechanical strength have hindered their efficacy. Pluronics have been functionalized with pH-sensitive, biological-responsive moieties, antibodies, aptamers, folic acid, drugs, different nanoparticles, and photo/thermo-responsive hydrogels. These functionalization strategies enable Pluronics to act as stimuli responsive and targeted drug delivery vehicles. Moreover, Pluronics have emerged in nano-emulsion formulations and have been utilized to improve the properties of cubosomes, dendrimers and nano-sheets, including their biocompatibility and aqueous solubility. Functionalization of Pluronics results in the significant improvement of target specificity, loading capacity, biocompatibility of nanoparticles and stimuli responsive hydrogels for the promising delivery of a range of drugs. Therefore, this review presents an overview of all advancements (from the last 15 years) in functionalized Pluronics, providing a valuable tool for industry and academia in order to optimize their use in drug or therapeutic delivery, in addition to several other biomedical applications.

A Review on Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Its Application to Nano-Pharmaceutical and Food-Based Systems

Recently, owing to well-controlled release, enhanced distribution and increased permeability, nanocarriers used for alternative drug and food-delivery strategies have received increasingly attentions. Nanocarriers have attracted a large amount of interest as potential carriers of various bioactive molecules for multiple applications. Drug and food-based delivery via polymeric-based nanocarriers and lipid-based nanocarriers has been widely investigated. Nanocarriers, especially liposomes, are more and more widely used in the area of novel nano-pharmaceutical or food-based design. Herein, we aimed to discuss the recent advancement of different surface-engineered nanocarriers type, along with cutting-edge applications for food and nanomedicine and highlight the alternative of phytochemical as nanocarrier. Additionally, safety concern of nanocarriers was also highlighted.

Sorafenib Repurposing for Ophthalmic Delivery by Lipid Nanoparticles: A Preliminary Study

Uveal melanoma is the second most common melanoma and the most common intraocular malignant tumour of the eye. Among various treatments currently studied, Sorafenib was also proposed as a promising drug, often administered with other compounds in order to avoid resistance mechanisms. Despite its promising cellular activities, the use of Sorafenib by oral administration is limited by its severe side effects and the difficulty to reach the target. The encapsulation into drug delivery systems represents an interesting strategy to overcome these limits. In this study, different lipid nanoparticulate formulations were prepared and compared in order to select the most suitable for the encapsulation of Sorafenib. In particular, two solid lipids (Softisan or Suppocire) at different concentrations were used to produce solid lipid nanoparticles, demonstrating that higher amounts were able to achieve smaller particle sizes, higher homogeneity, and longer physical stability. The selected formulations, which demonstrated to be biocompatible on Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea cells, were modified to improve their mucoadhesion, evaluating the effect of two monovalent cationic lipids with two lipophilic chains. Sorafenib encapsulation allowed obtaining a sustained and prolonged drug release, thus confirming the potential use of the developed strategy to topically administer Sorafenib in the treatment of uveal melanoma.

Lipid in Chips: A Brief Review of Liposomes Formation by Microfluidics

Liposomes are ubiquitous tools in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, membrane science and artificial cell. Micro- and nanofabrication techniques have revolutionized the preparation of liposomes on the microscale. State-of-the-art liposomal formation on microfluidic chips and its associated applications are introduced in this review. We attempt to provide a reference for liposomal researchers by comparing various microfluidic techniques for liposomes formation.

Development of Piperine-Loaded Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: Optimization, In-Vitro, Ex-Vivo, and In-Vivo Evaluation

Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease that needs long-term medication. Oral delivery is the most common route for the administration of drugs. The present research is to develop piperine self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (PE-SNEDDS) using glyceryl monolinoleate (GML), poloxamer 188, and transcutol HP as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The formulation was optimized by three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. PE-SNEDDs were characterized for globule size, emulsification time, stability, in-vitro release, and ex-vivo intestinal permeation study. The optimized PE-SNEDDS (OF3) showed the globule size of 70.34 ± 3.27 nm, percentage transmittance of 99.02 ± 2.02%, and emulsification time of 53 ± 2 s Finally, the formulation OF3 was transformed into solid PE-SNEDDS (S-PE-SNEDDS) using avicel PH-101 as adsorbent. The reconstituted SOF3 showed a globule size of 73.56 ± 3.54 nm, PDI of 0.35 ± 0.03, and zeta potential of −28.12 ± 2.54 mV. SEM image exhibited the PE-SNEDDS completely adsorbed on avicel. Thermal analysis showed the drug was solubilized in oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. S-PE-SNEDDS formulation showed a more significant (p < 0.05) release (97.87 ± 4.89% in 1 h) than pure PE (27.87 ± 2.65% in 1 h). It also exhibited better antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and antioxidant activity as compared to PE dispersion. The in vivo activity in rats exhibited better (p < 0.05) antihypertensive activity as well as 4.92-fold higher relative bioavailability than pure PE dispersion. Finally, from the results it can be concluded that S-PE-SNEDDS might be a better approach for the oral delivery to improve the absorption and therapeutic activity.

Exploiting the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of White Capsicum Extract by the Nanoformulation in Phospholipid Vesicles

The peppers of the Capsicum species are exploited in many fields, as flavoring agents in food industry, or as decorative and therapeutic plants. Peppers show a diversified phytochemical content responsible for different biological activities. Synergic activity exerted by high levels of antioxidant compounds is responsible for their important anti-inflammatory property. A methanolic extract was obtained from a new pepper genotype and tested for anti-inflammatory activity. The extract was incorporated into phospholipid vesicles to increase the bioavailability of its bioactive components. Two types of phospholipid vesicles were produced, conventional liposomes and Penetration Enhancer containing Vesicles (PEVs). They were tested in human monoblastic leukemia U937 cell line, showing no cytotoxic effect. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured to value the in vitro efficacy of the vesicles in regulating inflammatory responses. Liposomal incorporation significantly reduced ROS levels in extract-treated LPS-activated cells. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that liposomes facilitated the transport of the extract components across the cell membrane and their accumulation into the cytoplasm.

Efficacy of a resveratrol nanoformulation based on a commercially available liposomal platform

Scalability is one of the important factors slowing down or even impeding the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based systems. The latter need to be manufactured at a high level of quality, with batch-to-batch reproducibility, and need to be stable after the manufacturing process, during long-term storage and upon clinical administration. In this study, a vesicular formulation intended for cutaneous applications was developed by the easy reconstitution of a commercially available liposomal platform. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring compound with potent antioxidant activity, and Tween80, a hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant, were included in the formulation. The physico-chemical properties of the vesicles were assessed using light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Nanosized (around 80 nm) spherical and elongated, unilamellar vesicles were produced, with remarkable storage stability. The incorporation of resveratrol in the vesicular system did not alter its strong antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by antioxidant colorimetric assays (DPPH and FRAP). Furthermore, the resveratrol liposomes were cytocompatible with fibroblasts and capable of protecting skin cells from oxidative stress by reducing both endogenous and chemically induced reactive oxygen species more effectively than free resveratrol. Therefore, the proposed formulation, based on the use of a commercially available liposomal platform, represents an easy-to-prepare, reproducible, up-scaled and efficient means of delivering resveratrol and potentiating its biological activity in vitro.

Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Luteolin-Loaded Topical Nanoparticulate Delivery System for the Skin Cancer

In the present study, luteolin (LT)-loaded nanosized vesicles (LT-NVs) were prepared by a solvent evaporation-hydration method using phospholipid and edge activator. The formulation was optimized using three factors at a three-level Box-Behnken design. The formulated LT-NVs were prepared using the three independent variables phospholipid (A), edge activator (B) and sonication time (C). The effect of used variables was assessed on the vesicle size (Y1) and encapsulation efficiency (Y2). The selection of optimum composition (LT-NVopt) was based on the point prediction method of the software. The prepared LT-NVopt showed the particle size of 189.92 ± 3.25 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 92.43 ± 4.12% with PDI and zeta potential value of 0.32 and -21 mV, respectively. The formulation LT-NVopt was further converted into Carbopol 934 gel (1% w/v) to enhance skin retention. LT-NVoptG was further characterized for viscosity, spreadability, drug content, drug release, drug permeation and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity assessment. The evaluation result revealed optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability and good drug content. There was enhanced LT release (60.81 ± 2.87%), as well as LT permeation (128.21 ± 3.56 µg/cm2/h), which was found in comparison to the pure LT. The antioxidant and antimicrobial study results revealed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) better antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms. Finally, the samples were evaluated for cytotoxicity assessment using skin cancer cell line and results revealed a significant difference in the viability % at the tested concentration. LT-NVoptG showed a significantly lower IC50 value than the pure LT. From the study, it can be concluded that the prepared LT-NVoptG was found to be an alternative to the synthetic drug as well as conventional delivery systems.

Astragaloside IV- and nesfatin-1-encapsulated phosphatidylserine liposomes conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin and leptin to activate anti-apoptotic pathway and block phosphorylated tau protein expression for Parkinson's disease treatment

Heap-up of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and its association with tau protein are esteemed to trigger the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to develop multi-functional liposomes incorporated with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and phosphatidylserine (PS) to load astragaloside IV (AS-IV) and nestifin-1 (NF-1), followed by grafting with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and leptin (Lep) (WGA-Lep-AS-IV-NF-1-PS-liposomes) to protect dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis. Experimental results showed that increasing the mole percentage of DSPC and PS enhanced the particle size, particle stability and entrapment efficiency of AS-IV and NF-1, and reduced the drug releasing rate. Strong affinity of NF-1 to PS was evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. WGA-Lep-AS-IV-NF-1-PS-liposomes diminished transendothelial electrical resistance and improved the capacity of propidium iodide, AS-IV and NF-1 to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Immunocytochemical staining exhibited the ability of functionalized liposomes to target Lep receptor and α-Syn in MPP⁺-insulted SH-SY5Y cells. Western blots revealed a substantial reduction of α-Syn and phosphorylated tau protein in the anti-oxidative pathway through interaction with PS. During the course of treatment with WGA-Lep-AS-IV-NF-1-PS-liposomes, the combined activity of AS-IV and NF-1 and recognition capability simultaneously decreased the expression of Bax, and increased the expressions of Bcl-2, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter. The liposomes carrying AS-IV and NF-1 can rescue degenerated neurons and are a promising formulation to achieve better PD management.

Anti-HER2 VHH Targeted Fluorescent Liposome as Bimodal Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery and Optical Imaging

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to formulate fluorescent-labeled targeted immunoliposome to visualize the delivery and distribution of drugs in real-time.

METHODS

In this study, fluorescent-labeled liposomes were decorated with anti-HER2 VHH or Herceptin to improve the monitoring of intracellular drug delivery and tumor cell tracking with minimal side effects. The conjugation efficiency of antibodies was analyzed by SDS-PAGE silver staining. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of liposomes was performed using DLS and TEM. Finally, confocal microscopy visualized nanoparticles in the target cells.

RESULTS

Quantitative and qualitative methods characterized the intracellular uptake of 110±10 nm particles with near 70% conjugation efficiency. In addition, live-cell trafficking during hours of incubation was monitored by wide-field microscopy imaging. The results show that the fluorescent-labeled nanoparticles can specifically bind to HER2-positive breast cancer with minimal off-target delivery.

CONCLUSION

This kind of nanoparticles can have several applications in personalized medicine, especially drug delivery and real-time visualization of cancer therapy. Moreover, this method also can be applied in the targeted delivery of contrast agents in imaging and thermotherapy.

Essential Oil-Loaded NLC for Potential Intranasal Administration

Complementary and alternative medicines represent an interesting field of research on which worldwide academics are focusing many efforts. In particular, the possibility to exploit pharmaceutical technology strategies, such as the nanoencapsulation, for the delivery of essential oils is emerging as a promising strategy not only in Italy but also all over the world. The aim of this work was the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of essential oils (Lavandula, Mentha, and Rosmarinus) by intranasal administration, an interesting topic in which Italian contributions have recently increased. Essential oil-loaded NLC, projected as a possible add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, were characterized in comparison to control formulations prepared with Tegosoft CT and Neem oil. Homogeneous (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) nanoparticles with a small size (<200 nm) and good stability were obtained. Morphological and physical-chemical studies showed the formation of different structures depending on the nature of the liquid oil component. In particular, NLC prepared with Lavandula or Rosmarinus showed the formation of a more ordered structure with higher cytocompatibility on two cell lines, murine and human fibroblasts. Taken together, our preliminary results show that optimized positively charged NLC containing Lavandula or Rosmarinus can be proposed as a potential add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through intranasal administration, due to the well-known beneficial effects of essential oils and the mucoadhesive properties of NLC.

Antimicrobial Activity and Protective Effect of Tuscan Bee Pollens on Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Different Cell-Based Models

Bee pollen is an apiary product of great interest owing to its high nutritional and therapeutic properties. This study aimed to assess the cellular antioxidant activity and the antihemolytic effect of Castanea, Rubus, and Cistus bee pollens on human erythrocytes. We also tested the antimicrobial potential of each sample on selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, the effect of Castanea bee pollen, showing the best phytochemical profile, was analyzed on human microvascular endothelial cells exposed to thapsigargin, used as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor. Our results showed good biological activities of all bee pollen samples that, under oxidative conditions, significantly improved the erythrocytes’ antioxidant activity and limited cell lyses. Castanea and Cistus showed comparable antihemolytic activities, with higher % hemolysis inhibition than Rubus. All samples exerted antimicrobial activity with different selectivity among all the tested microorganisms with minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 5 to 10 mg/mL. Finally, Castanea bee pollen was effective in reducing gene over-expression and oxidation process arising from thapsigargin treatment, with a maximum protective effect at 10 µg/mL. In conclusion, bee pollen represents a potential natural antibacterial and a good nutraceutical product useful in the prevention of free radical and ER stress-associated diseases.

Innovative Delivery Systems Loaded with Plant Bioactive Ingredients: Formulation Approaches and Applications

Plants constitute a rich source of diverse classes of valuable phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids) with proven biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc.). However, factors such as low stability, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. In this regard, a wide range of delivery systems have been developed to increase the stability of plant-derived bioactive compounds upon processing, storage or under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, to enhance their solubility, to mask undesirable flavors as well as to efficiently deliver them to the target tissues where they can exert their biological activity and promote human health. In the present review, the latest advances regarding the design of innovative delivery systems for pure plant bioactive compounds, extracts or essential oils, in order to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, are presented. Moreover, a broad spectrum of applications along with future trends are critically discussed.

Calycosin-loaded nanoliposomes as potential nanoplatforms for treatment of diabetic nephropathy through regulation of mitochondrial respiratory function

BACKGROUNDS

One of the most common complications in diabetic nephropathy is generation of high levels of ROS which can be regulated by herbal antioxidants. However, polyphenols like calycosin, the bioactive compound of Radix astragali suffer from low solubility and poor bioavailability.

METHODS

Therefore, in the present study, calycosin-loaded nanoliposomes were fabricated and characterized by TEM, DLS and FTIR techniques. Afterwards, the drug loading (DL) and entrapment efficiency (EE), drug release, solubility, stability, and pharmacodynamic assays were performed. Finally, the antinephropathic effects of calycosin-loaded-nanoliposomes on mitochondria of kidney cells were explored by MTT, ROS, MDA, mitochondrial respiratory function assays.

RESULTS

The result showed that the size, hydrodynamic radius, zeta potential, EE, and DL were, 80 nm, 133.99 ± 21.44 nm, - 20.53 ± 3.57, 88.37 ± 2.28%, and 7.48 ± 1.19%, respectively. The outcomes of in vitro release assay showed that calycosin-loaded nanoliposomes were significantly slow-release in dialysis media with pH 1.2, pH 6.9 and pH 7.4, at about 30 min, the dissolution of calycosin from nanoliposome became almost complete, and after 2 months, the calycosin-loaded nanoliposomes were still stable. Pharmacokinetic assay revealed that the AUC0-t of calycosin in calycosin-loaded nanoliposome group was 927.39 ± 124.91 μg/L*h, which was 2.26 times than that of the free calycosin group (**P < 0.01). Additionally, the MRT0-t and t1/2 of calycosin in the calycosin-loaded nanoliposome group were prolonged by 1.54 times and 1.33 times than that of free calycosin group, respectively (*P < 0.05). Finally, it was shown that calycosin-loaded nanoliposomes regulated the viability, ROS production, lipid peroxidation and function of mitochondria in kidney cells of diabetic rats as a model of diabetic nephropathy.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion it may be suggested that new therapies based on nano-formulated calycosin can restore mitochondrial function which can improve diabetic nephropathy.

Formulation of Piperine-Chitosan-Coated Liposomes: Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation

The present research work is designed to prepare and evaluate piperine liposomes and piperine–chitosan-coated liposomes for oral delivery. Piperine (PPN) is a water-insoluble bioactive compound used for different diseases. The prepared formulations were evaluated for physicochemical study, mucoadhesive study, permeation study and in vitro cytotoxic study using the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Piperine-loaded liposomes (PLF) were prepared by the thin-film evaporation method. The selected liposomes were coated with chitosan (PLFC) by electrostatic deposition to enhance the mucoadhesive property and in vitro therapeutic efficacy. Based on the findings of the study, the prepared PPN liposomes (PLF3) and chitosan coated PPN liposomes (PLF3C1) showed a nanometric size range of 165.7 ± 7.4 to 243.4 ± 7.5, a narrow polydispersity index (>0.3) and zeta potential (−7.1 to 29.8 mV). The average encapsulation efficiency was found to be between 60 and 80% for all prepared formulations. The drug release and permeation study profile showed biphasic release behavior and enhanced PPN permeation. The in vitro antioxidant study results showed a comparable antioxidant activity with pure PPN. The anticancer study depicted that the cell viability assay of tested PLF3C2 has significantly (p < 0.001)) reduced the IC₅₀ when compared with pure PPN. The study revealed that oral chitosan-coated liposomes are a promising delivery system for the PPN and can increase the therapeutic efficacy against the breast cancer cell line.