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Ventura B, Çatal Y, Wolman A, Buccellato A, Cooper AC, Northoff G. Intrinsic neural timescales exhibit different lengths in distinct meditation techniques. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120745. [PMID: 39069224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Meditation encompasses a range of practices employing diverse induction techniques, each characterized by a distinct attentional focus. In Mantra meditation, for instance, practitioners direct their attention narrowly to a given sentence that is recursively repeated, while other forms of meditation such as Shoonya meditation are induced by a wider attentional focus. Here we aimed to identify the neural underpinnings and correlates associated with this spectrum of distinct attentional foci. To accomplish this, we used EEG data to estimate the brain's intrinsic neural timescales (INTs), that is, its temporal windows of activity, by calculating the Autocorrelation Window (ACW) of the EEG signal. The autocorrelation function measures the similarity of a timeseries with a time-lagged version of itself by correlating the signal with itself on different time lags, consequently providing an estimation of INTs length. Therefore, through using the ACW metric, our objective was to explore whether there is a correspondence between the length of the brain's temporal windows of activity and the width of the attentional scope during various meditation techniques. This was performed on three groups of highly proficient practitioners belonging to different meditation traditions, as well as a meditation-naïve control group. Our results indicated that practices with a wider attentional focus, like Shoonya meditation, exhibit longer ACW durations compared to practices requiring a narrower attentional focus, such as Mantra meditation or body-scanning Vipassana meditation. Together, we demonstrated that distinct meditation techniques with varying widths of attentional foci exhibit unique durations in their brain's INTs. This may suggest that the width of the attentional scope during meditation relates and corresponds to the width of the brain's temporal windows in its neural activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our research uncovered the neural mechanisms that underpin the attentional foci in various meditation techniques. We revealed that distinct meditation induction techniques, featured by their range of attentional widths, are characterized by varying lengths of intrinsic neural timescales (INTs) within the brain, as measured by the Autocorrelation Window function. This finding may bridge the gap between the width of attentional windows (subjective) and the width of the temporal windows in the brain's neural activity (objective) during different meditation techniques, offering a new understanding of how cognitive and neural processes are related to each other. This work holds significant implications, especially in the context of the increasing use of meditation in mental health and well-being interventions. By elucidating the distinct neural foundations of different meditation techniques, our research aims to pave the way for developing more tailored and effective meditation-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ventura
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa K1N 6N5, ON, Canada.
| | - Yasir Çatal
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 145 Carling Avenue, Rm. 6435, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, ON, Canada.
| | - Angelika Wolman
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa K1N 6N5, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrea Buccellato
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Orus 2/B, Padova 35129, Italy; Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Austin Clinton Cooper
- Integrated Program of Neuroscience, Room 302, Irving Ludmer Building, 1033 Pine Avenue W., McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Georg Northoff
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 145 Carling Avenue, Rm. 6435, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, ON, Canada.
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Luo X, Zhao J, Zhao D, Wang L, Hou Y, Liu Y, Zeng J, Yuan H, Lei X. Differences in attentional function between experienced mindfulness meditators and non-meditators. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1341294. [PMID: 38563033 PMCID: PMC10982879 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1341294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attentional enhancement has often been identified as the central cognitive mechanism underlying the benefits of mindfulness meditation. However, the extent to which this enhancement is observable in the neural processes underlying long-term meditation is unclear. This current study aimed to examine differences in attentional performance between meditators and controls (non-meditators) using a visual oddball task with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Methods Thirty-four participants were recruited, including 16 meditators and 18 healthy controls, who were non-meditators. The participants completed a visual oddball task, using visual stimuli, and EEG recording. Results Self-reports revealed that meditators had higher mindful attention scores than did the control group. The behavioral results showed that the meditators demonstrated faster reaction times than the non-meditators did. Neural findings indicated a higher P2 amplitude in the meditators than in the controls. The meditators demonstrated a significantly higher P3 in the target trials than in the distractor trials, which was not observed in the controls. Additionally, the time-frequency analysis demonstrated that the delta and theta powers in the meditators were significantly higher than those in the controls. Conclusions The study suggests the meditators exhibited greater attentional performance than the controls did, as revealed by EEG and behavioral measures. This study extends previous research on the effects of mindfulness meditation on attention and adds to our understanding of the effects of long-term mindfulness meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Luo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Hou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Kckaou A, Dhouib F, Kotti N, Sallemi I, Hammami KJ, Masmoudi ML, Hajjaji M. Does mindfulness reduce perceived stress in healthcare professionals? L'ENCEPHALE 2023; 49:612-616. [PMID: 36411118 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are exposed to multiple psychosocial risks that may lead to high levels of stress and low levels of life satisfaction and well-being. Mindfulness, defined as the awareness that arises by intentionally paying attention in the present moment and in a non-judgmental way, seems to be a moderator in the causal association between life stressors and well-being. AIMS The aim of the present study was to test the model of relationships between self-reported mindfulness, perceived stress, well-being index and life satisfaction in a sample of Tunisian HCPs. METHODS We performed a correlational cross-sectional study on a sample of HCPs at Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Tunisia. We used validated self-reporting instruments: the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the World Health Organisation Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). For data analysis, the SPSS version 23 program was used. RESULTS Participants (n=297) included staff nurses (49.2%), medical technicians (19.2%) and doctors (31.6%). The overall model revealed that reduced perceived stress (β=-0.30, P<0.000) and high levels of well-being (β=0.13, P=0.03) were associated with mindfulness, explaining 14% of the variance. Individually, perceived stress significantly predicted mindfulness explaining 13% of the variance. CONCLUSION The study explores a variety of elements that can support the development of mindfulness interventions for stress prevention, staff well-being, and improvement of services as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kckaou
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - F Dhouib
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - N Kotti
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - I Sallemi
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - K J Hammami
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M L Masmoudi
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Hajjaji
- Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, rte ain km 0.5, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
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O’Hare AJ, Gemelli ZT. The effects of short interventions of focused-attention vs. self-compassion mindfulness meditation on undergraduate students: Evidence from self-report, classroom performance, and ERPs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278826. [PMID: 36662726 PMCID: PMC9858058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training has been shown to improve cognitive processing, wellbeing, and academic performance. However, mindfulness interventions that are integrated into non-mindfulness related courses have not been well-investigated. Further, the unique effects of different aspects of MBSR training are not as well understood. This paper examines the effects that are uniquely associated with focused-attention versus self-compassion mindfulness practices utilizing a multi-method approach. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during an Emotional Flanker task, and self-report measures of wellbeing and measures of classroom performance were collected before and after training. Participants were students in two sections of the same undergraduate course and either completed 10 weeks of focused-attention practice or self-compassion practice that was built into their class sessions. Students in the focused-attention group (mean age = 22.08) had reduced interference effects on their reaction times following the training. Students in the self-compassion group (mean age = 23.91) showed altered processing of conflict on negative trials via the N2 and P3 ERP amplitudes after the training. This group also reported significant improvements in wellbeing and performed significantly better on more class tests compared to the focused-attention group. These data support the effectiveness of incorporating brief, simplified mindfulness practices in any classroom as an intervention to improve attention, wellbeing and classroom performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminda J. O’Hare
- Department of Psychological Science, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zachary T. Gemelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Gao L, Feng Y. How does workplace event criticality spur employees' proactivity? The roles of work engagement and mindfulness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:976213. [PMID: 36420386 PMCID: PMC9677825 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.976213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to generate insights about whether, how, and when workplace event criticality spurs employee proactivity. We conducted multilevel analyses with a three-wave time-lagged survey of 179 employees and their 55 direct leaders in China to test our proposed model. The findings indicate that workplace event criticality is conducive to stimulating proactive work behavior through improving employee engagement. Further, employee mindfulness amplifies the positive relationship between workplace event criticality and work engagement. Despite the increasingly unavoidable influence of events in the workplace on employee proactivity, empirical research around the relationship and its underlying mechanism has been rather sparse. Our event-oriented research advances this knowledge by unpacking the salient motivating role of workplace events' criticality in employee work engagement and proactivity. It also increases our understanding by illustrating that employee mindfulness will amplify and intensify the motivational potential of workplace event criticality for work engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Art Education Center, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifang Gao
- School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Lifang Gao,
| | - Yuan Feng
- School of Accounting, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
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6
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Traditional Buddhist meditations reduce mismatch negativity in expert practitioners. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 181:112-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Álvarez-Pérez Y, Rivero-Santana A, Perestelo-Pérez L, Duarte-Díaz A, Ramos-García V, Toledo-Chávarri A, Torres-Castaño A, León-Salas B, Infante-Ventura D, González-Hernández N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, Serrano-Aguilar P. Effectiveness of Mantra-Based Meditation on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063380. [PMID: 35329068 PMCID: PMC8949812 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Meditation is defined as a form of cognitive training that aims to improve attentional and emotional self-regulation. This systematic review aims to evaluate the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness and safety of mantra-based meditation techniques (MBM), in comparison to passive or active controls, or other active treatment, for the management of mental health symptoms. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases were consulted up to April 2021. Randomised controlled trials regarding meditation techniques mainly based on the repetition of mantras, such as transcendental meditation or others, were included. Results: MBM, compared to control conditions, was found to produce significant small-to-moderate effect sizes in the reduction of anxiety (g = −0.46, IC95%: −0.60, −0.32; I2 = 33%), depression (g = −0.33, 95% CI: −0.48, −0.19; I2 = 12%), stress (g = −0.45, 95% CI: −0.65, −0.24; I2 = 46%), post-traumatic stress (g = −0.59, 95% CI: −0.79, −0.38; I2 = 0%), and mental health-related quality of life (g = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.49; I2 = 0%). Conclusions: MBM appears to produce small-to-moderate significant reductions in mental health; however, this evidence is weakened by the risk of study bias and the paucity of studies with psychiatric samples and long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Álvarez-Pérez
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Amado Rivero-Santana
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lilisbeth Perestelo-Pérez
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Andrea Duarte-Díaz
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Ramos-García
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Toledo-Chávarri
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Alezandra Torres-Castaño
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz León-Salas
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Diego Infante-Ventura
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea González-Hernández
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain;
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organisation, 48960 Galdakao, Spain
- Kronikgune Institute for Health Services Research, Ronda de Azkue 1 torre del Bilbao Exhibition Centre, 48902 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Leticia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (A.R.-S.); (A.D.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (B.L.-S.); (D.I.-V.); (L.R.-R.)
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Aguilar
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), 38109 Tenerife, Spain; (L.P.-P.); (P.S.-A.)
- Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment for the National Health Service (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 38109 Tenerife, Spain;
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Fucci E, Poublan-Couzardot A, Abdoun O, Lutz A. No effect of focused attention and open monitoring meditation on EEG auditory mismatch negativity in expert and novice practitioners. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 176:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Giannou K, Lander K, Taylor JR. Attentional Features of Mindfulness are Better Predictors of Face Recognition than Empathy and Compassion-Based Constructs. Psychol Rep 2022; 126:1481-1515. [PMID: 35113737 PMCID: PMC10173350 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211061698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has employed measures of either empathy, compassion or mindfulness and linked better face recognition memory to higher scores of identification with all humanity and mindfulness but not empathy or compassion. Additionally, empathy, compassion and mindfulness have been suggested as concepts that intertwine, but research has not yet examined how their respective personality questionnaires map onto latent concepts. We employed these measures together to explore their factor structure and, using structural equation modelling, we investigated if the suggested latent variables predict recognition memory performance for face and non-face stimuli. Attentional notions of mindfulness described a latent factor that predicted face recognition. All self-compassion facets and the non-react mindfulness facet described a latent factor, which predicted false alarms in face recognition. Finally, empathy and compassion-based notions described one latent factor, which did not predict recognition performance. None of the latent variables predicted performance in either object or voice recognition. Collectively, findings indicate attention-based mindfulness to benefit face recognition, prompting further research into the potential of mindfulness to support the face recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, 12203The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Lander
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, 12203The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason R Taylor
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, 12203The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Calvetti D, Johnson B, Pascarella A, Pitolli F, Somersalo E, Vantaggi B. Mining the Mind: Linear Discriminant Analysis of MEG Source Reconstruction Time Series Supports Dynamic Changes in Deep Brain Regions During Meditation Sessions. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:840-862. [PMID: 34652578 PMCID: PMC8556220 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meditation practices have been claimed to have a positive effect on the regulation of mood and emotions for quite some time by practitioners, and in recent times there has been a sustained effort to provide a more precise description of the influence of meditation on the human brain. Longitudinal studies have reported morphological changes in cortical thickness and volume in selected brain regions due to meditation practice, which is interpreted as an evidence its effectiveness beyond the subjective self reporting. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography to quantify the changes in brain activity during meditation practice represents a challenge, as no clear hypothesis about the spatial or temporal pattern of such changes is available to date. In this article we consider MEG data collected during meditation sessions of experienced Buddhist monks practicing focused attention (Samatha) and open monitoring (Vipassana) meditation, contrasted by resting state with eyes closed. The MEG data are first mapped to time series of brain activity averaged over brain regions corresponding to a standard Destrieux brain atlas. Next, by bootstrapping and spectral analysis, the data are mapped to matrices representing random samples of power spectral densities in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] frequency bands. We use linear discriminant analysis to demonstrate that the samples corresponding to different meditative or resting states contain enough fingerprints of the brain state to allow a separation between different states, and we identify the brain regions that appear to contribute to the separation. Our findings suggest that the cingulate cortex, insular cortex and some of the internal structures, most notably the accumbens, the caudate and the putamen nuclei, the thalamus and the amygdalae stand out as separating regions, which seems to correlate well with earlier findings based on longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calvetti
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Annalisa Pascarella
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone" - CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pitolli
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via Scarpa 16, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Erkki Somersalo
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Barbara Vantaggi
- Department MEMOTEF, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Chen A, Zhang Z, Cao C, Lu J, Wu S, Ma S, Feng Y, Wang S, Xu G, Song J. Altered Attention Network in Paratroopers Exposed to Repetitive Subconcussion: Evidence Based on Behavioral and Event-Related Potential Results. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3306-3314. [PMID: 34549595 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment caused by repetitive subconcussion has received increasing attention in recent years. Although the dysfunction of attention has been confirmed by neuropsychological research using scales, there is no event-related potentials (ERPs) research. The Attention Network Test (ANT) has been widely used to evaluate the three separate components of attention processing (alerting, orienting, and executive control). Twenty-seven paratroopers exposed to repetitive subconcussion (subconcussion group) and 25 matched healthy control participants (HCs group) were enrolled, and all of them performed the ANT test while continuous scalp electroencephalography data were recorded. On the behavioral performance level, the subconcussion group showed a slower task response, with an especially significant slower reaction time in alerting. Concerning ERP results, reduction amplitudes of cue-N1 in the alerting network were observed, indicating that this group was less able to make efficient use of cues and maintain an alerting state for incoming information. For the orienting network, no difference in N1 amplitude was observed between the two groups. Moreover, there was a reduced P3 amplitude in the executive control network in the subconcussion group compared with the HCs group, suggesting a dysfunction of attentional resource allocation and inhibition control in the former group. This study is, to our knowledge, the first analysis of the altered attention network caused by repetitive subconcussion from the perspectives of behavioral and neuropsychology levels. These preliminary results revealed the possible damage of the alerting and executive control networks and provided a reference for further research on subconcussion cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aobo Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenglong Cao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinjiang Lu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Shukai Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenghui Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China.,Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China.,Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuochen Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozheng Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Song
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
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12
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Tivadar RI, Knight RT, Tzovara A. Automatic Sensory Predictions: A Review of Predictive Mechanisms in the Brain and Their Link to Conscious Processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:702520. [PMID: 34489663 PMCID: PMC8416526 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.702520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain has the astonishing capacity of integrating streams of sensory information from the environment and forming predictions about future events in an automatic way. Despite being initially developed for visual processing, the bulk of predictive coding research has subsequently focused on auditory processing, with the famous mismatch negativity signal as possibly the most studied signature of a surprise or prediction error (PE) signal. Auditory PEs are present during various consciousness states. Intriguingly, their presence and characteristics have been linked with residual levels of consciousness and return of awareness. In this review we first give an overview of the neural substrates of predictive processes in the auditory modality and their relation to consciousness. Then, we focus on different states of consciousness - wakefulness, sleep, anesthesia, coma, meditation, and hypnosis - and on what mysteries predictive processing has been able to disclose about brain functioning in such states. We review studies investigating how the neural signatures of auditory predictions are modulated by states of reduced or lacking consciousness. As a future outlook, we propose the combination of electrophysiological and computational techniques that will allow investigation of which facets of sensory predictive processes are maintained when consciousness fades away.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert T. Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Sleep-Wake Epilepsy Center | NeuroTec, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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The Time Varying Networks of the Interoceptive Attention and Rest. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0341-20.2021. [PMID: 33975858 PMCID: PMC8174797 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0341-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused attention to spontaneous sensations is a dynamic process that demands interoceptive abilities. Failure to control it has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders like illness-anxiety disorder. Regulatory strategies, such as focused attention meditation (FAM), may enhance the ability to control focused attention particularly to body sensations, which can be reflected on functional neuroanatomy. The functional connectivity (FC) related to focused attention has been described, however, the dynamic brain organization associated to this process and the differences to the resting state remains to be studied. To quantify the cerebral dynamic counterpart of focused attention to interoception, we examined fifteen experienced meditators while performing a 20-min attentional task to spontaneous sensations. Subjects underwent three scanning sessions obtaining a resting-state scan before and after the task. Sliding window dynamic FC (DFC) and k-means clustering identified five recurrent FC patterns along the dorsal attention network (DAN), default mode network (DMN), and frontoparietal network (FPN). Subjects remained longer in a low connectivity brain pattern during the resting conditions. By contrast, subjects spent a higher proportion of time in complex patterns during the task than rest. Moreover, a carry-over effect in FC was observed following the interoceptive task performance, suggestive of an active role in the learning process linked to cognitive training. Our results suggest that focused attention to interoceptive processes, demands a dynamic brain organization with specific features that distinguishes it from the resting condition. This approach may provide new insights characterizing the neural basis of the focused attention, an essential component for human adaptability.
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14
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Yoshida K, Takeda K, Kasai T, Makinae S, Murakami Y, Hasegawa A, Sakai S. Focused attention meditation training modifies neural activity and attention: longitudinal EEG data in non-meditators. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:215-224. [PMID: 32064537 PMCID: PMC7304517 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Focused attention meditation (FAM) is a basic meditation practice that cultivates attentional control and monitoring skills. Cross-sectional studies have highlighted high cognitive performance and discriminative neural activity in experienced meditators. However, a direct relationship between neural activity changes and improvement of attention caused by meditation training remains to be elucidated. To investigate this, we conducted a longitudinal study, which evaluated the results of electroencephalography (EEG) during three-stimulus oddball task, resting state and FAM before and after 8 weeks of FAM training in non-meditators. The FAM training group (n = 17) showed significantly higher P3 amplitude during the oddball task and shorter reaction time (RT) for target stimuli compared to that of the control group (n = 20). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation between F4-Oz theta band phase synchrony index (PSI) during FAM and P3 amplitude during the oddball task and a significant positive correlation between F4-Pz theta band PSI during FAM and P3 amplitude during the oddball task were observed. In contrast, these correlations were not observed in the control group. These findings provide direct evidence of the effectiveness of FAM training and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the effects of meditation on brain activity and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kenta Takeda
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa 359-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuko Kasai
- Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 080-0811, Japan
| | - Shiika Makinae
- Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 080-0811, Japan
| | - Yui Murakami
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa 061-4119, Japan
| | - Ai Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
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15
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Devaney KJ, Levin EJ, Tripathi V, Higgins JP, Lazar SW, Somers DC. Attention and Default Mode Network Assessments of Meditation Experience during Active Cognition and Rest. Brain Sci 2021; 11:566. [PMID: 33946661 PMCID: PMC8144977 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation experience has previously been shown to improve performance on behavioral assessments of attention, but the neural bases of this improvement are unknown. Two prominent, strongly competing networks exist in the human cortex: a dorsal attention network, that is activated during focused attention, and a default mode network, that is suppressed during attentionally demanding tasks. Prior studies suggest that strong anti-correlations between these networks indicate good brain health. In addition, a third network, a ventral attention network, serves as a "circuit-breaker" that transiently disrupts and redirects focused attention to permit salient stimuli to capture attention. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to contrast cortical network activation between experienced focused attention Vipassana meditators and matched controls. Participants performed two attention tasks during scanning: a sustained attention task and an attention-capture task. Meditators demonstrated increased magnitude of differential activation in the dorsal attention vs. default mode network in a sustained attention task, relative to controls. In contrast, there were no evident attention network differences between meditators and controls in an attentional reorienting paradigm. A resting state functional connectivity analysis revealed a greater magnitude of anticorrelation between dorsal attention and default mode networks in the meditators as compared to both our local control group and a n = 168 Human Connectome Project dataset. These results demonstrate, with both task- and rest-based fMRI data, increased stability in sustained attention processes without an associated attentional capture cost in meditators. Task and resting-state results, which revealed stronger anticorrelations between dorsal attention and default mode networks in experienced mediators than in controls, are consistent with a brain health benefit of long-term meditation practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Devaney
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.J.L.); (V.T.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Emily J. Levin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.J.L.); (V.T.); (J.P.H.)
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tripathi
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.J.L.); (V.T.); (J.P.H.)
| | - James P. Higgins
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.J.L.); (V.T.); (J.P.H.)
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sara W. Lazar
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - David C. Somers
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.J.L.); (V.T.); (J.P.H.)
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16
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Doborjeh Z, Doborjeh M, Crook-Rumsey M, Taylor T, Wang GY, Moreau D, Krägeloh C, Wrapson W, Siegert RJ, Kasabov N, Searchfield G, Sumich A. Interpretability of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Brain Processes Followed by Mindfulness Intervention in a Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Architecture. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E7354. [PMID: 33371459 PMCID: PMC7767448 DOI: 10.3390/s20247354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness training is associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing and cognition, yet the specific underlying neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning these changes are uncertain. This study uses a novel brain-inspired artificial neural network to investigate the effect of mindfulness training on electroencephalographic function. Participants completed a 4-tone auditory oddball task (that included targets and physically similar distractors) at three assessment time points. In Group A (n = 10), these tasks were given immediately prior to 6-week mindfulness training, immediately after training and at a 3-week follow-up; in Group B (n = 10), these were during an intervention waitlist period (3 weeks prior to training), pre-mindfulness training and post-mindfulness training. Using a spiking neural network (SNN) model, we evaluated concurrent neural patterns generated across space and time from features of electroencephalographic data capturing the neural dynamics associated with the event-related potential (ERP). This technique capitalises on the temporal dynamics of the shifts in polarity throughout the ERP and spatially across electrodes. Findings support anteriorisation of connection weights in response to distractors relative to target stimuli. Right frontal connection weights to distractors were associated with trait mindfulness (positively) and depression (inversely). Moreover, mindfulness training was associated with an increase in connection weights to targets (bilateral frontal, left frontocentral, and temporal regions only) and distractors. SNN models were superior to other machine learning methods in the classification of brain states as a function of mindfulness training. Findings suggest SNN models can provide useful information that differentiates brain states based on distinct task demands and stimuli, as well as changes in brain states as a function of psychological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Doborjeh
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, Section of Audiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Eisdell Moore Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Maryam Doborjeh
- Information Technology and Software Engineering Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Crook-Rumsey
- School of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (M.C.-R.); (A.S.)
| | - Tamasin Taylor
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Grace Y. Wang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (G.Y.W.); (C.K.); (R.J.S.)
| | - David Moreau
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian Krägeloh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (G.Y.W.); (C.K.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Wendy Wrapson
- School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand;
| | - Richard J. Siegert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (G.Y.W.); (C.K.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Nikola Kasabov
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Grant Searchfield
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, Section of Audiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Eisdell Moore Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Alexander Sumich
- School of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (M.C.-R.); (A.S.)
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17
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Berkovich-Ohana A, Furman-Haran E, Malach R, Arieli A, Harel M, Gilaie-Dotan S. Studying the precuneus reveals structure-function-affect correlation in long-term meditators. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1203-1216. [PMID: 33210139 PMCID: PMC7745150 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Berkovich-Ohana
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Education, The Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rafael Malach
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amos Arieli
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Gilaie-Dotan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London, UK
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18
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Klee D, Colgan DD, Hanes D, Oken B. The effects of an internet-based mindfulness meditation intervention on electrophysiological markers of attention. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:103-113. [PMID: 33080294 PMCID: PMC7736517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that mindfulness meditation training has the potential to train aspects of attention. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning the attentional benefits from mindfulness remain unclear. This randomized controlled trial examined changes in electrophysiological markers of attention before and after completion of a 6-week internet-based mindfulness intervention. EEG and ERP data were collected from 64 generally healthy, mildly stressed older adults. Participants were randomized to an internet-based mindfulness-based stress reduction course (IMMI), an internet-based health and wellness education course, or a waitlist control condition. Attentional N2 and P3 evoked potentials were derived from active and passive auditory oddball paradigms. Participants in the IMMI group showed significantly greater differences in P3 peak-trough amplitude between the active and passive oddball paradigms at endpoint relative to controls. There were no significant relationships between the intervention and N2 potentials. Our data demonstrate a measurable increase in attentional control when discriminating or directing attention away from auditory stimuli for older adult participants who received mindfulness training. These findings lend support to the use of the P3 as a neurophysiological measure of meditation engagement and intervention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Klee
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Neurology, United States of America.
| | | | - Douglas Hanes
- National University of Natural Medicine, United States of America
| | - Barry Oken
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Neurology, United States of America; Oregon Health & Science University, Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, United States of America
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19
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Deolindo CS, Ribeiro MW, Aratanha MA, Afonso RF, Irrmischer M, Kozasa EH. A Critical Analysis on Characterizing the Meditation Experience Through the Electroencephalogram. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:53. [PMID: 32848645 PMCID: PMC7427581 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation practices, originated from ancient traditions, have increasingly received attention due to their potential benefits to mental and physical health. The scientific community invests efforts into scrutinizing and quantifying the effects of these practices, especially on the brain. There are methodological challenges in describing the neural correlates of the subjective experience of meditation. We noticed, however, that technical considerations on signal processing also don't follow standardized approaches, which may hinder generalizations. Therefore, in this article, we discuss the usage of the electroencephalogram (EEG) as a tool to study meditation experiences in healthy individuals. We describe the main EEG signal processing techniques and how they have been translated to the meditation field until April 2020. Moreover, we examine in detail the limitations/assumptions of these techniques and highlight some good practices, further discussing how technical specifications may impact the interpretation of the outcomes. By shedding light on technical features, this article contributes to more rigorous approaches to evaluate the construct of meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mona Irrmischer
- Department of Integrative Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Conversano C, Ciacchini R, Orrù G, Di Giuseppe M, Gemignani A, Poli A. Mindfulness, Compassion, and Self-Compassion Among Health Care Professionals: What's New? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1683. [PMID: 32849021 PMCID: PMC7412718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care professionals (HCPs) are a population at risk for high levels of burnout and compassion fatigue. The aim of the present systematic review was to give an overview on recent literature about mindfulness and compassion characteristics of HCPs, while exploring the effectiveness of techniques, involving the two aspects, such as MBSR or mindfulness intervention and compassion fatigue-related programs. A search of databases, including PubMed and PsycINFO, was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the methodological quality for this systematic review was appraised using AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2). The number of articles that met the inclusion criteria was 58 (4 RCTs, 24 studies with pre-post measurements, 12 cross-sectional studies, 11 cohort studies and 7 qualitative studies). MBSR intervention was effective at improving, and maintaining, mindfulness and self-compassion levels and to improve burnout, depression, anxiety, stress. The most frequently employed interventional strategies were mindfulness-related trainings that were effective at improving mindfulness and self-compassion, but not compassion fatigue, levels. Compassion-related interventions have been shown to improve self-compassion, mindfulness and interpersonal conflict levels. Mindfulness was effective at improving negative affect and compassion fatigue, while compassion satisfaction may be related to cultivation of positive affect. This systematic review summarized the evidence regarding mindfulness- and compassion-related qualities of HCPs as well as potential effects of MBSR, mindfulness-related and compassion-related interventions on professionals' psychological variables like mindfulness, self-compassion and quality of life. Combining structured mindfulness and compassion cultivation trainings may enhance the effects of interventions, limit the variability of intervention protocols and improve data comparability of future research.
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21
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Dürschmid S, Reichert C, Walter N, Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ, Ohl FW, Tononi G, Deliano M. Self-regulated critical brain dynamics originate from high frequency-band activity in the MEG. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233589. [PMID: 32525940 PMCID: PMC7289413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain function requires the flexible coordination of billions of neurons across multiple scales. This could be achieved by scale-free, critical dynamics balanced at the edge of order and disorder. Criticality has been demonstrated in several, often reduced neurophysiological model systems. In the intact human brain criticality has yet been only verified for the resting state. A more direct link between the concept of criticality and oscillatory brain physiology, which is strongly related to cognition, is yet missing. In the present study we therefore carried out a frequency-specific analysis of criticality in the MEG, recorded while subjects were in a defined cognitive state through mindfulness meditation. In a two-step approach we assessed whether the macroscopic neural avalanche dynamics is scale-free by evaluating the goodness of a power-law fits of cascade size and duration distributions of MEG deflections in different frequency bands. In a second step we determined the closeness of the power-law exponents to a critical value of -1.5. Power-law fitting was evaluated by permutation testing, fitting of alternative distributions, and cascade shape analysis. Criticality was verified by defined relationships of exponents of cascade size and duration distributions. Behavioral relevance of criticality was tested by correlation of indices of criticality with individual scores of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. We found that relevant scale-free near-critical dynamics originated only from broad-band high-frequency (> 100 Hz) MEG activity, which has been associated with action potential firing, and therefore links criticality on the macroscopic level of MEG to critical spike avalanches on a microscopic level. Whereas a scale-free dynamics was found under mindfulness meditation and rest, avalanche dynamics shifted towards a critical point during meditation by reduction of neural noise. Together with our finding that during mindfulness meditation avalanches show differences in topography relative to rest, our results show that self-regulated attention as required during meditation can serve as a control parameter of criticality in scale-free brain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dürschmid
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Reichert
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,CBBS-center of behavioral brain sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nike Walter
- Research Section Applied Consciousness Science, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Hinrichs
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,CBBS-center of behavioral brain sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,CBBS-center of behavioral brain sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Dept. Systems Physiology of Learning (SPL), Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology (IBIO), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Center for sleep and consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthias Deliano
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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22
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Verdonk C, Trousselard M, Canini F, Vialatte F, Ramdani C. Toward a Refined Mindfulness Model Related to Consciousness and Based on Event-Related Potentials. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:1095-1112. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620906444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging, behavioral, and self-report evidence suggests that there are four main cognitive mechanisms that support mindfulness: (a) self-regulation of attention, (b) improved body awareness, (c) improved emotion regulation, and (d) change in perspective on the self. In this article, we discuss these mechanisms on the basis of the event-related potential (ERP). We reviewed the ERP literature related to mindfulness and examined a data set of 29 articles. Our findings show that the neural features of mindfulness are consistently associated with the self-regulation of attention and, in most cases, reduced reactivity to emotional stimuli and improved cognitive control. On the other hand, there appear to be no studies of body awareness. We link these electrophysiological findings to models of consciousness and introduce a unified, mechanistic mindfulness model. The main idea in this refined model is that mindfulness decreases the threshold of conscious access. We end with several working hypotheses that could direct future mindfulness research and clarify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Verdonk
- Neurophysiology of Stress Unit, Neurosciences and Cognitive Sciences Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Plasticité du Cerveau, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), CNRS
| | - Marion Trousselard
- Neurophysiology of Stress Unit, Neurosciences and Cognitive Sciences Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Service Academy, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Canini
- Neurophysiology of Stress Unit, Neurosciences and Cognitive Sciences Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Service Academy, Paris, France
| | - Francois Vialatte
- Plasticité du Cerveau, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), CNRS
| | - Céline Ramdani
- Neurophysiology of Stress Unit, Neurosciences and Cognitive Sciences Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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23
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Wimmer L, Bellingrath S, von Stockhausen L. Mindfulness Training for Improving Attention Regulation in University Students: Is It Effective? and Do Yoga and Homework Matter? Front Psychol 2020; 11:719. [PMID: 32411045 PMCID: PMC7202325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of mindfulness training on attention regulation in university students and whether the potential benefits of implementation are influenced by the yoga component of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and/or by MBI homework practice. In a non-randomized trial with pre- and post-assessments, n = 180 university students were allocated to either mindfulness training (experimental groups), awareness activities (active control group), or no training (passive control group). Mindfulness was taught through two MBIs, one including yoga and the other excluding yoga. Attention regulation was operationalized via behavioral indicators, namely sustained attention, cognitive flexibility, cognitive inhibition, and data-driven information processing. With the exception of speed in a cognitive flexibility task, the results indicated no systematic or differential advantage arising from mindfulness training, with or without yoga, regarding the aspects of attention regulation. There was no consistent influence of homework quantity or quality. The implications for mindfulness training in academic contexts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wimmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Silja Bellingrath
- Department of Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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24
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Girardeau JC, Blondé P, Makowski D, Abram M, Piolino P, Sperduti M. The impact of state and dispositional mindfulness on prospective memory: A virtual reality study. Conscious Cogn 2020; 81:102920. [PMID: 32305659 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) consists of remembering to perform an action that was previously planned. The recovery and execution of these actions require attentional resources. Mindfulness, as a state or a dispositional trait, has been associated with better attentional abilities while mind wandering is linked with attentional failures. In this study, we investigated the impact of mindfulness on PM. Eighty participants learned 15 cue-action associations. They were, then, asked to recall the actions at certain moments (time-based items) or places (event-based items) during a walk in a virtual town. Before the PM task, participants were randomly assigned to a mindfulness or mind wandering (control condition) session. Dispositional mindfulness was measured via the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Although considered as two opposite states, we did not report any difference between the two groups on PM abilities. Nevertheless, the natural tendency to describe one's own sensations (the Describing facet of the FFMQ) predicted time-based performance in both groups. We discuss different hypotheses to explain this finding in light of recent findings on the impact of mind wandering on future oriented cognition. Our main observation is a positive link between the Describing facet and time-based PM performances. We propose that this link could be due to the common association of this mindfulness facets and PM with attentional and interoceptive abilities. Additional studies are needed to explore this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Girardeau
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (MC(2)Lab, EA7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Blondé
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (MC(2)Lab, EA7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Makowski
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maria Abram
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (MC(2)Lab, EA7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (MC(2)Lab, EA7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Marco Sperduti
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (MC(2)Lab, EA7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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25
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Patel A, Sharma PSVN, Kumar P. Application of Mindfulness-Based Psychological Interventions in Infertility. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13:3-21. [PMID: 32577063 PMCID: PMC7295259 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_51_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Living mindfully helps one gain a deeper understanding into realities of life. It enables people to witness suffering, desire, attachments, and impermanence without any fear, anxiety, anger, or despair. This is considered the hallmark of true psychological insight. As a skill, mindfulness can be inculcated by anyone. Mindfulness helps in attending, getting aware and understanding experiences in a compassion and open-minded way. Research suggests that applying mindfulness in daily life has been known to tame our emotional mind and enabled people to perceive things “as they are” without ascribing expectations, judgments, cynicism, or apprehensions to them. This review unravels the therapeutic power of mindfulness meditation in the context of infertility distress. It serves to integrate the evidence on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based psychological interventions to improve the emotional well-being and biological outcomes in Infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansha Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - P S V N Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratap Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Assisted Reproduction Centre, Kasturba Medical College, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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26
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Giannou K, Taylor JR, Lander K. Exploring the relationship between mindfulness, compassion and unfamiliar face identification. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1739693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jason R. Taylor
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Lander
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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27
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Solomonova E, Dubé S, Blanchette-Carrière C, Sandra DA, Samson-Richer A, Carr M, Paquette T, Nielsen T. Different Patterns of Sleep-Dependent Procedural Memory Consolidation in Vipassana Meditation Practitioners and Non-meditating Controls. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3014. [PMID: 32038390 PMCID: PMC6989470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and sleep spindles are all implicated in the consolidation of procedural memories. Relative contributions of sleep stages and sleep spindles were previously shown to depend on individual differences in task processing. However, no studies to our knowledge have focused on individual differences in experience with Vipassana meditation as related to sleep. Vipassana meditation is a form of mental training that enhances proprioceptive and somatic awareness and alters attentional style. The goal of this study was to examine a potential role for Vipassana meditation experience in sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Methods Groups of Vipassana meditation practitioners (N = 22) and matched meditation-naïve controls (N = 20) slept for a daytime nap in the laboratory. Before and after the nap they completed a procedural task on the Wii Fit balance platform. Results Meditators performed slightly better on the task before the nap, but the two groups improved similarly after sleep. The groups showed different patterns of sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation: in meditators, task learning was positively correlated with density of slow occipital spindles, while in controls task improvement was positively associated with time in REM sleep. Sleep efficiency and sleep architecture did not differ between groups. Meditation practitioners, however, had a lower density of occipital slow sleep spindles than controls. Conclusion Results suggest that neuroplastic changes associated with meditation practice may alter overall sleep microarchitecture and reorganize sleep-dependent patterns of memory consolidation. The lower density of occipital spindles in meditators may mean that meditation practice compensates for some of the memory functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Solomonova
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Culture, Mind and Brain Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dubé
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cloé Blanchette-Carrière
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dasha A Sandra
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Samson-Richer
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Carr
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Sleep Laboratory, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Tyna Paquette
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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28
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Savostyanov A, Tamozhnikov S, Bocharov A, Saprygin A, Matushkin Y, Lashin S, Kolpakova G, Sudobin K, Knyazev G. The Effect of Meditation on Comprehension of Statements About One-Self and Others: A Pilot ERP and Behavioral Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:437. [PMID: 31998096 PMCID: PMC6962228 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to examine the effect of long-term meditation practice on behavioral indicators and ERP peak characteristics during an error-recognition task, where participants were presented with emotionally negative (evoking anxiety or aggression) written sentences describing self-related or non-self-related emotional state and personality traits. In total, 200 sentences written in Russian with varying emotional coloring were presented during the task, with half of the sentences containing a grammatical error that the participants were asked to identify. The EEG was recorded in age-matched control individuals (n = 17) and two groups of Samatha meditators with relatively short- (3–5 years’ experience, n = 18) and long-term (10–30 years’ experience, n = 18) practice experience. Task performance time (TPT) and accuracy of error detection (AED) were chosen as behavioral values. Amplitude, time latency and cortical distribution of P300 and P600 peaks of ERP were used as a value of speech-related brain activity. All statistical effects of meditation were estimated, controlling for age and sex. No behavioral differences between two groups of meditators were found. General TPT was shorter for both groups of meditators compared to the control group. Non-meditators reacted significantly slower to sentences about aggression than to sentences about anxiety or non-emotional sentences, whereas no significance was found between meditator groups. Non-meditators had better AED for the sentences about one-self than for the sentences about other people, whereas the meditators did not show any significant difference. The amplitude of P300 peak in frontal and left temporal scalp regions was higher for long-term meditators in comparison with both intermediate and control groups. The latency of P300 and P600 in left frontal and temporal regions positively correlated with TPT, whereas the amplitude of P300 in these regions had a negative correlation with TPT. We demonstrate that long-term meditation practice increases the ability of an individual to process negative emotional stimuli. The differences in behavioral reactions after onset of negative information that was self-related and non-self-related, which is typical for non-meditators, disappeared due to the influence of meditation. ERP results could be interpreted as a value of increase in voluntary control over emotional state during meditational practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Savostyanov
- Laboratory of Psychological Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory Differential Psychophysiology, State-Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Biological Markers of Human Social Behavior, Humanitarian Institution at the Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Tamozhnikov
- Laboratory Differential Psychophysiology, State-Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Bocharov
- Laboratory Differential Psychophysiology, State-Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Biological Markers of Human Social Behavior, Humanitarian Institution at the Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Saprygin
- Laboratory Differential Psychophysiology, State-Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy Matushkin
- Laboratory of Psychological Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Lashin
- Laboratory of Psychological Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Biological Markers of Human Social Behavior, Humanitarian Institution at the Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Kolpakova
- Laboratory of Biological Markers of Human Social Behavior, Humanitarian Institution at the Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Klimenty Sudobin
- Laboratory of Biological Markers of Human Social Behavior, Humanitarian Institution at the Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gennady Knyazev
- Laboratory Differential Psychophysiology, State-Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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29
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Nash K, Johansson A, Yogeeswaran K. Social Media Approval Reduces Emotional Arousal for People High in Narcissism: Electrophysiological Evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:292. [PMID: 31616266 PMCID: PMC6764241 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine if posting a "selfie" and receiving validation from others in the form of "likes" on social media can help narcissists reduce psychological distress. After all participants completed the narcissistic personality inventory (NPI) and experienced social exclusion, participants completed an auditory startle task that elicits the P3 to white noise-an ERP component that reflects emotional arousal and is sensitive to psychological distress. Participants were then randomly assigned to either view a personal "selfie" that quickly received a significant number of ostensibly real "likes" (selfie with likes condition), view a "selfie" with no feedback (selfie only condition), or view a neutral picture before (neutral picture condition) completing the auditory startle task again. Results revealed that participants high on the Leadership/Authority subscale of the NPI in the "selfie" with "likes" condition demonstrated a pre-post manipulation decrease in P3 mean amplitude, relative to participants in the other two conditions. These results suggest that approval via social media can help certain kinds of narcissists alleviate distress from social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andre Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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30
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Zanesco AP, King BG, Powers C, De Meo R, Wineberg K, MacLean KA, Saron CD. Modulation of Event-related Potentials of Visual Discrimination by Meditation Training and Sustained Attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1184-1204. [PMID: 31059348 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to discriminate among goal-relevant stimuli tends to diminish when detections must be made continuously over time. Previously, we reported that intensive training in shamatha (focused-attention) meditation can improve perceptual discrimination of difficult-to-detect visual stimuli [MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L., et al. Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science, 21, 829-839, 2010]. Here we extend these findings to examine how discrimination difficulty and meditation training interact to modulate event-related potentials of attention and perceptual processing during vigilance. Training and wait-list participants completed a continuous performance task at the beginning, middle, and end of two 3-month meditation interventions. In the first intervention (Retreat 1), the continuous performance task target was adjusted across assessments to match training-related changes in participants' perceptual capacity. In the second intervention (Retreat 2), the target was held constant across training, irrespective of changes in discrimination capacity. No training effects were observed in Retreat 1, whereas Retreat 2 was associated with changes in the onset of early sensory signals and an attenuation of within-task decrements at early latencies. In addition, changes at later stimulus processing stages were directly correlated with improvements in perceptual threshold across the second intervention. Overall, these findings demonstrate that improvements in perceptual discrimination can modulate electrophysiological markers of perceptual processing and attentional control during sustained attention, but likely only under conditions where an individual's discrimination capacity is allowed to exceed the demand imposed by the difficulty of a visual target. These results contribute to basic understanding of the dependence of perceptual processing and attentional control to contextual demands and their susceptibility to directed mental training.
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31
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Telles S, Singh D, Naveen KV, Pailoor S, Singh N, Pathak S. P300 and Heart Rate Variability Recorded Simultaneously in Meditation. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; 50:161-171. [PMID: 30056746 DOI: 10.1177/1550059418790717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic activation is required for attention. Separate studies have shown that meditation ( a) improves attention and ( b) reduces sympathetic activity. The present study assessed attention with the P300 and sympathetic activity with heart rate variability (HRV). Forty-seven male subjects (group mean age ± SD, 21.6 ± 3.4 years) were assessed in 4 mental states: ( a) random thinking, ( b) nonmeditative focusing, ( c) meditative focusing, and ( d) defocused meditation. These were recorded on 4 consecutive days. HRV, respiration, and P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded before and after the sessions. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance followed by post hoc analysis. HRV showed a significant increase in low-frequency (LF) power, decrease in high-frequency (HF) power and an increase in average heart rate based on the average R-R interval after meditative focusing, compared with before. In contrast, the average heart rate decreased after defocused meditation compared with before. There was a significant increase in the P300 peak amplitude after meditative focusing and defocused meditation, with a reduction in peak latency after defocused meditation. These results suggest that after meditation with focusing, there was sympathetic arousal whereas after defocused meditation, there was a decrease in the average heart rate while participants carried out the P300 auditory oddball task sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Telles
- 1 Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.,2 ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Yoga and Neurophysiology, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepeshwar Singh
- 2 ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Yoga and Neurophysiology, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K V Naveen
- 2 ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Yoga and Neurophysiology, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subramanya Pailoor
- 2 ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Yoga and Neurophysiology, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nilkamal Singh
- 1 Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shivangi Pathak
- 1 Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
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32
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Deepeshwar S, Nagendra HR, Rana BB, Visweswaraiah NK. Evolution from four mental states to the highest state of consciousness: A neurophysiological basis of meditation as defined in yoga texts. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:31-83. [PMID: 30732843 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a theoretical introduction to states of consciousness and reviews neuroscientific investigations of meditation. The different states of consciousness consist of four mental states, i.e., cancalata (random thinking), ekagrata (non-meditative focusing), dharna (focused meditation), and dhyana (meditation) as defined in yoga texts. Meditation is a self-regulated mental process associated with deep relaxation and increased internalized attention. Scientific investigations on meditation reported changes in electrophysiological signals and neuroimaging measures. But most outcomes of meditation studies showed inconsistent results, this may be due to heterogeneity in meditation methods and techniques evolved in the last 200 years. Traditionally, the features of meditation include the capacity to sustain a heightened awareness of thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and perceptions. Generally, meditation involves non-reactive effortless monitoring of the content of experience from moment to moment. Focused meditation practice involves awareness on a single object and open monitoring meditation is a non-directive meditation involved attention in breathing, mantra, or sound. Therefore, results of few empirical studies of advanced meditators or beginners remain tentative. This is an attempt to compile the meditation-related changes in electrophysiological and neuroimaging processes among experienced and novice practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh Deepeshwar
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Swami Vivekananda Yoga University (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, India
| | - H R Nagendra
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Swami Vivekananda Yoga University (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, India
| | - Bal Budhi Rana
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Swami Vivekananda Yoga University (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, India
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33
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Altered auditory feedback perception following an 8-week mindfulness meditation practice. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 138:38-46. [PMID: 30703400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our own ongoing motor actions are perceived through sensory feedback pathways, and are integrated with neural processes to modulate further actions. This sensory feedback mechanism is known to contribute to the rehabilitation of impaired motor functions. Recent evidence also suggests that mindfulness meditation improves our awareness to sensation; therefore, enhancement of awareness to sensory feedback through mindfulness meditation training may have potential clinical applications. This study investigated an effect of eight-week practice of mindfulness meditation on speech perception/production processes. Among the thirty healthy participants, half of them engaged in regular meditation practice of 10 min per day for eight weeks, and the other half were not given any instructions for their daily life. The change of speech performance in sentence reading under 200 ms delayed auditory feedback (DAF) condition were assessed compared to without delay condition. Also, event-related potential response to the short sound of /a/, were measured. The result showed that, after the eight-week practice, the meditation group showed significantly improved speech fluency in the DAF condition, when 16-min meditation was introduced before the experiments. Furthermore, significantly increased auditory evoked potentials were observed in the central-parietal region when the participants listened to the delayed auditory feedback sound of their own voice. These findings provide the first glimpses into the possible relationship between mindfulness meditation and auditory feedback. Different instructions for daily activity between the meditation and control groups should be considered in further studies.
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34
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Matiz A, Crescentini C, Fabbro A, Budai R, Bergamasco M, Fabbro F. Spontaneous eye movements during focused-attention mindfulness meditation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210862. [PMID: 30677056 PMCID: PMC6345481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculometric measures have been proven to be useful markers of mind-wandering during visual tasks such as reading. However, little is known about ocular activity during mindfulness meditation, a mental practice naturally involving mind-wandering episodes. In order to explore this issue, we extracted closed-eyes ocular movement measurements via a covert technique (EEG recordings) from expert meditators during two repetitions of a 7-minute mindfulness meditation session, focusing on the breath, and two repetitions of a 7-minute instructed mind-wandering task. Power spectral density was estimated on both the vertical and horizontal components of eye movements. The results show a significantly smaller average amplitude of eye movements in the delta band (1–4 Hz) during mindfulness meditation than instructed mind-wandering. Moreover, participants’ meditation expertise correlated significantly with this average amplitude during both tasks, with more experienced meditators generally moving their eyes less than less experienced meditators. These findings suggest the potential use of this measure to detect mind-wandering episodes during mindfulness meditation and to assess meditation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Matiz
- PERCRO Laboratory, Scuola Superiore “Sant’Anna”, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristiano Crescentini
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Anastasia Fabbro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Riccardo Budai
- Department of Neuroscience, University-Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia”, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Franco Fabbro
- PERCRO Laboratory, Scuola Superiore “Sant’Anna”, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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35
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Kakumanu RJ, Nair AK, Sasidharan A, John JP, Mehrotra S, Panth R, Kutty BM. State-trait influences of Vipassana meditation practice on P3 EEG dynamics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:115-136. [PMID: 30732834 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that meditation naïve subjects can, in just a few weeks, become proficient enough in meditation to show cognitive improvements accompanied with functional and structural changes in the brain. Would long-term exposure to qualitatively different levels of meditative training bring about differences in cognitive processing? Would meditation prior to task performance help separate out these differences? Could the nature of the task influence the findings related to cognitive enhancements? To address these questions, we evaluated cognitive functions in three groups of experienced Vipassana practitioners (Novices: n=22, Mean±SD meditation experience=989±595h; Senior practitioners: 21, 10,510±5313; Teachers: 16, 14,648±9623) who differed in terms of duration and quality of meditative practice. Specifically, we employed "ANGEL" a gamified multilevel oddball paradigm, to assess P3 event-related potentials (ERPs) and associated EEG dynamics-power spectra, event related spectral perturbations (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC). In order to elicit the state-trait influences of meditation, the cognitive task was performed after the participants had undergone an hour long traditional meditation session. All participants could perform the task well and the gross ERP waveforms were similar for the three groups. As hypothesized, we found distinct state-trait influences of meditation leading to graded differences in P3 EEG dynamics. Specifically, we found reduced theta synchrony, enhanced alpha de-synchrony and lesser theta-alpha coherence in the more proficient meditators. Post hoc analyses revealed several differences between the novice and teacher groups but not as many between novice and seniors suggesting that the senior meditators formed an intermediate group. Our study demonstrates that both quantity and quality of meditation influence EEG dynamics during cognitive processing and that meditation prior to a task can provide additional state-trait effects involved in meeting the specific cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Jyothi Kakumanu
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Nair
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Arun Sasidharan
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - John P John
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Seema Mehrotra
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravindra Panth
- Department of Buddhist Philosophy, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Nalanda, Bihar, India
| | - Bindu M Kutty
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
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Brandmeyer T, Delorme A, Wahbeh H. The neuroscience of meditation: classification, phenomenology, correlates, and mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:1-29. [PMID: 30732832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rising from its contemplative and spiritual traditions, the science of meditation has seen huge growth over the last 30 years. This chapter reviews the classifications, phenomenology, neural correlates, and mechanisms of meditation. Meditation classification types are still varied and largely subjective. Broader models to describe meditation practice along multidimensional parameters may improve classification in the future. Phenomenological studies are few but growing, highlighting the subjective experience and correlations to neurophysiology. Oscillatory EEG studies are not conclusive likely due to the heterogeneous nature of the meditation styles and practitioners being assessed. Neuroimaging studies find common patterns during meditation and in long-term meditators reflecting the basic similarities of meditation in general; however, mostly the patterns differ across unique meditation traditions. Research on the mechanisms of meditation, specifically attention and emotion regulation is also discussed. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating positive benefits from meditation in some clinical populations especially for stress reduction, anxiety, depression, and pain improvement, although future research would benefit by addressing the remaining methodological and conceptual issues. Meditation research continues to grow allowing us to understand greater nuances of how meditation works and its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Brandmeyer
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France.
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France; Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), Petaluma, CA, United States; Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computation (INC), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Helané Wahbeh
- Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), Petaluma, CA, United States; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Tavakoli P, Dale A, Boafo A, Campbell K. Evidence of P3a During Sleep, a Process Associated With Intrusions Into Consciousness in the Waking State. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1028. [PMID: 30686989 PMCID: PMC6335993 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines processes associated with intrusions into consciousness during an unconscious state, natural sleep. The definition of sleep is still much debated. Almost all researchers agree that sleep onset represents a gradual loss of consciousness of the external environment. For sleep to be beneficial, it needs to remain as undisturbed as possible. Nevertheless, unlike other unconsciousness states, sleep is reversible. For purposes of survival, it is critical that the sleeper be able to “detect” and perhaps become conscious of highly relevant biological or personal information. Therefore, even in sleep, the brain must decide whether a new incoming stimulus is relevant and if so, may require an arousal to wakefulness, or whether it is irrelevant and can be gated to prevent disruption of sleep. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to measure the extent processing of auditory stimuli some of which elicited an ERP component, the P3a, in the waking state. The P3a is associated with processes resulting in the interruption of frontal central executive, leading to conscious awareness. Very little research has focused on the occurrence of the P3a during sleep. A multi-feature paradigm was used to examine the processing of a frequently occurring “standard” stimulus and six rarely occurring different “deviant” stimuli during wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep. A P3a was elicited by novel environmental sounds and white noise bursts in the waking state, replicating previous studies. Other deviant stimuli (changes in pitch, intensity, duration) failed to do so. The ERPs indicated that processing of the stimuli that did not elicit a P3a in wakefulness were much inhibited during both NREM and REM sleep. Surprisingly, those deviants that did elicit a P3a in wakefulness continued to do so in stage N2 and REM sleep. The subject did not, however, awaken. These results suggest processes leading to consciousness in wakefulness may still remain active during sleep possibly allowing subjects to act on potentially highly relevant input. This may also explain how sleep can be reversed if the stimulus input is sufficiently critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Allyson Dale
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Addo Boafo
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Chung K, Lee D, Park JY. Involuntary Attention Restoration During Exposure to Mobile-Based 360° Virtual Nature in Healthy Adults With Different Levels of Restorative Experience: Event-Related Potential Study. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e11152. [PMID: 30504121 PMCID: PMC6300039 DOI: 10.2196/11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the global trend of urbanization, there are increasing reports of a possible association between decreased exposure to nature and increased occurrence of mental disorders. New 360° virtual reality (VR) technology using smartphones and portable VR glasses can overcome spatial and temporal limitations to help people deal with mental fatigue in everyday life. OBJECTIVE On the basis of attention restoration theory (ART), this study aimed to investigate whether the amplitude of the mismatch negativity (MMN)/P3a complex could act as an event-related potential (ERP) biomarker of involuntary attention restoration during exposure to 360° virtual nature in healthy young adults with different levels of restorative VR experience. METHODS A total of 40 healthy adults completed prequestionnaires on demographics and simulator sickness and postquestionnaires on simulator sickness and perceived restorativeness before and after exposure to virtual nature, respectively. During the VR exposure, brain activity was measured by electroencephalography as participants were asked to conduct a 2-tone passive auditory oddball task. RESULTS The amplitude and latency of the MMN/P3a complex were compared between individuals reporting a highly restorative experience and those reporting a less restorative experience. Although viewing a virtual nature environment, the high restorative group (N=19) exhibited significantly reduced P3a amplitudes compared with the low restorative group (N=20; t38=2.57; P=.02; d=0.59). Particularly, a moderate but significant negative correlation was found between the self-reported restorativeness scores and the P3a amplitudes at the fronto-central region (r=-.38; P=.02). However, the latency of the MMN/P3a complex did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (auditory mismatch negativity: t38=-1.47; P=.15 and P3a: t38=-0.31; P=.76). CONCLUSIONS Considering individuals' restorative experience, the amplitude of the fronto-central MMN/P3a complex can potentially be employed as a distinct ERP component of interest in involuntary attention restoration during virtual nature experience in healthy young adults. The findings for the 360° virtual nature experience seem to be consistent with those of previous ERP studies on the effects of meditation practice. This study extends the findings of previous ART and ERP studies of real-world meditation, restoration, and mental fatigue management into the virtual world created by mobile phone-based VR glasses and 360° video content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmi Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Neuroethical Implications of Neurocognitive Enhancement in Managerial Professional Contexts. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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40
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Mindful breath awareness meditation facilitates efficiency gains in brain networks: A steady-state visually evoked potentials study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13687. [PMID: 30209327 PMCID: PMC6135840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions have stimulated a rapidly growing body of scientific research into underlying psychological processes. Resulting evidence indicates that engaging with mindfulness meditation is associated with increased performance on a range of cognitive tasks. However, the mechanisms promoting these improvements require further investigation. We studied changes in behavioural performance of 34 participants during a multiple object tracking (MOT) task that taps core cognitive processes, namely sustained selective visual attention and spatial working memory. Concurrently, we recorded the steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP), an EEG signal elicited by the continuously flickering moving objects, and indicator of attentional engagement. Participants were tested before and after practicing eight weeks of mindful breath awareness meditation or progressive muscle relaxation as active control condition. The meditation group improved their MOT-performance and exhibited a reduction of SSVEP amplitudes, whereas no such changes were observed in the relaxation group. Neither group changed in self-reported positive affect and mindfulness, while a marginal increase in negative affect was observed in the mindfulness group. This novel way of combining MOT and SSVEP provides the important insight that mindful breath awareness meditation may lead to refinements of attention networks, enabling more efficient use of attentional resources.
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41
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Mindfulness-based training with transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal resource allocation in working memory: A randomized pilot study with a nonequivalent control group. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00685. [PMID: 30094362 PMCID: PMC6077241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based training (MBT) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) methods such as direct current stimulation (tDCS) have demonstrated promise for the augmentation of cognitive abilities. The current study investigated the potential compatibility of concurrent “electrical” MBT and tDCS (or eMBT) by testing its combined effects on behavioral and neurophysiological indices of working memory (WM) and attentional resource allocation. Thirty-four healthy participants were randomly assigned to either a MBT task with tDCS group (eMBT) or an active control training task with sham tDCS (Control) group. Training lasted 4-weeks, with up to twenty MBT sessions and with up to eight of those sessions that were eMBT sessions. Electroencephalography was acquired during varying WM load conditions using the n-back task (1-, 2-, 3-back), along with performance on complex WM span tasks (operation and symmetry span) and fluid intelligence measures (Ravens and Shipley) before and after training. Improved performance was observed only on the 3-back and spatial span tasks for eMBT but not the Control group. During 3-back performance in the eMBT group, an increase in P3 amplitude and theta power at electrode site Pz was also observed, along with a simultaneous decrease in frontal midline P3 amplitude and theta power compared to the Control group. These results are consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis, where higher cognitive capacity was associated with more distributed brain activity (i.e., increase in parietal and decrease in frontal amplitudes). Future longitudinal studies are called upon to further examine the direct contributions of tDCS on MBT by assessing the differential effects of electrode montage, polarity, current strength and a direct contrast between the eMBT and MBT conditions on performance and neuroimaging outcome data. While preliminary, the current results provided evidence for the potential compatibility of using eMBT to modulate WM capacity through the allocation of attention and its neurophysiological correlates.
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42
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Wong KF, Teng J, Chee MWL, Doshi K, Lim J. Positive Effects of Mindfulness-Based Training on Energy Maintenance and the EEG Correlates of Sustained Attention in a Cohort of Nurses. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:80. [PMID: 29545746 PMCID: PMC5838011 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness based training (MBT) is becoming increasingly popular as a means to improve general wellbeing through developing enhanced control over metacognitive processes. In this preliminary study, we tested a cohort of 36 nurses (mean age = 30.3, SD = 8.52; 2 male) who participated in an 8-week MBT intervention to examine the improvements in sustained attention and its energetic costs that may result from MBT. Changes in sustained attention were measured using the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and electroencephalography (EEG) was collected both during PVT performance, and during a brief period of meditation. As there was substantial variability in training attendance, this variable was used a covariate in all analyses. Following the MBT program, we observed changes in alpha power across all scalp regions during meditation that were correlated with attendance. Similarly, PVT performance worsened over the 8-week period, but that this decline was mitigated by good attendance on the MBT program. The subjective energy depletion due to PVT performance (measured using self-report on Likert-type scales) was also less in regular attendees. Finally, changes in known EEG markers of attention during PVT performance (P300 and alpha-band event-related desynchronization) paralleled these behavioral shifts. Taken together, our data suggest that sustained attention and its associated costs may be negatively affected over time in the nursing profession, but that regular attendance of MBT may help to attenuate these effects. However, as this study contained no control condition, we cannot rule out that other factors (e.g., motivation, placebo effects) may also account for our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian F Wong
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Teng
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kinjal Doshi
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian Lim
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Barnes LJ, McArthur GM, Biedermann BA, de Lissa P, Polito V, Badcock NA. No meditation-related changes in the auditory N1 during first-time meditation. Int J Psychophysiol 2018. [PMID: 29522779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies link meditation expertise with enhanced low-level attention, measured through auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). In this study, we tested the reliability and validity of a recent finding that the N1 ERP in first-time meditators is smaller during meditation than non-meditation - an effect not present in long-term meditators. In the first experiment, we replicated the finding in first-time meditators. In two subsequent experiments, we discovered that this finding was not due to stimulus-related instructions, but was explained by an effect of the order of conditions. Extended exposure to the same tones has been linked with N1 decrement in other studies, and may explain N1 decrement across our two conditions. We give examples of existing meditation and ERP studies that may include similar condition order effects. The role of condition order among first-time meditators in this study indicates the importance of counterbalancing meditation and non-mediation conditions in meditation studies that use event-related potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Barnes
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia.
| | - G M McArthur
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia
| | - B A Biedermann
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia; School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Australia
| | - P de Lissa
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia
| | - V Polito
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia
| | - N A Badcock
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australia
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Tavakoli P, Varma S, Campbell K. Highly relevant stimuli may passively elicit processes associated with consciousness during the sleep onset period. Conscious Cogn 2018; 58:60-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Tavakoli P, Boafo A, Dale A, Robillard R, Greenham SL, Campbell K. Event-Related Potential Measures of Attention Capture in Adolescent Inpatients With Acute Suicidal Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:85. [PMID: 29615936 PMCID: PMC5868137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired executive functions, modulated by the frontal lobes, have been suggested to be associated with suicidal behavior. The present study examines one of these executive functions, attentional control, maintaining attention to the task-at-hand. A group of inpatient adolescents with acute suicidal behavior and healthy controls were studied using a passively presented auditory optimal paradigm. This "optimal" paradigm consisted of a series of frequently presented homogenous pure tone "standards" and different "deviants," constructed by changing one or more features of the standard. The optimal paradigm has been shown to be a more time-efficient replacement to the traditional oddball paradigm, which makes it suitable for use in clinical populations. The extent of processing of these "to-be-ignored" auditory stimuli was measured by recording event-related potentials (ERPs). The P3a ERP component is thought to reflect processes associated with the capturing of attention. Rare and novel stimuli may result in an executive decision to switch attention away from the current cognitive task and toward a probe of the potentially more relevant "interrupting" auditory input. On the other hand, stimuli that are quite similar to the standard should not elicit P3a. The P3a has been shown to be larger in immature brains in early compared to later adolescence. An overall enhanced P3a was observed in the suicidal group. The P3a was larger in this group for both the environmental sound and white noise deviants, although only the environmental sound P3a attained significance. Other deviants representing only a small change from the standard did not elicit a P3a in healthy controls. They did elicit a small P3a in the suicidal group. These findings suggest a lowered threshold for the triggering of the involuntary switch of attention in these patients, which may play a role in their reported distractibility. The enhanced P3a is also suggestive of an immature frontal central executive and may provide a promising marker for early identification of some of the risk factors for some of the cognitive difficulties linked to suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Addo Boafo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Allyson Dale
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Robillard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Greenham
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Compared to self-immersion, mindful attention reduces salivation and automatic food bias. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13839. [PMID: 29062033 PMCID: PMC5653876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immersing ourselves in food images can sometimes make it feel subjectively real, as if the actual food were right in front of us. Excessive self-immersion into mental content, however, is a hallmark of psychological distress, and of several psychiatric conditions. Being aware that imagined events are not necessarily an accurate depiction of reality is a key feature of psychotherapeutic approaches akin to mindfulness-based interventions. Yet, it is still largely unknown to what extent one's engagement with mental content, considering it as real, biases one's automatic tendencies toward the world. In this study, we measured the change in subjective realism induced by a self-immersion and a mindful attention instruction, using self-reports and saliva volumes. Then, we measured behaviorally the impact of subjective realism changes on automatic approach bias toward attractive food (FAB) using an approach-avoidance task. We found a reduction in saliva volume, followed by a reduction in FAB in the mindful condition compared to the immersed condition. During the immersed condition only, saliva volumes, state and trait measures of subjective realism, and food craving traits were positively correlated with FAB values, whereas meditation experience was negatively correlated to it. We conclude that mindful attention instructions can de-automatize food bias.
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Atchley R, Klee D, Oken B. Set shifting reaction-time improves following meditation or simple breathcounting in meditators and meditation-naïve participants: Data from naturalistic, ecological momentary-assessment devices. MINDFULNESS & COMPASSION 2017; 2:82-85. [PMID: 29888754 PMCID: PMC5993445 DOI: 10.1016/j.mincom.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparison is made between the performance of meditators and controls in a letter-number task-switching test. Data were recorded over a five-day period using a previously developed ecological momentary assessment paradigm. Participants consisted of naïve, novice, and experienced meditators, who completed a task-switching reaction time (RT) task before and after 20-min breath-counting sessions. There was a decrease in reaction time over testing days, p < .007, as well as a separate decrease in reaction time pre- to post-meditation, p < .001. RTs decreased each day, as expected, and post-meditation/breath-counting RTs were consistently faster than pre-meditation/breath-counting RTs. These results suggest a meditation effect separate from a learning effect.
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48
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Meditation and Cognitive Ageing: the Role of Mindfulness Meditation in Building Cognitive Reserve. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Kaunhoven RJ, Dorjee D. How does mindfulness modulate self-regulation in pre-adolescent children? An integrative neurocognitive review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:163-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Braboszcz C, Cahn BR, Levy J, Fernandez M, Delorme A. Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170647. [PMID: 28118405 PMCID: PMC5261734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, effects of different types of meditation on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity are still being defined. We compared practitioners of three different meditation traditions (Vipassana, Himalayan Yoga and Isha Shoonya) with a control group during a meditative and instructed mind-wandering (IMW) block. All meditators showed higher parieto-occipital 60–110 Hz gamma amplitude than control subjects as a trait effect observed during meditation and when considering meditation and IMW periods together. Moreover, this gamma power was positively correlated with participants meditation experience. Independent component analysis was used to show that gamma activity did not originate in eye or muscle artifacts. In addition, we observed higher 7–11 Hz alpha activity in the Vipassana group compared to all the other groups during both meditation and instructed mind wandering and lower 10–11 Hz activity in the Himalayan yoga group during meditation only. We showed that meditation practice is correlated to changes in the EEG gamma frequency range that are common to a variety of meditation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Braboszcz
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - B. Rael Cahn
- University of Southern California Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Manuel Fernandez
- Meditation Research Institute, Swami Rama Sadhaka Grama, Rishikesh, India
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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