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Arikan BE, Voudouris D, Straube B, Fiehler K. Distinct role of central predictive mechanisms in tactile suppression. iScience 2024; 27:110582. [PMID: 39188983 PMCID: PMC11345528 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tactile sensitivity on a limb is reduced during movement. This tactile suppression results presumably from central predictive mechanisms that downregulate sensations caused during voluntary action. Suppression also occurs during passive movements, indicating a role for peripheral mechanisms, questioning the predictive nature of suppression. Yet, predictions existing beyond the motor domain (non-motor predictions) can also modulate tactile suppression. This study aimed to disentangle central motor predictive and peripheral feedback mechanisms while accounting for non-motor predictions. Participants detected tactile stimuli on their limb shortly before it moved in an active or passive manner. Passive movements were either fully (100%) or partially (50%) predictable. We found tactile suppression during both active and passive movements irrespective of whether the passive movements were predictable. Importantly, tactile suppression was stronger in active than passive movements highlighting the specific role of central predictive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkis Ezgi Arikan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Otto-Behaghel Strasse 10F, Philosophikum I, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB) of the University of Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen and University of Darmstadt, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dimitris Voudouris
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Otto-Behaghel Strasse 10F, Philosophikum I, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB) of the University of Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen and University of Darmstadt, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB) of the University of Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen and University of Darmstadt, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg; Rudolf-Bultmann-Strasse 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Fiehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Otto-Behaghel Strasse 10F, Philosophikum I, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB) of the University of Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen and University of Darmstadt, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Mariano M, Rossetti I, Maravita A, Paulesu E, Zapparoli L. Sensory Attenuation Deficit and Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: A Causal Mechanism or a Risk Factor? Evidence From Meta-Analyses on the N1 Event-Related Potential Component. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 96:207-221. [PMID: 38246250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory attenuation (SA), the dampened perception of self-generated sensory information, is typically associated with reduced event-related potential signals, such as for the N1 component of auditory event-related potentials. SA, together with efficient monitoring of intentions and actions, should facilitate the distinction between self-generated and externally generated sensory events, thereby optimizing interaction with the world. According to many, SA is deficient in schizophrenia. The question arises whether altered SA reflects a sufficient mechanism to explain positive symptoms such as auditory hallucinations. A systematic association of reduced auditory SA in hallucinating patients would support this hypothesis. METHODS We conducted a series of meta-analyses on 15 studies on auditory SA in which the N1 component of event-related potential-electroencephalogram signals was measured during talking (self-generated sensory signals condition) or when listening to prerecorded vocalizations (externally generated sensory signals condition). RESULTS We found that individuals with schizophrenia did show some auditory SA because their N1 signal was significantly attenuated in talking conditions compared with listening conditions. However, the magnitude of such attenuation was reduced in individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy control participants. This phenomenon generalizes independently from the stage of the disease, the severity of positive symptoms, and whether patients have auditory hallucinations or not. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reduced SA cannot be a sufficient mechanism for explaining positive symptoms such as auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Because reduced SA was also present in participants at risk of schizophrenia, reduced SA may represent a risk factor for the disorder. We discuss the implications of these results for clinical-cognitive models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Mariano
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ileana Rossetti
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Maravita
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Rossetti I, Mariano M, Maravita A, Paulesu E, Zapparoli L. Sense of agency in schizophrenia: A reconciliation of conflicting findings through a theory-driven literature review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105781. [PMID: 38925210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The sense of agency is the experience of being the author of self-generated actions and their outcomes. Both clinical manifestations and experimental evidence suggest that the agency experience and the mechanisms underlying agency attribution may be dysfunctional in schizophrenia. Yet, studies investigating the sense of agency in these patients show seemingly conflicting results: some indicated under-attribution of self-agency (coherently with certain positive symptoms), while others suggested over-attribution of self-agency. In this review, we assess whether recent theoretical frameworks can reconcile these divergent results. We examine whether the identification of agency abnormalities in schizophrenia might depend on the measure of self-agency considered (depending on the specific task requirements) and the available agency-related cues. We conclude that all these aspects are relevant to predict and characterize the type of agency misattribution that schizophrenia patients might show. We argue that one particular model, based on the predictive coding theory, can reconcile the interpretation of the multifarious phenomenology of agency manifestations in schizophrenia, paving the way for testing agency disorders in novel ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Rossetti
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi-Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marika Mariano
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi-Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Maravita
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi-Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi-Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi-Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Sedley W, Kumar S, Jones S, Levy A, Friston K, Griffiths T, Goldsmith P. Migraine as an allostatic reset triggered by unresolved interoceptive prediction errors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105536. [PMID: 38185265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Until now, a satisfying account of the cause and purpose of migraine has remained elusive. We explain migraine within the frameworks of allostasis (the situationally-flexible, forward-looking equivalent of homeostasis) and active inference (interacting with the environment via internally-generated predictions). Due to its multimodality, and long timescales between cause and effect, allostasis is inherently prone to catastrophic error, which might be impossible to correct once fully manifest, an early indicator which is elevated prediction error (discrepancy between prediction and sensory input) associated with internal sensations (interoception). Errors can usually be resolved in a targeted manner by action (correcting the physiological state) or perception (updating predictions in light of sensory input); persistent errors are amplified broadly and multimodally, to prioritise their resolution (the migraine premonitory phase); finally, if still unresolved, progressive amplification renders further changes to internal or external sensory inputs intolerably intense, enforcing physiological stability, and facilitating accurate allostatic prediction updating. As such, migraine is an effective 'failsafe' for allostasis, however it has potential to become excessively triggered, therefore maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sedley
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Sukhbinder Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Siobhan Jones
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Levy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Griffiths
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Goldsmith
- Department of Neurology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Sajid N, Gajardo-Vidal A, Ekert JO, Lorca-Puls DL, Hope TMH, Green DW, Friston KJ, Price CJ. Degeneracy in the neurological model of auditory speech repetition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1161. [PMID: 37957231 PMCID: PMC10643365 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both classic and contemporary models of auditory word repetition involve at least four left hemisphere regions: primary auditory cortex for processing sounds; pSTS (within Wernicke's area) for processing auditory images of speech; pOp (within Broca's area) for processing motor images of speech; and primary motor cortex for overt speech articulation. Previous functional-MRI (fMRI) studies confirm that auditory repetition activates these regions, in addition to many others. Crucially, however, contemporary models do not specify how regions interact and drive each other during auditory repetition. Here, we used dynamic causal modelling, to test the functional interplay among the four core brain regions during single auditory word and pseudoword repetition. Our analysis is grounded in the principle of degeneracy-i.e., many-to-one structure-function relationships-where multiple neural pathways can execute the same function. Contrary to expectation, we found that, for both word and pseudoword repetition, (i) the effective connectivity between pSTS and pOp was predominantly bidirectional and inhibitory; (ii) activity in the motor cortex could be driven by either pSTS or pOp; and (iii) the latter varied both within and between individuals. These results suggest that different neural pathways can support auditory speech repetition. This degeneracy may explain resilience to functional loss after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Sajid
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Andrea Gajardo-Vidal
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (CICS), Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile
| | - Justyna O Ekert
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diego L Lorca-Puls
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Sección de Neurología, Departamento de Especialidades, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Thomas M H Hope
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David W Green
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, QS Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Hua L, Adams RA, Grent-'t-Jong T, Gajwani R, Gross J, Gumley AI, Krishnadas R, Lawrie SM, Schultze-Lutter F, Schwannauer M, Uhlhaas PJ. Thalamo-cortical circuits during sensory attenuation in emerging psychosis: a combined magnetoencephalography and dynamic causal modelling study. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:25. [PMID: 37117187 PMCID: PMC10147678 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that schizophrenia (ScZ) involves impairments in sensory attenuation. It is currently unclear, however, whether such deficits are present during early-stage psychosis as well as the underlying network and the potential as a biomarker. To address these questions, Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used in combination with computational modeling to examine M100 responses that involved a "passive" condition during which tones were binaurally presented, while in an "active" condition participants were asked to generate a tone via a button press. MEG data were obtained from 109 clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) participants, 23 people with a first-episode psychosis (FEP), and 48 healthy controls (HC). M100 responses at sensor and source level in the left and right thalamus (THA), Heschl's gyrus (HES), superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right inferior parietal cortex (IPL) were examined and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was performed. Furthermore, the relationship between sensory attenuation and persistence of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and transition to psychosis was investigated in CHR-P participants. Sensory attenuation was impaired in left HES, left STG and left THA in FEP patients, while in the CHR-P group deficits were observed only in right HES. DCM results revealed that CHR-P participants showed reduced top-down modulation from the right IPL to the right HES. Importantly, deficits in sensory attenuation did not predict clinical outcomes in the CHR-P group. Our results show that early-stage psychosis involves impaired sensory attenuation in auditory and thalamic regions but may not predict clinical outcomes in CHR-P participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Hua
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Rick A Adams
- Centre for Medical Image Computing and AI, University College London, 90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ, UK
- Max Planck-UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Tineke Grent-'t-Jong
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruchika Gajwani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrew I Gumley
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rajeev Krishnadas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter J Uhlhaas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Ody E, Straube B, He Y, Kircher T. Perception of self-generated and externally-generated visual stimuli: Evidence from EEG and behavior. Psychophysiology 2023:e14295. [PMID: 36966486 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Efference copy-based forward model mechanisms may help us to distinguish between self-generated and externally-generated sensory consequences. Previous studies have shown that self-initiation modulates neural and perceptual responses to identical stimulation. For example, event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by tones that follow a button press are reduced in amplitude relative to ERPs elicited by passively attended tones. However, previous EEG studies investigating visual stimuli in this context are rare, provide inconclusive results, and lack adequate control conditions with passive movements. Furthermore, although self-initiation is known to modulate behavioral responses, it is not known whether differences in the amplitude of ERPs also reflect differences in perception of sensory outcomes. In this study, we presented to participants visual stimuli consisting of gray discs following either active button presses, or passive button presses, in which an electromagnet moved the participant's finger. Two discs presented visually 500-1250 ms apart followed each button press, and participants judged which of the two was more intense. Early components of the primary visual response (N1 and P2) over the occipital electrodes were suppressed in the active condition. Interestingly, suppression in the intensity judgment task was only correlated with suppression of the visual P2 component. These data support the notion of efference copy-based forward model predictions in the visual sensory modality, but especially later processes (P2) seem to be perceptually relevant. Taken together, the results challenge the assumption that N1 differences reflect perceptual suppression and emphasize the relevance of the P2 ERP component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ody
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Rudolf Bultmann-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35039, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Rudolf Bultmann-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35039, Germany
| | - Yifei He
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Rudolf Bultmann-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35039, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Rudolf Bultmann-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35039, Germany
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Griffiths O, Jack BN, Pearson D, Elijah R, Mifsud N, Han N, Libesman S, Rita Barreiros A, Turnbull L, Balzan R, Le Pelley M, Harris A, Whitford TJ. Disrupted auditory N1, theta power and coherence suppression to willed speech in people with schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103290. [PMID: 36535137 PMCID: PMC9792888 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of sensory self-suppression - also known as sensory attenuation - occurs when a person generates a perceptible stimulus (such as a sound) by performing an action (such as speaking). The sensorimotor control system is thought to actively predict and then suppress the vocal sound in the course of speaking, resulting in lowered cortical responsiveness when speaking than when passively listening to an identical sound. It has been hypothesized that auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia result from a reduction in self-suppression due to a disruption of predictive mechanisms required to anticipate and suppress a specific, self-generated sound. It has further been hypothesized that this suppression is evident primarily in theta band activity. Fifty-one people, half of whom had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, were asked to repeatedly utter a single syllable, which was played back to them concurrently over headphones while EEG was continuously recorded. In other conditions, recordings of the same spoken syllables were played back to participants while they passively listened, or were played back with their onsets preceded by a visual cue. All participants experienced these conditions with their voice artificially shifted in pitch and also with their unaltered voice. Suppression was measured using event-related potentials (N1 component), theta phase coherence and power. We found that suppression was generally reduced on all metrics in the patient sample, and when voice alteration was applied. We additionally observed reduced theta coherence and power in the patient sample across all conditions. Visual cueing affected theta coherence only. In aggregate, the results suggest that sensory self-suppression of theta power and coherence is disrupted in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Griffiths
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Bradley N Jack
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Ruth Elijah
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan Mifsud
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan Han
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sol Libesman
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ana Rita Barreiros
- Specialty of Psychiatry, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke Turnbull
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ryan Balzan
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Harris
- Specialty of Psychiatry, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- Specialty of Psychiatry, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Friston K. Computational psychiatry: from synapses to sentience. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:256-268. [PMID: 36056173 PMCID: PMC7614021 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review considers computational psychiatry from a particular viewpoint: namely, a commitment to explaining psychopathology in terms of pathophysiology. It rests on the notion of a generative model as underwriting (i) sentient processing in the brain, and (ii) the scientific process in psychiatry. The story starts with a view of the brain-from cognitive and computational neuroscience-as an organ of inference and prediction. This offers a formal description of neuronal message passing, distributed processing and belief propagation in neuronal networks; and how certain kinds of dysconnection lead to aberrant belief updating and false inference. The dysconnections in question can be read as a pernicious synaptopathy that fits comfortably with formal notions of how we-or our brains-encode uncertainty or its complement, precision. It then considers how the ensuing process theories are tested empirically, with an emphasis on the computational modelling of neuronal circuits and synaptic gain control that mediates attentional set, active inference, learning and planning. The opportunities afforded by this sort of modelling are considered in light of in silico experiments; namely, computational neuropsychology, computational phenotyping and the promises of a computational nosology for psychiatry. The resulting survey of computational approaches is not scholarly or exhaustive. Rather, its aim is to review a theoretical narrative that is emerging across subdisciplines within psychiatry and empirical scales of investigation. These range from epilepsy research to neurodegenerative disorders; from post-traumatic stress disorder to the management of chronic pain, from schizophrenia to functional medical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Torrens WA, Pablo JN, Shires J, Haigh SM, Berryhill ME. People with high schizotypy experience more illusions in the Pattern Glare Test: Consistent with the hyperexcitability hypothesis. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:388-399. [PMID: 36484768 PMCID: PMC9847329 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) exhibit a constellation of sensory and perceptual impairments, including hyporeactivity to external input. However, individuals with SSD also report subjective experiences of sensory flooding, suggesting sensory hyperexcitability. To identify the extent to which behavioural indices of hyperexcitability are related to non-psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, we tested a non-clinical population measured for schizophrenia-like traits (schizotypy), and a behavioural measure of sensory hyperexcitability, specifically the number of illusions seen in the Pattern Glare Test. Two samples totaling 913 individuals completed an online version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised (SPQ-BR) and the Pattern Glare Test. Individuals with higher schizotypy traits reported more illusions in the Pattern Glare Test. Additionally, one of the three SPQ-BR factors, the disorganized factor, significantly predicted the number of illusions reported. These data illustrate the potential for research in non-clinical samples to inform clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Torrens
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jenna N Pablo
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jorja Shires
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Sarah M Haigh
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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11
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Zandbagleh A, Mirzakuchaki S, Daliri MR, Premkumar P, Sanei S. Classification of Low and High Schizotypy Levels via Evaluation of Brain Connectivity. Int J Neural Syst 2022; 32:2250013. [PMID: 35236254 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065722500137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypy is a latent cluster of personality traits that denote a vulnerability for schizophrenia or a type of spectrum disorder. The aim of the study is to investigate parametric effective brain connectivity features for classifying high versus low schizotypy (LS) status. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are recorded from 13 high schizotypy (HS) and 11 LS participants during an emotional auditory odd-ball task. The brain connectivity signals for machine learning are taken after the settlement of event-related potentials. A multivariate autoregressive (MVAR)-based connectivity measure is estimated from the EEG signals using the directed transfer functions (DTFs) method. The values of DTF power in five standard frequency bands are used as features. The support vector machines (SVMs) revealed significant differences between HS and LS. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the results using SVM are as high as 89.21%, 90.3%, and 88.2%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the effective brain connectivity in prefrontal/parietal and prefrontal/frontal brain regions considerably changes according to schizotypal status. These findings prove that the brain connectivity indices offer valuable biomarkers for detecting schizotypal personality. Further monitoring of the changes in DTF following the diagnosis of schizotypy may lead to the early identification of schizophrenia and other spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zandbagleh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Mirzakuchaki
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Daliri
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Preethi Premkumar
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London Southbank University, London, UK
| | - Saeid Sanei
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Salomon R, Kannape OA, Debarba HG, Kaliuzhna M, Schneider M, Faivre N, Eliez S, Blanke O. Agency Deficits in a Human Genetic Model of Schizophrenia: Insights From 22q11DS Patients. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:495-504. [PMID: 34935960 PMCID: PMC8886583 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling mental illness characterized by a disordered sense of self. Current theories suggest that deficiencies in the sense of control over one's actions (Sense of Agency, SoA) may underlie some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, it is not clear if agency deficits are a precursor or a result of psychosis. Here, we investigated full body agency using virtual reality in a cohort of 22q11 deletion syndrome participants with a genetic propensity for schizophrenia. In two experiments employing virtual reality, full body motion tracking, and online feedback, we investigated SoA in two separate domains. Our results show that participants with 22q11DS had a considerable deficit in monitoring their actions, compared to age-matched controls in both the temporal and spatial domain. This was coupled with a bias toward erroneous attribution of actions to the self. These results indicate that nonpsychotic 22q11DS participants have a domain general deficit in the conscious sensorimotor mechanisms underlying the bodily self. Our data reveal an abnormality in the SoA in a cohort with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia, but without psychosis, providing evidence that deficits in delineation of the self may be a precursor rather than a result of the psychotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Salomon
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University (BIU), Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Alan Kannape
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrique Galvan Debarba
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Digital Design, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Immersive Interaction Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Kiemes A, Gomes FV, Cash D, Uliana DL, Simmons C, Singh N, Vernon AC, Turkheimer F, Davies C, Stone JM, Grace AA, Modinos G. GABA A and NMDA receptor density alterations and their behavioral correlates in the gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate model for schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:687-695. [PMID: 34743200 PMCID: PMC8782908 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal hyperactivity driven by GABAergic interneuron deficits and NMDA receptor hypofunction is associated with the hyperdopaminergic state often observed in schizophrenia. Furthermore, previous research in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rat model has demonstrated that repeated peripubertal diazepam administration can prevent the emergence of adult hippocampal hyperactivity, dopamine-system hyperactivity, and associated psychosis-relevant behaviors. Here, we sought to characterize hippocampal GABAA and NMDA receptors in MAM-treated rats and to elucidate the receptor mechanisms underlying the promising effects of peripubertal diazepam exposure. Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to measure receptor density in the dorsal hippocampus CA1, ventral hippocampus CA1, and ventral subiculum. Specifically, [3H]-Ro15-4513 was used to quantify the density of α5GABAA receptors (α5GABAAR), [3H]-flumazenil to quantify α1-3;5GABAAR, and [3H]-MK801 to quantify NMDA receptors. MAM rats exhibited anxiety and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors as measured by elevated plus maze and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AIH), although diazepam only partially rescued these behaviors. α5GABAAR density was reduced in MAM-treated rats in all hippocampal sub-regions, and negatively correlated with AIH. Ventral hippocampus CA1 α5GABAAR density was positively correlated with anxiety-like behavior. Dorsal hippocampus CA1 NMDA receptor density was increased in MAM-treated rats, and positively correlated with AIH. [3H]-flumazenil revealed no significant effects. Finally, we found no significant effect of diazepam treatment on receptor densities, potentially related to the only partial rescue of schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes. Overall, our findings provide first evidence of α5GABAAR and NMDA receptor abnormalities in the MAM model, suggesting that more selective pharmacological agents may become a novel therapeutic mechanism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kiemes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela L Uliana
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Davies
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James M Stone
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
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14
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Smigielski L, Papiol S, Theodoridou A, Heekeren K, Gerstenberg M, Wotruba D, Buechler R, Hoffmann P, Herms S, Adorjan K, Anderson-Schmidt H, Budde M, Comes AL, Gade K, Heilbronner M, Heilbronner U, Kalman JL, Klöhn-Saghatolislam F, Reich-Erkelenz D, Schaupp SK, Schulte EC, Senner F, Anghelescu IG, Arolt V, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Dietrich DE, Fallgatter AJ, Figge C, Jäger M, Juckel G, Konrad C, Nieratschker V, Reimer J, Reininghaus E, Schmauß M, Spitzer C, von Hagen M, Wiltfang J, Zimmermann J, Gryaznova A, Flatau-Nagel L, Reitt M, Meyers M, Emons B, Haußleiter IS, Lang FU, Becker T, Wigand ME, Witt SH, Degenhardt F, Forstner AJ, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Andlauer TFM, Rössler W, Walitza S, Falkai P, Schulze TG, Grünblatt E. Polygenic risk scores across the extended psychosis spectrum. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:600. [PMID: 34836939 PMCID: PMC8626446 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As early detection of symptoms in the subclinical to clinical psychosis spectrum may improve health outcomes, knowing the probabilistic susceptibility of developing a disorder could guide mitigation measures and clinical intervention. In this context, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) quantifying the additive effects of multiple common genetic variants hold the potential to predict complex diseases and index severity gradients. PRSs for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) were computed using Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors based on the latest SZ and BD genome-wide association studies (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, third release). Eight well-phenotyped groups (n = 1580; 56% males) were assessed: control (n = 305), lower (n = 117) and higher (n = 113) schizotypy (both groups of healthy individuals), at-risk for psychosis (n = 120), BD type-I (n = 359), BD type-II (n = 96), schizoaffective disorder (n = 86), and SZ groups (n = 384). PRS differences were investigated for binary traits and the quantitative Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Both BD-PRS and SZ-PRS significantly differentiated controls from at-risk and clinical groups (Nagelkerke's pseudo-R2: 1.3-7.7%), except for BD type-II for SZ-PRS. Out of 28 pairwise comparisons for SZ-PRS and BD-PRS, 9 and 12, respectively, reached the Bonferroni-corrected significance. BD-PRS differed between control and at-risk groups, but not between at-risk and BD type-I groups. There was no difference between controls and schizotypy. SZ-PRSs, but not BD-PRSs, were positively associated with transdiagnostic symptomology. Overall, PRSs support the continuum model across the psychosis spectrum at the genomic level with possible irregularities for schizotypy. The at-risk state demands heightened clinical attention and research addressing symptom course specifiers. Continued efforts are needed to refine the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of PRSs in mental healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Smigielski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasia Theodoridou
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Heekeren
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy I, LVR-Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Gerstenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Wotruba
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Buechler
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashley L Comes
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Gade
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janos L Kalman
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina K Schaupp
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva C Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Senner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ion-George Anghelescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef E Dietrich
- AMEOS Clinical Center Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Figge
- Karl-Jaspers Clinic, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Jäger
- Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum, Rotenburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Nieratschker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Reimer
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum Bremen-Ost, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Max Schmauß
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Augsburg University, Medical Faculty, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Spitzer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin von Hagen
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center Werra-Meißner, Eschwege, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg Zimmermann
- Psychiatrieverbund Oldenburger Land gGmbH, Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany
| | - Anna Gryaznova
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Flatau-Nagel
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Reitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Milena Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Emons
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ida Sybille Haußleiter
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian U Lang
- Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Moritz E Wigand
- Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wulf Rössler
- The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Jack BN, Chilver MR, Vickery RM, Birznieks I, Krstanoska-Blazeska K, Whitford TJ, Griffiths O. Movement Planning Determines Sensory Suppression: An Event-related Potential Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:2427-2439. [PMID: 34424986 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sensory suppression refers to the phenomenon that sensory input generated by our own actions, such as moving a finger to press a button to hear a tone, elicits smaller neural responses than sensory input generated by external agents. This observation is usually explained via the internal forward model in which an efference copy of the motor command is used to compute a corollary discharge, which acts to suppress sensory input. However, because moving a finger to press a button is accompanied by neural processes involved in preparing and performing the action, it is unclear whether sensory suppression is the result of movement planning, movement execution, or both. To investigate this, in two experiments, we compared ERPs to self-generated tones that were produced by voluntary, semivoluntary, or involuntary button-presses, with externally generated tones that were produced by a computer. In Experiment 1, the semivoluntary and involuntary button-presses were initiated by the participant or experimenter, respectively, by electrically stimulating the median nerve in the participant's forearm, and in Experiment 2, by applying manual force to the participant's finger. We found that tones produced by voluntary button-presses elicited a smaller N1 component of the ERP than externally generated tones. This is known as N1-suppression. However, tones produced by semivoluntary and involuntary button-presses did not yield significant N1-suppression. We also found that the magnitude of N1-suppression linearly decreased across the voluntary, semivoluntary, and involuntary conditions. These results suggest that movement planning is a necessary condition for producing sensory suppression. We conclude that the most parsimonious account of sensory suppression is the internal forward model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Jack
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Miranda R Chilver
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | - Richard M Vickery
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | - Ingvars Birznieks
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | | | | | - Oren Griffiths
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.,Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Cao L, Steinborn MB, Haendel BF. Delusional thinking and action binding in healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18932. [PMID: 34556707 PMCID: PMC8460725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Action binding is the effect that the perceived time of an action is shifted towards the action related feedback. A much larger action binding effect in schizophrenia compared to normal controls has been shown, which might be due to positive symptoms like delusions. Here we investigated the relationship between delusional thinking and action binding in healthy individuals, predicting a positive correlation between them. The action binding effect was evaluated by comparing the perceived time of a keypress between an operant (keypress triggering a sound) and a baseline condition (keypress alone), with a novel testing method that massively improved the precision of the subjective timing measurement. A positive correlation was found between the tendency of delusional thinking (measured by the 21-item Peters et al. delusions inventory) and action binding across participants after controlling for the effect of testing order between operant and baseline conditions. The results indicate that delusional thinking in particular influences action time perception and support the notion of a continuous distribution of schizotypal traits with normal controls at one end and clinical patients at the other end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Cao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Tianmushan Road 148, Hangzhou, 310007, China. .,Department of Psychology (III), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael B Steinborn
- Department of Psychology (III), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara F Haendel
- Department of Psychology (III), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Reznik D, Guttman N, Buaron B, Zion-Golumbic E, Mukamel R. Action-locked Neural Responses in Auditory Cortex to Self-generated Sounds. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5560-5569. [PMID: 34185837 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception is a product of interactions between the internal state of an organism and the physical attributes of a stimulus. It has been shown across the animal kingdom that perception and sensory-evoked physiological responses are modulated depending on whether or not the stimulus is the consequence of voluntary actions. These phenomena are often attributed to motor signals sent to relevant sensory regions that convey information about upcoming sensory consequences. However, the neurophysiological signature of action-locked modulations in sensory cortex, and their relationship with perception, is still unclear. In the current study, we recorded neurophysiological (using Magnetoencephalography) and behavioral responses from 16 healthy subjects performing an auditory detection task of faint tones. Tones were either generated by subjects' voluntary button presses or occurred predictably following a visual cue. By introducing a constant temporal delay between button press/cue and tone delivery, and applying source-level analysis, we decoupled action-locked and auditory-locked activity in auditory cortex. We show action-locked evoked-responses in auditory cortex following sound-triggering actions and preceding sound onset. Such evoked-responses were not found for button-presses that were not coupled with sounds, or sounds delivered following a predictive visual cue. Our results provide evidence for efferent signals in human auditory cortex that are locked to voluntary actions coupled with future auditory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reznik
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Psychology Department, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Noa Guttman
- The Gonda Center for Multidisciplinary Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Batel Buaron
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Elana Zion-Golumbic
- The Gonda Center for Multidisciplinary Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Roy Mukamel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Israel
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18
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Ford JM, Roach BJ, Mathalon DH. Vocalizing and singing reveal complex patterns of corollary discharge function in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:30-40. [PMID: 33621618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As we vocalize, our brains generate predictions of the sounds we produce to enable suppression of neural responses when intentions match vocalizations and to make adjustments when they do not. This may be instantiated by efference copy and corollary discharge mechanisms, which are impaired in people with schizophrenia (SZ). Although innate, these mechanisms can be affected by intentions. We asked if attending to pitch during vocalizations would take these mechanisms "off-line" and reduce suppression. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded from 96 SZ and 92 healthy controls (HC) as they vocalized triplets in monotone (Phrase) or sang triplets in ascending thirds (Pitch). Pre-vocalization activity (Bereitschaftspotential, BP), N1, and P2 ERP components to sounds were compared during vocalization and playback. RESULTS N1 was not as suppressed during Pitch as during Phrase. N1 suppression was not affected by SZ in either task when all data were collapsed across pitches (Pitch) and positions (Phrase). However, when binned according to vocalization performance, SZ showed less N1 suppression than HC at longer (>2 s) inter-stimulus intervals (Phrase) and inconsistent suppression across pitches (Pitch). Unlike N1, P2 was more suppressed during Pitch than Phrase and not affected by SZ. BP was greater during vocalization than playback but did not contribute to N1 or P2 effects. Pitch variability was inversely related to negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Neural processing is not suppressed when patients and controls sing, and corollary discharge abnormalities in schizophrenia are only seen at long vocalization intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Ford
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States of America; Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, United States of America.
| | - Brian J Roach
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, United States of America
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States of America; Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, United States of America
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19
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Sensory attenuation is modulated by the contrasting effects of predictability and control. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118103. [PMID: 33957233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-generated stimuli have been found to elicit a reduced sensory response compared with externally-generated stimuli. However, much of the literature has not adequately controlled for differences in the temporal predictability and temporal control of stimuli. In two experiments, we compared the N1 (and P2) components of the auditory-evoked potential to self- and externally-generated tones that differed with respect to these two factors. In Experiment 1 (n = 42), we found that increasing temporal predictability reduced N1 amplitude in a manner that may often account for the observed reduction in sensory response to self-generated sounds. We also observed that reducing temporal control over the tones resulted in a reduction in N1 amplitude. The contrasting effects of temporal predictability and temporal control on N1 amplitude meant that sensory attenuation prevailed when controlling for each. Experiment 2 (n = 38) explored the potential effect of selective attention on the results of Experiment 1 by modifying task requirements such that similar levels of attention were allocated to the visual stimuli across conditions. The results of Experiment 2 replicated those of Experiment 1, and suggested that the observed effects of temporal control and sensory attenuation were not driven by differences in attention. Given that self- and externally-generated sensations commonly differ with respect to both temporal predictability and temporal control, findings of the present study may necessitate a re-evaluation of the experimental paradigms used to study sensory attenuation.
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Hobson JA, Gott JA, Friston KJ. Minds and Brains, Sleep and Psychiatry. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2020; 3:12-28. [PMID: 35174319 PMCID: PMC8834904 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This article offers a philosophical thesis for psychiatric disorders that rests upon some simple truths about the mind and brain. Specifically, it asks whether the dual aspect monism—that emerges from sleep research and theoretical neurobiology—can be applied to pathophysiology and psychopathology in psychiatry. Methods Our starting point is that the mind and brain are emergent aspects of the same (neuronal) dynamics; namely, the brain–mind. Our endpoint is that synaptic dysconnection syndromes inherit the same dual aspect; namely, aberrant inference or belief updating on the one hand, and a failure of neuromodulatory synaptic gain control on the other. We start with some basic considerations from sleep research that integrate the phenomenology of dreaming with the neurophysiology of sleep. Results We then leverage this treatment by treating the brain as an organ of inference. Our particular focus is on the role of precision (i.e., the representation of uncertainty) in belief updating and the accompanying synaptic mechanisms. Conclusions Finally, we suggest a dual aspect approach—based upon belief updating (i.e., mind processes) and its neurophysiological implementation (i.e., brain processes)—has a wide explanatory compass for psychiatry and various movement disorders. This approach identifies the kind of pathophysiology that underwrites psychopathology—and points to certain psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological targets, which may stand in mechanistic relation to each other. The ‘mind’ emerges from Bayesian belief updating in the ‘brain’ Psychopathology can be read as aberrant belief updating. Aberrant belief updating follows from any neuromodulatory synaptopathy
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Allan Hobson
- Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jarrod A. Gott
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen
| | - Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging University College London London
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21
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Demekas D, Parr T, Friston KJ. An Investigation of the Free Energy Principle for Emotion Recognition. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:30. [PMID: 32390817 PMCID: PMC7189749 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper offers a prospectus of what might be achievable in the development of emotional recognition devices. It provides a conceptual overview of the free energy principle; including Markov blankets, active inference, and-in particular-a discussion of selfhood and theory of mind, followed by a brief explanation of how these concepts can explain both neural and cultural models of emotional inference. The underlying hypothesis is that emotion recognition and inference devices will evolve from state-of-the-art deep learning models into active inference schemes that go beyond marketing applications and become adjunct to psychiatric practice. Specifically, this paper proposes that a second wave of emotion recognition devices will be equipped with an emotional lexicon (or the ability to epistemically search for one), allowing the device to resolve uncertainty about emotional states by actively eliciting responses from the user and learning from these responses. Following this, a third wave of emotional devices will converge upon the user's generative model, resulting in the machine and human engaging in a reciprocal, prosocial emotional interaction, i.e., sharing a generative model of emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Demekas
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Parr
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Libesman S, Mannion DJ, Whitford TJ. Seeing the Intensity of a Sound-producing Event Modulates the Amplitude of the Initial Auditory Evoked Response. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:426-434. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An auditory event is often accompanied by characteristic visual information. For example, the sound level produced by a vigorous handclap may be related to the speed of hands as they move toward collision. Here, we tested the hypothesis that visual information about the intensity of auditory signals are capable of altering the subsequent neurophysiological response to auditory stimulation. To do this, we used EEG to measure the response of the human brain (n = 28) to the audiovisual delivery of handclaps. Depictions of a weak handclap were accompanied by auditory handclaps at low (65 dB) and intermediate (72.5 dB) sound levels, whereas depictions of a vigorous handclap were accompanied by auditory handclaps at intermediate (72.5 dB) and high (80 dB) sound levels. The dependent variable was the amplitude of the initial negative component (N1) of the auditory evoked potential. We find that identical clap sounds (intermediate level; 72.5 dB) elicited significantly lower N1 amplitudes when paired with a video of a weak clap, compared with when paired with a video of a vigorous clap. These results demonstrate that intensity predictions can affect the neural responses to auditory stimulation at very early stages (<100 msec) in sensory processing. Furthermore, the established sound-level dependence of auditory N1 amplitude suggests that such effects may serve the functional role of altering auditory responses in accordance with visual inferences. Thus, this study provides evidence that the neurally evoked response to an auditory event results from a combination of a person's beliefs with incoming auditory input.
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Linson A, Friston K. Reframing PTSD for computational psychiatry with the active inference framework. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2019; 24:347-368. [PMID: 31564212 PMCID: PMC6816477 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1665994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent advances in research on stress and, respectively, on disorders of perception, learning, and behaviour speak to a promising synthesis of current insights from (i) neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience and psychology of stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and (ii) computational psychiatry approaches to pathophysiology (e.g. of schizophrenia and autism). Methods: Specifically, we apply this synthesis to PTSD. The framework of active inference offers an embodied and embedded lens through which to understand neuronal mechanisms, structures, and processes of cognitive function and dysfunction. In turn, this offers an explanatory model of how healthy mental functioning can go awry due to psychopathological conditions that impair inference about our environment and our bodies. In this context, auditory phenomena-known to be especially relevant to studies of PTSD and schizophrenia-and traditional models of auditory function can be viewed from an evolutionary perspective based on active inference. Results: We assess and contextualise a range of evidence on audition, stress, psychosis, and PTSD, and bring some existing partial models of PTSD into multilevel alignment. Conclusions: The novel perspective on PTSD we present aims to serve as a basis for new experimental designs and therapeutic interventions that integrate fundamentally biological, cognitive, behavioural, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Linson
- Faculty of Natural Sciences & Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK
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Whitford TJ. Speaking-Induced Suppression of the Auditory Cortex in Humans and Its Relevance to Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:791-804. [PMID: 31399393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Speaking-induced suppression (SIS) is the phenomenon that the sounds one generates by overt speech elicit a smaller neurophysiological response in the auditory cortex than comparable sounds that are externally generated. SIS is a specific example of the more general phenomenon of self-suppression. SIS has been well established in nonhuman animals and is believed to involve the action of corollary discharges. This review summarizes, first, the evidence for SIS in heathy human participants, where it has been most commonly assessed with electroencephalography and/or magnetoencephalography using an experimental paradigm known as "Talk-Listen"; and second, the growing number of Talk-Listen studies that have reported subnormal levels of SIS in patients with schizophrenia. This result is theoretically significant, as it provides a plausible explanation for some of the most distinctive and characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia, namely the first-rank symptoms. In particular, while the failure to suppress the neural consequences of self-generated movements (such as those associated with overt speech) provides a prima facie explanation for delusions of control, the failure to suppress the neural consequences of self-generated inner speech provides a plausible explanation for certain classes of auditory-verbal hallucinations, such as audible thoughts. While the empirical evidence for a relationship between SIS and the first-rank symptoms is currently limited, I predict that future studies with more sensitive experimental designs will confirm its existence. Establishing the existence of a causal, mechanistic relationship would represent a major step forward in our understanding of schizophrenia, which is a necessary precursor to the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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25
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Harrison LA, Kats A, Williams ME, Aziz-Zadeh L. The Importance of Sensory Processing in Mental Health: A Proposed Addition to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and Suggestions for RDoC 2.0. Front Psychol 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30804830 PMCID: PMC6370662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The time is ripe to integrate burgeoning evidence of the important role of sensory and motor functioning in mental health within the National Institute of Mental Health's [NIMH] Research Domain Criteria [RDoC] framework (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.a), a multi-dimensional method of characterizing mental functioning in health and disease across all neurobiological levels of analysis ranging from genetic to behavioral. As the importance of motor processing in psychopathology has been recognized (Bernard and Mittal, 2015; Garvey and Cuthbert, 2017; National Institute of Mental Health, 2019), here we focus on sensory processing. First, we review the current design of the RDoC matrix, noting sensory features missing despite their prevalence in multiple mental illnesses. We identify two missing classes of sensory symptoms that we widely define as (1) sensory processing, including sensory sensitivity and active sensing, and (2) domains of perceptual signaling, including interoception and proprioception, which are currently absent or underdeveloped in the perception construct of the cognitive systems domain. Then, we describe the neurobiological basis of these psychological constructs and examine why these sensory features are important for understanding psychopathology. Where appropriate, we examine links between sensory processing and the domains currently included in the RDoC matrix. Throughout, we emphasize how the addition of these sensory features to the RDoC matrix is important for understanding a range of mental health disorders. We conclude with the suggestion that a separate sensation and perception domain can enhance the current RDoC framework, while discussing what we see as important principles and promising directions for the future development and use of the RDoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Harrison
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anastasiya Kats
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marian E. Williams
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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26
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Altered auditory feedback perception following an 8-week mindfulness meditation practice. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 138:38-46. [PMID: 30703400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our own ongoing motor actions are perceived through sensory feedback pathways, and are integrated with neural processes to modulate further actions. This sensory feedback mechanism is known to contribute to the rehabilitation of impaired motor functions. Recent evidence also suggests that mindfulness meditation improves our awareness to sensation; therefore, enhancement of awareness to sensory feedback through mindfulness meditation training may have potential clinical applications. This study investigated an effect of eight-week practice of mindfulness meditation on speech perception/production processes. Among the thirty healthy participants, half of them engaged in regular meditation practice of 10 min per day for eight weeks, and the other half were not given any instructions for their daily life. The change of speech performance in sentence reading under 200 ms delayed auditory feedback (DAF) condition were assessed compared to without delay condition. Also, event-related potential response to the short sound of /a/, were measured. The result showed that, after the eight-week practice, the meditation group showed significantly improved speech fluency in the DAF condition, when 16-min meditation was introduced before the experiments. Furthermore, significantly increased auditory evoked potentials were observed in the central-parietal region when the participants listened to the delayed auditory feedback sound of their own voice. These findings provide the first glimpses into the possible relationship between mindfulness meditation and auditory feedback. Different instructions for daily activity between the meditation and control groups should be considered in further studies.
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27
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Efference copy/corollary discharge function and targeted cognitive training in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 145:91-98. [PMID: 30599145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During vocalization, efference copy/corollary discharge mechanisms suppress the auditory cortical response to self-generated sounds as reflected in the N1 component of the auditory event-related potential (ERP). N1 suppression during talking is reduced in patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that these deficits would recover with auditory training that targets the speech processing system. METHODS Forty-nine individuals early in the course of a schizophrenia-spectrum illness (ESZ) were randomly assigned to 40 h of Targeted Auditory Training (TAT; n = 23) or Computer Games (CG; n = 26). The N1 ERP component was elicited during production (Talk) and playback (Listen) of vocalization. Effects of Treatment on Global Cognition, N1 suppression (Talk-Listen), N1 during Talking and Listening were assessed. Simple effects of the passage of time were also assessed in the HC after 28 weeks. RESULTS There was a Treatment × Time interaction revealing that N1 suppression was improved with TAT, but not with CG. TAT, but not CG, also improved Global Cognition. However, TAT and CG groups differed in their pre-treatment N1 suppression, and greater N1-suppression abnormalities were strongly associated with greater improvement in N1 suppression. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of ESZ individuals, targeted auditory training appeared to improve the function of the efference copy/corollary discharge mechanism which tended to deteriorate with computer games. It remains to be determined if baseline N1 suppression abnormalities are necessary for TAT treatment to have a positive effect on efference copy/corollary discharge function or if improvements observed in this study represent a regression to the mean N1 suppression in ESZ. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.govNCT00694889. Registered 1 August 2007.
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28
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Sato M, Shiller DM. Auditory prediction during speaking and listening. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 187:92-103. [PMID: 29402437 PMCID: PMC6072625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present EEG study, the role of auditory prediction in speech was explored through the comparison of auditory cortical responses during active speaking and passive listening to the same acoustic speech signals. Two manipulations of sensory prediction accuracy were used during the speaking task: (1) a real-time change in vowel F1 feedback (reducing prediction accuracy relative to unaltered feedback) and (2) presenting a stable auditory target rather than a visual cue to speak (enhancing auditory prediction accuracy during baseline productions, and potentially enhancing the perturbing effect of altered feedback). While subjects compensated for the F1 manipulation, no difference between the auditory-cue and visual-cue conditions were found. Under visually-cued conditions, reduced N1/P2 amplitude was observed during speaking vs. listening, reflecting a motor-to-sensory prediction. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the magnitude of behavioral compensatory F1 response and the magnitude of this speaking induced suppression (SIS) for P2 during the altered auditory feedback phase, where a stronger compensatory decrease in F1 was associated with a stronger the SIS effect. Finally, under the auditory-cued condition, an auditory repetition-suppression effect was observed in N1/P2 amplitude during the listening task but not active speaking, suggesting that auditory predictive processes during speaking and passive listening are functionally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sato
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France; Brain and Language Research Institute, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Douglas M Shiller
- School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Université de Montréal, Canada; Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, Canada.
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29
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Hong CCH, Fallon JH, Friston KJ, Harris JC. Rapid Eye Movements in Sleep Furnish a Unique Probe Into Consciousness. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2087. [PMID: 30429814 PMCID: PMC6220670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural correlates of rapid eye movements (REMs) in sleep are extraordinarily robust; including REM-locked multisensory-motor integration and accompanying activation in the retrosplenial cortex, the supplementary eye field and areas encompassing cholinergic basal nucleus (Hong et al., 2009). The phenomenology of REMs speaks to the notion that perceptual experience in both sleep and wakefulness is a constructive process - in which we generate predictions of sensory inputs and then test those predictions through actively sampling the sensorium with eye movements. On this view, REMs during sleep may index an internalized active sampling or 'scanning' of self-generated visual constructs that are released from the constraints of visual input. If this view is correct, it renders REMs an ideal probe to study consciousness as "an exclusively internal affair" (Metzinger, 2009). In other words, REMs offer a probe of active inference - in the sense of predictive coding - when the brain is isolated from the sensorium in virtue of the natural blockade of sensory afferents during REM sleep. Crucially, REMs are temporally precise events that enable powerful inferences based on time series analyses. As a natural, task-free probe, (REMs) could be used in non-compliant subjects, including infants and animals. In short, REMs constitute a promising probe to study the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of consciousness and perhaps the psychopathology of schizophrenia and autism, which have been considered in terms of aberrant predictive coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C.-H. Hong
- Patuxent Institution, Correctional Mental Health Center — Jessup, Jessup, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James H. Fallon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Harris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Whitford TJ, Oestreich LKL, Ford JM, Roach BJ, Loewy RL, Stuart BK, Mathalon DH. Deficits in Cortical Suppression During Vocalization are Associated With Structural Abnormalities in the Arcuate Fasciculus in Early Illness Schizophrenia and Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:1312-1322. [PMID: 29194516 PMCID: PMC6192501 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-generated speech produces a smaller N1 amplitude in the auditory-evoked potential than externally generated speech; this phenomenon is known as N1-suppression. Schizophrenia patients show less N1-suppression than healthy controls. This failure to self-suppress may underlie patients' characteristic tendency to misattribute self-generated thoughts and actions to external sources. While the cause of N1-suppression deficits to speech in schizophrenia remains unclear, structural damage to the arcuate fasciculus is a candidate, due to its ostensible role in transmitting the efference copy of the motor plan to speak. Fifty-one patients with early illness schizophrenia (ESZ), 40 individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR), and 59 healthy control (HC) participants underwent an electroencephalogram while they spoke and then listened to a recording of their speech. N1-suppression to the spoken sounds was calculated. Participants also underwent a diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) scan, from which the arcuate fasciculus and pyramidal tract were extracted with deterministic tractography. ESZ patients exhibited significantly less N1-suppression to self-generated speech than HC participants, with CHR participants exhibiting intermediate levels. ESZ patients also exhibited structural abnormalities in the arcuate fasciculus-specifically, reduced fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity-relative to both HC and CHR. There were no between-group differences in the structural integrity of the pyramidal tract. Finally, level of N1-suppression was linearly related to the structural integrity of the arcuate fasciculus, but not the pyramidal tract, across groups. These results suggest that the self-suppression deficits to willed speech consistently observed in schizophrenia patients may be caused, at least in part, by structural damage to the arcuate fasciculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lena K L Oestreich
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian J Roach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel L Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Barbara K Stuart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California—San Francisco (UCSF), 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, US; tel: +1-415-221-4810, fax: +1-415-750-6622, e-mail:
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31
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Limongi R, Bohaterewicz B, Nowicka M, Plewka A, Friston KJ. Knowing when to stop: Aberrant precision and evidence accumulation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:386-391. [PMID: 29331218 PMCID: PMC6020132 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Predictive coding and active inference formulations of the dysconnection hypothesis suggest that subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) hold unduly precise prior beliefs to compensate for a failure of sensory attenuation. This implies that SZ subjects should both initiate responses prematurely during evidence-accumulation tasks and fail to inhibit their responses at long stop-signal delays. SZ and healthy control subjects were asked to report the timing of billiards-ball collisions and were occasionally required to withhold their responses. SZ subjects showed larger temporal estimation errors, which were associated with premature responses and decreased response inhibition. To account for these effects, we used hierarchical (Bayesian) drift-diffusion models (HDDM) and model selection procedures to adjudicate among four hypotheses. HDDM revealed that the precision of prior beliefs (i.e., starting point) rather than increased sensory precision (i.e., drift rate) drove premature responses and impaired response inhibition in patients with SZ. From the perspective of active inference, we suggest that premature predictions in SZ are responses that, heuristically, are traded off against accuracy to ensure action execution. On the basis of previous work, we suggest that the right insular cortex might mediate this trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Limongi
- Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP, Chile; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Bartosz Bohaterewicz
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology of Individual Differences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nowicka
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology of Individual Differences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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32
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Mifsud NG, Beesley T, Watson TL, Elijah RB, Sharp TS, Whitford TJ. Attenuation of visual evoked responses to hand and saccade-initiated flashes. Cognition 2018; 179:14-22. [PMID: 29894867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sensory attenuation refers to reduced brain responses to self-initiated sensations relative to those produced by the external world. It is a low-level process that may be linked to higher-level cognitive tasks such as reality monitoring. The phenomenon is often explained by prediction error mechanisms of universal applicability to sensory modality; however, it is most widely reported for auditory stimuli resulting from self-initiated hand movements. The present series of event-related potential (ERP) experiments explored the generalizability of sensory attenuation to the visual domain by exposing participants to flashes initiated by either their own button press or volitional saccade and comparing these conditions to identical, computer-initiated stimuli. The key results showed that the largest reduction of anterior visual N1 amplitude occurred for saccade-initiated flashes, while button press-initiated flashes evoked an intermediary response between the saccade-initiated and externally initiated conditions. This indicates that sensory attenuation occurs for visual stimuli and suggests that the degree of electrophysiological attenuation may relate to the causal likelihood of pairings between the type of motor action and the modality of its sensory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Mifsud
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tom Beesley
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara L Watson
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth B Elijah
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tegan S Sharp
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Oestreich LKL, Whitford TJ, Garrido MI. Prediction of Speech Sounds Is Facilitated by a Functional Fronto-Temporal Network. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:43. [PMID: 29875638 PMCID: PMC5975240 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding postulates that the brain continually predicts forthcoming sensory events based on past experiences in order to process sensory information and respond to unexpected events in a fast and efficient manner. Predictive coding models in the context of overt speech are believed to operate along auditory white matter pathways such as the arcuate fasciculus and the frontal aslant. The aim of this study was to investigate whether brain regions that are structurally connected via these white matter pathways are also effectively engaged when listening to externally-generated, temporally-predicable speech sounds. Using Electroencephalography (EEG) and Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) we investigated network models that are structurally connected via the arcuate fasciculus from primary auditory cortex to Wernicke’s and via Geschwind’s territory to Broca’s area. Connections between Broca’s and supplementary motor area, which are structurally connected by the frontal aslant, were also included. The results revealed that bilateral areas interconnected by indirect and direct pathways of the arcuate fasciculus, in addition to regions interconnected by the frontal aslant best explain the EEG responses to speech that is externally-generated but temporally predictable. These findings indicate that structurally connected brain regions involved in the production and processing of auditory stimuli are also effectively connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K L Oestreich
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta I Garrido
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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34
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Itaguchi Y, Sugimori E, Fukuzawa K. Schizotypal traits and forearm motor control against self-other produced action in a bimanual unloading task. Neuropsychologia 2018; 113:43-51. [PMID: 29601887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relation between schizotypy and motor control against self- or other-produced action. We used an unloading task to focus on the timing component of anticipatory motor control. In the task, a weight was removed from a participants' hand by the participants themselves or by an experimenter (voluntary versus imposed unloading). Postural disturbance at the removal timing was measured as an index of predictive function in motor control. We hypothesized that the postural disturbance in the voluntary unloading would be positively related to schizotypal traits; however, the results did not support this theory. The results showed almost zero correlation between the schizotypy scores and the postural disturbance in the voluntary unloading condition. In contrast, the schizotypy scores positively correlated with the postural disturbance in the imposed unloading condition. These findings were replicated across two participant groups and two schizotypy scales. Further analyses on subscales of the schizotypy questionnaire found moderate levels of positive correlation between each subscale for Cognitive-Perceptual and Disorganization factors and the disturbance. Accordingly, the present study did not support the idea that non-pathological individuals with high schizotypal traits have deficits in prediction of self-produced actions, at least for a temporal domain. Instead, the results suggested that individuals with high schizotypal traits, particularly for the positive and disorganization symptoms, are not good at responding to others-produced actions. The schizophrenic symptoms were discussed in terms of the failure in the processes executed after calculating prediction of sensory consequences and dysfunction in internal models for "other people".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Itaguchi
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Eriko Sugimori
- Department of Human Informatics and Cognitive Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Fukuzawa
- Department of Psychology, Waseda University, 1-24-1, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan
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35
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Randeniya R, Oestreich LKL, Garrido MI. Sensory prediction errors in the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 191:109-122. [PMID: 28457774 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory prediction errors are fundamental brain responses that signal a violation of expectation in either the internal or external sensory environment, and are therefore crucial for survival and adaptive behaviour. Patients with schizophrenia show deficits in these internal and external sensory prediction errors, which can be measured using electroencephalography (EEG) components such as N1 and mismatch negativity (MMN), respectively. New evidence suggests that these deficits in sensory prediction errors are more widely distributed on a continuum of psychosis, whereas psychotic experiences exist to varying degrees throughout the general population. In this paper, we review recent findings in sensory prediction errors in the auditory domain across the continuum of psychosis, and discuss these in light of the predictive coding hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Randeniya
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - L K L Oestreich
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
| | - M I Garrido
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Australia.
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36
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Whitford TJ, Jack BN, Pearson D, Griffiths O, Luque D, Harris AW, Spencer KM, Le Pelley ME. Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29199947 PMCID: PMC5714499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efference copies refer to internal duplicates of movement-producing neural signals. Their primary function is to predict, and often suppress, the sensory consequences of willed movements. Efference copies have been almost exclusively investigated in the context of overt movements. The current electrophysiological study employed a novel design to show that inner speech – the silent production of words in one’s mind – is also associated with an efference copy. Participants produced an inner phoneme at a precisely specified time, at which an audible phoneme was concurrently presented. The production of the inner phoneme resulted in electrophysiological suppression, but only if the content of the inner phoneme matched the content of the audible phoneme. These results demonstrate that inner speech – a purely mental action – is associated with an efference copy with detailed auditory properties. These findings suggest that inner speech may ultimately reflect a special type of overt speech. As you read this text, the chances are you can hear your own inner voice narrating the words. You may hear your inner voice again when silently considering what to have for lunch, or imagining how a phone conversation this afternoon will play out. Estimates suggest that we spend at least a quarter of our lives listening to our own inner speech. But to what extent does the brain distinguish between inner speech and the sounds we produce when we speak out loud? Listening to a recording of your own voice activates the brain more than hearing yourself speak out loud. This is because when the brain sends instructions to the lips, tongue, and vocal cords telling them to move, it also makes a copy of these instructions. This is known as an efference copy, and it enables regions of the brain that process sounds to predict what they are about to hear. When the actual sounds match those predicted – as when you hear yourself speak out loud – the brain’s sound-processing regions dampen down their responses. But does the inner speech in our heads also generate an efference copy? To find out, Whitford et al. tracked the brain activity of healthy volunteers as they listened to speech sounds through headphones. While listening to the sounds, the volunteers had to produce either the same speech sound or a different speech sound inside their heads. A specific type of brain activity decreased whenever the inner speech sound matched the external speech sound. This decrease did not occur when the two sounds were different. This suggests that the brain produces an efference copy for inner speech similar to that for external speech. These findings could ultimately benefit people who suffer from psychotic symptoms, for example as part of schizophrenia. Symptoms such as hearing voices are thought to reflect problems with producing and interpreting inner speech. The technique that Whitford et al. have developed will enable us to test this long-held but hitherto untestable idea. The results should increase our understanding of these symptoms and may eventually lead to new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.,Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bradley N Jack
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.,Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Pearson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.,Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oren Griffiths
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.,Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Luque
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.,Department of Basic Psychology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Anthony Wf Harris
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin M Spencer
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mike E Le Pelley
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
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37
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Zhang T, Wang D, Zhang Q, Wu J, Lv J, Shi L. Supervoxel-based statistical analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in schizotypal personality disorder. Neuroimage 2017; 163:368-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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38
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The ability to tickle oneself is associated with level of psychometric schizotypy in non-clinical individuals. Conscious Cogn 2017; 52:93-103. [PMID: 28500871 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recent study (Lemaitre et al., 2016, Consciousness and Cognition, 41, 64-71) found that non-clinical individuals who scored highly on a psychometric scale of schizotypy were able to tickle themselves. The present study aimed to extend this finding by investigating whether the ability to tickle oneself was associated with level of psychometric schizotypy considered as a continuous variable. One hundred and eleven students completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). A mechanical device delivered tactile stimulation to participants' palms. The device was operated by the experimenter (External) or the participant (Self). Participants were asked to rate the intensity, ticklishness and pleasantness of the stimulation. A significant association was observed between participants' tactile self-suppression (External minus Self) and their score on the SPQ. These results suggest that the ability to suppress the tactile consequences of self-generated movements varies across the general population, and maps directly onto the personality dimension of schizotypy.
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39
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Mannion DJ, Donkin C, Whitford TJ. No apparent influence of psychometrically-defined schizotypy on orientation-dependent contextual modulation of visual contrast detection. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2921. [PMID: 28149692 PMCID: PMC5267566 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between psychometrically-defined schizotypy and the ability to detect a visual target pattern. Target detection is typically impaired by a surrounding pattern (context) with an orientation that is parallel to the target, relative to a surrounding pattern with an orientation that is orthogonal to the target (orientation-dependent contextual modulation). Based on reports that this effect is reduced in those with schizophrenia, we hypothesised that there would be a negative relationship between the relative score on psychometrically-defined schizotypy and the relative effect of orientation-dependent contextual modulation. We measured visual contrast detection thresholds and scores on the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) from a non-clinical sample (N = 100). Contrary to our hypothesis, we find an absence of a monotonic relationship between the relative magnitude of orientation-dependent contextual modulation of visual contrast detection and the relative score on any of the subscales of the O-LIFE. The apparent difference of this result with previous reports on those with schizophrenia suggests that orientation-dependent contextual modulation may be an informative condition in which schizophrenia and psychometrically-defined schizotypy are dissociated. However, further research is also required to clarify the strength of orientation-dependent contextual modulation in those with schizophrenia.
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40
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Fumero A, Rodríguez M, Roa A, Peñate W. Importancia diferencial de los componentes fundamentales de la esquizotipia: un metaanálisis. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Friston K, Brown HR, Siemerkus J, Stephan KE. The dysconnection hypothesis (2016). Schizophr Res 2016; 176:83-94. [PMID: 27450778 PMCID: PMC5147460 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years have passed since the dysconnection hypothesis was first proposed (Friston and Frith, 1995; Weinberger, 1993). In that time, neuroscience has witnessed tremendous advances: we now live in a world of non-invasive neuroanatomy, computational neuroimaging and the Bayesian brain. The genomics era has come and gone. Connectomics and large-scale neuroinformatics initiatives are emerging everywhere. So where is the dysconnection hypothesis now? This article considers how the notion of schizophrenia as a dysconnection syndrome has developed - and how it has been enriched by recent advances in clinical neuroscience. In particular, we examine the dysconnection hypothesis in the context of (i) theoretical neurobiology and computational psychiatry; (ii) the empirical insights afforded by neuroimaging and associated connectomics - and (iii) how bottom-up (molecular biology and genetics) and top-down (systems biology) perspectives are converging on the mechanisms and nature of dysconnections in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK.
| | - Harriet R. Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Siemerkus
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Liu K, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Wu J, Lei Y, Chu WCW, Mok VCT, Wang D, Shi L. Characterization of the Fiber Connectivity Profile of the Cerebral Cortex in Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:809. [PMID: 27303358 PMCID: PMC4884735 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is considered one of the classic disconnection syndromes. However, the specific cortical disconnectivity pattern has not been fully investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore significant alterations in whole-cortex structural connectivity in SPD individuals (SPDs) by combining the techniques of brain surface morphometry and white matter tractography. Diffusion and structural MR data were collected from 20 subjects with SPD (all males; age, 19.7 ± 0.9 years) and 18 healthy controls (all males; age, 20.3 ± 1.0 years). To measure the structural connectivity for a given unit area of the cortex, the fiber connectivity density (FiCD) value was proposed and calculated as the sum of the fractional anisotropy of all the fibers connecting to that unit area in tractography. Then, the resultant whole-cortex FiCD maps were compared in a vertex-wise manner between SPDs and controls. Compared with normal controls, SPDs showed significantly decreased FiCD in the rostral middle frontal gyrus (crossing BA 9 and BA 10) and significantly increased FiCD in the anterior part of the fusiform/inferior temporal cortex (P < 0.05, Monte Carlo simulation corrected). Moreover, the gray matter volume extracted from the left rostral middle frontal cluster was observed to be significantly greater in the SPD group (P = 0.02). Overall, this study identifies a decrease in connectivity in the left middle frontal cortex as a key neural deficit at the whole-cortex level in SPD, thus providing insight into its neuropathological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University Dalian, China
| | - Yueji Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University Dalian, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen Shenzhen, China
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China; Research Center for Medical Image Computing, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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43
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Disturbances of Agency and Ownership in Schizophrenia: An Auditory Verbal Event Related Potentials Study. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:716-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Mifsud NG, Oestreich LKL, Jack BN, Ford JM, Roach BJ, Mathalon DH, Whitford TJ. Self-initiated actions result in suppressed auditory but amplified visual evoked components in healthy participants. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:723-32. [PMID: 26751981 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-suppression refers to the phenomenon that sensations initiated by our own movements are typically less salient, and elicit an attenuated neural response, compared to sensations resulting from changes in the external world. Evidence for self-suppression is provided by previous ERP studies in the auditory modality, which have found that healthy participants typically exhibit a reduced auditory N1 component when auditory stimuli are self-initiated as opposed to externally initiated. However, the literature investigating self-suppression in the visual modality is sparse, with mixed findings and experimental protocols. An EEG study was conducted to expand our understanding of self-suppression across different sensory modalities. Healthy participants experienced either an auditory (tone) or visual (pattern-reversal) stimulus following a willed button press (self-initiated), a random interval (externally initiated, unpredictable onset), or a visual countdown (externally initiated, predictable onset-to match the intrinsic predictability of self-initiated stimuli), while EEG was continuously recorded. Reduced N1 amplitudes for self- versus externally initiated tones indicated that self-suppression occurred in the auditory domain. In contrast, the visual N145 component was amplified for self- versus externally initiated pattern reversals. Externally initiated conditions did not differ as a function of their predictability. These findings highlight a difference in sensory processing of self-initiated stimuli across modalities, and may have implications for clinical disorders that are ostensibly associated with abnormal self-suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Mifsud
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Lena K L Oestreich
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Bradley N Jack
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Judith M Ford
- Brain Imaging and EEG Laboratory (BIEEGL), Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian J Roach
- Brain Imaging and EEG Laboratory (BIEEGL), Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Brain Imaging and EEG Laboratory (BIEEGL), Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
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45
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Moseley P, Smailes D, Ellison A, Fernyhough C. The effect of auditory verbal imagery on signal detection in hallucination-prone individuals. Cognition 2015; 146:206-16. [PMID: 26435050 PMCID: PMC4675095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigated relation between hallucinations, mental imagery and signal detection. Individuals prone to hallucinations showed a lower SDT response bias with imagery. Finding held for both instructed and self-reported use of auditory verbal imagery. Atypical auditory imagery may lead to the generation of auditory hallucinations.
Cognitive models have suggested that auditory hallucinations occur when internal mental events, such as inner speech or auditory verbal imagery (AVI), are misattributed to an external source. This has been supported by numerous studies indicating that individuals who experience hallucinations tend to perform in a biased manner on tasks that require them to distinguish self-generated from non-self-generated perceptions. However, these tasks have typically been of limited relevance to inner speech models of hallucinations, because they have not manipulated the AVI that participants used during the task. Here, a new paradigm was employed to investigate the interaction between imagery and perception, in which a healthy, non-clinical sample of participants were instructed to use AVI whilst completing an auditory signal detection task. It was hypothesized that AVI-usage would cause participants to perform in a biased manner, therefore falsely detecting more voices in bursts of noise. In Experiment 1, when cued to generate AVI, highly hallucination-prone participants showed a lower response bias than when performing a standard signal detection task, being more willing to report the presence of a voice in the noise. Participants not prone to hallucinations performed no differently between the two conditions. In Experiment 2, participants were not specifically instructed to use AVI, but retrospectively reported how often they engaged in AVI during the task. Highly hallucination-prone participants who retrospectively reported using imagery showed a lower response bias than did participants with lower proneness who also reported using AVI. Results are discussed in relation to prominent inner speech models of hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moseley
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - David Smailes
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Psychology, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Amanda Ellison
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Charles Fernyhough
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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