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Makdissi N. Macrophage Development and Function. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:1-9. [PMID: 37639112 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages were first described over a hundred years ago. Throughout the years, they were shown to be essential players in their tissue-specific environment, performing various functions during homeostatic and disease conditions. Recent reports shed more light on their ontogeny as long-lived, self-maintained cells with embryonic origin in most tissues. They populate the different tissues early during development, where they help to establish and maintain homeostasis. In this chapter, the history of macrophages is discussed. Furthermore, macrophage ontogeny and core functions in the different tissues are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Makdissi
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Zhou Z, Zhang H, Tao Y, Jie H, Zhao J, Zang J, Li H, Wang Y, Wang T, Zhao H, Li Y, Guo C, Zhu F, Mao H, Zhang L, Liu F, Wang Q. CX3CR1 hi macrophages sustain metabolic adaptation by relieving adipose-derived stem cell senescence in visceral adipose tissue. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112424. [PMID: 37086405 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) drive healthy visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expansion via adipocyte hyperplasia. Obesity induces ASC senescence that causes VAT dysfunction and metabolic disorders. It is challenging to restrain this process by biological intervention, as mechanisms of controlling VAT ASC senescence remain unclear. We demonstrate that a population of CX3CR1hi macrophages is maintained in mouse VAT during short-term energy surplus, which sustains ASCs by restraining their senescence, driving adaptive VAT expansion and metabolic health. Long-term overnutrition induces diminishment of CX3CR1hi macrophages in mouse VAT accompanied by ASC senescence and exhaustion, while transferring CX3CR1hi macrophages restores ASC reservoir and triggers VAT beiging to alleviate the metabolic maladaptation. Mechanistically, visceral ASCs attract macrophages via MCP-1 and shape their CX3CR1hi phenotype via exosomes; these macrophages relieve ASC senescence by promoting the arginase1-eIF5A hypusination axis. These findings identify VAT CX3CR1hi macrophages as ASC supporters and unravel their therapeutic potential for metabolic maladaptation to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Haipeng Jie
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinhao Zang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Huijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tianci Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Haiting Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fengming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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3
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Al-Rifai R, Tedgui A, Ait-Oufella H. [Colony stimulating factor-1 producing endothelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells maintain monocytes within a perivascular bone marrow niche]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:17-19. [PMID: 36692312 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rida Al-Rifai
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC (Paris Research Cardiovascular Center), Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC (Paris Research Cardiovascular Center), Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC (Paris Research Cardiovascular Center), Paris, France
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4
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Hume DA, Batoon L, Sehgal A, Keshvari S, Irvine KM. CSF1R as a Therapeutic Target in Bone Diseases: Obvious but Not so Simple. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:516-531. [PMID: 36197652 PMCID: PMC9718875 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review is to summarize the expression and function of CSF1R and its ligands in bone homeostasis and constraints on therapeutic targeting of this axis. RECENT FINDINGS Bone development and homeostasis depends upon interactions between mesenchymal cells and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage (MPS), macrophages, and osteoclasts (OCL). The homeostatic interaction is mediated in part by the systemic and local production of growth factors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), and interleukin 34 (IL34) that interact with a receptor (CSF1R) expressed exclusively by MPS cells and their progenitors. Loss-of-function mutations in CSF1 or CSF1R lead to loss of OCL and macrophages and dysregulation of postnatal bone development. MPS cells continuously degrade CSF1R ligands via receptor-mediated endocytosis. As a consequence, any local or systemic increase or decrease in macrophage or OCL abundance is rapidly reversible. In principle, both CSF1R agonists and antagonists have potential in bone regenerative medicine but their evaluation in disease models and therapeutic application needs to carefully consider the intrinsic feedback control of MPS biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Lena Batoon
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
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5
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Zhang X, Ge X, Jiang T, Yang R, Li S. Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:95. [PMID: 35762339 PMCID: PMC9256074 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive malignancy. Due to the absence of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors and the lack of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, TNBC responds poorly to endocrine and targeted therapies. As a neoadjuvant therapy, chemotherapy is usually the only option for TNBC; however, chemotherapy may induce tumor resistance. The emergence of immunotherapy as an adjuvant therapy is expected to make up for the deficiency of chemotherapy. Most of the research on immunotherapies has been performed on advanced metastatic TNBC, which has provided significant clinical benefits. In the present review, possible immunotherapy targets and ongoing immunotherapy strategies were discussed. In addition, progress in research on immune checkpoint inhibitors in early TNBC was outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Tinghan Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ruming Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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6
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Chakarov S, Blériot C, Ginhoux F. Role of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity-related disorders. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213212. [PMID: 35543703 PMCID: PMC9098652 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has led researchers and clinicians to reconsider the etiology of this disease and precisely decipher its molecular mechanisms. The excessive accumulation of fat by cells, most notably adipocytes, which play a key role in this process, has many repercussions in tissue physiology. Herein, we focus on how macrophages, immune cells well known for their tissue gatekeeping functions, assume fundamental, yet ill-defined, roles in the genesis and development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. We first discuss the determinants of the biology of these cells before introducing the specifics of the adipose tissue environment, while highlighting its heterogeneity. Finally, we detail how obesity transforms both adipose tissue and local macrophage populations. Understanding macrophage diversity and their cross talk with the diverse cell types constituting the adipose tissue environment will allow us to frame the therapeutic potential of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetoslav Chakarov
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Camille Blériot
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Batiment de Médecine Moléculaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Batiment de Médecine Moléculaire, Villejuif, France.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Colony stimulating factor-1 producing endothelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells maintain monocytes within a perivascular bone marrow niche. Immunity 2022; 55:862-878.e8. [PMID: 35508166 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) plays a critical role in maintaining myeloid lineage cells. However, congenital global deficiency of CSF-1 (Csf1op/op) causes severe musculoskeletal defects that may indirectly affect hematopoiesis. Indeed, we show here that osteolineage-derived Csf1 prevented developmental abnormalities but had no effect on monopoiesis in adulthood. However, ubiquitous deletion of Csf1 conditionally in adulthood decreased monocyte survival, differentiation, and migration, independent of its effects on bone development. Bone histology revealed that monocytes reside near sinusoidal endothelial cells (ECs) and leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Targeted deletion of Csf1 from sinusoidal ECs selectively reduced Ly6C- monocytes, whereas combined depletion of Csf1 from ECs and MSCs further decreased Ly6Chi cells. Moreover, EC-derived CSF-1 facilitated recovery of Ly6C- monocytes and protected mice from weight loss following induction of polymicrobial sepsis. Thus, monocytes are supported by distinct cellular sources of CSF-1 within a perivascular BM niche.
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8
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Stables J, Green EK, Sehgal A, Patkar OL, Keshvari S, Taylor I, Ashcroft ME, Grabert K, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, Szymkowiak S, McColl BW, Adamson A, Humphreys NE, Mueller W, Starobova H, Vetter I, Shabestari SK, Blurton-Jones MM, Summers KM, Irvine KM, Pridans C, Hume DA. A kinase-dead Csf1r mutation associated with adult-onset leukoencephalopathy has a dominant inhibitory impact on CSF1R signalling. Development 2022; 149:274819. [PMID: 35333324 PMCID: PMC9002114 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions in the kinase domain of the human CSF1R gene are associated with autosomal dominant adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). To model the human disease, we created a disease-associated mutation (pGlu631Lys; E631K) in the mouse Csf1r locus. Homozygous mutation (Csf1rE631K/E631K) phenocopied the Csf1r knockout, with prenatal mortality or severe postnatal growth retardation and hydrocephalus. Heterozygous mutation delayed the postnatal expansion of tissue macrophage populations in most organs. Bone marrow cells from Csf1rE631K/+mice were resistant to CSF1 stimulation in vitro, and Csf1rE631K/+ mice were unresponsive to administration of a CSF1-Fc fusion protein, which expanded tissue macrophage populations in controls. In the brain, microglial cell numbers and dendritic arborisation were reduced in Csf1rE631K/+ mice, as in patients with ALSP. The microglial phenotype is the opposite of microgliosis observed in Csf1r+/- mice. However, we found no evidence of brain pathology or impacts on motor function in aged Csf1rE631K/+ mice. We conclude that heterozygous disease-associated CSF1R mutations compromise CSF1R signalling. We speculate that leukoencephalopathy associated with dominant human CSF1R mutations requires an environmental trigger and/or epistatic interaction with common neurodegenerative disease-associated alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stables
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Emma K Green
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Isis Taylor
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Maisie E Ashcroft
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Evi Wollscheid-Lengeling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, Belvaux, L-4401, Luxembourg
| | - Stefan Szymkowiak
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Neil E Humphreys
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Werner Mueller
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hana Starobova
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences & School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences & School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
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9
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Han J, Chitu V, Stanley ER, Wszolek ZK, Karrenbauer VD, Harris RA. Inhibition of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: opportunities and challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:219. [PMID: 35366105 PMCID: PMC8976111 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized dynamic immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that plays a crucial role in brain homeostasis and in disease states. Persistent neuroinflammation is considered a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Colony stimulating factor 1-receptor (CSF-1R) is predominantly expressed on microglia and its expression is significantly increased in neurodegenerative diseases. Cumulative findings have indicated that CSF-1R inhibitors can have beneficial effects in preclinical neurodegenerative disease models. Research using CSF-1R inhibitors has now been extended into non-human primates and humans. This review article summarizes the most recent advances using CSF-1R inhibitors in different neurodegenerative conditions including AD, PD, HD, ALS and MS. Potential challenges for translating these findings into clinical practice are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | | | - Virginija Danylaité Karrenbauer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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10
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Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Hume DA. Functions of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) in development, homeostasis, and tissue repair. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101509. [PMID: 34742624 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) is the primary growth factor required for the control of monocyte and macrophage differentiation, survival, proliferation and renewal. Although the cDNAs encoding multiple isoforms of human CSF1 were cloned in the 1980s, and recombinant proteins were available for testing in humans, CSF1 has not yet found substantial clinical application. Here we present an overview of CSF1 biology, including evolution, regulation and functions of cell surface and secreted isoforms. CSF1 is widely-expressed, primarily by cells of mesenchymal lineages, in all mouse tissues. Cell-specific deletion of a floxed Csf1 allele in mice indicates that local CSF1 production contributes to the maintenance of tissue-specific macrophage populations but is not saturating. CSF1 in the circulation is controlled primarily by receptor-mediated clearance by macrophages in liver and spleen. Administration of recombinant CSF1 to humans or animals leads to monocytosis and expansion of tissue macrophage populations and growth of the liver and spleen. In a wide variety of tissue injury models, CSF1 administration promotes monocyte infiltration, clearance of damaged cells and repair. We suggest that CSF1 has therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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11
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Cox N, Crozet L, Holtman IR, Loyher PL, Lazarov T, White JB, Mass E, Stanley ER, Elemento O, Glass CK, Geissmann F. Diet-regulated production of PDGFcc by macrophages controls energy storage. Science 2021; 373:373/6550/eabe9383. [PMID: 34210853 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which macrophages regulate energy storage remain poorly understood. We identify in a genetic screen a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-family ortholog, Pvf3, that is produced by macrophages and is required for lipid storage in fat-body cells of Drosophila larvae. Genetic and pharmacological experiments indicate that the mouse Pvf3 ortholog PDGFcc, produced by adipose tissue-resident macrophages, controls lipid storage in adipocytes in a leptin receptor- and C-C chemokine receptor type 2-independent manner. PDGFcc production is regulated by diet and acts in a paracrine manner to control lipid storage in adipose tissues of newborn and adult mice. At the organismal level upon PDGFcc blockade, excess lipids are redirected toward thermogenesis in brown fat. These data identify a macrophage-dependent mechanism, conducive to the design of pharmacological interventions, that controls energy storage in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica B White
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elvira Mass
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology of the Immune System, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Abstract
Adipose tissue–resident macrophages promote lipid storage in mice but can be stopped with antibody treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan J O O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Nilsson IAK, Millischer V, Göteson A, Hübel C, Thornton LM, Bulik CM, Schalling M, Landén M. Aberrant inflammatory profile in acute but not recovered anorexia nervosa. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:718-724. [PMID: 32389698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder with high mortality and relapse rates. Even though changes in inflammatory markers and cytokines are known to accompany cachexia associated with somatic disorders such as cancer and chronic kidney disorder, studies on inflammatory markers in AN are rare and typically include few individuals. Here, we utilize an Olink Proteomics inflammatory panel to explore the concentrations of 92 preselected inflammation-related proteins in plasma samples from women with active AN (N = 113), recovered from AN (AN-REC, N = 113), and normal weight healthy controls (N = 114). After correction for multiple testing, twenty-five proteins differed significantly between the AN group and controls (lower levels: ADA, CCL19, CD40, CD5, CD8A, CSF1, CXCL1, CXCL5, HGF, IL10RB, IL12B, 1L18R1, LAP TGFß1, MCP3, OSM, TGFα, TNFRSF9, TNFS14 and TRANCE; higher levels: CCL11, CCL25, CST5, DNER, LIFR and OPG). Although more than half of these differences (N = 15) were present in the comparison between AN and AN-REC, no significant differences were seen between AN-REC and controls. Furthermore, twenty-five proteins correlated positively with BMI (ADA, AXIN1, CASP8, CD5, CD40, CSF1, CXCL1, CXCL5, EN-RAGE, HGF, IL6, IL10RB, IL12B, IL18, IL18R1, LAP TGFß1, OSM, SIRT2, STAMBP, TGFα, TNFRSF9, TNFS14, TRANCE, TRAIL and VEGFA) and four proteins correlated negatively with BMI (CCL11, CCL25, CCL28 and DNER). These results suggest that a dysregulated inflammatory status is associated with AN, but, importantly, seem to be confined to the acute illness state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida A K Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Göteson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Wu Z, Harne R, Chintoan-Uta C, Hu TJ, Wallace R, MacCallum A, Stevens MP, Kaiser P, Balic A, Hume DA. Regulation and function of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) in the chicken immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103586. [PMID: 31870792 PMCID: PMC6996135 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) is an essential growth factor to control the proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells of the macrophage lineage in vertebrates. We have previously produced a recombinant chicken CSF1-Fc fusion protein and administrated it to birds which produced a substantial expansion of tissue macrophage populations. To further study the biology of CSF1 in the chicken, here we generated anti-chicken CSF1 antibodies (ROS-AV181 and 183) using CSF1-Fc as an immunogen. The specific binding of each monoclonal antibody was confirmed by ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. Using the anti-CSF1 antibodies, we show that chicken bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) express CSF1 on their surface, and that the level appears to be regulated further by exogenous CSF1. By capture ELISA circulating CSF1 levels increased transiently in both layer and broiler embryos around the day of hatch. The levels of CSF1 in broilers was higher than in layers during the first week after hatch. Antibody ROS-AV183 was able to block CSF1 biological activity in vitro and treatment of hatchlings using this neutralising antibody in vivo impacted on some tissue macrophage populations, but not blood monocytes. After anti-CSF1 treatment, CSF1R-transgene reporter expressing cells were reduced in the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsil and TIM4+ Kupffer cells in the liver were almost completely ablated. Anti-CSF1 treatment also produced a reduction in overall bone density, trabecular volume and TRAP+ osteoclasts. Our novel neutralising antibody provides a new tool to study the roles of CSF1 in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rakhi Harne
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tuan-Jun Hu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Robert Wallace
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4104, Australia.
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15
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Establishment and Maintenance of the Macrophage Niche. Immunity 2020; 52:434-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Cox N, Geissmann F. Macrophage ontogeny in the control of adipose tissue biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31670115 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are found in large numbers in the adipose tissue where they closely associate with the adipocytes and the vasculature. Adipose tissue macrophages are a heterogenous population of cells with 'hard wired' diversity brought upon by distinct developmental lineages. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief history of macrophages in control of adipose tissue metabolism with the emphasis on the importance of macrophage ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Chaugule S, Kashipathi Sureshbabu S, Dakave S, Krishna CM, Chaudhari P, Indap M, Chiplunkar S. Hexane Fraction of Turbo brunneus Inhibits Intermediates of RANK-RANKL Signaling Pathway and Prevent Ovariectomy Induced Bone Loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:608. [PMID: 31555218 PMCID: PMC6742724 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a "silent disease" characterized by fragile and impaired bone quality. Bone fracture results in increased mortality and poor quality of life in aged people particularly in postmenopausal women. Bone is maintained through the delicate balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. The imbalance is caused most often by overly active osteoclasts due to estrogen deficiency. Natural products have long been used to prevent and treat osteoporosis since they have fewer side effects. The marine environment is a potential source of biologically and structurally novel biomolecules with promising biological activities but is less explored for the treatment of bone-related diseases. The present study aims to evaluate the antiosteoporotic effect of Hexane fraction of Turbo brunneus methanolic extract (HxTME) and to investigate its role in RANK-RANKL signaling pathway using in vitro osteoclasts cultures and in vivo ovariectomized (OVX) Swiss mice model. The present study demonstrated that the HxTME significantly inhibited RANKL induced osteoclast differentiation and maturation in vitro. HxTME completely downregulated the mRNA expression of key transcription factors such as NFATc1, c-FOS, and osteoclasts related genes involved in osteoclastogenesis. In vivo studies also depicted the effectiveness of HxTME in ovariectomized mice by preserving bone microarchitecture, mineral content, and inhibiting bone loss in treated mice as analyzed by Histomorphometry, MicroCT, and Raman spectroscopy. Oral administration of HxTME fraction resulted in the decreased percentage of F4/80+, CD11b+, and CD4+ RANKL+ T cells in OVX mice whereas pro-osteoclastic cytokine, IL6 was markedly reduced upon treatment with HxTME. On stimulation with PMA/Io and PHA, a significant decrease in proliferative response in the splenocytes of HxTME treated OVX mice was observed. Fatty acid profiling revealed that HxTME is rich in ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have high nutraceutical properties and are known to play important role in growth, development and maintenance of health. Therefore, HxTME may be a good source of nutraceutical in the treatment of bone-related diseases particularly in postmenopausal osteoporosis and may be pursued as a potential candidate for treatment and management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Chaugule
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Central Research Laboratory, D. G. Ruparel College, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Kashipathi Sureshbabu
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Suresh Dakave
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - C. Murali Krishna
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Pradip Chaudhari
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Comparative Oncology Program and Small Animal Imaging Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Madhavi Indap
- Central Research Laboratory, D. G. Ruparel College, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Madhavi Indap
| | - Shubhada Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Shubhada Chiplunkar
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18
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Aguiar S, Dias J, Manuel AM, Russo R, Gois PMP, da Silva FA, Goncalves J. Chimeric Small Antibody Fragments as Strategy to Deliver Therapeutic Payloads. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:143-182. [PMID: 29680236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of biopharmaceuticals, which aim at achieving a site-specific delivery of cytotoxic agents to the target cell. The use of ADCs represents a promising strategy to overcome the disadvantages of conventional pharmacotherapy of cancer or neurological diseases, based on cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents. ADCs consist of monoclonal antibodies attached to biologically active drugs by means of cleavable chemical linkers. Advances in technologies for the coupling of antibodies to cytotoxic drugs promise to deliver greater control of drug pharmacokinetic properties and to significantly improve pharmacodelivery applications, minimizing exposure of healthy tissue. The clinical success of brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine has led to an extensive expansion of the clinical ADC pipeline. Although the concept of an ADC seems simple, designing a successful ADC is complex and requires careful selection of the receptor antigen, antibody, linker, and payload. In this review, we explore insights in the antibody and antigen requirements needed for optimal payload delivery and support the development of novel and improved ADCs for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aguiar
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Dias
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Manuel
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Russo
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico A da Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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19
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Sathi GA, Farahat M, Hara ES, Taketa H, Nagatsuka H, Kuboki T, Matsumoto T. MCSF orchestrates branching morphogenesis in developing submandibular gland tissue. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1559-1569. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of macrophages in tissue development and regeneration have been strongly emphasized. However, the specific roles of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), the key regulator of macrophage differentiation, in glandular tissue development have been unexplored. Here, we disclose new macrophage-independent roles of MCSF in tissue development. We initially found that MCSF is markedly upregulated at embryonic day E13.5, at a stage preceding the colonization of macrophages (at E15.5) in mouse submandibular gland (SMG) tissue. Surprisingly, MCSF-induced branching morphogenesis was based on a direct effect on epithelial cells, as well as indirectly, by modulating the expression of major growth factors of SMG growth, FGF7 and FGF10, via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Additionally, given the importance of neurons in SMG organogenesis, MCSF-induced SMG growth was associated with regulation of neurturin expression and neuronal network development during early SMG development in an in vitro organogenesis model as well as in vivo. These results indicate that MCSF plays pleiotropic roles and is an important regulator of early SMG morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsan Ara Sathi
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Taketa
- Center for the Development of Medical and Health Care Education, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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20
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Chalmers SA, Chitu V, Herlitz LC, Sahu R, Stanley ER, Putterman C. Macrophage depletion ameliorates nephritis induced by pathogenic antibodies. J Autoimmun 2014; 57:42-52. [PMID: 25554644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kidney involvement affects 40-60% of patients with lupus, and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Using depletion approaches, several studies have suggested that macrophages may play a key role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. However, "off target" effects of macrophage depletion, such as altered hematopoiesis or enhanced autoantibody production, impeded the determination of a conclusive relationship. In this study, we investigated the role of macrophages in mice receiving rabbit anti-glomerular antibodies, or nephrotoxic serum (NTS), an experimental model which closely mimics the immune complex mediated disease seen in murine and human lupus nephritis. GW2580, a selective inhibitor of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor kinase, was used for macrophage depletion. We found that GW2580-treated, NTS challenged mice did not develop the increased levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine, and BUN seen in control-treated, NTS challenged mice. NTS challenged mice exhibited significantly increased kidney expression of inflammatory cytokines including RANTES, IP-10, VCAM-1 and iNOS, whereas GW2580-treated mice were protected from the robust expression of these inflammatory cytokines that are associated with lupus nephritis. Quantification of macrophage related gene expression, flow cytometry analysis of kidney single cell suspensions, and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the depletion of macrophages in GW2580-treated mice, specifically within renal glomeruli. Our results strongly implicate a specific and necessary role for macrophages in the development of immune glomerulonephritis mediated by pathogenic antibodies, and support the development of macrophage targeting approaches for the treatment of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Chalmers
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Violeta Chitu
- The Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leal C Herlitz
- Department of Pathology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ranjit Sahu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- The Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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21
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Ruffell B, Chang-Strachan D, Chan V, Rosenbusch A, Ho CMT, Pryer N, Daniel D, Hwang ES, Rugo HS, Coussens LM. Macrophage IL-10 blocks CD8+ T cell-dependent responses to chemotherapy by suppressing IL-12 expression in intratumoral dendritic cells. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:623-37. [PMID: 25446896 PMCID: PMC4254570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 684] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) limits macrophage infiltration and improves response of mammary carcinomas to chemotherapy. Herein we identify interleukin (IL)-10 expression by macrophages as the critical mediator of this phenotype. Infiltrating macrophages were the primary source of IL-10 within tumors, and therapeutic blockade of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) was equivalent to CSF-1 neutralization in enhancing primary tumor response to paclitaxel and carboplatin. Improved response to chemotherapy was CD8(+) T cell-dependent, but IL-10 did not directly suppress CD8(+) T cells or alter macrophage polarization. Instead, IL-10R blockade increased intratumoral dendritic cell expression of IL-12, which was necessary for improved outcomes. In human breast cancer, expression of IL12A and cytotoxic effector molecules were predictive of pathological complete response rates to paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ruffell
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Vivien Chan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alexander Rosenbusch
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine M T Ho
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nancy Pryer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dylan Daniel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Hope S Rugo
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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22
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Sauter KA, Pridans C, Sehgal A, Tsai YT, Bradford BM, Raza S, Moffat L, Gow DJ, Beard PM, Mabbott NA, Smith LB, Hume DA. Pleiotropic effects of extended blockade of CSF1R signaling in adult mice. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:265-74. [PMID: 24652541 PMCID: PMC4378363 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0114-006r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of CSF1R signaling in adult mice using prolonged treatment with anti-CSF1R antibody. Mutation of the CSF1 gene in the op/op mouse produces numerous developmental abnormalities. Mutation of the CSF1R has an even more penetrant phenotype, including perinatal lethality, because of the existence of a second ligand, IL-34. These effects on development provide limited insight into functions of CSF1R signaling in adult homeostasis. The carcass weight and weight of several organs (spleen, kidney, and liver) were reduced in the treated mice, but overall body weight gain was increased. Despite the complete loss of Kupffer cells, there was no effect on liver gene expression. The treatment ablated OCL, increased bone density and trabecular volume, and prevented the decline in bone mass seen in female mice with age. The op/op mouse has a deficiency in pancreatic β cells and in Paneth cells in the gut wall. Only the latter was reproduced by the antibody treatment and was associated with increased goblet cell number but no change in villus architecture. Male op/op mice are infertile as a result of testosterone insufficiency. Anti-CSF1R treatment ablated interstitial macrophages in the testis, but there was no sustained effect on testosterone or LH. The results indicate an ongoing requirement for CSF1R signaling in macrophage and OCL homeostasis but indicate that most effects of CSF1 and CSF1R mutations are due to effects on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barry M. Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Sobia Raza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Lindsey Moffat
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Deborah J. Gow
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Lee B. Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and ,Correspondence: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK. E-mail:
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23
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Chang EJ, Lee SK, Song YS, Jang YJ, Park HS, Hong JP, Ko AR, Kim DY, Kim JH, Lee YJ, Heo YS. IL-34 is associated with obesity, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1263-71. [PMID: 24712570 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IL-34 is a recently identified alternative ligand for colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor. IL-34 and CSF-1 are regulators of differentiation, proliferation, and survival in mononuclear phagocytes. Here, we investigated the IL-34 serum concentration and expression in human adipose tissues and any associations with insulin resistance. METHODS We recruited 19 nondiabetic obese women, 9 type 2 diabetic women, and 27 normal-weight women. Metabolic parameters, abdominal fat distribution, serum IL-34 concentration, and IL-34 mRNA expression were measured in abdominal sc adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). In addition, the expression/secretion and putative effects of IL-34 were assessed in human differentiated adipocytes. Serum IL-34 concentration was measured before and 5 to 9 months after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery was performed on the 20 obese patients. RESULTS Regardless of diabetes status, obese patients demonstrated significantly higher serum IL-34 concentrations than controls. Serum IL-34 was significantly and positively correlated with insulin resistance-related metabolic parameters. IL-34 mRNA was significantly higher in VAT than SAT. IL-34 was expressed in adipocytes as well as nonadipocytes, and expression was significantly higher during adipogenesis. In differentiated adipocytes, the expression/secretion of IL-34 was enhanced by TNFα and IL-1β. In addition, IL-34 augmented fat accumulation and inhibited the stimulatory effects of insulin on glucose transport. Moreover, serum IL-34 was significantly decreased after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced weight loss. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that IL-34 is expressed in human adipose tissues and the circulating concentration is significantly elevated in obese patients. This suggests that IL-34 is associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Chang
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (E.-J.C.) and Physiology (S.K.L., Y.S.S., Y.J.J.), Cell Dysfunction Research Center, and Departments of Family Medicine (H.S.P.), Plastic Surgery (J.P.H.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.R.K., D.Y.K., J.-H.K.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; and Departments of Family Medicine (Y.J.L.) and General Surgery (Y.-S.H.), Inha University, College of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Gow DJ, Garceau V, Pridans C, Gow AG, Simpson KE, Gunn-Moore D, Hume DA. Cloning and expression of feline colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) and analysis of the species specificity of stimulation by colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Cytokine 2012; 61:630-8. [PMID: 23260168 PMCID: PMC3573236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) and its receptor, CSF-1R, have been previously well studied in humans and rodents to dissect the role they play in development of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. A second ligand for the CSF-1R, IL-34 has been described in several species. In this study, we have cloned and expressed the feline CSF-1R and examined the responsiveness to CSF-1 and IL-34 from a range of species. The results indicate that pig and human CSF-1 and human IL-34 are equally effective in cats, where both mouse CSF-1 and IL-34 are significantly less active. Recombinant human CSF-1 can be used to generate populations of feline bone marrow and monocyte derived macrophages that can be used to further dissect macrophage-specific gene expression in this species, and to compare it to data derived from mouse, human and pig. These results set the scene for therapeutic use of CSF-1 and IL-34 in cats.
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Chitu V, Nacu V, Charles JF, Henne WM, McMahon HT, Nandi S, Ketchum H, Harris R, Nakamura MC, Stanley ER. PSTPIP2 deficiency in mice causes osteopenia and increased differentiation of multipotent myeloid precursors into osteoclasts. Blood 2012; 120:3126-35. [PMID: 22923495 PMCID: PMC3471520 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-425595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations that reduce or abrogate myeloid cell expression of the F-BAR domain protein, proline serine threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2), lead to autoinflammatory disease involving extramedullary hematopoiesis, skin and bone lesions. However, little is known about how PSTPIP2 regulates osteoclast development. Here we examined how PSTPIP2 deficiency causes osteopenia and bone lesions, using the mouse PSTPIP2 mutations, cmo, which fails to express PSTPIP2 and Lupo, in which PSTPIP2 is dysfunctional. In both models, serum levels of the pro-osteoclastogenic factor, MIP-1α, were elevated and CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R)-dependent production of MIP-1α by macrophages was increased. Treatment of cmo mice with a dual specificity CSF-1R and c-Kit inhibitor, PLX3397, decreased circulating MIP-1α and ameliorated the extramedullary hematopoiesis, inflammation, and osteopenia, demonstrating that aberrant myelopoiesis drives disease. Purified osteoclast precursors from PSTPIP2-deficient mice exhibit increased osteoclastogenesis in vitro and were used to probe the structural requirements for PSTPIP2 suppression of osteoclast development. PSTPIP2 tyrosine phosphorylation and a functional F-BAR domain were essential for PSTPIP2 inhibition of TRAP expression and osteoclast precursor fusion, whereas interaction with PEST-type phosphatases was only required for suppression of TRAP expression. Thus, PSTPIP2 acts as a negative feedback regulator of CSF-1R signaling to suppress inflammation and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Mouchemore KA, Pixley FJ. CSF-1 signaling in macrophages: pleiotrophy through phosphotyrosine-based signaling pathways. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:49-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.666845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Harris SE, MacDougall M, Horn D, Woodruff K, Zimmer SN, Rebel VI, Fajardo R, Feng JQ, Heinrich-Gluhak J, Harris MA, Werner SA. Meox2Cre-mediated disruption of CSF-1 leads to osteopetrosis and osteocyte defects. Bone 2012; 50:42-53. [PMID: 21958845 PMCID: PMC3374485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CSF-1, a key regulator of mononuclear phagocyte production, is highly expressed in the skeleton by osteoblasts/osteocytes and in a number of nonskeletal tissues such as uterus, kidney and brain. The spontaneous mutant op/op mouse has been the conventional model of CSF-1 deficiency and exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by osteopetrosis, and defects in hematopoiesis, fertility and neural function. Studies to further delineate the biologic effect of CSF-1 within various tissues have been hampered by the lack of suitable models. To address this issue, we generated CSF-1 floxed/floxed mice and demonstrate that Cre-mediated recombination using Meox2Cre, a Cre line expressed in epiblast during early embryogenesis, results in mice with ubiquitous CSF-1 deficiency (CSF-1KO). Homozygous CSF-1KO mice lacked CSF-1 in all tissues and displayed, in part, a similar phenotype to op/op mice that included: failure of tooth eruption, osteopetrosis, reduced macrophage densities in reproductive and other organs and altered hematopoiesis with decreased marrow cellularity, circulating monocytes and B cell lymphopoiesis. In contrast to op/op mice, CSF-1KO mice showed elevated circulating and splenic T cells. A striking feature in CSF-1KO mice was defective osteocyte maturation, bone mineralization and osteocyte-lacunar system that was associated with reduced dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) expression in osteocytes. CSF-1KO mice also showed a dramatic reduction in osteomacs along the endosteal surface that may have contributed to the hematopoietic and cortical bone defects. Thus, our findings show that ubiquitous CSF-1 gene deletion using a Cre-based system recapitulates the expected osteopetrotic phenotype. Moreover, results point to a novel link between CSF-1 and osteocyte survival/function that is essential for maintaining bone mass and strength during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Diane Horn
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Kathleen Woodruff
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Stephanie N. Zimmer
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology and Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology and Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Roberto Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Jian Q. Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Jelica Heinrich-Gluhak
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Marie A. Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Sherry Abboud Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
- Correspondence addressed to: (), phone: 210-567-1913, fax: 210-567-4918
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Therapeutic applications of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and antagonists of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling. Blood 2011; 119:1810-20. [PMID: 22186992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-379214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) signaling through its receptor (CSF-1R) promotes the differentiation of myeloid progenitors into heterogeneous populations of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In the periphery, CSF-1 regulates the migration, proliferation, function, and survival of macrophages, which function at multiple levels within the innate and adaptive immune systems. Macrophage populations elicited by CSF-1 are associated with, and exacerbate, a broad spectrum of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, and bone disease. Conversely, macrophages can also contribute to immunosuppression, disease resolution, and tissue repair. Recombinant CSF-1, antibodies against the ligand and the receptor, and specific inhibitors of CSF-1R kinase activity have been each been tested in a range of animal models and in some cases, in patients. This review examines the potential clinical uses of modulators of the CSF-1/CSF-1R system. We conclude that CSF-1 promotes a resident-type macrophage phenotype. As a treatment, CSF-1 has therapeutic potential in tissue repair. Conversely, inhibition of CSF-1R is unlikely to be effective in inflammatory disease but may have utility in cancer.
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M-CSF potently augments RANKL-induced resorption activation in mature human osteoclasts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21462. [PMID: 21738673 PMCID: PMC3126821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) is critical for osteoclast (OC) differentiation and is reported to enhance mature OC survival and motility. However, its role in the regulation of bone resorption, the main function of OCs, has not been well characterised. To address this we analysed short-term cultures of fully differentiated OCs derived from human colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophages (CFU-GM). When cultured on dentine, OC survival was enhanced by M-CSF but more effectively by receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). Resorption was entirely dependent on the presence of RANKL. Co-treatment with M-CSF augmented RANKL-induced resorption in a concentration-dependent manner with a (200-300%) stimulation at 25 ng/mL, an effect observed within 4-6 h. M-CSF co-treatment also increased number of resorption pits and F-actin sealing zones, but not the number of OCs or pit size, indicating stimulation of the proportion of OCs activated. M-CSF facilitated RANKL-induced activation of c-fos and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation, but not NFκB nor nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic-1 (NFATc1). The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1 inhibitor PD98059 partially blocked augmentation of resorption by M-CSF. Our results reveal a previously unidentified role of M-CSF as a potent stimulator of mature OC resorbing activity, possibly mediated via ERK upstream of c-fos.
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p16INK4a deficiency promotes IL-4-induced polarization and inhibits proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Blood 2011; 118:2556-66. [PMID: 21636855 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-313106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDKN2A locus, which contains the tumor suppressor gene p16(INK4a), is associated with an increased risk of age-related inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, in which macrophages play a crucial role. Monocytes can polarize toward classically (CAMϕ) or alternatively (AAMϕ) activated macrophages. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of these phenotypes are not well defined. Here, we show that p16(INK4a) deficiency (p16(-/-)) modulates the macrophage phenotype. Transcriptome analysis revealed that p16(-/-) BM-derived macrophages (BMDMs) exhibit a phenotype resembling IL-4-induced macrophage polarization. In line with this observation, p16(-/-) BMDMs displayed a decreased response to classically polarizing IFNγ and LPS and an increased sensitivity to alternative polarization by IL-4. Furthermore, mice transplanted with p16(-/-) BM displayed higher hepatic AAMϕ marker expression levels on Schistosoma mansoni infection, an in vivo model of AAMϕ phenotype skewing. Surprisingly, p16(-/-) BMDMs did not display increased IL-4-induced STAT6 signaling, but decreased IFNγ-induced STAT1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IKKα,β phosphorylation. This decrease correlated with decreased JAK2 phosphorylation and with higher levels of inhibitory acetylation of STAT1 and IKKα,β. These findings identify p16(INK4a) as a modulator of macrophage activation and polarization via the JAK2-STAT1 pathway with possible roles in inflammatory diseases.
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Increased serum enzyme levels associated with kupffer cell reduction with no signs of hepatic or skeletal muscle injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:240-7. [PMID: 21703406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is responsible for the survival and proliferation of monocytes and the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, including Kupffer cells (KCs) in the liver. KCs play an important role in the clearance of several serum enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase, that are typically elevated as a result of liver or skeletal muscle injury. We used three distinct animal models to investigate the hypothesis that increases in the levels of serum enzymes can be the result of decreases in KCs in the apparent absence of hepatic or skeletal muscle injury. Specifically, neutralizing M-CSF activity via a novel human monoclonal antibody reduced the CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte population, depleted KCs, and increased aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase serum enzyme levels in cynomolgus macaques. In addition, the treatment of rats with clodronate liposomes depleted KCs and led to increased serum enzyme levels, again without evidence of tissue injury. Finally, in the osteopetrotic (Csf1(op)/Csf1(op)) mice lacking functional M-CSF and having reduced levels of KCs, the levels of serum enzymes are higher than in wild-type littermates. Together, these findings support a mechanism for increases in serum enzyme levels through M-CSF regulation of tissue macrophage homeostasis without concomitant histopathological changes in either the hepatic or skeletal system.
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Gow DJ, Sester DP, Hume DA. CSF-1, IGF-1, and the control of postnatal growth and development. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:475-81. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Ogawa M, Larue AC, Watson PM, Watson DK. Hematopoietic stem cell origin of connective tissues. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:540-7. [PMID: 20412832 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue consists of "connective tissue proper," which is further divided into loose and dense (fibrous) connective tissues and "specialized connective tissues." Specialized connective tissues consist of blood, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. In both loose and dense connective tissues, the principal cellular element is fibroblasts. It has been generally believed that all cellular elements of connective tissue, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and bone cells, are generated solely by mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, a number of studies, including those from our laboratory based on transplantation of single hematopoietic stem cells, strongly suggested a hematopoietic stem cell origin of these adult mesenchymal tissues. This review summarizes the experimental evidence for this new paradigm and discusses its translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC29401-5799, USA.
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Hematopoietic stem cell origin of mesenchymal cells: opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches. Int J Hematol 2010; 91:353-9. [PMID: 20336396 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There has been a general belief that there are two types of adult stem cells, i.e., hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), each with distinctly different functions. According to this dogma, HSCs produce blood cells, while MSCs are thought to generate a number of non-hematopoietic cells including fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and bone cells. Recently, a number of studies, including those in our laboratory based on single HSC transplantation, blurred the clear distinction between HSCs and MSCs and strongly suggested an HSC origin of the adult mesenchymal tissues. This review summarizes the experimental evidence for this new paradigm and the literature pointing out the vagary in the stem cell nature of MSCs. The concept of the HSC origin of mesenchymal cells will have many immediate and long-term impacts on the therapies of diseases and injuries of the connective tissues.
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Abangan RS, Williams CR, Mehrotra M, Duncan JD, Larue AC. MCP1 directs trafficking of hematopoietic stem cell-derived fibroblast precursors in solid tumor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1914-26. [PMID: 20167869 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a novel source of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms regulating recruitment and homing of HSC-derived carcinoma-associated fibroblasts or their precursors to the tumor microenvironment are unknown. Herein, we demonstrate using a single cell transplantation model that circulating fibroblast precursors (CFPs) are of HSC origin. This population increased with tumor burden in vivo and functional in vitro studies showed that CFPs preferentially migrated and differentiated into fibroblasts in response to tumor, suggesting that HSC-derived CFPs serve as an intermediate between the bone marrow and tumor. Based on this chemotactic ability and our demonstration of a monocyte lineage origin for CFPs, we investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1) in mediating CFP recruitment/homing. Blocking tumor-produced MCP1 inhibited in vitro migration of CFPs in response to multiple tumor types, indicating broad biological significance for this CFP/chemokine interaction. In vivo, CCR2-expressing CFPs increased in circulation during the period of active tumor growth and stromal development. Inhibition of MCP1 during tumor development resulted in decreased tumor volume in tumor-bearing mice. Together these findings confirm an HSC origin for CFPs, demonstrate a role for MCP1 in regulating their contribution to the tumor microenvironment, and suggest a potential therapeutic target for limiting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo S Abangan
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Abstract
UCB Selected Lymphocyte Antibody Method (SLAM) is a rapid and efficient process for the generation of high-quality monoclonal antibodies, in which variable region gene sequences are recovered directly from specific, single B cells. Monoclonal antibody generation has been limited in the past by the relatively low efficiency of the hybridoma process. UCB SLAM process is well suited to high-throughput screening and has been extensively automated at UCB. If necessary, in excess of 1 times 10 9 B cells can be screened in a campaign, to discover a rare therapeutic antibody candidate, which meets the stringent selection criteria. Primary screening for antigen binders, on purified or cell expressed antigen, is performed using a homogeneous fluorescence assay format. Supernatants from positive wells are consolidated to allow further secondary screening and selection of antibodies with desired characteristics. Individual, specific B cells are identified using a fluorescence based method and isolated using a micromanipulator. The antibody variable region genes are cloned from DNA extracted from the single B cell. The genes are sequenced then prepared for transient expression to confirm activity. Antibodies with affinities ( KD) in the sub 10 pM range against a range of therapeutic targets are routinely recovered using this process.
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Sera Y, LaRue AC, Moussa O, Mehrotra M, Duncan JD, Williams CR, Nishimoto E, Schulte BA, Watson PM, Watson DK, Ogawa M. Hematopoietic stem cell origin of adipocytes. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:1108-20, 1120.e1-4. [PMID: 19576951 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has generally been believed that adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells via fibroblasts. We recently reported that fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in a number of tissues and organs are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that HSCs also give rise to adipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using transplantation of a single enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive (EGFP(+)) HSC and primary culture, we examined generation of adipocytes from HSCs. RESULTS Adipose tissues from clonally engrafted mice showed EGFP(+) adipocytes that stained positive for leptin, perilipin, and fatty acid binding protein 4. A diet containing rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, significantly enhanced the number of EGFP(+) adipocytes. When EGFP(+) bone marrow cells from clonally engrafted mice were cultured under adipogenic conditions, all of the cultured cells stained positive with Oil Red O and Sudan Black B and exhibited the presence of abundant mRNA for adipocyte markers. Finally, clonal culture- and sorting-based studies of Mac-1 expression of hematopoietic progenitors suggested that adipocytes are derived from HSCs via progenitors for monocytes/macrophages. CONCLUSION Together, these studies clarify the current controversy regarding the ability of HSCs to give rise to adipocytes. Furthermore, our primary culture method that generates adipocytes from uncommitted hematopoietic cells should contribute to the studies of the mechanisms of early adipocytic differentiation and may lead to development of therapeutic solutions for many general obesity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Sera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Abstract
Specialized phagocytes are found in the most primitive multicellular organisms. Their roles in homeostasis and in distinguishing self from non-self have evolved with the complexity of organisms and their immune systems. Equally important, but often overlooked, are the roles of macrophages in tissue development. As discussed in this Review, these include functions in branching morphogenesis, neuronal patterning, angiogenesis, bone morphogenesis and the generation of adipose tissue. In each case, macrophage depletion impairs the formation of the tissue and compromises its function. I argue that in several diseases, the unrestrained acquisition of these developmental macrophage functions exacerbates pathology. For example, macrophages enhance tumour progression and metastasis by affecting tumour-cell migration and invasion, as well as angiogenesis.
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Abstract
Although they were originally defined as haematopoietic-cell growth factors, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have been shown to have additional functions by acting directly on mature myeloid cells. Recent data from animal models indicate that the depletion of CSFs has therapeutic benefit in many inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions and as a result, early-phase clinical trials targeting granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage colony-stimulating factor have now commenced. The distinct biological features of CSFs offer opportunities for specific targeting, but with some associated risks. Here, I describe these biological features, discuss the probable specific outcomes of targeting CSFs in vivo and highlight outstanding questions that need to be addressed.
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Humphreys DP, Heywood SP, Henry A, Ait-Lhadj L, Antoniw P, Palframan R, Greenslade KJ, Carrington B, Reeks DG, Bowering LC, West S, Brand HA. Alternative antibody Fab′ fragment PEGylation strategies: combination of strong reducing agents, disruption of the interchain disulphide bond and disulphide engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:227-34. [PMID: 17452434 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments (Fab') of antibodies can be site specifically PEGylated at thiols using cysteine reactive PEG-maleimide conjugates. For therapeutic Fab'-PEG, conjugation with 40 kDa of PEG at a single hinge cysteine has been found to confer appropriate pharmacokinetic properties to enable infrequent dosing. Previous methods have activated the hinge cysteine using mildly reducing conditions in order to retain an intact interchain disulphide. We demonstrate that the final Fab-PEG product does not need to retain the interchain disulphide and also therefore that strongly reducing conditions can be used. This alternative approach results in PEGylation efficiencies of 88 and 94% for human and murine Fab, respectively. It also enables accurate and efficient site-specific multi-PEGylation. The use of the non-thiol reductant tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine combined with protein engineering enables us to demonstrate the mono-, di- and tri-PEGylation of Fab fragments with a range of PEG size. We present evidence that PEGylated and unPEGylated Fab' molecules that lack an interchain disulphide bond retain very high levels of chemical and thermal stability and normal performance in PK and efficacy models.
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Schwertfeger KL, Rosen JM, Cohen DA. Mammary gland macrophages: pleiotropic functions in mammary development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2006; 11:229-38. [PMID: 17115264 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-006-9028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development is a complex process involving epithelial cells and supporting stromal cells. Macrophages (MØs) are an important component of the mammary gland stroma and are critical for normal mammary gland development; however, the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate these processes are not well understood. MØs are known to interact with numerous cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells, all of which are significant components of mammary gland development. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the interactions between MØs and these various cell types and use this knowledge to identify potential functions of MØs in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Paulus P, Stanley ER, Schäfer R, Abraham D, Aharinejad S. Colony-stimulating factor-1 antibody reverses chemoresistance in human MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4349-56. [PMID: 16618760 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and its receptor in breast cancer is correlated with poor prognosis. Based on the hypothesis that blockade of CSF-1 would be beneficial in breast cancer treatment, we developed a murinized, polyethylene glycol-linked antigen-binding fragment (Fab) against mouse (host) CSF-1 (anti-CSF-1 Fab). Mice bearing human, chemoresistant MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts were treated with combination chemotherapy (CMF: cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil; cycled twice i.p.), anti-CSF-1 Fab (i.p., cycled every 3 days for 14 days), combined CMF and anti-CSF-1 Fab, or with Ringer's solution as a control. Anti-CSF-1 Fab alone suppressed tissue CSF-1 and retarded tumor growth by 40%. Importantly, in combination with CMF, anti-CSF-1 Fab reversed chemoresistance of MCF-7 xenografts, suppressing tumor development by 56%, down-regulating expression of the chemoresistance genes breast cancer-related protein, multidrug resistance gene 1, and glucosylceramide synthase, and prolonging survival significantly. Combined treatment also reduced angiogenesis and macrophage recruitment and down-regulated tumor matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-12 expression. These studies support the paradigm of CSF-1 blockade in the treatment of solid tumors and show that anti-CSF-1 antibodies are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Paulus
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 18:39-48. [PMID: 16337366 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1, also known as macrophage-CSF) is the primary regulator of the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of mononuclear phagocytes. Studies that involve CSF-1-deficient mice demonstrate that there is a variable requirement for CSF-1 in the development of individual mononuclear phagocyte populations. However, these cells uniformly express the CSF-1 receptor, and their morphology, phagocytosis and responsiveness to infectious and non-infectious stimuli is regulated by CSF-1. CSF-1 plays important roles in innate immunity, cancer and inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis, atherosclerosis and obesity. In several conditions, activation of macrophages involves a CSF-1 autocrine loop. In addition, secreted and cell-surface isoforms of CSF-1 can have differential effects in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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