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Amaya JM, Viho EMG, Sips HCM, Lalai RA, Sahut‐Barnola I, Dumontet T, Montanier N, Pereira AM, Martinez A, Meijer OC. Gene expression changes in the brain of a Cushing's syndrome mouse model. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13125. [PMID: 35365898 PMCID: PMC9287025 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Excess glucocorticoid exposure affects emotional and cognitive brain functions. The extreme form, Cushing's syndrome, is adequately modelled in the AdKO2.0 mouse, consequential to adrenocortical hypertrophy and hypercorticosteronemia. We previously reported that the AdKO2.0 mouse brain undergoes volumetric changes that resemble closely those of Cushing's syndrome human patients, as well as changes in expression of glial related marker proteins. In the present work, the expression of genes related to glial and neuronal cell populations and functions was assessed in regions of the anterior brain, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. Glucocorticoid target genes were consistently regulated, including CRH mRNA suppression in the hypothalamus and induction in amygdala and hippocampus, even if glucocorticoid receptor protein was downregulated. Expression of glial genes was also affected in the AdKO2.0 mouse brain, indicating a different activation status in glial cells. Generic markers for neuronal cell populations, and cellular integrity were only slightly affected. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of glial cell populations to chronic high levels of circulating glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Miguel Amaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Eva M. G. Viho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hetty C. M. Sips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Reshma A. Lalai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Sahut‐Barnola
- Génétique Reproduction et DéveloppementUniversité Clermont‐Auvergne, CNRS, INSERMClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- Génétique Reproduction et DéveloppementUniversité Clermont‐Auvergne, CNRS, INSERMClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Nathanaëlle Montanier
- Génétique Reproduction et DéveloppementUniversité Clermont‐Auvergne, CNRS, INSERMClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Alberto M. Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique Reproduction et DéveloppementUniversité Clermont‐Auvergne, CNRS, INSERMClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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2
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Bolton JL, Short AK, Othy S, Kooiker CL, Shao M, Gunn BG, Beck J, Bai X, Law SM, Savage JC, Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Tremblay MÈ, Cahalan MD, Baram TZ. Early stress-induced impaired microglial pruning of excitatory synapses on immature CRH-expressing neurons provokes aberrant adult stress responses. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110600. [PMID: 35354026 PMCID: PMC9014810 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mental illnesses, characterized by aberrant stress reactivity, often arise after early-life adversity (ELA). However, it is unclear how ELA affects stress-related brain circuit maturation, provoking these enduring vulnerabilities. We find that ELA increases functional excitatory synapses onto stress-sensitive hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing neurons, resulting from disrupted developmental synapse pruning by adjacent microglia. Microglial process dynamics and synaptic element engulfment were attenuated in ELA mice, associated with deficient signaling of the microglial phagocytic receptor MerTK. Accordingly, selective chronic chemogenetic activation of ELA microglia increased microglial process dynamics and reduced excitatory synapse density to control levels. Notably, selective early-life activation of ELA microglia normalized adult acute and chronic stress responses, including stress-induced hormone secretion and behavioral threat responses, as well as chronic adrenal hypertrophy of ELA mice. Thus, microglial actions during development are powerful contributors to mechanisms by which ELA sculpts the connectivity of stress-regulating neurons, promoting vulnerability to stress and stress-related mental illnesses. Early-life adversity (ELA) promotes lifelong aberrant stress responses and vulnerability to mental illnesses. Bolton et al. identify poor dynamics and hypothalamic CRH neurons’ excitatory synapse pruning of ELA microglia, implicating microglial MerTK. Chronic chemogenetic activation of ELA microglia normalized process dynamics, synapse density, and adult hormonal and behavioral stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Annabel K Short
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra L Kooiker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Manlin Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gunn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Dundee University, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Jaclyn Beck
- Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xinglong Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Law
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Julie C Savage
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Dundee University, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Dundee University, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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3
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Lin HH, Gutenberg A, Chen TY, Tsai NM, Lee CJ, Cheng YC, Cheng WH, Tzou YM, Caturegli P, Tzou SC. In Situ Activation of Pituitary-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes in Autoimmune Hypophysitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43492. [PMID: 28262761 PMCID: PMC5337949 DOI: 10.1038/srep43492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by infiltration of T and B lymphocytes in the pituitary gland. The mechanisms through which infiltrating lymphocytes cause disease remain unknown. Using a mouse model of AH we assessed whether T lymphocytes undergo activation in the pituitary gland. Infiltrating T cells co-localized with dendritic cells in the pituitary and produced increased levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 upon stimulation in vitro. Assessing proliferation of CD3- and B220-postive lymphocytes by double immunohistochemistry (PCNA-staining) and flow cytometry (BrdU incorporation) revealed that a discrete proportion of infiltrating T cells and B cells underwent proliferation within the pituitary parenchyma. This proliferation persisted into the late disease stage (day 56 post-immunization), indicating the presence of a continuous generation of autoreactive T and B cells within the pituitary gland. T cell proliferation in the pituitary was confirmed in patients affected by autoimmune hypophysitis. In conclusion, we show that pituitary-infiltrating lymphocytes proliferate in situ during AH, providing a previously unknown pathogenic mechanism and new avenues for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Huei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Angelika Gutenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Tzu-Yu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Nu-Man Tsai
- Department of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Ywh-Min Tzou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30068, Taiwan
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4
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Bollinger JL, Bergeon Burns CM, Wellman CL. Differential effects of stress on microglial cell activation in male and female medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:88-97. [PMID: 26441134 PMCID: PMC4909118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to stress-linked psychological disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, differs between men and women. Dysfunction of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in many of these disorders. Chronic stress affects mPFC in a sex-dependent manner, differentially remodeling dendritic morphology and disrupting prefrontally mediated behaviors in males and females. Chronic restraint stress induces microglial activation, reflected in altered microglial morphology and immune factor expression, in mPFC in male rats. Unstressed females exhibit increased microglial ramification in several brain regions compared to males, suggesting both heightened basal activation and a potential for sex-dependent effects of stress on microglial activation. Therefore, we assessed microglial density and ramification in the prelimbic region of mPFC, and immune-associated genes in dorsal mPFC in male and female rats following acute or chronic restraint stress. Control rats were left unstressed. On the final day of restraint, brains were collected for either qPCR or visualization of microglia using Iba-1 immunohistochemistry. Microglia in mPFC were classified as ramified, primed, reactive, or amoeboid, and counted stereologically. Expression of microglia-associated genes (MHCII, CD40, IL6, CX3CL1, and CX3CR1) was also assessed using qPCR. Unstressed females showed a greater proportion of primed to ramified microglia relative to males, alongside heightened CX3CL1-CX3CR1 expression. Acute and chronic restraint stress reduced the proportion of primed to ramified microglia and microglial CD40 expression in females, but did not significantly alter microglial activation in males. This sex difference in microglial activation could contribute to the differential effects of stress on mPFC structure and function in males versus females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Christine M Bergeon Burns
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Cara L Wellman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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5
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Jenkins SI, Pickard MR, Khong M, Smith HL, Mann CL, Emes RD, Chari DM. Identifying the cellular targets of drug action in the central nervous system following corticosteroid therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:51-63. [PMID: 24147833 PMCID: PMC3894723 DOI: 10.1021/cn400167n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is used widely in the treatment of a range of pathologies, but can delay production of myelin, the insulating sheath around central nervous system nerve fibers. The cellular targets of CS action are not fully understood, that is, "direct" action on cells involved in myelin genesis [oligodendrocytes and their progenitors the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)] versus "indirect" action on other neural cells. We evaluated the effects of the widely used CS dexamethasone (DEX) on purified OPCs and oligodendrocytes, employing complementary histological and transcriptional analyses. Histological assessments showed no DEX effects on OPC proliferation or oligodendrocyte genesis/maturation (key processes underpinning myelin genesis). Immunostaining and RT-PCR analyses show that both cell types express glucocorticoid receptor (GR; the target for DEX action), ruling out receptor expression as a causal factor in the lack of DEX-responsiveness. GRs function as ligand-activated transcription factors, so we simultaneously analyzed DEX-induced transcriptional responses using microarray analyses; these substantiated the histological findings, with limited gene expression changes in DEX-treated OPCs and oligodendrocytes. With identical treatment, microglial cells showed profound and global changes post-DEX addition; an unexpected finding was the identification of the transcription factor Olig1, a master regulator of myelination, as a DEX responsive gene in microglia. Our data indicate that CS-induced myelination delays are unlikely to be due to direct drug action on OPCs or oligodendrocytes, and may occur secondary to alterations in other neural cells, such as the immune component. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative molecular and cellular analysis of CS effects in glial cells, to investigate the targets of this major class of anti-inflammatory drugs as a basis for myelination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I. Jenkins
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda Khong
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Heather L. Smith
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Carl L.A. Mann
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust, City General, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 6QG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Divya M. Chari
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
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7
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Viana L, Lima C, Oliveira M, Borges R, Cardoso T, Almeida I, Diniz D, Bento-Torres J, Pereira A, Batista-de-Oliveira M, Lopes A, Silva R, Abadie-Guedes R, Amâncio dos Santos A, Lima D, Vasconcelos P, Cunningham C, Guedes R, Picanço-Diniz C. Litter size, age-related memory impairments, and microglial changes in rat dentate gyrus: Stereological analysis and three dimensional morphometry. Neuroscience 2013; 238:280-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Jang E, Lee S, Kim J, Kim J, Seo J, Lee W, Mori K, Nakao K, Suk K. Secreted protein lipocalin‐2 promotes microglial M1 polarization. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Jang
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Jong‐Heon Kim
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Jae‐Hong Kim
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Jung‐Wan Seo
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Won‐Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
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9
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Physiological and behavioural responsivity to stress and anxiogenic stimuli in COMT-deficient mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Márquez L, García-Bueno B, Madrigal JLM, Leza JC. Mangiferin decreases inflammation and oxidative damage in rat brain after stress. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:729-39. [PMID: 21986672 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stress exposure elicits neuroinflammation and oxidative damage in brain, and stress-related neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases have been associated with cell damage and death. Mangiferin (MAG) is a polyphenolic compound abundant in the stem bark of Mangifera indica L. with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in different experimental settings. In this study, the capacity of MAG to prevent neuroinflammation and brain oxidative damage induced by stress exposure was investigated. METHODS Young-adult male Wistar rats immobilized during 6 h were administered by oral gavage with increasing doses of MAG (15, 30, and 60 mg/Kg), respectively, 7 days before stress. RESULTS Prior treatment with MAG prevented all of the following stress-induced effects: (1) increase in glucocorticoids (GCs) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plasma levels, (2) loss of redox balance and reduction in catalase brain levels, (3) increase in pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α and its receptor TNF-R1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and synthesis enzymes, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), (4) increase in lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS These multifaceted protective effects suggest that MAG administration could be a new therapeutic strategy in neurological/neuropsychiatric pathologies in which hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal (HPA) stress axis dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative damage take place in their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Márquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Dumortier O, Theys N, Ahn MT, Remacle C, Reusens B. Impairment of rat fetal beta-cell development by maternal exposure to dexamethasone during different time-windows. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25576. [PMID: 21991320 PMCID: PMC3184993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Glucocorticoids (GCs) take part in the direct control of cell lineage during the late phase of pancreas development when endocrine and exocrine cell differentiation occurs. However, other tissues such as the vasculature exert a critical role before that phase. This study aims to investigate the consequences of overexposure to exogenous glucocorticoids during different time-windows of gestation for the development of the fetal endocrine pancreas. Methods Pregnant Wistar rats received dexamethasone acetate in their drinking water (1 µg/ml) during the last week or throughout gestation. Fetuses and their pancreases were analyzed at day 15 and 21 of gestation. Morphometrical analysis was performed on pancreatic sections after immunohistochemistry techniques and insulin secretion was evaluated on fetal islets collected in vitro. Results Dexamethasone given the last week or throughout gestation reduced the beta-cell mass in 21-day-old fetuses by respectively 18% or 62%. This was accompanied by a defect in insulin secretion. The alpha-cell mass was reduced similarly. Neither islet vascularization nor beta-cell proliferation was affected when dexamethasone was administered during the last week, which was however the case when given throughout gestation. When given from the beginning of gestation, dexamethasone reduced the number of cells expressing the early marker of endocrine lineage neurogenin-3 when analyzed at 15 days of fetal age. Conclusions GCs reduce the beta- and alpha-cell mass by different mechanisms according to the stage of development during which the treatment was applied. In fetuses exposed to glucocorticoids the last week of gestation only, beta-cell mass is reduced due to impairment of beta-cell commitment, whereas in fetuses exposed throughout gestation, islet vascularization and lower beta-cell proliferation are involved as well, amplifying the reduction of the endocrine mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dumortier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Theys
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie-Thérèse Ahn
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Remacle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reusens
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
Microglial activation is an early response to brain ischemia and many other stressors. Microglia continuously monitor and respond to changes in brain homeostasis and to specific signaling molecules expressed or released by neighboring cells. These signaling molecules, including ATP, glutamate, cytokines, prostaglandins, zinc, reactive oxygen species, and HSP60, may induce microglial proliferation and migration to the sites of injury. They also induce a nonspecific innate immune response that may exacerbate acute ischemic injury. This innate immune response includes release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and proteases. Microglial activation requires hours to days to fully develop, and thus presents a target for therapeutic intervention with a much longer window of opportunity than acute neuroprotection. Effective agents are now available for blocking both microglial receptor activation and the microglia effector responses that drive the inflammatory response after stroke. Effective agents are also available for targeting the signal transduction mechanisms linking these events. However, the innate immune response can have beneficial as well deleterious effects on outcome after stoke, and a challenge will be to find ways to selectively suppress the deleterious effects of microglial activation after stroke without compromising neurovascular repair and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121 San Francisco, California
| | - Tiina M. Kauppinen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121 San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121 San Francisco, California
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13
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McQuillan K, Lynch MA, Mills KHG. Activation of mixed glia by Abeta-specific Th1 and Th17 cells and its regulation by Th2 cells. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:598-607. [PMID: 20060887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are innate immune cells of the CNS, that act as antigen-presenting cells (APC) for antigen-specific T cells and respond to inflammatory stimuli, such as amyloid-beta (Abeta), resulting in the release of neurotoxic factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Astrocytes can also act as APC and modulate the function of microglia. However, the role of distinct T cell subtypes, in particular Th17 cells, in glial activation and subsequent modulatory effects of Th2 cells are poorly understood. Here, we generated Abeta-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells and examined their role in modulating Abeta-induced activation of microglia in a mixed glial culture, a preparation which mimics the complex APC types in the brain. We demonstrated that mixed glia acted as an effective APC for Abeta-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. Addition of Abeta-specific Th2 cells suppressed the Abeta-induced IFN-gamma production by Th1 cells and IL-17 production by Th17 cells with glia as the APC. Co-culture of Abeta-specific Th1 or Th17 cells with glia markedly enhanced Abeta-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on the microglia. Addition of Abeta-specific Th2 cells inhibited Th17 cell-induced IL-1beta and IL-6 production by mixed glia and attenuated Th1 cell-induced CD86 and CD40 expression on microglia. The modest enhancement of MHC class II and CD86 expression on astrocytes by Abeta-specific Th1 and Th17 was not attenuated by Th2 cells. These data indicate that Abeta-specific Th1 and Th17 cells induce inflammatory activation of glia, and that this is in part regulated by Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McQuillan
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Glybina IV, Kennedy A, Ashton P, Abrams GW, Iezzi R. Intravitreous delivery of the corticosteroid fluocinolone acetonide attenuates retinal degeneration in S334ter-4 rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4243-52. [PMID: 20220055 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the neuroprotective properties of low-dose, sustained-release intravitreous fluocinolone acetonide (FA) in transgenic S334ter-4 rats. METHODS S334ter-4 rats aged 4 weeks were divided into four groups: 0.5 microg/d FA-loaded intravitreous drug delivery implant (IDDI); 0.2 microg/d FA-loaded IDDI; inactive IDDI; and unoperated controls. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed before surgery and every 2 weeks after surgery for 8 weeks. When the rats were 12 weeks of age, outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) thicknesses were measured. Microglial cell counts were obtained from retinal wholemounts labeled for Iba-1. RESULTS At the end of the study, unoperated and inactive IDDI-implanted rats demonstrated 50% to 60% reductions in ERG amplitudes compared with those recorded at 4 weeks (P < 0.001 for both groups). FA 0.2-microg/d animals demonstrated 15% amplitude attenuation, while FA 0.5-microg/d animals showed 30% reduction. ONL thickness in FA 0.2-microg/d-treated eyes was 25.8% +/- 2.3% higher than in control group eyes (P < 0.001) and 30.0% +/- 2.1% higher than in inactive IDDI-implanted eyes (P < 0.001). In FA 0.5-microg/d-treated eyes, ONL thickness was 22.4% +/- 2.8% higher than in control group eyes (P < 0.001) and 22.3% +/- 3.7% higher than in inactive IDDI-implanted eyes (P < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed between the two control groups. No statistically significant difference between the two FA-treated groups was found. FA-treated groups demonstrated significantly fewer activated microglial cells than control groups. CONCLUSIONS Chronic intravitreous infusion of FA preserves ONL cell morphology and ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes and reduces retinal neuroinflammation in S334ter rats. Based on these findings, the synthetic corticosteroid FA may promise a therapeutic role in patients with retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Glybina
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Ligon Research Center of Vision, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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15
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García-Bueno B, Caso JR, Leza JC. Stress as a neuroinflammatory condition in brain: Damaging and protective mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1136-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang Y, Li M, Song M, Xu X, Xiong J, Yang X, Tan J, Bai Y. Expression of OX40 ligand in microglia activated by IFN-γ sustains a protective CD4+ T-cell response in vitro. Cell Immunol 2008; 251:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Spagnuolo PA, Bird RP, Hoffman-Goetz L. Effect of short-term dietary intake of bovine lactoferrin on intestinal lymphocyte apoptosis in healthy mice. Nutrition 2007; 23:812-7. [PMID: 17826956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the effects of short-term dietary exposure of bovine lactoferrin (Lf) on intestinal lymphocyte apoptosis and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in healthy mice. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: 0% Lf (n = 16), 0.2% Lf (n = 16), and 2.0% Lf (n = 15). Bovine Lf was administered orally, as part of the diet, for 4 consecutive days. Intestinal lymphocytes (ILs) were isolated and analyzed for percentages of CD4, CD8, apoptotic CD4, and apoptotic CD8 cells using flow cytometry. Pro- (caspase-3) and anti- (Bcl-2) apoptotic protein expressions and TNF-alpha expression in ILs were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS There were significant increases in the percentages of CD4 (P = 0.02) and apoptotic CD4 (P = 0.02) ILs in bovine Lf-fed compared with control mice. Percentages of CD8 and apoptotic CD8 cells and expression of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in ILs did not differ significantly by diet group. In contrast, the expression of TNF-alpha was significantly lower in Lf-fed versus control mice (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Short-term dietary Lf decreased TNF-alpha expression in ILs and increased apoptosis of CD4 ILs in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Spagnuolo
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Kaufmann I, Eisner C, Richter P, Huge V, Beyer A, Chouker A, Schelling G, Thiel M. Lymphocyte subsets and the role of TH1/TH2 balance in stressed chronic pain patients. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:272-80. [PMID: 18239379 DOI: 10.1159/000115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are chronic pain syndromes occurring in highly stressed individuals. Despite the known connection between the nervous system and immune cells, information on distribution of lymphocyte subsets under stress and pain conditions is limited. METHODS We performed a comparative study in 15 patients with CRPS type I, 22 patients with FM and 37 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and investigated the influence of pain and stress on lymphocyte number, subpopulations and the Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio in T lymphocytes. RESULTS Lymphocyte numbers did not differ between groups. Quantitative analyses of lymphocyte subpopulations showed a significant reduction of cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes in both CRPS (p < 0.01) and FM (p < 0.05) patients as compared with healthy controls. Additionally, CRPS patients were characterized by a lower percentage of IL-2-producing T cell subpopulations reflecting a diminished Th1 response in contrast to no changes in the Th2 cytokine profile. CONCLUSIONS Future studies are warranted to answer whether such immunological changes play a pathogenetic role in CRPS and FM or merely reflect the consequences of a pain-induced neurohumoral stress response, and whether they contribute to immunosuppression in stressed chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Kaufmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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