1
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Shin B, Chang SJ, MacNabb BW, Rothenberg EV. Transcriptional network dynamics in early T cell development. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230893. [PMID: 39167073 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rate at which cells enter the T cell pathway depends not only on the immigration of hematopoietic precursors into the strong Notch signaling environment of the thymus but also on the kinetics with which each individual precursor cell reaches T-lineage commitment once it arrives. Notch triggers a complex, multistep gene regulatory network in the cells in which the steps are stereotyped but the transition speeds between steps are variable. Progenitor-associated transcription factors delay T-lineage differentiation even while Notch-induced transcription factors within the same cells push differentiation forward. Progress depends on regulator cross-repression, on breaching chromatin barriers, and on shifting, competitive collaborations between stage-specific and stably expressed transcription factors, as reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Chang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Anderson MK, da Rocha JDB. Direct regulation of TCR rearrangement and expression by E proteins during early T cell development. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1578. [PMID: 35848146 PMCID: PMC9669112 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are widely distributed throughout mucosal and epithelial cell-rich tissues and are an important early source of IL-17 in response to several pathogens. Like αβ T cells, γδ T cells undergo a stepwise process of development in the thymus that requires recombination of genome-encoded segments to assemble mature T cell receptor (TCR) genes. This process is tightly controlled on multiple levels to enable TCR segment assembly while preventing the genomic instability inherent in the double-stranded DNA breaks that occur during this process. Each TCR locus has unique aspects in its structure and requirements, with different types of regulation before and after the αβ/γδ T cell fate choice. It has been known that Runx and Myb are critical transcriptional regulators of TCRγ and TCRδ expression, but the roles of E proteins in TCRγ and TCRδ regulation have been less well explored. Multiple lines of evidence show that E proteins are involved in TCR expression at many different levels, including the regulation of Rag recombinase gene expression and protein stability, induction of germline V segment expression, chromatin remodeling, and restriction of the fetal and adult γδTCR repertoires. Importantly, E proteins interact directly with the cis-regulatory elements of the TCRγ and TCRδ loci, controlling the predisposition of a cell to become an αβ T cell or a γδ T cell, even before the lineage-dictating TCR signaling events. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele K Anderson
- Department Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Roels J, Van Hulle J, Lavaert M, Kuchmiy A, Strubbe S, Putteman T, Vandekerckhove B, Leclercq G, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Boehme L, Taghon T. Transcriptional dynamics and epigenetic regulation of E and ID protein encoding genes during human T cell development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960918. [PMID: 35967340 PMCID: PMC9366357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are generated from hematopoietic stem cells through a highly organized developmental process, in which stage-specific molecular events drive maturation towards αβ and γδ T cells. Although many of the mechanisms that control αβ- and γδ-lineage differentiation are shared between human and mouse, important differences have also been observed. Here, we studied the regulatory dynamics of the E and ID protein encoding genes during pediatric human T cell development by evaluating changes in chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and bulk and single cell gene expression. We profiled patterns of ID/E protein activity and identified up- and downstream regulators and targets, respectively. In addition, we compared transcription of E and ID protein encoding genes in human versus mouse to predict both shared and unique activities in these species, and in prenatal versus pediatric human T cell differentiation to identify regulatory changes during development. This analysis showed a putative involvement of TCF3/E2A in the development of γδ T cells. In contrast, in αβ T cell precursors a pivotal pre-TCR-driven population with high ID gene expression and low predicted E protein activity was identified. Finally, in prenatal but not postnatal thymocytes, high HEB/TCF12 levels were found to counteract high ID levels to sustain thymic development. In summary, we uncovered novel insights in the regulation of E and ID proteins on a cross-species and cross-developmental level.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Child
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Roels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Hulle
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marieke Lavaert
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Kuchmiy
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Strubbe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Putteman
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lena Boehme
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lena Boehme, ; Tom Taghon,
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lena Boehme, ; Tom Taghon,
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4
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Veiga DFT, Tremblay M, Gerby B, Herblot S, Haman A, Gendron P, Lemieux S, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Hébert J, Cohen JP, Hoang T. Monoallelic Heb/Tcf12 Deletion Reduces the Requirement for NOTCH1 Hyperactivation in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867443. [PMID: 35401501 PMCID: PMC8987207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early T-cell development is precisely controlled by E proteins, that indistinguishably include HEB/TCF12 and E2A/TCF3 transcription factors, together with NOTCH1 and pre-T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. Importantly, perturbations of early T-cell regulatory networks are implicated in leukemogenesis. NOTCH1 gain of function mutations invariably lead to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), whereas inhibition of E proteins accelerates leukemogenesis. Thus, NOTCH1, pre-TCR, E2A and HEB functions are intertwined, but how these pathways contribute individually or synergistically to leukemogenesis remain to be documented. To directly address these questions, we leveraged Cd3e-deficient mice in which pre-TCR signaling and progression through β-selection is abrogated to dissect and decouple the roles of pre-TCR, NOTCH1, E2A and HEB in SCL/TAL1-induced T-ALL, via the use of Notch1 gain of function transgenic (Notch1ICtg) and Tcf12+/- or Tcf3+/- heterozygote mice. As a result, we now provide evidence that both HEB and E2A restrain cell proliferation at the β-selection checkpoint while the clonal expansion of SCL-LMO1-induced pre-leukemic stem cells in T-ALL is uniquely dependent on Tcf12 gene dosage. At the molecular level, HEB protein levels are decreased via proteasomal degradation at the leukemic stage, pointing to a reversible loss of function mechanism. Moreover, in SCL-LMO1-induced T-ALL, loss of one Tcf12 allele is sufficient to bypass pre-TCR signaling which is required for Notch1 gain of function mutations and for progression to T-ALL. In contrast, Tcf12 monoallelic deletion does not accelerate Notch1IC-induced T-ALL, indicating that Tcf12 and Notch1 operate in the same pathway. Finally, we identify a tumor suppressor gene set downstream of HEB, exhibiting significantly lower expression levels in pediatric T-ALL compared to B-ALL and brain cancer samples, the three most frequent pediatric cancers. In summary, our results indicate a tumor suppressor function of HEB/TCF12 in T-ALL to mitigate cell proliferation controlled by NOTCH1 in pre-leukemic stem cells and prevent NOTCH1-driven progression to T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo F. T. Veiga
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Tremblay
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
| | - Bastien Gerby
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Herblot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
- Unité de recherche en hémato-oncologie Charles-Bruneau, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - André Haman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Gendron
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lemieux
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Josée Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
- Institut universitaire d’hémato-oncologie et de thérapie cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank, Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Paul Cohen
- Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Trang Hoang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Trang Hoang,
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Wang X, Jiao A, Sun L, Li W, Yang B, Su Y, Ding R, Zhang C, Liu H, Yang X, Sun C, Zhang B. Zinc finger protein Zfp335 controls early T cell development and survival through β-selection-dependent and -independent mechanisms. eLife 2022; 11:75508. [PMID: 35113015 PMCID: PMC8871394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell development in the thymus undergoes the process of differentiation, selective proliferation, and survival from CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) stage to CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) stage prior to the formation of CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytolytic T cells ready for circulation. Each developmental stage is tightly regulated by sequentially operating molecular networks, of which only limited numbers of transcription regulators have been deciphered. Here, we identified Zfp335 transcription factor as a new player in the regulatory network controlling thymocyte development in mice. We demonstrate that Zfp335 intrinsically controls DN to DP transition, as T-cell-specific deficiency in Zfp335 leads to a substantial accumulation of DN3 along with reduction of DP, CD4+, and CD8+ thymocytes. This developmental blockade at DN stage results from the impaired intracellular TCRβ (iTCRβ) expression as well as increased susceptibility to apoptosis in thymocytes. Transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses revealed a direct regulation of transcription factors Bcl6 and Rorc by Zfp335. Importantly, enhanced expression of TCRβ and Bcl6/Rorc restores the developmental defect during DN3 to DN4 transition and improves thymocytes survival, respectively. These findings identify a critical role of Zfp335 in controlling T-cell development by maintaining iTCRβ expression-mediated β-selection and independently activating cell survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Li Y, Li K, Zhu L, Li B, Zong D, Cai P, Jiang C, Du P, Lin J, Qu K. Development of double-positive thymocytes at single-cell resolution. Genome Med 2021; 13:49. [PMID: 33771202 PMCID: PMC8004397 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells generated from thymopoiesis are essential for the immune system, and recent single-cell studies have contributed to our understanding of the development of thymocytes at the genetic and epigenetic levels. However, the development of double-positive (DP) T cells, which comprise the majority of thymocytes, has not been well investigated. METHODS We applied single-cell sequencing to mouse thymocytes and analyzed the transcriptome data using Seurat. By applying unsupervised clustering, we defined thymocyte subtypes and validated DP cell subtypes by flow cytometry. We classified the cell cycle phases of each cell according to expression of cell cycle phase-specific genes. For immune synapse detection, we used immunofluorescent staining and ImageStream-based flow cytometry. We studied and integrated human thymocyte data to verify the conservation of our findings and also performed cross-species comparisons to examine species-specific gene regulation. RESULTS We classified blast, rearrangement, and selection subtypes of DP thymocytes and used the surface markers CD2 and Ly6d to identify these subtypes by flow cytometry. Based on this new classification, we found that the proliferation of blast DP cells is quite different from that of double-positive cells and other cell types, which tend to exit the cell cycle after a single round. At the DP cell selection stage, we observed that CD8-associated immune synapses formed between thymocytes, indicating that CD8sp selection occurred among thymocytes themselves. Moreover, cross-species comparison revealed species-specific transcription factors (TFs) that contribute to the transcriptional differences of thymocytes from humans and mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study classified DP thymocyte subtypes of different developmental stages and provided new insight into the development of DP thymocytes at single-cell resolution, furthering our knowledge of the fundamental immunological process of thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Li
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Lianbang Zhu
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Dandan Zong
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Qu
- Department of oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China.
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China.
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
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Tang Z, Wang Y, Xing R, Zeng S, Di J, Xing F. Deltex-1 is indispensible for the IL-6 and TGF-β treatment-triggered differentiation of Th17 cells. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104176. [PMID: 32736174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CSL(CBF1, Su(H) and LAG-1)-dependent Hes-1 signaling plays an important part in regulating Th17 cell differentiation. However, little is known about influence of CSL-independent Deltex-1 signaling on this subset. The current focus is on roles of the Deltex-1 signaling in the Th17 cell differentiation. IL-17-producing CD4+ T cell subpopulation could be induced in vitro by treatment of both IL-6 and TGF-β. This could be reversed by knockdown of the deltex-1 gene, following the attenuation of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and its DNA-binding activity in nuclei. Subsequently, Th17-associated cytokines generated by the treated cells were also diminished by the inhibition of Deltex-1 signaling, but the production of IL-10 was enhanced. Contrary to the alteration of RORγt, both zinc-finger transcription factor-3 (GATA3) and transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) were augmented at their mRNA and protein levels as well as DNA-binding activities with the emerging phenotypes of the corresponding cellular subpopulation and T-bet (encoded by TBX21) was not changed. These results reveal for the first time that Deltex-1 is indispensible for the IL-6 and TGF-β treatment-triggered differentiation of Th17 cells, indicating that CSL-independent Deltex-1 signaling favors naïve CD4+ T cells to deviate into Th17 cells via the enhancement of RORγt/IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengle Tang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingfang Di
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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8
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Tani-Ichi S, Wagatsuma K, Hara T, Cui G, Abe S, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Ikuta K. Innate-like CD27 +CD45RB high γδ T Cells Require TCR Signaling for Homeostasis in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2671-2684. [PMID: 32238459 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR signaling is required for homeostasis of naive αβ T cells. However, whether such a signal is necessary for γδ T cell homeostasis in the periphery remains unknown. In this study, we present evidence that a portion of Vγ2+ γδ T cells, one of the major γδ T cell subsets in the secondary lymphoid organs, requires TCR signaling for homeostasis. To attenuate γδTCR signals, we generated mice lacking Eγ4 (Eγ4-/-), an enhancer located at the 3'-most end of the TCRγ locus. Overall, we found that in thymus, Eγ4 loss altered V-J rearrangement, chromatin accessibility, and transcription of the TCRγ locus in a distance-dependent manner. Vγ2+ γδ T cells in Eγ4-/- mice developed normally both fetal and adult mouse thymi but were relatively reduced in number in spleen and lymph nodes. Although Vγ2 TCR transcription decreased in all subpopulations of Eγ4-/- mice, the number of Vγ2+ γδ T cells decreased and TCR signaling was attenuated only in the innate-like CD27+CD45RBhigh subpopulation in peripheral lymphoid organs. Consistently, CD27+CD45RBhigh Vγ2+ γδ T cells from Eγ4-/- mice transferred into Rag2-deficient mice were not efficiently recovered, suggesting that continuous TCR signaling is required for their homeostasis. Finally, CD27+CD45RBhigh Vγ2+ γδ T cells from Eγ4-/- mice showed impaired TCR-induced activation and antitumor responses. These results suggest that normal homeostasis of innate-like CD27+CD45RBhigh Vγ2+ γδ T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs requires TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Tani-Ichi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; .,Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wagatsuma
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and
| | - Takahiro Hara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
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9
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Parker ME, Ciofani M. Regulation of γδ T Cell Effector Diversification in the Thymus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:42. [PMID: 32038664 PMCID: PMC6992645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are the first T cell lineage to develop in the thymus and take up residence in a wide variety of tissues where they can provide fast, innate-like sources of effector cytokines for barrier defense. In contrast to conventional αβ T cells that egress the thymus as naïve cells, γδ T cells can be programmed for effector function during development in the thymus. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that determine γδ T cell effector fate is of great interest due to the wide-spread tissue distribution of γδ T cells and their roles in pathogen clearance, immunosurveillance, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will integrate the current understanding of the role of the T cell receptor, environmental signals, and transcription factor networks in controlling mouse innate-like γδ T cell effector commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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10
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Yahia-Cherbal H, Rybczynska M, Lovecchio D, Stephen T, Lescale C, Placek K, Larghero J, Rogge L, Bianchi E. NFAT primes the human RORC locus for RORγt expression in CD4 + T cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4698. [PMID: 31619674 PMCID: PMC6795897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells have crucial functions in mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. The lineage-specific transcription factor, RORγt, encoded by the RORC gene modulates Th17 polarization and function, as well as thymocyte development. Here we define several regulatory elements at the human RORC locus in thymocytes and peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes, with CRISPR/Cas9-guided deletion of these genomic segments supporting their role in RORγt expression. Mechanistically, T cell receptor stimulation induces cyclosporine A-sensitive histone modifications and P300/CBP acetylase recruitment at these elements in activated CD4+ T cells. Meanwhile, NFAT proteins bind to these regulatory elements and activate RORγt transcription in cooperation with NF-kB. Our data thus demonstrate that NFAT specifically regulate RORγt expression by binding to the RORC locus and promoting its permissive conformation. The master transcription factor RORγt, encoded by the RORC gene, controls the polarization of CD4+ T cells expressing interleukin-17 (Th17). Here the authors describe several regulatory elements at the RORC locus that are recognized by NFAT and NFkB to induce a permissive epigenetic configuration of the RORC gene for RORγt expression and Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Yahia-Cherbal
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Magda Rybczynska
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Colloides et Matériaux Divisés, École supérieure de Physique et de Chimie industrielles, Paris, France
| | - Domenica Lovecchio
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Tharshana Stephen
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Technologie et Service Cytométrie et Biomarqueurs (UTechS CB), Centre de recherche translationnelle (CRT), Paris, France
| | - Chloé Lescale
- Institut Pasteur, Genome Integrity, Immunity and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Immunology, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.,Immunology and Metabolism, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jérome Larghero
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Cell Therapy Unit and Cord Blood Bank; CIC de Biothérapies, CBT501, Paris, France
| | - Lars Rogge
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.
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11
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An integrated transcriptional switch at the β-selection checkpoint determines T cell survival, development and leukaemogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1077-1089. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In T cell development, a pivotal decision-making stage, termed β-selection, integrates a TCRβ checkpoint to coordinate survival, proliferation and differentiation to an αβ T cell. Here, we review how transcriptional regulation coordinates fate determination in early T cell development to enable β-selection. Errors in this transcription control can trigger T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. We describe how the β-selection checkpoint goes awry in leukaemic transformation.
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12
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Rühlemann MC, Degenhardt F, Thingholm LB, Wang J, Skiecevičienė J, Rausch P, Hov JR, Lieb W, Karlsen TH, Laudes M, Baines JF, Heinsen FA, Franke A. Application of the distance-based F test in an mGWAS investigating β diversity of intestinal microbiota identifies variants in SLC9A8 (NHE8) and 3 other loci. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:68-75. [PMID: 28816579 PMCID: PMC5939986 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1356979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors shaping the human intestinal microbiota range from environmental influences, like smoking and exercise, over dietary patterns and disease to the host's genetic variation. Recently, we could show in a microbiome genome-wide association study (mGWAS) targeting genetic variation influencing the β diversity of gut microbial communities, that approximately 10% of the overall gut microbiome variation can be explained by host genetics. Here, we report on the application of a new method for genotype-β-diversity association testing, the distance-based F (DBF) test. With this we identified 4 loci with genome-wide significant associations, harboring the genes CBEP4, SLC9A8, TNFSF4, and SP140, respectively. Our findings highlight the utility of the high-performance DBF test in β diversity GWAS and emphasize the important role of host genetics and immunity in shaping the human intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte C. Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Louise B. Thingholm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jun Wang
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jurgita Skiecevičienė
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Rausch
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes R. Hov
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tom H. Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital S.-H. (UKSH, Campus Kiel), Kiel, Germany
| | - John F. Baines
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Femke-Anouska Heinsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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13
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HEB is required for the specification of fetal IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2004. [PMID: 29222418 PMCID: PMC5722817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17-producing γδ T (γδT17) cells are critical components of the innate immune system. However, the gene networks that control their development are unclear. Here we show that HEB (HeLa E-box binding protein, encoded by Tcf12) is required for the generation of a newly defined subset of fetal-derived CD73− γδT17 cells. HEB is required in immature CD24+CD73− γδ T cells for the expression of Sox4, Sox13, and Rorc, and these genes are repressed by acute expression of the HEB antagonist Id3. HEB-deficiency also affects mature CD73+ γδ T cells, which are defective in RORγt expression and IL-17 production. Additionally, the fetal TCRγ chain repertoire is altered, and peripheral Vγ4 γδ T cells are mostly restricted to the IFNγ-producing phenotype in HEB-deficient mice. Therefore, our work identifies HEB-dependent pathways for the development of CD73+ and CD73− γδT17 cells, and provides mechanistic evidence for control of the γδT17 gene network by HEB. The γδ T cell pool includes abundant IL-17-producing cells that protect mucosal surfaces, but the signals that control γδ T cell specification are unclear. Here the authors identify a role for the transcription factor HEB, and antagonistic activity of Id3, in the development of these cells.
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14
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Yang M, Pan Z, Huang K, Büsche G, Feuerhake F, Chaturvedi A, Nie D, Heuser M, Thol F, von Neuhoff N, Ganser A, Li Z. Activation of TRKA receptor elicits mastocytosis in mice and is involved in the development of resistance to KIT-targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73871-73883. [PMID: 29088753 PMCID: PMC5650308 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophins (NTs) play a key role in neuronal survival and maintenance. The TRK (tropomyosin-related kinase) tyrosine kinase receptors (TRKA, TRKB, TRKC) are high affinity receptors for NTs. There is increasing data demonstrating an important role of the TRK family in cancer initiation and progression. NTs have been known for many years to promote chemotaxis, maturation, and survival of mast cells. However, the role of NT signaling in the pathogenesis of mastocytosis is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of TRKA by its ligand nerve growth factor (NGF) is potent to trigger a disease in mice with striking similarities to human systemic mastocytosis (SM). Moreover, activation of TRKA by NGF strongly rescues KIT inhibition-induced cell death of mast cell lines and primary mast cells from patients with SM, and this rescue effect can be efficiently blocked by entrectinib (a new pan TRK specific inhibitor). HMC-1 mast cell leukemia cells that are resistant to KIT inhibition induced by TRKA activation show reactivation of MAPK/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and strong upregulation of early growth response 3 (EGR3), suggesting an important role of MAPK-EGR3 axis in the development of resistance to KIT inhibition. Targeting both TRK and KIT significantly prolongs survival of mice xenotransplanted with HMC-1 cells compared with targeting KIT alone. Thus, these data strongly suggest that TRKA signaling can improve neoplastic mast cell fitness. This might explain at least in part why treatment with KIT inhibitors alone so far has been disappointing in most published clinical trials for mastocytosis. Our data suggest that targeting both KIT and TRKs might improve efficacy of molecular therapy in SM with KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zengkai Pan
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kezhi Huang
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guntram Büsche
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danian Nie
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felicitas Thol
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils von Neuhoff
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Muñoz-Ruiz M, Sumaria N, Pennington DJ, Silva-Santos B. Thymic Determinants of γδ T Cell Differentiation. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:336-344. [PMID: 28285814 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
γd T cells have emerged as major sources of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) in multiple models of infection, cancer and autoimmune disease. However, unlike their αβ T cell counterparts that require peripheral activation for effector cell differentiation, γδ T cells instead can be 'developmentally programmed' in the thymus to generate discrete γδ T cell effector subsets with distinctive molecular signatures. Nonetheless, recent studies have presented conflicting viewpoints on the signals involved in thymic γδ T cell development and differentiation, namely on the role of both T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent and TCR-independent factors. Here we review the current data and the ongoing controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nital Sumaria
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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16
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Hastings KT, Elizalde D, Muppana L, Levine S, Kamel CM, Ingram WM, Kirkpatrick JT, Hu C, Rausch MP, Gallitano AL. Nab2 maintains thymus cellularity with aging and stress. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:185-195. [PMID: 28282643 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic cellularity is influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors, such as age and stress; however, little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms that regulate this process. Immediate early genes of the Early growth response (Egr) family have critical roles in immune function and response to environmental stress. The transcription factors, Egr1, Egr2 and Egr3, play roles in the thymus and in peripheral T-cell activation. Nab2, which binds Egrs 1, 2, and 3 as a co-regulator of transcription, also regulates peripheral T-cell activation. However, a role for Nab2 in the thymus has not been reported. Using Nab2-deficient (KO) mice we found that male Nab2KO mice have reduced thymus size and decreased numbers of thymocytes, compared with age-matched wildtype (WT) mice. Furthermore, the number of thymocytes in Nab2KO males decreases more rapidly with age. This effect is sex-dependent as female Nab2KO mice show neither reduced thymocyte numbers nor accelerated thymocyte loss with age, compared to female WT littermates. Since stress induces expression of Nab2 and the Egrs, we examined whether loss of Nab2 alters stress-induced decrease in thymic cellularity. Restraint stress induced a significant decrease in thymic cellularity in Nab2KO and WT mice, with significant changes in the thymocyte subset populations only in the Nab2KO mice. Stress reduced the percentage of DP cells by half and increased the percentage of CD4SP and CD8SP cells by roughly three-fold in Nab2KO mice. These findings indicate a requirement for Nab2 in maintaining thymocyte number in male mice with age and in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Diana Elizalde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Leela Muppana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sarah Levine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Christy M Kamel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Wendy M Ingram
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Jennifer T Kirkpatrick
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 714 E. Van Buren St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Amelia L Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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17
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Kurosaka M, Ogura Y, Funabashi T, Akema T. Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) Contributes a Maintenance of C2C12 Myoblast Proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1114-1122. [PMID: 27576048 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cell proliferation is a crucially important process for adult myogenesis. However, its regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Early growth response 3 (Egr3) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that regulates different cellular functions. Reportedly, Egr3 interacts with multiple signaling molecules that are also known to regulate satellite cell proliferation. Therefore, it is possible that Egr3 is involved in satellite cell proliferation. Results of this study have demonstrated that Egr3 transcript levels are upregulated in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle after cardiotoxin injury. Using C2C12 myoblast culture (a model of activated satellite cells), results show that inhibition of Egr3 by shRNA impairs the myoblast proliferation rate. Results also show reduction of NF-кB transcriptional activity in Egr3-inhibited cells. Inhibition of Egr3 is associated with an increase in annexin V+ cell fraction and apoptotic protein activity including caspase-3 and caspase-7, and Poly-ADP ribose polymerase. By contrast, the reduction of cellular proliferation by inhibition of Egr3 was partially recovered by treatment of pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Collectively, these results suggest that Egr3 is involved in myoblast proliferation by interaction with survival signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1114-1122, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akema
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Sahni H, Ross S, Barbarulo A, Solanki A, Lau CI, Furmanski A, Saldaña JI, Ono M, Hubank M, Barenco M, Crompton T. A genome wide transcriptional model of the complex response to pre-TCR signalling during thymocyte differentiation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28646-60. [PMID: 26415229 PMCID: PMC4745683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing thymocytes require pre-TCR signalling to differentiate from CD4-CD8- double negative to CD4+CD8+ double positive cell. Here we followed the transcriptional response to pre-TCR signalling in a synchronised population of differentiating double negative thymocytes. This time series analysis revealed a complex transcriptional response, in which thousands of genes were up and down-regulated before changes in cell surface phenotype were detected. Genome-wide measurement of RNA degradation of individual genes showed great heterogeneity in the rate of degradation between different genes. We therefore used time course expression and degradation data and a genome wide transcriptional modelling (GWTM) strategy to model the transcriptional response of genes up-regulated on pre-TCR signal transduction. This analysis revealed five major temporally distinct transcriptional activities that up regulate transcription through time, whereas down-regulation of expression occurred in three waves. Our model thus placed known regulators in a temporal perspective, and in addition identified novel candidate regulators of thymocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sahni
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Susan Ross
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Anisha Solanki
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ching-In Lau
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anna Furmanski
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Masahiro Ono
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Martino Barenco
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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19
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Abstract
The genes associated with Sjögren syndrome (SS) can be assigned to the NF-kB pathway, the IFN signaling pathway, lymphocyte signaling, and antigen presentation. The frequencies of risk variants show they are common with modest genetic effects. The strongest genetic association outside the human leukocyte antigen region is in IRF5, a gene relevant in the IFN signaling pathway and for B cell differentiation. Although no association has been found with the NF-kB gene itself, associations in TNFAIP3 and TNIP1 (both genome-wide significant), VCAM1 and IRAK1BP (both suggestive), point to genetic explanations for dysregulation of the NF-kB pathway in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Ragna Reksten
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, MBSB 451, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kathy L Sivils
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, MBSB 451, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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20
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Cao W, Guo J, Wen X, Miao L, Lin F, Xu G, Ma R, Yin S, Hui Z, Chen T, Guo S, Chen W, Huang Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Wei L, Wang L. CXXC finger protein 1 is critical for T-cell intrathymic development through regulating H3K4 trimethylation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11687. [PMID: 27210293 PMCID: PMC4879243 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell development in the thymus is largely controlled by an epigenetic program, involving in both DNA methylation and histone modifications. Previous studies have identified Cxxc1 as a regulator of both cytosine methylation and histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3). However, it is unknown whether Cxxc1 plays a role in thymocyte development. Here we show that T-cell development in the thymus is severely impaired in Cxxc1-deficient mice. Furthermore, we identify genome-wide Cxxc1-binding sites and H3K4me3 modification sites in wild-type and Cxxc1-deficient thymocytes. Our results demonstrate that Cxxc1 directly controls the expression of key genes important for thymocyte survival such as RORγt and for T-cell receptor signalling including Zap70 and CD8, through maintaining the appropriate H3K4me3 on their promoters. Importantly, we show that RORγt, a direct target of Cxxc1, can rescue the survival defects in Cxxc1-deficient thymocytes. Our data strongly support a critical role of Cxxc1 in thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guanxin Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruoyu Ma
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengxia Yin
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hui
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shixin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Yingying Huang
- Core Facilities, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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21
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Biphasic and Stage-Associated Expression of CPEB4 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155025. [PMID: 27158894 PMCID: PMC4861299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4 (CPEB4) is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein and translational regulator, with expression associated with tumor progression. Nevertheless, CPEB4 seems to play paradoxical roles in cancers–an oncogenic promoter in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and glioblastomas but a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To assess whether CPEB4-regulated carcinogenesis is tissue-specific, we reevaluated the role of CPEB4 in HCC. Although proliferation of hepatocytes appeared normal in CPEB4-knockout (KO) mice after partial hepatectomy, knockdown (KD) of CPEB4 in HepG2 liver cancer cells promoted colony formation in vitro. Moreover, the growth of CPEB4-KD cells was accelerated in an in vivo xenograft mouse model. In tumorous and adjacent non-tumorous paired liver specimens from 49 HCC patients, the protein level of CPEB4 was significantly upregulated in early-stage HCC but decreased toward late-stage HCC. This finding agrees with changes in CPEB4 mRNA level from analysis of two sets of HCC microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Taken together, downregulation of CPEB4 likely occurs at the late cancer stage to facilitate HCC progression. Biphasic alteration of CPEB4 expression during HCC progression suggests its complicated role in tumorigenesis.
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22
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Roy S, Zhuang Y. Orchestration of invariant natural killer T cell development by E and Id proteins. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 35:33-48. [PMID: 25746046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2015012207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are αβ T cells that express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) along with natural killer (NK) cell markers and have an innate cell-like ability to produce a myriad of cytokines very quickly upon antigen exposure and subsequent activation. These cells are diverted from conventional single positive (SP) T-cell fate at the double positive (DP) stage, where TCR-mediated recognition of a lipid antigen presented on a CD1d molecule promotes their selection into the NKT lineage. Although many key regulatory molecules have been shown to play important roles in the development of NKT cells, the mechanism of lineage specification and acquisition of effector functions in these cells still remain to be fully addressed. In this review, we specifically discuss the role of a family of class-I helix-loop-helix proteins known as E proteins, and their antagonists Id proteins in NKT celldevelopment. Recent work has shown that these proteins play key roles in invariant NKT (iNKT) development, from the invariant TCR rearrangement to terminal differentiation and maturation. Elucidating these roles provides an opportunity to uncover the transcriptional network that separates NKT cells from concurrently developed conventional αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Roy
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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23
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Ebihara T, Song C, Ryu SH, Plougastel-Douglas B, Yang L, Levanon D, Groner Y, Bern MD, Stappenbeck TS, Colonna M, Egawa T, Yokoyama WM. Runx3 specifies lineage commitment of innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1124-33. [PMID: 26414766 PMCID: PMC4618046 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) reside in the mucosa and regulate immune responses to external pathogens. While ILCs can be phenotypically classified into ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 subsets, the transcriptional control of commitment to each ILC lineage is incompletely understood. Here we report that the transcription factor Runx3 was essential for the normal development of ILC1 and ILC3 cells but not of ILC2 cells. Runx3 controlled the survival of ILC1 cells but not of ILC3 cells. Runx3 was required for expression of the transcription factor RORγt and its downstream target, the transcription factor AHR, in ILC3 cells. The absence of Runx3 in ILCs exacerbated infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Therefore, our data establish Runx3 as a key transcription factor in the lineage-specific differentiation of ILC1 and ILC3 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Citrobacter rodentium/immunology
- Citrobacter rodentium/pathogenicity
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/deficiency
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor beta Subunit/deficiency
- Core Binding Factor beta Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor beta Subunit/metabolism
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/etiology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ebihara
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacy H Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Beatrice Plougastel-Douglas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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24
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Leukemic marrow infiltration reveals a novel role for Egr3 as a potent inhibitor of normal hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Blood 2015; 126:1302-13. [PMID: 26186938 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-623645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytopenias resulting from the impaired generation of normal blood cells from hematopoietic precursors are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with leukemia. However, the process by which normal hematopoietic cells are overtaken by emerging leukemia cells and how different subsets of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are distinctly influenced during leukemic cell infiltration is poorly understood. To investigate these important questions, we used a robust nonirradiated mouse model of human MLL-AF9 leukemia to examine the suppression of HSCs and HPCs during leukemia cell expansion in vivo. Among all the hematopoietic subsets, long-term repopulating HSCs were the least reduced, whereas megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors were the most significantly suppressed. Notably, nearly all of the HSCs were forced into a noncycling state in leukemic marrow at late stages, but their reconstitution potential appeared to be intact upon transplantation into nonleukemic hosts. Gene expression profiling and further functional validation revealed that Egr3 was a strong limiting factor for the proliferative potential of HSCs. Therefore, this study provides not only a molecular basis for the more tightened quiescence of HSCs in leukemia, but also a novel approach for defining functional regulators of HSCs in disease.
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25
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López-Rodríguez C, Aramburu J, Berga-Bolaños R. Transcription factors and target genes of pre-TCR signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2305-21. [PMID: 25702312 PMCID: PMC11113633 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago pioneering work by the laboratories of Harald von Boehmer and Susumo Tonegawa provided the first indications that developing thymocytes could assemble a functional TCRβ chain-containing receptor complex, the pre-TCR, before TCRα expression. The discovery and study of the pre-TCR complex revealed paradigms of signaling pathways in control of cell survival and proliferation, and culminated in the recognition of the multifunctional nature of this receptor. As a receptor integrated in a dynamic developmental process, the pre-TCR must be viewed not only in the light of the biological outcomes it promotes, but also in context with those molecular processes that drive its expression in thymocytes. This review article focuses on transcription factors and target genes activated by the pre-TCR to drive its different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader Nº88, 08003, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
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26
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Zarin P, Chen ELY, In TSH, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Gamma delta T-cell differentiation and effector function programming, TCR signal strength, when and how much? Cell Immunol 2015; 296:70-5. [PMID: 25866401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
γδ T-cells boast an impressive functional repertoire that can paint them as either champions or villains depending on the environmental and immunological cues. Understanding the function of the various effector γδ subsets necessitates tracing the developmental program of these subsets, including the point of lineage bifurcation from αβ T-cells. Here, we review the importance of signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) in determining αβ versus γδ lineage fate, and further discuss how the molecular components of this pathway may influence the developmental programming of γδ T-cells functional subsets. Additionally, we discuss the role of temporal windows in restricting the development of IL-17 producing γδ T-cell subtypes, and explore whether fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors maintain the same potential for giving rise to this important subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Edward L Y Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Tracy S H In
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
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27
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Mele F, Basso C, Leoni C, Aschenbrenner D, Becattini S, Latorre D, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Monticelli S. ERK phosphorylation and miR-181a expression modulate activation of human memory TH17 cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6431. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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28
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ShcA regulates thymocyte proliferation through specific transcription factors and a c-Abl-dependent signaling axis. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1462-76. [PMID: 25691660 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01084-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling via the pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR), along with associated signals from Notch and chemokine receptors, regulates the β-selection checkpoint that operates on CD4(-) CD8(-) doubly negative (DN) thymocytes. Since many hematopoietic malignancies arise at the immature developmental stages of lymphocytes, understanding the signal integration and how specific signaling molecules and distal transcription factors regulate cellular outcomes is of importance. Here, a series of molecular and genetic approaches revealed that the ShcA adapter protein critically influences proliferation and differentiation during β-selection. We found that ShcA functions downstream of the pre-TCR and p56(Lck) and show that ShcA is important for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent upregulation of transcription factors early growth factor 1 (Egr1) and Egr3 in immature thymocytes and, in turn, of the expression and function of the Id3 and E2A helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins. ShcA also contributes to pre-TCR-mediated induction of c-Myc and additional cell cycle regulators. Moreover, using an unbiased Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) screen, we identified c-Abl as a binding partner of phosphorylated ShcA and demonstrated the relevance of the ShcA-c-Abl interaction in immature thymocytes. Collectively, these data identify multiple modes by which ShcA can fine-tune the development of early thymocytes, including a previously unappreciated ShcA-c-Abl axis that regulates thymocyte proliferation.
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29
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Schmolka N, Wencker M, Hayday AC, Silva-Santos B. Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of γδ T cell differentiation: Programming cells for responses in time and space. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:19-25. [PMID: 25726512 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are major providers of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in protective or pathogenic immune responses. Notably, murine γδ T cells commit to either IFNγ or IL-17 production during development in the thymus, before any subsequent activation in the periphery. Here we discuss the molecular networks that underlie thymic γδ T cell differentiation, as well as the mechanisms that sustain or modify their functional properties in the periphery. We concentrate on recent findings on lymphoid and tissue-resident γδ T cell subpopulations, with an emphasis on genome-wide studies and their added value to elucidate the regulation of γδ T cell differentiation at the transcriptional and epigenetic (chromatin) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schmolka
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK; Immunity and Cytotoxic Lymphocytes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, Lyon, France
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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30
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Yui MA, Rothenberg EV. Developmental gene networks: a triathlon on the course to T cell identity. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:529-45. [PMID: 25060579 PMCID: PMC4153685 DOI: 10.1038/nri3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells acquire their ultimate identities by activating combinations of transcription factors that initiate and sustain expression of the appropriate cell type-specific genes. T cell development depends on the progression of progenitor cells through three major phases, each of which is associated with distinct transcription factor ensembles that control the recruitment of these cells to the thymus, their proliferation, lineage commitment and responsiveness to T cell receptor signals, all before the allocation of cells to particular effector programmes. All three phases are essential for proper T cell development, as are the mechanisms that determine the boundaries between each phase. Cells that fail to shut off one set of regulators before the next gene network phase is activated are predisposed to leukaemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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31
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Transcription of RORγt in developing Th17 cells is regulated by E-proteins. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:521-32. [PMID: 24064669 PMCID: PMC4381430 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt), the central factor controlling interleukin (IL)-17 transcription and Th17 differentiation. In key studies, we found that cells from mice with major deletions of E-protein transcription factors, E2A and HEB, display greatly reduced RORγt/IL-17 expression and that E-protein-deficient mice exhibit greatly diminished IL-17-dependent inflammation in experimental allergic encephalitis models. In additional studies, we unexpectedly found that cells from mice with deletion of Id3, a protein that inhibits E-protein binding to DNA, display diminished RORγt/IL-17 expression and mice deficient in this protein exhibit decreased Th17-mediated inflammation in a cell-transfer colitis model. The explanation of these initially paradoxical findings came from studies showing that Id3 deficiency leads to increased IL-4-induced GATA-3 expression, the latter a negative regulator of RORγt transcription; thus, increased Id3 expression likely has a net positive effect on RORγt expression via its inhibition of IL-4 production. Finally, we found that both E-proteins and Id3 are upregulated in tandem by the cytokines that induce Th17 differentiation, transforming growth factor-β, and IL-6, implying that these transcription factors are critical regulators of Th17 induction.
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32
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Parkinson RM, Collins SL, Horton MR, Powell JD. Egr3 induces a Th17 response by promoting the development of γδ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87265. [PMID: 24475259 PMCID: PMC3901773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) has been shown to play an important role in negatively regulating T cell activation and promoting T cell anergy in Th1 cells. However, its role in regulating other T helper subsets has yet to be described. We sought to determine the role of Egr3 in a Th17 response using transgenic mice that overexpress Egr3 in T cells (Egr3 TG). Splenocytes from Egr3 TG mice demonstrated more robust generation of Th17 cells even under non-Th17 skewing conditions. We found that while Egr3 TG T cells were not intrinsically more likely to become Th17 cells, the environment encountered by these cells was more conducive to Th17 development. Further analysis revealed a considerable increase in the number of γδ T cells in both the peripheral lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues of Egr3 TG mice, a cell type which normally accounts for only a small fraction of peripheral lymphocytes. Consistent with this marked increase in peripheral γδ T cells, thymocytes from Egr3 TG mice also appear biased toward γδ T cell development. Coculture of these Egr3-induced γδ T cells with wildtype CD4+ T cells increases Th17 differentiation, and Egr3 TG mice are more susceptible to bleomycin-induced lung inflammation. Overall our findings strengthen the role for Egr3 in promoting γδ T cell development and show that Egr3-induced γδ T cells are both functional and capable of altering the adaptive immune response in a Th17-biased manner. Our data also demonstrates that the role played by Egr3 in T cell activation and differentiation is more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Parkinson
- The Sidney-Kimmel Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel L. Collins
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maureen R. Horton
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- The Sidney-Kimmel Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Tsai LY, Chang YW, Lin PY, Chou HJ, Liu TJ, Lee PT, Huang WH, Tsou YL, Huang YS. CPEB4 knockout mice exhibit normal hippocampus-related synaptic plasticity and memory. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84978. [PMID: 24386439 PMCID: PMC3875571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated RNA translation is critical to provide proteins needed to maintain persistent modification of synaptic strength, which underlies the molecular basis of long-term memory (LTM). Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins (CPEBs) are sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins and regulate translation in various tissues. All four CPEBs in vertebrates are expressed in the brain, including the hippocampal neurons, suggesting their potential roles in translation-dependent plasticity and memory. Although CPEB1 and CPEB3 have been shown to control specific kinds of hippocampus-related LTM, the role of CPEB2 and CPEB4 in learning and memory remains elusive. Thus, we generated CPEB4 knockout (KO) mice and analyzed them using several behavioral tests. No difference was found in the anxiety level, motor coordination, hippocampus-dependent learning and memory between the KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Electrophysiological recordings of multiple forms of synaptic plasticity in the Schaffer collateral pathway-CA1 neurons also showed normal responses in the KO hippocampal slices. Morphological analyses revealed that the CPEB4-lacking pyramidal neurons possessed slightly elongated dendritic spines. Unlike its related family members, CPEB1 and CPEB3, CPEB4 seems to be dispensable for hippocampus-dependent plasticity, learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Jen Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tao Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Liang Tsou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Kim KD, Srikanth S, Tan YV, Yee MK, Jew M, Damoiseaux R, Jung ME, Shimizu S, An DS, Ribalet B, Waschek JA, Gwack Y. Calcium signaling via Orai1 is essential for induction of the nuclear orphan receptor pathway to drive Th17 differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:110-22. [PMID: 24307733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orai1 is the pore subunit of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels that stimulate downstream signaling pathways crucial for T cell activation. CRAC channels are an attractive therapeutic target for alleviation of autoimmune diseases. Using high-throughput chemical library screening targeting Orai1, we identified a novel class of small molecules that inhibit CRAC channel activity. One of these molecules, compound 5D, inhibited CRAC channel activity by blocking ion permeation. When included during differentiation, Th17 cells showed higher sensitivity to compound 5D than Th1 and Th2 cells. The selectivity was attributable to high dependence of promoters of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors on the Ca(2+)-NFAT pathway. Blocking of CRAC channels drastically decreased recruitment of NFAT and histone modifications within key gene loci involved in Th17 differentiation. The impairment in Th17 differentiation by treatment with CRAC channel blocker was recapitulated in Orai1-deficient T cells, which could be rescued by exogenous expression of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors or a constitutive active mutant of NFAT. In vivo administration of CRAC channel blockers effectively reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppression of differentiation of inflammatory T cells. These results suggest that CRAC channel blockers can be considered as chemical templates for the development of therapeutic agents to suppress inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Do Kim
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- The NPI-Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Ma-Khin Yee
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Jew
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Molecular Screening Shared Resources, UC CEIN, NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dong Sung An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bernard Ribalet
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James A Waschek
- The NPI-Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Li S, Miao T, Sebastian M, Bhullar P, Ghaffari E, Liu M, Symonds ALJ, Wang P. The transcription factors Egr2 and Egr3 are essential for the control of inflammation and antigen-induced proliferation of B and T cells. Immunity 2012; 37:685-96. [PMID: 23021953 PMCID: PMC3477314 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes provide optimal responses against pathogens with minimal inflammatory pathology. However, the intrinsic mechanisms regulating these responses are unknown. Here, we report that deletion of both transcription factors Egr2 and Egr3 in lymphocytes resulted in a lethal autoimmune syndrome with excessive serum proinflammatory cytokines but also impaired antigen receptor-induced proliferation of B and T cells. Egr2- and Egr3-defective B and T cells had hyperactive signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) and STAT3 while antigen receptor-induced activation of transcription factor AP-1 was severely impaired. We discovered that Egr2 and/or Egr3 directly induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3, inhibitors of STAT1 and STAT3, and also blocked the function of Batf, an AP-1 inhibitor, in B and T cells. Thus, Egr2 and Egr3 regulate B and T cell function in adaptive immune responses and homeostasis by promoting antigen receptor signaling and controlling inflammation.
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36
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β-catenin/TCF-1 pathway in T cell development and differentiation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:750-62. [PMID: 22535304 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells must undergo two critical differentiation processes before they become competent effectors that can mediate actual immune responses. Progenitor T cells undergo defined stages of differentiation in the thymus, which include positive and negative selection, to generate a repertoire of T cells that will respond to foreign but not self antigens. When these immunocompetent T cells first migrate out of thymus into peripheral lymphoid tissues, they are naïve and are unable to mediate immune responses. However, upon antigen encounter, peripheral CD4+ naïve T cells undergo another differentiation process to become armed effector T cells including Th1, Th2, Th17 or regulatory T cells, all of which are capable of regulating immune responses. A canonical Wnt/β-catenin/T cell factor (TCF) pathway has been shown to regulate T cell differentiation in both the thymus and in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Dysfunction of this pathway at any stage of T cell differentiation could lead to severe autoimmunity including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or immune deficiency. Understanding the role played by β-catenin/TCF-1 in T cell differentiation will facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate T cell function and assist in identifying novel therapy targets for treating both autoimmune and immune diseases. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the function of β-catenin/TCF-1 pathway in the regulation of thymic and peripheral T cell differentiation processes.
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37
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Wang R, Xie H, Huang Z, Ma J, Fang X, Ding Y, Sun Z. Transcription factor network regulating CD(+)CD8(+) thymocyte survival. Crit Rev Immunol 2012; 31:447-58. [PMID: 22321106 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v31.i6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
More than 80% of thymocytes are CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive (DP) cells subject to positive/ negative selection. The lifespan of DP thymocytes is critical in shaping the peripheral T-cell repertoire essential for mounting immune responses against foreign, but not self, antigens. During T-cell maturation, if the first round of T-cell receptor (TCR) α chain rearrangement fails to generate a productive T-cell receptor, DP cells start another round of α chain rearrangement until positive selection or cell death intervenes. Thus, the lifespan of DP cells determines how many rounds of α chain rearrangement can be carried out, and influences the likelihood of completing positive selection. The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) is the ultimate effector regulating DP cell survival, and several transcription factors critical for T-cell development, such as TCF-1, E proteins, c-Myb, and RORγt, regulate DP survival via a Bcl-x(L)-dependent pathway. However, the relationship between these transcription factors in this process is largely unclear. Recent results are revealing an interactive network among these critical factors during regulation of DP thymocyte survival. This review will discuss how these transcription factors potentially work together to control DP thymocyte survival that is critical for successful completion of T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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38
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) induces a pro-inflammatory program in lymphoid cells, culminating in the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, IL-22, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor. During ontogeny, the first type of cells expressing RORγt are lymphoid tissue inducer cells, a type of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) generated in mammalian fetuses to induce the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. After birth, RORγt(+) ILCs and RORγt(+) T cells are involved in the defense of epithelial surfaces against extracellular microbes and play an important role in the intestinal homeostasis with symbiotic microbiota. The development and evolution of RORγt(+) cells is intimately associated with the construction of a stable host-microbe interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Eberl
- Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. CNRS, URA1961, Paris, France.
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39
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del Blanco B, García-Mariscal A, Wiest DL, Hernández-Munain C. Tcra enhancer activation by inducible transcription factors downstream of pre-TCR signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3278-93. [PMID: 22357628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Tcra enhancer (Eα) is essential for pre-TCR-mediated activation of germline transcription and V(D)J recombination. Eα is considered an archetypical enhanceosome that acts through the functional synergy and cooperative binding of multiple transcription factors. Based on dimethylsulfate genomic footprinting experiments, there has been a long-standing paradox regarding Eα activation in the absence of differences in enhancer occupancy. Our data provide the molecular mechanism of Eα activation and an explanation of this paradox. We found that germline transcriptional activation of Tcra is dependent on constant phospholipase Cγ, as well as calcineurin- and MAPK/ERK-mediated signaling, indicating that inducible transcription factors are crucially involved. NFAT, AP-1, and early growth response factor 1, together with CREB-binding protein/p300 coactivators, bind to Eα as part of an active enhanceosome assembled during pre-TCR signaling. We favor a scenario in which the binding of lymphoid-restricted and constitutive transcription factors to Eα prior to its activation forms a regulatory scaffold to recruit factors induced by pre-TCR signaling. Thus, the combinatorial assembly of tissue- and signal-specific transcription factors dictates the Eα function. This mechanism for enhancer activation may represent a general paradigm in tissue-restricted and stimulus-responsive gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz del Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra (IPBLN-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain
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40
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Van Coppernolle S, Vanhee S, Verstichel G, Snauwaert S, van der Spek A, Velghe I, Sinnesael M, Heemskerk MH, Taghon T, Leclercq G, Plum J, Langerak AW, Kerre T, Vandekerckhove B. Notch induces human T-cell receptor γδ+ thymocytes to differentiate along a parallel, highly proliferative and bipotent CD4 CD8 double-positive pathway. Leukemia 2011; 26:127-38. [PMID: 22051534 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In wild-type mice, T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ(+) cells differentiate along a CD4 CD8 double-negative (DN) pathway whereas TCRαβ(+) cells differentiate along the double-positive (DP) pathway. In the human postnatal thymus (PNT), DN, DP and single-positive (SP) TCRγδ(+) populations are present. Here, the precursor-progeny relationship of the various PNT TCRγδ(+) populations was studied and the role of the DP TCRγδ(+) population during T-cell differentiation was elucidated. We demonstrate that human TCRγδ(+) cells differentiate along two pathways downstream from an immature CD1(+) DN TCRγδ(+) precursor: a Notch-independent DN pathway generating mature DN and CD8αα SP TCRγδ(+) cells, and a Notch-dependent, highly proliferative DP pathway generating immature CD4 SP and subsequently DP TCRγδ(+) populations. DP TCRγδ(+) cells are actively rearranging the TCRα locus, and differentiate to TCR(-) DP cells, to CD8αβ SP TCRγδ(+) cells and to TCRαβ(+) cells. Finally, we show that the γδ subset of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) consists mainly of CD4 SP or DP phenotypes carrying significantly more activating Notch mutations than DN T-ALL. The latter suggests that activating Notch mutations in TCRγδ(+) thymocytes induce proliferation and differentiation along the DP pathway in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Coppernolle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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41
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Ruan Q, Kameswaran V, Zhang Y, Zheng S, Sun J, Wang J, DeVirgiliis J, Liou HC, Beg AA, Chen YH. The Th17 immune response is controlled by the Rel-RORγ-RORγ T transcriptional axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2321-33. [PMID: 22006976 PMCID: PMC3201209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors c-Rel and RelA/p65 bind and activate two Rorg promoters to drive Th17 differentiation. The Th17 cells use the retinoid-related orphan receptor-γ (Rorg or Rorc) to specify their differentiation and lineage-specific function. However, how Rorg is switched on during Th17 differentiation is unknown. We report here that c-Rel and RelA/p65 transcription factors drive Th17 differentiation by binding to and activating two distinct Rorg promoters that control RORγT and RORγ expression, respectively. Similar to RORγT, RORγ is selectively expressed in Th17 cells and is effective in specifying the Th17 phenotype. T cells deficient in c-Rel or RelA are significantly compromised in Th17 differentiation, and c-Rel–deficient mice are defective in Th17 responses. Thus, Th17 immunity is controlled by a Rel–RORγ–RORγT axis, and strategies targeting Rel/NF-κB can be effective for controlling Th17 cell–mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ruan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Jones ME, Zhuang Y. Stage-specific functions of E-proteins at the β-selection and T-cell receptor checkpoints during thymocyte development. Immunol Res 2011; 49:202-15. [PMID: 21128008 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The E-protein transcription factors E2A and HEB function in a lineage- and stage-specific manner to orchestrate many critical events throughout lymphocyte development. The function of E-proteins in both B- and T-lymphocyte development has been extensively studied through the use of single-gene knockout animals. Unlike B cells, which rely primarily on E2A alone, T cells are regulated by the combinatorial expression of both E2A and HEB. Therefore, many of the roles of E-proteins during T-cell development may be masked in single-gene knockout studies due to the compensatory function of E2A and HEB. More recently, our laboratory has established double-conditional knockout models to eliminate both E2A and HEB in a stage-specific manner throughout T-cell development. These models, in combination with other complimentary genetic approaches, have identified new E-protein functions at each of the two major T-cell developmental checkpoints. Here, we will discuss how E-proteins function to regulate the expression of T-cell receptor components and cell cycle at the β-selection checkpoint, and how they control positive selection, survival, and lineage-specific gene expression at the subsequent T-cell receptor checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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43
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Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Perišić M. Cellular and nerve fibre catecholaminergic thymic network: steroid hormone dependent activity. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S71-82. [PMID: 21777027 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining the peripheral T-cell pool. It does so by providing a microenvironment within which T-cell precursors differentiate and undergo selection processes to create a functional population of major histocompatibility complex-restricted, self-tolerant T cells. These cells are central to adaptive immunity. Thymic T-cell development is influenced by locally produced soluble factors and cell-to-cell interactions, as well as by sympathetic noradrenergic and endocrine system signalling. Thymic lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells have been shown not only to express beta- and alpha(1)- adrenoceptors (ARs), but also to synthesize catecholamines (CAs). Thus, it is suggested that CAs influence T-cell development via both neurocrine/endocrine and autocrine/paracrine action, and that they serve as immunotransmitters between thymocytes and nerves. CAs acting at multiple sites along the thymocyte developmental route affect T-cell generation not only numerically, but also qualitatively. Thymic CA level and synthesis, as well as AR expression exhibit sex steroid-mediated sexual dimorphism. Moreover, the influence of CAs on T-cell development exhibits glucocorticoid-dependent plasticity. This review summarizes recent findings in this field and our current understanding of complex and multifaceted neuroendocrine-immune communications at thymic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leposavić
- Immunology Research Centre Branislav Janković, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia.
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44
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Turchinovich G, Hayday AC. Skint-1 identifies a common molecular mechanism for the development of interferon-γ-secreting versus interleukin-17-secreting γδ T cells. Immunity 2011; 35:59-68. [PMID: 21737317 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Murine T cell development begins with the generation of a unique Vγ5(+)Vδ1(+) epidermal γδ T cell compartment and a unique, more broadly distributed Vγ6(+)Vδ1(+) subset that is an important source of interleukin-17 (IL-17). This study showed that these respective functional programs were determined by Skint-1, a thymic epithelial cell determinant. By engaging Skint-1(+) cells, Vγ5(+)Vδ1(+) thymocytes induced an Egr3-mediated pathway, provoking differentiation and the potential to produce IFN-γ while suppressing the γδ T cell lineage factor, Sox13, and a RORγt transcription factor-associated IL-17-producing capacity. Hence, the functions of the earliest T cells are substantially preprogrammed in the thymus. Additionally, the phenotype of Skint-1-selected fetal thymocytes permitted identification in the adult thymus of an analogous gene regulatory network regulated by the γδ T cell receptor. Hence, these observations describe a molecular pathway by which distinct stress-responsive lymphocyte repertoires may emerge throughout ontogeny and offer parallels with emerging perspectives on the functional selection of other lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Turchinovich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, and Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College School of Medicine at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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45
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Li S, Symonds ALJ, Zhu B, Liu M, Raymond MV, Miao T, Wang P. Early growth response gene-2 (Egr-2) regulates the development of B and T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18498. [PMID: 21533228 PMCID: PMC3077377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding of how transcription factors are involved in lymphocyte development still remains a challenge. It has been shown that Egr-2 deficiency results in impaired NKT cell development and defective positive selection of T cells. Here we investigated the development of T, B and NKT cells in Egr-2 transgenic mice and the roles in the regulation of distinct stages of B and T cell development. Methods and Findings The expression of Egr1, 2 and 3 were analysed at different stages of T and B cell development by RT-PCT and results showed that the expression was strictly regulated at different stages. Forced expression of Egr-2 in CD2+ lymphocytes resulted in a severe reduction of CD4+CD8+ (DP) cells in thymus and pro-B cells in bone marrow, which was associated with reduced expression of Notch1 in ISP thymocytes and Pax5 in pro-B cells, suggesting that retraction of Egr-2 at the ISP and pro-B cell stages is important for the activation of lineage differentiation programs. In contrast to reduction of DP and pro-B cells, Egr-2 enhanced the maturation of DP cells into single positive (SP) T and NKT cells in thymus, and immature B cells into mature B cells in bone marrow. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Egr-2 expressed in restricted stages of lymphocyte development plays a dynamic, but similar role for the development of T, NKT and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Li
- Department of Biosciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom.
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46
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Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Perišić M. Age-associated remodeling of neural and nonneural thymic catecholaminergic network affects thymopoietic productivity. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:290-308. [PMID: 21952681 DOI: 10.1159/000329499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in thymic cytoarchitecture followed by a less efficient T cell development and decreased emigration of naïve T cells to the periphery. These thymic changes are linked to increased morbidity and mortality from infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases in old age. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the thymic homeostatic processes across the life span, as well as to identify factors and elucidate mechanisms driving or contributing to the thymic involution. Catecholamines (CAs) derived from sympathetic nerves and produced locally by thymic cells represent an important component of the thymic microenvironment. In young rats, they provide a subtle tonic suppressive influence on T cell development acting via β(2)- and α(1)-adrenoceptors (ARs) expressed on thymic nonlymphoid cells and thymocytes. In the face of thymic involution, a progressive increase in the thymic noradrenaline level, reflecting a rise in the density of noradrenergic nerve fibers and CA-synthesizing cells, occurs. In addition, the density of β(2)- and α(1)-AR-expressing thymic nonlymphoid cells and the α(1)-AR thymocyte surface density also exhibit a pronounced increase with age. The data obtained from studies investigating effects of AR blockade on T cell development indicated that age-related changes in CA-mediated thymic communications, certainly those involving α(1)-ARs, may contribute to diminished thymopoietic efficiency in the elderly. Having in mind thymic plasticity in the course of ageing, and broadening possibilities for pharmacological modulation of CA signaling, we here present and discuss the progress in research related to a role of CAs in thymic homeostasis and age-related decay in the thymic naïve T cell output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Leposavić
- Immunology Research Centre 'Branislav Janković', Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera 'Torlak', Belgrade, Serbia. Gordana.Leposavic @ pharmacy.bg.ac.rs
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47
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Control of the differentiation of regulatory T cells and T(H)17 cells by the DNA-binding inhibitor Id3. Nat Immunol 2010; 12:86-95. [PMID: 21131965 PMCID: PMC3140164 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms directing Foxp3 gene transcription in CD4+ T cells remain ill defined. We show that deletion of the inhibitory helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein Id3 results in defective Foxp3+ Treg cell generation. We identified two transforming grothw factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-dependent mechanisms that are vital for activation of Foxp3 gene transcription, and are defective in Id3−/− CD4+ T cells. Enhanced binding of the HLH protein E2A to the Foxp3 promoter promoted Foxp3 gene transcription. Id3 was required to relieve inhibition by GATA-3 at the Foxp3 promoter. Further, Id3−/− T cells increased differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro and in a mouse asthma model. A network of factors therefore act in a TGF-β-dependent manner to control Foxp3 expression and inhibit Th17 cell development.
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48
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Franke A, McGovern DP, Barrett JC, Wang K, Radford-Smith GL, Ahmad T, Lees CW, Balschun T, Lee J, Roberts R, Anderson CA, Bis JC, Bumpstead S, Ellinghaus D, Festen EM, Georges M, Haritunians T, Jostins L, Latiano A, Mathew CG, Montgomery GW, Prescott NJ, Rotter JI, Schumm P, Sharma Y, Simms LA, Taylor KD, Whiteman D, Wijmenga C, Baldassano RN, Barclay M, Bayless TM, Brand S, Buning C, Cohen A, Colombel JF, Cottone M, Stronati L, Denson T, De Vos M, D’Inca R, Dubinsky M, Edwards C, Florin T, Franchimont D, Gearry R, Glas J, Van Gossum A, Guthery SL, Halfvarson J, Hommes D, Hugot JP, Laukens D, Lawrance I, Lemann M, Levine A, Libioulle C, Louis E, Mowat C, Newman W, Panés J, Phillips A, Proctor DD, Regueiro M, Rutgeerts P, Sanderson J, Sans M, Seibold F, Steinhart AH, Stokkers PC, Torkvist L, Ublick GK, Raychaudhuri S, Green T, Walters T, Targan SR, Brant SR, Rioux JD, D’Amato M, Weersma R, Kugathasan S, Griffiths AM, Mansfield JC, Vermeire S, Duerr RH, Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Schreiber S, Cho JH, Annese V, Hakonarson H, Daly MJ, Parkes M. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2010; 42:1118-25. [PMID: 21102463 PMCID: PMC3299551 DOI: 10.1038/ng.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1949] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We undertook a meta-analysis of six Crohn's disease genome-wide association studies (GWAS) comprising 6,333 affected individuals (cases) and 15,056 controls and followed up the top association signals in 15,694 cases, 14,026 controls and 414 parent-offspring trios. We identified 30 new susceptibility loci meeting genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸). A series of in silico analyses highlighted particular genes within these loci and, together with manual curation, implicated functionally interesting candidate genes including SMAD3, ERAP2, IL10, IL2RA, TYK2, FUT2, DNMT3A, DENND1B, BACH2 and TAGAP. Combined with previously confirmed loci, these results identify 71 distinct loci with genome-wide significant evidence for association with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dermot P.B. McGovern
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kai Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Graham L. Radford-Smith
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Charlie W. Lees
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tobias Balschun
- popgen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - James Lee
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Roberts
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Carl A. Anderson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Suzanne Bumpstead
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eleonora M. Festen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Georges
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège B43, 20 Bd de Colonster, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Luke Jostins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Latiano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, IRCCS-CSS Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Christopher G. Mathew
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Floor 8 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia 4006
| | - Natalie J. Prescott
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Floor 8 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philip Schumm
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yashoda Sharma
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa A. Simms
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Whiteman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia 4006
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert N. Baldassano
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Murray Barclay
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Theodore M. Bayless
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital MunichGrosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Buning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Cohen
- Montreal Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Mario Cottone
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- ENEA, Department of Biology of Radiations and Human Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Ted Denson
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. Medical Center. 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Martine De Vos
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Renata D’Inca
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Padua, Italy
| | - Marla Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Tim Florin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia 4101
| | - Denis Franchimont
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Gearry
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jürgen Glas
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital MunichGrosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Andre Van Gossum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephen L. Guthery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daan Hommes
- Dept of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Debby Laukens
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ian Lawrance
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia 6160
| | - Marc Lemann
- GETAID group, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Arie Levine
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Cecile Libioulle
- Division of Gastroenterology, CHU, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edouard Louis
- Division of Gastroenterology, CHU, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Craig Mowat
- Dept of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - William Newman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julián Panés
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic / IDIBAPS. CIBER EHD. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Phillips
- Dept of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Deborah D. Proctor
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Miguel Regueiro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Rutgeerts
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Sanderson
- Dept Gastroenterology, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Miquel Sans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic / IDIBAPS. CIBER EHD. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Seibold
- Division of Gastroenterology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Hillary Steinhart
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Pieter C.F. Stokkers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leif Torkvist
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Kullak Ublick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd Green
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Walters
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan R. Targan
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven R. Brant
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - John D. Rioux
- Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rinse Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne M. Griffiths
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C. Mansfield
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard H. Duerr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark S. Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department for General Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Judy H. Cho
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Vito Annese
- Unit of Gastroenterology, IRCCS-CSS Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Unit of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Careggi Florence, Italy
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miles Parkes
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Wang L, Xiong Y, Bosselut R. Tenuous paths in unexplored territory: From T cell receptor signaling to effector gene expression during thymocyte selection. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:294-302. [PMID: 20537906 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last step of alphabeta T cell development, thymocytes that have rearranged genes encoding TCR chains and express CD4 and CD8 coreceptors are selected on the basis of their TCR reactivity to escape programmed cell death and become mature CD4 or CD8 T cells. This process is triggered by intrathymic TCR signaling, that activates 'sensor' transcription factors 'constitutively' expressed in DP thymocytes. Eventually, TCR-signaled thymocytes evolve effector transcriptional circuits that control basal metabolism, migration, survival and initiation of lineage-specific gene expression. This review examines how components of the 'sensing' transcription apparatus responds to positive selection signals, and highlights important differences with mature T cell responses. In a second part, we evaluate current observations and hypotheses on the connections between sensing transcription factors and effector circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Wang
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4259, USA
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50
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Abstract
The thymus produces several types of functionally distinct T cell subsets. However, at a more fundamental level only two genetically distinct T cell lineages exist: the γδ and αß T cell lineages. Precisely how these two T cell lineages are generated from common thymocyte progenitor cells remains to be fully elucidated and is under intense investigation. Here, we highlight recent findings that have helped to provide important clues to the mechanisms that underpin the generation of γδ T cells in the mouse thymus.
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