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Kozlovski I, Jaimes-Becerra A, Sharoni T, Lewandowska M, Karmi O, Moran Y. Induction of apoptosis by double-stranded RNA was present in the last common ancestor of cnidarian and bilaterian animals. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012320. [PMID: 39012849 PMCID: PMC11251625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a major form of programmed cell death, is an essential component of host defense against invading intracellular pathogens. Viruses encode inhibitors of apoptosis to evade host responses during infection, and to support their own replication and survival. Therefore, hosts and their viruses are entangled in a constant evolutionary arms race to control apoptosis. Until now, apoptosis in the context of the antiviral immune system has been almost exclusively studied in vertebrates. This limited phyletic sampling makes it impossible to determine whether a similar mechanism existed in the last common ancestor of animals. Here, we established assays to probe apoptosis in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a model species of Cnidaria, a phylum that diverged approximately 600 million years ago from the rest of animals. We show that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic long double-stranded RNA mimicking viral RNA and a primary ligand for the vertebrate RLR melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), is sufficient to induce apoptosis in N. vectensis. Furthermore, at the transcriptomic level, apoptosis related genes are significantly enriched upon poly(I:C) exposure in N. vectensis as well as bilaterian invertebrates. Our phylogenetic analysis of caspase family genes in N. vectensis reveals conservation of all four caspase genes involved in apoptosis in mammals and revealed a cnidarian-specific caspase gene which was strongly upregulated. Altogether, our findings suggest that apoptosis in response to a viral challenge is a functionally conserved mechanism that can be traced back to the last common ancestor of Bilateria and Cnidaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Kozlovski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adrian Jaimes-Becerra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ton Sharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Magda Lewandowska
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ola Karmi
- Research Infrastructure Facility, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Schuster IS, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA. Tissue-resident memory NK cells: Homing in on local effectors and regulators. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:54-60. [PMID: 38568046 PMCID: PMC11102295 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototype innate effector lymphocyte population that plays an important role in controlling viral infections and tumors. Studies demonstrating that NK cells form long-lived memory populations, akin to those generated by adaptive immune cells, prompted a revaluation of the potential functions of NK cells. Recent data demonstrating that NK cells are recruited from the circulation into tissues where they form long-lived memory-like populations further emphasize that NK cells have properties that mirror those of adaptive immune cells. NK cells that localize in non-lymphoid tissues are heterogeneous, and there is a growing appreciation that immune responses occurring within tissues are subject to tissue-specific regulation. Here we discuss both the immune effector and immunoregulatory functions of NK cells, with a particular emphasis on the role of NK cells within non-lymphoid tissues and how the tissue microenvironment shapes NK cell-dependent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona S Schuster
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Zong Y, Yang Y, Zhao J, Li L, Luo D, Hu J, Gao Y, Wei L, Li N, Jiang L. Characterisation of macrophage infiltration and polarisation based on integrated transcriptomic and histological analyses in Primary Sjögren's syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1292146. [PMID: 38022546 PMCID: PMC10656691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease. Immune cell infiltration into glandular lobules and ducts and glandular destruction are the pathophysiological hallmarks of pSS. Macrophages are one of the most important cells involved in the induction and regulation of an inflammatory microenvironment. Although studies have reported that an abnormal tissue microenvironment alters the metabolic reprogramming and polarisation status of macrophages, the mechanisms driving macrophage infiltration and polarisation in pSS remain unclear. Methods Immune cell subsets were characterised using the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with pSS (n = 5) and healthy individuals (n = 5) in a public dataset. To evaluate macrophage infiltration and polarisation in target tissues, labial salivary gland biopsy tissues were subjected to histological staining and bulk RNA-seq (pSS samples, n = 24; non-pSS samples, n = 12). RNA-seq data were analysed for the construction of macrophage co-expression modules, enrichment of biological processes and deconvolution-based screening of immune cell types. Results Detailed mapping of PBMCs using scRNA-seq revealed five major immune cell subsets in pSS, namely, T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and monocyte-macrophages. The monocyte-macrophage subset was large and had strong inflammatory gene signatures. This subset was found to play an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species and communicate with other innate and adaptive immune cells. Histological staining revealed that the number of tissue-resident macrophages was high in damaged glandular tissues, with the cells persistently surrounding the tissues. Analysis of RNA-seq data using multiple algorithms demonstrated that the high abundance of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages was accompanied by the high abundance of other infiltrating immune cells, senescence-associated secretory phenotype and evident metabolic reprogramming. Conclusion Macrophages are among the most abundant innate immune cells in PBMCs and glandular tissues in patients with pSS. A bidirectional relationship exists between macrophage polarisation and the inflammatory microenvironment, which may serve as a therapeutic target for pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zong
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danyang Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Chen J, Zhang S. The Role of Inflammation in Cholestatic Liver Injury. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4527-4540. [PMID: 37854312 PMCID: PMC10581020 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s430730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common clinical event in which bile formation and excretion are blocked, leading to retention of bile acids or bile salts; whether it occurs intra- or extrahepatically, primary or secondary, its pathogenesis is still unclear and is influenced by a combination of factors. In a variety of inflammatory and immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages (intrahepatic macrophages are also known as Kupffer cells), mast cells, NK cells, and even T cells in humoral immunity and B cells in cellular immunity, inflammation can be a "second strike" against cholestatic liver injury. These cells, stimulated by a variety of factors such as bile acids, inflammatory chemokines, and complement, can be activated and accumulate in the cholestatic liver, and with the involvement of inflammatory mediators and modulation by cytokines, can lead to destruction of hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells and exacerbate (and occasionally retard) the progression of cholestatic liver disease. In this paper, we summarized the new research advances proposed so far regarding the relationship between inflammation and cholestasis, aiming to provide reference for researchers and clinicians in the field of cholestatic liver injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Lim YS, Lee AG, Jiang X, Scott JM, Cofie A, Kumar S, Kennedy D, Granville DJ, Shin H. NK cell-derived extracellular granzyme B drives epithelial ulceration during HSV-2 genital infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112410. [PMID: 37071533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is characterized by recurrent episodes of epithelial blistering. The mechanisms causing this pathology are ill defined. Using a mouse model of vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, we show that interleukin-18 (IL-18) acts upon natural killer (NK) cells to promote accumulation of the serine protease granzyme B in the vagina, coinciding with vaginal epithelial ulceration. Genetic loss of granzyme B or therapeutic inhibition by a specific protease inhibitor reduces disease and restores epithelial integrity without altering viral control. Distinct effects of granzyme B and perforin deficiency on pathology indicates that granzyme B acts independent of its classic cytotoxic role. IL-18 and granzyme B are markedly elevated in human herpetic ulcers compared with non-herpetic ulcers, suggesting engagement of these pathways in HSV-infected patients. Our study reveals a role for granzyme B in destructing mucosal epithelium during HSV-2 infection, identifying a therapeutic target to augment treatment of genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shiang Lim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aisha G Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason M Scott
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dania Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Vancouver, BC V5V 3P1, Canada
| | - Haina Shin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Schuster IS, Sng XYX, Lau CM, Powell DR, Weizman OE, Fleming P, Neate GEG, Voigt V, Sheppard S, Maraskovsky AI, Daly S, Koyama M, Hill GR, Turner SJ, O'Sullivan TE, Sun JC, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA. Infection induces tissue-resident memory NK cells that safeguard tissue health. Immunity 2023; 56:531-546.e6. [PMID: 36773607 PMCID: PMC10360410 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue health is dictated by the capacity to respond to perturbations and then return to homeostasis. Mechanisms that initiate, maintain, and regulate immune responses in tissues are therefore essential. Adaptive immunity plays a key role in these responses, with memory and tissue residency being cardinal features. A corresponding role for innate cells is unknown. Here, we have identified a population of innate lymphocytes that we term tissue-resident memory-like natural killer (NKRM) cells. In response to murine cytomegalovirus infection, we show that circulating NK cells were recruited in a CX3CR1-dependent manner to the salivary glands where they formed NKRM cells, a long-lived, tissue-resident population that prevented autoimmunity via TRAIL-dependent elimination of CD4+ T cells. Thus, NK cells develop adaptive-like features, including long-term residency in non-lymphoid tissues, to modulate inflammation, restore immune equilibrium, and preserve tissue health. Modulating the functions of NKRM cells may provide additional strategies to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona S Schuster
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Xavier Y X Sng
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Colleen M Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David R Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Orr-El Weizman
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Fleming
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Georgia E G Neate
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Valentina Voigt
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sam Sheppard
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas I Maraskovsky
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sheridan Daly
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Motoko Koyama
- Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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7
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Nüssing S, Sutton VR, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Beyond target cell death - Granzyme serine proteases in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101152. [PMID: 36368281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of small (∼32 kDa) serine proteases with a range of substrate specificities that are stored in, and released from, the cytoplasmic secretory vesicles ('granules') of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granzymes are not digestive proteases but finely tuned processing enzymes that target their substrates in specific ways to activate various signalling pathways, or to inactivate viral proteins and other targets. Great emphasis has been placed on studying the pro-apoptotic functions of granzymes, which largely depend on their synergy with the pore-forming protein perforin, on which they rely for penetration into the target cell cytosol to access their substrates. While a critical role for granzyme B in target cell apoptosis is undisputed, both it and the remaining granzymes also influence a variety of other biological processes (including important immunoregulatory functions), which are discussed in this review. This includes the targeting of many extracellular as well as intracellular substrates, and can also lead to deleterious outcomes for the host if granzyme expression or function are dysregulated or abrogated. A final important consideration is that granzyme repertoire, biochemistry and function vary considerably across species, probably resulting from the pressures applied by viruses and other pathogens across evolutionary time. This has implications for the interpretation of granzyme function in preclinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, ACT, Australia.
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8
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Exploring the Utility of NK Cells in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051002. [PMID: 35625739 PMCID: PMC9138257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Extensive data now indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection determine the COVID-19 disease course. A wide range of immunomodulatory agents have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antiviral innate immunity, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and antifibrotic activity are particularly critical for COVID-19 control. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 clearance rate, antibody response, and disease progression in COVID-19 correlate with NK cell status, and NK cell dysfunction is linked with increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Thus, NK cells function as the key element in the switch from effective to harmful immune responses in COVID-19. However, dysregulation of NK cells has been observed in COVID-19 patients, exhibiting depletion and dysfunction, which correlate with COVID-19 severity; this dysregulation perhaps contributes to disease progression. Given these findings, NK-cell-based therapies with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, antifibrotic activity, and strong safety profiles for cancers may encourage the rapid application of functional NK cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to eliminate SARS-CoV-2-infected cells at an early stage, facilitate immune–immune cell interactions, and favor inflammatory processes that prevent and/or reverse over-inflammation and inhibit fibrosis progression, thereby helping in the fight against COVID-19. However, our understanding of the role of NK cells in COVID-19 remains incomplete, and further research on the involvement of NK cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is needed. The rationale of NK-cell-based therapies for COVID-19 has to be based on the timing of therapeutic interventions and disease severity, which may be determined by the balance between beneficial antiviral and potential detrimental pathologic actions. NK cells would be more effective early in SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent the progression of COVID-19. Immunomodulation by NK cells towards regulatory functions could be useful as an adjunct therapy to prevent the progression of COVID-19.
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9
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Meeths M, Bryceson YT. Genetics and pathophysiology of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:2903-2911. [PMID: 34192386 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) represents a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome. Familial studies have established autosomal and X-linked recessive causes of HLH, highlighting a pivotal role for lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the control of certain virus infections and immunoregulation. Recently, a more complex etiological framework has emerged, linking HLH predisposition to variants in genes required for metabolism or immunity to intracellular pathogens. We review genetic predisposition to HLH and discuss how molecular insights have provided fundamental knowledge of the immune system as well as detailed pathophysiological understanding of hyperinflammatory diseases, highlighting new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Meeths
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women’s and Children’s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Theme of Children’s Health Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine Department of Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory Department of Clinical Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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10
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Targeting interferon-γ in hyperinflammation: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:678-691. [PMID: 34611329 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple effects on the inflammatory response and on innate and adaptive immunity. Overproduction of IFNγ underlies several, potentially fatal, hyperinflammatory or immune-mediated diseases. Several data from animal models and/or from translational research in patients point to a role of IFNγ in hyperinflammatory diseases, such as primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, various forms of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, including macrophage activation syndrome, and cytokine release syndrome, all of which are often managed by rheumatologists or in consultation with rheumatologists. Given the effects of IFNγ on B cells and T follicular helper cells, a role for IFNγ in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis is emerging. To improve our understanding of the role of IFNγ in human disease, IFNγ-related biomarkers that are relevant for the management of hyperinflammatory diseases are progressively being identified and studied, especially because circulating levels of IFNγ do not always reflect its overproduction in tissue. These biomarkers include STAT1 (specifically the phosphorylated form), neopterin and the chemokine CXCL9. IFNγ-neutralizing agents have shown efficacy in the treatment of primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in clinical trials and initial promising results have been obtained in various forms of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, including macrophage activation syndrome. In clinical practice, there is a growing body of evidence supporting the usefulness of circulating CXCL9 levels as a biomarker reflecting IFNγ production.
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11
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Witkowski M, Tizian C, Ferreira-Gomes M, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Heinrich F, Frischbutter S, Angermair S, Hohnstein T, Mattiola I, Nawrath P, Mc Ewen S, Zocche S, Viviano E, Heinz GA, Maurer M, Kölsch U, Chua RL, Aschman T, Meisel C, Radke J, Sawitzki B, Roehmel J, Allers K, Moos V, Schneider T, Hanitsch L, Mall MA, Conrad C, Radbruch H, Duerr CU, Trapani JA, Marcenaro E, Kallinich T, Corman VM, Kurth F, Sander LE, Drosten C, Treskatsch S, Durek P, Kruglov A, Radbruch A, Mashreghi MF, Diefenbach A. Untimely TGFβ responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells. Nature 2021; 600:295-301. [PMID: 34695836 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given its acute and often self-limiting course, components of the innate immune system are likely central in controlling virus replication thereby determining clinical outcome. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with notable activity against a broad range of viruses, including RNA viruses1,2. NK cell function may be altered during COVID-19 despite increased representation of NK cells with an activated and 'adaptive' phenotype3,4. Here we show that viral load decline in COVID-19 correlates with NK cell status and that NK cells can control SARS-CoV-2 replication by recognizing infected target cells. In severe COVID-19, NK cells show remarkable defects in virus control, cytokine production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity despite high expression of cytotoxic effector molecules. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of NK cells along the time course of the entire COVID-19 disease spectrum reveals a unique gene expression signature. Transcriptional networks of interferon-driven NK cell activation are superimposed by a dominant TGFβ response signature with reduced expression of genes related to cell-cell adhesion, granule exocytosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In severe COVID-19, serum levels of TGFβ peak during the first 2 weeks of infection, and serum obtained from these patients profoundly inhibits NK cell function in a TGFβ-dependent manner. Our data reveal that untimely production of TGFβ is a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and may inhibit NK cell function and early virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Witkowski
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. .,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Labor Berlin, Charité - Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Angermair
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thordis Hohnstein
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Mattiola
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Nawrath
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Mc Ewen
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Zocche
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Viviano
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gitta Anne Heinz
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kölsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Lorenz Chua
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Aschman
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jobst Roehmel
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Hanitsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Conrad
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner, Berlin, Germany.,Chronic inflammation in childhood, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Kruglov
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. .,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Labor Berlin, Charité - Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Maekawa D, Whang P, Riblet SM, Hurley DJ, Guy JS, García M. Assessing the infiltration of immune cells in the upper trachea mucosa after infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccination and challenge. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:540-556. [PMID: 34612113 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1989379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The types of immune cells that populate the trachea after ILTV vaccination and infection have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to quantify CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells that infiltrate the trachea after vaccination with chicken embryo origin (CEO), tissue culture origin (TCO), and recombinant herpesvirus of turkey-laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccines, and after challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens with a virulent ILTV strain. Eye-drop vaccination with CEO, or TCO, or in ovo vaccination with rHVT-LT did not alter the number of CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells in the trachea. After challenge, the CEO vaccinated group of chickens showed swift clearance of the challenge virus, the mucosa epithelium of the trachea remained intact, and a limited number of CD4+, CD8α+, and CD8β+ cells were detected in the upper trachea mucosa. The TCO and rHVT-LT vaccinated groups of chickens showed narrow viral clearance with moderate disruption of the trachea epithelial integrity, and a significant increase in CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, and TCRγδ+ cells infiltrated the upper trachea mucosa. Non-vaccinated challenged chickens showed high levels of viral replication, the epithelial organization of the upper trachea mucosa was heavily disrupted, and the predominant infiltrates were CD4+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells. Hence, the very robust protection provided by CEO vaccination was characterized by minimal immune cell infiltration to the trachea mucosa. In contrast, partial protection induced by the TCO and rHVT-LT vaccines requires a prolonged period of T cell expansion to overcome the established infection in the trachea mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maekawa
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Whang
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sylva M Riblet
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Maekawa D, Riblet SM, Whang P, Hurley DJ, Garcia M. Activation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Presence of Regulatory T Cells in the Trachea of Non-Vaccinated and Vaccinated Chickens as a Recall to an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:865. [PMID: 34451989 PMCID: PMC8402403 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the protective efficacy of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccines is well established, little is known about which components of the immune response are associated with effective resistance and vaccine protection. Early studies have pointed to the importance of the T cell-mediated immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells and to quantify the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the larynx-trachea of chickens vaccinated with chicken embryo origin (CEO), tissue culture origin (TCO) and recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey-laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccines after challenge. Our results indicated that CEO vaccine protection was characterized by early CTLs and activated CTLs enhanced responses. TCO and rHVT-LT protection were associated with a moderate increase in resting and activated CTLs followed by an enhanced NK cell response. Tregs increase was only detected in the non-vaccinated challenged group, probably to support healing of the severe trachea epithelial damage. Taken together, our results revealed main differences in the cellular immune responses elicited by CEO, TCO, and rHVT-LT vaccination in the upper respiratory tract after challenge, and that activated CTLs rather than NK cells play a main role in vaccine protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maekawa
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (D.M.); (S.M.R.); (P.W.)
| | - Sylva M. Riblet
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (D.M.); (S.M.R.); (P.W.)
| | - Patrick Whang
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (D.M.); (S.M.R.); (P.W.)
| | - David J. Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Maricarmen Garcia
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (D.M.); (S.M.R.); (P.W.)
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14
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Highton AJ, Schuster IS, Degli-Esposti MA, Altfeld M. The role of natural killer cells in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:519-533. [PMID: 34230995 PMCID: PMC8260327 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an important immunological site that can promote immune tolerance or activation. Natural killer (NK) cells are a major immune subset within the liver, and therefore understanding their role in liver homeostasis and inflammation is crucial. Due to their cytotoxic function, NK cells are important in the immune response against hepatotropic viral infections but are also involved in the inflammatory processes of autoimmune liver diseases and fatty liver disease. Whether NK cells primarily promote pro-inflammatory or tolerogenic responses is not known for many liver diseases. Understanding the involvement of NK cells in liver inflammation will be crucial in effective treatment and future immunotherapeutic targeting of NK cells in these disease settings. Here, we explore the role that NK cells play in inflammation of the liver in the context of viral infection, autoimmunity and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Highton
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I S Schuster
- Experimental and Viral Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M A Degli-Esposti
- Experimental and Viral Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Altfeld
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Line-selective macrophage activation with an anti-CD40 antibody drives a hemophagocytic syndrome in mice. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2751-2761. [PMID: 32559293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndromes comprise a cluster of hyperinflammatory disorders, including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. Overwhelming macrophage activation has long been considered a final common pathway in the pathophysiology of hemophagocytic syndromes leading to the characteristic cytokine storm, laboratory abnormalities, and organ injuries that define the clinical spectrum of the disease. So far, it is unknown whether primary macrophage activation alone can induce the disease phenotype. In this study, we established a novel mouse model of a hemophagocytic syndrome by treating mice with an agonistic anti-CD40 antibody (Ab). The response in wild-type mice is characterized by a cytokine storm, associated with hyperferritinemia, high soluble CD25, erythrophagocytosis, secondary endothelial activation with multiple organ vaso-occlusion, necrotizing hepatitis, and variable cytopenias. The disease is dependent on a tumor necrosis factor-α-interferon-γ-driven amplification loop. After macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes or in mice with a macrophage-selective deletion of the CD40 gene (CD40flox/flox/LysMCre), the disease was abolished. These data provide a new preclinical model of a hemophagocytic syndrome and reinforce the key pathophysiological role of macrophages.
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16
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Gather R, Aichele P, Goos N, Rohr J, Pircher H, Kögl T, Zeiser R, Hengel H, Schmitt-Gräff A, Weaver C, Ehl S. Trigger-dependent differences determine therapeutic outcome in murine primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1770-1782. [PMID: 32419134 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome affecting patients with genetic cytotoxicity defects. Perforin-deficient (PKO) mice recapitulate the full clinical picture of FHL after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Hyperactivated CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have been identified as the key drivers of FHL and represent targets for therapeutic interventions. However, the response of patients is variable. This could be due to trigger-dependent differences in pathogenesis, which is difficult to address in FHL patients, since the trigger frequently escapes detection. We established an alternative FHL model using intravenous infection of PKO mice with murine CMV (MCMV)Smith . PKO mice developed acute FHL after both infections and fulfilled HLH diagnostic criteria accompanied by excessive IFN-γ production by disease-inducing T cells, that enrich in the BM. However, direct comparison of the two infection models disclosed trigger-dependence of FHL progression and revealed a higher contribution of CD4 T cells and NK cells to IFN-γ production after MCMV infection. Importantly, therapeutic intervention by IFN-γ neutralization or CD8+ T-cell depletion had less benefit in MCMV-triggered FHL compared to LCMV-triggered FHL, likely due to MCMV-induced cytopathology. Thus, the context of the specific triggering viral infection can impact the success of targeted immunotherapeutic HLH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gather
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Aichele
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Goos
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rohr
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Kögl
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Schmitt-Gräff
- Department of General Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Casey Weaver
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Burn TN, Weaver L, Rood JE, Chu N, Bodansky A, Kreiger PA, Behrens EM. Genetic Deficiency of Interferon-γ Reveals Interferon-γ-Independent Manifestations of Murine Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 72:335-347. [PMID: 31400073 DOI: 10.1002/art.41076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is a complex cytokine storm syndrome caused by genetic abnormalities rendering CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells incapable of cytolytic killing. In murine models of FHLH, interferon-γ (IFNγ) produced by CD8+ T cells has been identified as a critical mediator of disease, and an IFNγ-blocking antibody (emapalumab) has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)/macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients who are genetically unresponsive to IFNγ questions the absolute necessity of IFNγ in driving disease. This study was undertaken to determine the necessity of IFNγ in driving HLH. METHODS IFNγ-/- Prf1-/- mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and HLH immunopathologic features, including survival, weight loss, cytopenias, cytokine profiles, and immune cell phenotypes, were assessed. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were created to determine the immune cell-intrinsic role of IFNγ receptor signaling. CD8+ T cell depletion and interleukin-33 (IL-33)/ST2 blockade were performed using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS LCMV infection of IFNγ-/- Prf1-/- mice resulted in severe HLH-like disease. CD8+ T cells and the IL-33/ST2 axis remained essential mediators of disease; however, IFNγ-independent HLH immunopathology correlated with a 10-15-fold increase in neutrophilia (P < 0.001) and an altered cytokine milieu dominated by IL-6, IL-1β, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, IFNγ regulated CD8+ T cell expression of GM-CSF and neutrophil survival. CONCLUSION IFNγ is not necessary for the development of fulminant HLH, requiring physicians to consider case-by-case treatment strategies. Use of therapies that target upstream activators of CD8+ T cells, such as IL-33/ST2 signaling, may be more universally applicable treatment options that ameliorate both IFNγ-dependent and -independent manifestations of HLH/MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Burn
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lehn Weaver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia E Rood
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Niansheng Chu
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron Bodansky
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Edward M Behrens
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Ali AK, Komal AK, Almutairi SM, Lee SH. Natural Killer Cell-Derived IL-10 Prevents Liver Damage During Sustained Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2688. [PMID: 31803193 PMCID: PMC6873346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune response that play a vital role in controlling infections and cancer. Their pro-inflammatory role has been well-established; however, less is known about the regulatory functions of NK cells, in particular, their production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory function of NK cells during MCMV infection and demonstrated that NK cells are major producers of IL-10 during the early stage of infection. To investigate the effect of NK cell-derived IL-10, we have generated NK cell-specific IL-10-deficient mice (NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl) displaying no signs of age-related spontaneous inflammation, with NK cells that show no detectable IL-10 production upon in vitro stimulation. In NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice, the levels of IL-10 and IFNγ, viral burdens and T cell activation were similar between NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice and their control littermates, suggesting that NK cell-derived IL-10 is dispensable during acute MCMV infection in immunocompetent hosts. In perforin-deficient mice that show a more sustained infection, NK cells produce more sustained levels of IL-10. By crossing NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice with perforin-deficient mice, we demonstrated that NK cell-derived IL-10 regulates T cell activation, prevents liver damage, and allows for better disease outcome. Taken together, NK cell-derived IL-10 can be critical in regulating the immune response during early phases of infection and therefore protecting the host from excessive immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amandeep Kaur Komal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Endogenous n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Beneficial to Dampen CD8 + T Cell-Mediated Inflammatory Response upon the Viral Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184510. [PMID: 31547227 PMCID: PMC6770599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been known to exert anti-inflammatory effects on various disease states. However, its effect on CD8+ T cell-mediated immunopathology upon viral infection has not been well elucidated yet. In this study, we investigated the possible implication of n-3 PUFAs in CD8+ T cell responses against an acute viral infection. Infection of FAT-1 transgenic mice that are capable of synthesizing n-3 PUFAs from n-6 PUFAs with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) resulted in significant reduction of anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, expansion of adoptively transferred wild-type (WT) LCMV-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ (P14) T cells into FAT-1 mice was significantly decreased. Also, activation of anti-viral CD4+ helper T cells was reduced in FAT-1 mice. Importantly, P14 cells carrying the fat-1 gene that were adoptively transferred into WT mice exhibited a substantially decreased ability to proliferate and produce cytokines against LCMV infection. Together, n-3 PUFAs attenuated anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses against an acute viral infection and thus could be used to alleviate immunopathology mediated by the viral infection.
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20
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Joo J, Omae Y, Hitomi Y, Park B, Shin HJ, Yoon KA, Sawai H, Tsuiji M, Hayashi T, Kong SY, Tokunaga K, Kim JY. The association of integration patterns of human papilloma virus and single nucleotide polymorphisms on immune- or DNA repair-related genes in cervical cancer patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13132. [PMID: 31511581 PMCID: PMC6739467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune- or DNA repair-related genes and the integration pattern of human papillomavirus (HPV), a promising prognostic marker in cervical cancer. The HPV integration patterns of cervical cancer patients were determined by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, and categorized as episomal (group A), single-copy or multi-copy tandem repetition integrated (group B), and undetectable HPV types (group C). After sample and SNP quality control, 166,505 SNPs in 161 samples (38, 111, and 12 patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively) were examined. None of the SNPs reached genome-wide significance, and several candidate SNPs for future study were selected, including rs10999435 on chromosome 10q22, rs1322054 on chromosome 9q32-33, and rs10902171 on chromosome 11p15. Luciferase assay identified rs1322054 as the primary functional variant to regulate gene expression in immune cell. Further studies are needed to determine the genetic background of different integration patterns of HPV in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Joo
- Biometrics Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yosuke Omae
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitomi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Boram Park
- Biometrics Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Shin
- Particle Therapy Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hiromi Sawai
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hayashi
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Translational Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Particle Therapy Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
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21
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Onyilagha C, Kuriakose S, Ikeogu N, Kung SKP, Uzonna JE. NK Cells Are Critical for Optimal Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:964-971. [PMID: 31243088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are key innate immune cells that play critical roles in host defense. Although NK cells have been shown to regulate immunity to some infectious diseases, their role in immunity to Trypanosoma congolense has not been investigated. NK cells are vital sources of IFN-γ and TNF-α; two key cytokines that are known to play important roles in resistance to African trypanosomes. In this article, we show that infection with T. congolense leads to increased levels of activated and functional NK cells in multiple tissue compartments. Systemic depletion of NK cells with anti-NK1.1 mAb led to increased parasitemia, which was accompanied by significant reduction in IFN-γ production by immune cells in the spleens and liver of infected mice. Strikingly, infected NFIL3-/- mice (which genetically lack NK cell development and function) on the normally resistant background were highly susceptible to T. congolense infection. These mice developed fulminating and uncontrolled parasitemia and died significantly earlier (13 ± 1 d) than their wild-type control mice (106 ± 26 d). The enhanced susceptibility of NFIL3-/- mice to infection was accompanied by significantly impaired cytokine (IFN-γ and TNF-α) response by CD3+ T cells in the spleens and liver. Adoptive transfer of NK cells into NFIL3-/- mice before infection rescued them from acute death in a perforin-dependent manner. Collectively, these studies show that NK cells are critical for optimal resistance to T. congolense, and its deficiency leads to enhanced susceptibility in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Nnamdi Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Sam K P Kung
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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22
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Little A, Li Y, Zhang F, Zhang H. Chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates murine cytomegalovirus infection via impairing nonspecific and specific NK activation in mice. FASEB Bioadv 2018; 1:18-31. [PMID: 32123809 PMCID: PMC6996384 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption increases the susceptibility to infectious diseases by compromising the immune system. Cytomegalovirus infection is common in humans and usually is asymptomatic in immunocompetent people. However, it can induce life‐threatening medical complications in immunocompromised individuals such as alcoholics. How chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates cytomegalovirus infection is not known. Herein, we used a mouse cytomegalovirus model to study the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism. We found that alcohol consumption increased viral titers in spleen after 4 days of infection, enhanced body weight loss and inhibited splenomegaly during the acute phase of infection. Blood level of IFN‐β, splenic IFN‐γ and granzyme B‐producing NK cells were lower in alcohol‐consuming mice than in water‐drinking mice at 12 hours after viral infection. Moreover, alcohol consumption decreased IL‐15‐producing DC after 36 hours infection, inhibited NK cell, specifically Ly49H+ NK cell maturation and proliferation 3‐6 days after viral infection. Surprisingly, alcohol consumption enhanced NK cell and CD8+ T‐cell continuous activation and increased granzyme B‐producing cells. However, alcohol consumption decreased the expression of perforin in spleen and liver. Taken together, chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates cytomegalovirus infection via impairing nonspecific and specific NK cell activation, specifically IFN‐γ and perforin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Little
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Yuanfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington.,Department of Oncology The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Faya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington
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23
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Arimilli S, Schmidt E, Damratoski BE, Prasad GL. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Suppression of Immune Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to Combustible Tobacco Product Preparation. Inflammation 2018; 40:1622-1630. [PMID: 28577134 PMCID: PMC5587635 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for several human diseases. Chronic inflammation, resulting from increased oxidative stress, has been suggested as a mechanism that contributes to the increased susceptibility of smokers to cancer and microbial infections. We have previously shown that whole-smoke conditioned medium (WS-CM) and total particulate matter (TPM) prepared from Kentucky 3R4F reference cigarettes [collectively called as combustible tobacco product preparations (TPPs)] potently suppressed agonist-stimulated cytokine secretion and target cell killing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Here we have investigated the role of oxidative stress from TPPs, which alters inflammatory responses in vitro. Particularly, we investigated the mechanisms of WS-CM-induced suppression of select cytokine secretions in Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-stimulated cells and target cell killing by effector cells in PBMCs. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a precursor of reduced glutathione and an established anti-oxidant, protected against DNA damage and cytotoxicity caused by exposure to WS-CM. Similarly, secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in response to TLR-4 stimulation was restored by pretreatment with NAC. Target cell killing, a functional measure of cytolytic cells in PBMCs, is suppressed by WS-CM. Pretreatment with NAC restored the target cell killing in WS-CM treated PBMCs. This was accompanied by higher perforin levels in the effector cell populations. Collectively, these data suggest that reducing oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoke components restores select immune responses in this ex vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Arimilli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Room 2N-052, 575 Patterson Avenue, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | | | - Brad E Damratoski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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24
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Abstract
Initially described as an interferon (IFN)γ‐inducing factor, interleukin (IL)‐18 is indeed involved in Th1 and NK cell activation, but also in Th2, IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells and macrophage activation. IL‐18, a member of the IL‐1 family, is similar to IL‐1β for being processed by caspase 1 to an 18 kDa‐biologically active mature form. IL‐18 binds to its specific receptor (IL‐18Rα, also known as IL‐1R7) forming a low affinity ligand chain. This is followed by recruitment of the IL‐18Rβ chain. IL‐18 then uses the same signaling pathway as IL‐1 to activate NF‐kB and induce inflammatory mediators such as adhesion molecules, chemokines and Fas ligand. IL‐18 also binds to the circulating high affinity IL‐18 binding protein (BP), such as only unbound free IL‐18 is active. IL‐18Rα may also bind IL‐37, another member of the IL‐1 family, but in association with the negative signaling chain termed IL‐1R8, which transduces an anti‐inflammatory signal. IL‐18BP also binds IL‐37 and this acts as a sink for the anti‐inflammatory properties of IL‐37. There is now ample evidence for a role of IL‐18 in various infectious, metabolic or inflammatory diseases such as influenza virus infection, atheroma, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or Crohn's disease. However, IL‐18 plays a very specific role in the pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndromes (HS) also termed Macrophage Activation Syndrome. In children affected by NLRC4 gain‐of‐function mutations, IL‐18 circulates in the range of tens of nanograms/mL. HS is treated with the IL‐1 Receptor antagonist (anakinra) but also specifically with IL‐18BP. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult‐onset Still's disease are also characterized by high serum IL‐18 concentrations and are treated by IL‐18BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Kaplanski
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Conception, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Vascular Research Center Marseille, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR_S1076, Marseille, France
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25
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Fauteux-Daniel S, Viel S, Besson L, Zhang J, Marotel M, Mathieu AL, Pescarmona R, Charrier E, Henry T, Belot A, Walzer T. Deletion of Inflammasome Components Is Not Sufficient To Prevent Fatal Inflammation in Models of Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3769-3776. [PMID: 29695416 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe inflammatory condition that occurs in patients with genetic defects of cytotoxicity (familial HLH [FHL]) or secondary to other immunological disorders such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis. HLH is characterized by elevated levels of serum IL-18 and other cytokines. Moreover, a novel clinical entity has been recently identified in which constitutive NLRC4 inflammasome activation leads to severe HLH. Altogether, these clinical observations suggest that inflammasome activation is a central event in the development of all HLH forms and that inflammasome blockade could alleviate inflammation in FHL patients. To formally address this question, we invalidated genes encoding for Caspase-1 or the inflammasome adapter ASC in perforin-deficient mice that were subsequently infected with lymphocytic or mouse choriomeningitis virus as models of FHL. These deletions nearly abrogated IL-18 production occurring during HLH in all models. However, they did not reduce serum IFN-γ levels at the peak of the inflammatory reaction nor did they modulate inflammatory parameters at mid and late stages or fatal outcome. These data show that inflammasome blockade is not sufficient to prevent cytokine storm and lethality in mouse models of FHL and suggest that different pathophysiological mechanisms underlie HLH in genetic defects of cytotoxicity and genetic forms of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fauteux-Daniel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Service de Biologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69310, France; and
| | - Laurie Besson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Rémi Pescarmona
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Service de Biologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69310, France; and
| | - Emily Charrier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France.,Service de Néphrologie-Rhumatologie-Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69677, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France; .,Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69007, France
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26
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Willenbring RC, Ikeda Y, Pease LR, Johnson AJ. Human perforin gene variation is geographically distributed. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 6:44-55. [PMID: 29216683 PMCID: PMC5823683 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deleterious mutations in PRF1 result in lethal, childhood disease, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL 2). However, not all mutations in PRF1 are deleterious and result in FHL 2. Currently, these nondeleterious mutations are being investigated in the onset of numerous disorders, such as lymphomas and diabetes. Yet, there is still an overwhelmingly large amount of PRF1 mutations that are not associated with disease. Methods We conducted a post hoc analysis of the PRF1 mutations in the coding region using the recently published Exome Aggregation Consortium genomes, Leiden Open Variation Database, NCBI SNP database, and primary literature to better understand PRF1 variation in the human population. Results This study catalogs 460 PRF1 mutations in the coding region, and demonstrates PRF1 is more variant then previously predicted. We identify key PRF1 mutations with high allelic frequency and are only found in certain populations. Additionally, we define PRF1SNVs are geographically distributed. Conclusions This study concludes with a novel hypothesis that nondeleterious mutation in PRF1, which decreases perforin expression and/or activity, may be an example of selective advantage in the context of environmental stressors prevalent near the equator. Our studies illustrate how perforin deficiency can be protective from injuries resulting in blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Willenbring
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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27
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Miletic A, Lenartic M, Popovic B, Brizic I, Trsan T, Miklic K, Mandelboim O, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S. NCR1-deficiency diminishes the generation of protective murine cytomegalovirus antibodies by limiting follicular helper T-cell maturation. Eur J Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28643847 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NKp46/NCR1 is an activating NK-cell receptor implicated in the control of various viral and bacterial infections. Recent findings also suggest that it plays a role in shaping the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Using NCR1-deficient (NCR1gfp/gfp ) mice, we provide evidence for the role of NCR1 in antibody response to mouse cytomegalovirus infection (MCMV). The absence of NCR1 resulted in impaired maturation, function and NK-cell migration to regional lymph nodes. In addition, CD4+ T-cell activation and follicular helper T-cell (Tfh) generation were reduced, leading to inferior germinal center (GC) B-cell maturation. As a consequence, NCR1gfp/gfp mice produced lower amounts of MCMV-specific antibodies upon infection, which correlated with lower number of virus-specific antibody secreting cells in analyzed lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Miletic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Lenartic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmela Miklic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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28
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Stacey MA, Clare S, Clement M, Marsden M, Abdul-Karim J, Kane L, Harcourt K, Brandt C, Fielding CA, Smith SE, Wash RS, Brias SG, Stack G, Notley G, Cambridge EL, Isherwood C, Speak AO, Johnson Z, Ferlin W, Jones SA, Kellam P, Humphreys IR. The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 prevents cytokine-driven CMV pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1463-1474. [PMID: 28240600 PMCID: PMC5373880 DOI: 10.1172/jci84889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits cell entry of a number of viruses, and genetic diversity within IFITM3 determines susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Here, we used the murine CMV (MCMV) model of infection to determine that IFITM3 limits herpesvirus-associated pathogenesis without directly preventing virus replication. Instead, IFITM3 promoted antiviral cellular immunity through the restriction of virus-induced lymphopenia, apoptosis-independent NK cell death, and loss of T cells. Viral disease in Ifitm3-/- mice was accompanied by elevated production of cytokines, most notably IL-6. IFITM3 inhibited IL-6 production by myeloid cells in response to replicating and nonreplicating virus as well as following stimulation with the TLR ligands Poly(I:C) and CpG. Although IL-6 promoted virus-specific T cell responses, uncontrolled IL-6 expression in Ifitm3-/- mice triggered the loss of NK cells and subsequently impaired control of MCMV replication. Thus, IFITM3 represents a checkpoint regulator of antiviral immunity that controls cytokine production to restrict viral pathogenesis. These data suggest the utility of cytokine-targeting strategies in the treatment of virus-infected individuals with impaired IFITM3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Stacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Juneid Abdul-Karim
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael S. Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Notley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anneliese O. Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon A. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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29
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Buatois V, Chatel L, Cons L, Lory S, Richard F, Guilhot F, Johnson Z, Bracaglia C, De Benedetti F, de Min C, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Ferlin WG. Use of a mouse model to identify a blood biomarker for IFNγ activity in pediatric secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Transl Res 2017; 180:37-52.e2. [PMID: 27559680 PMCID: PMC7185816 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening cytokine release syndromes include primary (p) and secondary (s) forms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Below detection in healthy individuals, interferon γ (IFNγ) levels are elevated to measurable concentrations in these afflictions suggesting a central role for this cytokine in the development and maintenance of HLH. Mimicking an infection-driven model of sHLH in mice, we observed that the tissue-derived levels of IFNγ are actually 500- to 2000-fold higher than those measured in the blood. To identify a blood biomarker, we postulated that the IFNγ gene products, CXCL9 and CXCL10 would correlate with disease parameters in the mouse model. To translate this into a disease relevant biomarker, we investigated whether CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels correlated with disease activity in pediatric sHLH patients. Our data demonstrate that disease control in mice correlates with neutralization of IFNγ activity in tissues and that the 2 chemokines serve as serum biomarkers to reflect disease status. Importantly, CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels in pediatric sHLH were shown to correlate with key disease parameters and severity in these patients. Thus, the translatability of the IFNγ-biomarker correlates from mouse to human, advocating the use of serum CXCL9 or CXCL10 as a means to monitor total IFNγ activity in patients with sHLH.
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Key Words
- hlh, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- phlh, primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- shlh, secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- ifnγ, interferon γ
- tlrs, toll-like receptors
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
- mifnγ, mouse ifnγ
- alt, alanine transaminase
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- mrna, messenger rna
- qpcr, quantitative pcr
- il-6, interleukin 6
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Cons
- Novimmune S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Zoë Johnson
- Novimmune S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Benedetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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30
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Gao Y, Qi GX, Guo L, Sun YX. Bioinformatics Analyses of Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 34:67-75. [PMID: 26725916 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to predict key genes associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by bioinformatics analysis. METHODS The microarray data of GSE48060, including peripheral blood samples from 31 first-time AMI patients within 48-h post-MI and 21 normal controls, were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AMI samples compared with normal controls were identified. Functional enrichment analysis was then performed, followed by analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and transcription regulatory network (TRN). RESULTS A total of 385 up- and 504 down-regulated DEGs were identified. They were mainly enriched in five pathways, such as natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity and chemokine signaling pathway. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) was hub protein in PPI network. Besides, four transcription factors (TFs), including nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 2 (NR2C2), MYC-associated factor X (MAX), general transcription factor IIIC, polypeptide 2, beta 110 kDa (GTF3C2), and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 (BCL3), were identified. Notably, nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) interacted with GTF3C2 and MAX directly. CONCLUSIONS CCL5, BCL3, NR2C2, MAX, GTF3C2, and NCOA7 might play important roles in AMI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guo-xian Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying-xian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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31
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Ammann S, Lehmberg K, Zur Stadt U, Janka G, Rensing-Ehl A, Klemann C, Heeg M, Bode S, Fuchs I, Ehl S. Primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis have different patterns of T-cell activation, differentiation and repertoire. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:364-373. [PMID: 27925643 PMCID: PMC7163530 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life‐threatening inflammatory syndrome characterized by hyperactivation of lymphocytes and histiocytes. T cells play a key role in HLH pathogenesis, but their differentiation pattern is not well characterized in patients with active HLH. We compared T‐cell activation patterns between patients with familial HLH (1°HLH), 2°HLH without apparent infectious trigger (2°HLH) and 2°HLH induced by a viral infection (2°V‐HLH). Polyclonal CD8+ T cells are highly activated in 1°HLH and 2°V‐HLH, but less in 2°HLH as assessed by HLA‐DR expression and marker combination with CD45RA, CCR7, CD127, PD‐1 and CD57. Absence of increased HLA‐DR expression on T cells excluded active 1° HLH with high sensitivity and specificity. A high proportion of polyclonal CD127−CD4+ T cells expressing HLA‐DR, CD57, and perforin is a signature of infants with 1°HLH, much less prominent in virus‐associated 2°HLH. The similar pattern and extent of CD8+ T‐cell activation compared to 2° V‐HLH is compatible with a viral trigger of 1°HLH. However, in most 1°HLH patients no triggering infection was documented and the unique activation of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells indicates that the overall T‐cell response in 1°HLH is different. This may reflect different pathways of pathogenesis of these two HLH variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ammann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Udo Zur Stadt
- Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Gritta Janka
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Klemann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bode
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Fuchs
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a latent infection that generally remains asymptomatic in immune-competent hosts for decades but can cause serious illness in immune-compromised individuals. The long-term control of CMV requires considerable effort from the host immune system and has a lasting impact on the profile of the immune system. One hallmark of CMV infection is the maintenance of large populations of CMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells - a phenomenon termed memory inflation - and emerging data suggest that memory inflation is associated with impaired immunity in the elderly. In this Review, we discuss the molecular triggers that promote memory inflation, the idea that memory inflation could be considered a natural pathway of T cell maturation that could be harnessed in vaccination, and the broader implications of CMV infection and the T cell responses it elicits.
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33
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Brisse E, Imbrechts M, Put K, Avau A, Mitera T, Berghmans N, Rutgeerts O, Waer M, Ninivaggi M, Kelchtermans H, Boon L, Snoeck R, Wouters CH, Andrei G, Matthys P. Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in BALB/c Mice Resembles Virus-Associated Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Shows a Pathogenesis Distinct from Primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3124-34. [PMID: 26903481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening immunological disorder that is characterized by systemic inflammation, widespread organ damage, and hypercytokinemia. Primary HLH is caused by mutations in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, whereas secondary HLH occurs, without a known genetic background, in a context of infections, malignancies, or autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Clinical manifestations of both HLH subtypes are often precipitated by a viral infection, predominantly with Herpesviridae. Exploiting this knowledge, we established an animal model of virus-associated secondary HLH by infecting immunocompetent wild-type mice with the β-herpesvirus murine CMV. C57BL/6 mice developed a mild inflammatory phenotype, whereas BALB/c mice displayed the clinicopathologic features of HLH, as set forth in the Histiocyte Society diagnostic guidelines: fever, cytopenia, hemophagocytosis, hyperferritinemia, and elevated serum levels of soluble CD25. BALB/c mice also developed lymphadenopathy, liver dysfunction, and decreased NK cell numbers. Lymphoid and myeloid cells were in a hyperactivated state. Nonetheless, depletion of CD8(+) T cells could not inhibit or cure the HLH-like syndrome, highlighting a first dissimilarity from mouse models of primary HLH. Immune cell hyperactivation in BALB/c mice was accompanied by a cytokine storm. Notably, plasma levels of IFN-γ, a key pathogenic cytokine in models of primary HLH, were the highest. Nevertheless, murine CMV-infected IFN-γ-deficient mice still developed the aforementioned HLH-like symptoms. In fact, IFN-γ-deficient mice displayed a more complete spectrum of HLH, including splenomegaly, coagulopathy, and decreased NK cell cytotoxicity, indicating a regulatory role for IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of virus-associated secondary HLH as opposed to its central pathogenic role in primary HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brisse
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Put
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Avau
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Mitera
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Omer Rutgeerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Waer
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marisa Ninivaggi
- Synapse BV, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Kelchtermans
- Synapse BV, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- Epirus Biopharmaceuticals Netherlands, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Carine H Wouters
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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34
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Janus kinase inhibition lessens inflammation and ameliorates disease in murine models of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2016; 127:1666-75. [PMID: 26825707 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-684399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises an emerging spectrum of inherited and noninherited disorders of the immune system characterized by the excessive production of cytokines, including interferon-γ and interleukins 2, 6, and 10 (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10). The Janus kinases (JAKs) transduce signals initiated following engagement of specific receptors that bind a broad array of cytokines, including those overproduced in HLH. Based on the central role for cytokines in the pathogenesis of HLH, we sought to examine whether the inhibition of JAK function might lessen inflammation in murine models of the disease. Toward this end, we examined the effects of JAK inhibition using a model of primary (inherited) HLH in which perforin-deficient (Prf1(-∕-)) mice are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and secondary (noninherited) HLH in which C57BL/6 mice receive repeated injections of CpG DNA. In both models, treatment with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib significantly lessened the clinical and laboratory manifestations of HLH, including weight loss, organomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercytokinemia, and tissue inflammation. Importantly, ruxolitinib treatment also significantly improved the survival of LCMV-infectedPrf1(-∕-)mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that in vivo exposure to ruxolitinib inhibited signal transducer and activation of transcription 1-dependent gene expression, limited CD8(+)T-cell expansion, and greatly reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, without effecting degranulation and cytotoxic function. Collectively, these findings highlight the JAKs as novel, druggable targets for mitigating the cytokine-driven hyperinflammation that occurs in HLH. These observations also support the incorporation of JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib into future clinical trials for patients with these life-threatening disorders.
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35
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Du W, Leigh ND, Bian G, O'Neill RE, Mei L, Qiu J, Chen GL, Hahn T, Liu H, McCarthy PL, Cao X. Granzyme B-Mediated Activation-Induced Death of CD4+ T Cells Inhibits Murine Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4514-23. [PMID: 26392464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) has previously been shown to be critical for CD8(+) T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but dispensable for GVHD mediated by CD4(+) T cells. However, previous studies used high doses of CD4(+) T cells in MHC-mismatched models that caused rapid and lethal GVHD. Because of the hyperacute lethality, it is possible that the role of GzmB was concealed by the system. Therefore, in this study, we have titrated down the T cell dose to precisely determine the contribution of GzmB in GVHD mediated by CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Surprisingly, we have found that GzmB(-/-)CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells cause more severe GVHD compared with wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in both MHC-matched and mismatched models. Mechanistic analyses reveal that although GzmB does not affect donor T cell engraftment, proliferation or tissue-specific migration, GzmB(-/-) CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells exhibit significantly enhanced expansion because of GzmB-mediated activation-induced cell death of wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. As a result of enhanced expansion, GzmB(-/-) T cells produced higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IFN-γ) that may contribute to the exacerbated GVHD. These results reveal that GzmB diminishes the ability of CD4(+) T cells to cause acute GVHD, which contradicts its established role in CD8(+) T cells. The differential roles suggest that targeting GzmB in selected T cell subsets may provide a strategy to control GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Guanglin Bian
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215l
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - George L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Theresa Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263;
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36
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Ali AK, Nandagopal N, Lee SH. IL-15-PI3K-AKT-mTOR: A Critical Pathway in the Life Journey of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:355. [PMID: 26257729 PMCID: PMC4507451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous cytokines modulating natural killer (NK) cell function, interleukin 15 (IL-15) exerts a broad range of effect from development and homeostasis, to activation of mature NK cells during infection. Its significance is further highlighted by clinical trials in which IL-15 is being used to boost the proliferation and anti-tumor response of NK cells. Among the signal transduction pathways triggered by the engagement of IL-15 receptor with its ligand, the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway seems to be critical for the IL-15-mediated activation of NK cells, therefore being responsible for efficient anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. This review provides an overview of the role of IL-15 at multiple stages of NK cell life journey. Understanding the pathway by which IL-15 conveys critical signals for the generation of NK cells with efficient effector functions, in combination with established protocols for NK cell expansion ex vivo, will undoubtedly open new avenues for therapeutic applications for immunomodulation against infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Neethi Nandagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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37
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Cocita C, Guiton R, Bessou G, Chasson L, Boyron M, Crozat K, Dalod M. Natural Killer Cell Sensing of Infected Cells Compensates for MyD88 Deficiency but Not IFN-I Activity in Resistance to Mouse Cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004897. [PMID: 25954804 PMCID: PMC4425567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells both contribute to resistance to systemic infections with herpes viruses including mouse Cytomegalovirus (MCMV). pDCs are the major source of type I IFN (IFN-I) during MCMV infection. This response requires pDC-intrinsic MyD88-dependent signaling by Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9. Provided that they express appropriate recognition receptors such as Ly49H, NK cells can directly sense and kill MCMV-infected cells. The loss of any one of these responses increases susceptibility to infection. However, the relative importance of these antiviral immune responses and how they are related remain unclear. In humans, while IFN-I responses are essential, MyD88 is dispensable for antiviral immunity. Hence, a higher redundancy has been proposed in the mechanisms promoting protective immune responses against systemic infections by herpes viruses during natural infections in humans. It has been assumed, but not proven, that mice fail to mount protective MyD88-independent IFN-I responses. In humans, the mechanism that compensates MyD88 deficiency has not been elucidated. To address these issues, we compared resistance to MCMV infection and immune responses between mouse strains deficient for MyD88, the IFN-I receptor and/or Ly49H. We show that selective depletion of pDC or genetic deficiencies for MyD88 or TLR9 drastically decreased production of IFN-I, but not the protective antiviral responses. Moreover, MyD88, but not IFN-I receptor, deficiency could largely be compensated by Ly49H-mediated antiviral NK cell responses. Thus, contrary to the current dogma but consistent with the situation in humans, we conclude that, in mice, in our experimental settings, MyD88 is redundant for IFN-I responses and overall defense against a systemic herpes virus infection. Moreover, we identified direct NK cell sensing of infected cells as one mechanism able to compensate for MyD88 deficiency in mice. Similar mechanisms likely contribute to protect MyD88- or IRAK4-deficient patients from viral infections. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are innate cytokines crucial for vertebrate antiviral defenses. IFN-I exert antiviral effector functions and orchestrate antiviral immunity. IFN-I are induced early after infection, upon sensing of viral particles or infected cells by immune receptors. Intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLR) are selectively expressed in specialized immune cell types such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), enabling them to copiously produce IFN-I upon detection of engulfed viral nucleic acids. pDC or intracellular TLR have been reported to be crucial for resistance to experimental infections with many viruses in mice but dispensable for resistance to natural infections in humans. Our aim was to investigate this puzzling difference. Mice deficient for TLR activity mounted strong IFN-I responses despite producing very low IFN-I levels and controlled the infection by a moderate dose of murine cytomegalovirus much better than mice deficient for IFN-I responses. Deficient TLR responses could be compensated by direct recognition of infected cells by natural killer cells. Hence, we identified experimental conditions in mice mimicking the lack of requirement of TLR functions for antiviral defense observed in humans. We used these experimental models to advance our basic understanding of antiviral immunity in a way that might help improve treatments for patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpesviridae Infections/blood
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/metabolism
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/virology
- Interferon Type I/blood
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/deficiency
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/deficiency
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/metabolism
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/agonists
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/virology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cocita
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Guiton
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Bessou
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marilyn Boyron
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Crozat
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Arapović J, Arapović M, Golemac M, Traven L, Tomac J, Rumora D, Ražić E, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. The specific NK cell response in concert with perforin prevents CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunopathology after mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:335-44. [PMID: 25809566 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells play a crucial role in the control of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. These effector cells exert their functions by releasing antiviral cytokines and by cytolytic mechanisms including perforin activation. In addition to their role in virus control, NK cells play an immunoregulatory role since they shape the CD8(+) T cell response to MCMV. To investigate the role of perforin-dependent cytolytic mechanism in NK cell modulation of CD8(+) T cell response during acute MCMV infection, we have used perforin-deficient C57BL/6 mice (Prf1(-/-)) and have shown that virus control by CD8(+) T cells in Prf1(-/-) mice is more efficient if NK cells are activated by the engagement of the Ly49H receptor with the m157 MCMV protein. A lack of perforin results in severe liver inflammation after MCMV infection, which is characterized by immunopathological lesions that are more pronounced in Prf1(-/-) mice infected with virus unable to activate NK cells. This immunopathology is caused by an abundant infiltration of activated CD8(+) T cells. The depletion of CD8(+) T cells has markedly reduced pathohistological lesions in the liver and improved the survival of Prf1(-/-) mice in spite of an increased viral load. Altogether, the results of our study suggest that a lack of perforin and absence of the specific activation of NK cells during acute MCMV infection lead to an unleashed CD8(+) T cell response that is detrimental for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
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Jenkins MR, Rudd-Schmidt JA, Lopez JA, Ramsbottom KM, Mannering SI, Andrews DM, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Failed CTL/NK cell killing and cytokine hypersecretion are directly linked through prolonged synapse time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:307-17. [PMID: 25732304 PMCID: PMC4354371 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Jenkins et al. discover that failure of perforin and granzyme cytotoxicity by human and mouse CTLs/NK cells prolongs the immunological synapse, leading to repetitive calcium signaling and hypersecretion of inflammatory mediators that subsequently activate macrophages. Disengagement from target cells is dependent on apoptotic caspase signaling. The findings may provide mechanistic understanding for immunopathology in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Failure of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or natural killer (NK) cells to kill target cells by perforin (Prf)/granzyme (Gzm)-induced apoptosis causes severe immune dysregulation. In familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Prf-deficient infants suffer a fatal “cytokine storm” resulting from macrophage overactivation, but the link to failed target cell death is not understood. We show that prolonged target cell survival greatly amplifies the quanta of inflammatory cytokines secreted by CTLs/NK cells and that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) directly invokes the activation and secondary overproduction of proinflammatory IL-6 from naive macrophages. Furthermore, using live cell microscopy to visualize hundreds of synapses formed between wild-type, Prf-null, or GzmA/B-null CTLs/NK cells and their targets in real time, we show that hypersecretion of IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ, and various chemokines is linked to failed disengagement of Prf- or Gzm-deficient lymphocytes from their targets, with mean synapse time increased fivefold, from ∼8 to >40 min. Surprisingly, the signal for detachment arose from the dying target cell and was caspase dependent, as delaying target cell death with various forms of caspase blockade also prevented their disengagement from fully competent CTLs/NK cells and caused cytokine hypersecretion. Our findings provide the cellular mechanism through which failed killing by lymphocytes causes systemic inflammation involving recruitment and activation of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jesse A Rudd-Schmidt
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie A Lopez
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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40
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Duggal NA, Upton J, Phillips AC, Hampson P, Lord JM. NK cell immunesenescence is increased by psychological but not physical stress in older adults associated with raised cortisol and reduced perforin expression. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9748. [PMID: 25663421 PMCID: PMC4320126 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) reduces with age and this has been associated previously with increased mortality. The immune response is also modulated by stress, and here, we assessed the effect of the physical stress of hip fracture and the psychological stress of depression on NKCC in an aged immune system. NKCC was assessed in 101 hip fracture patients (81 female) 6 weeks and 6 months after injury and in 50 healthy age-matched controls (28 female). Thirty-eight patients were depressed at 6 weeks post-injury, and NKCC was reduced in patients who developed depression compared with non-depressed hip fracture patients (p = 0.004) or controls (p < 0.02). NKCC remained lower in the depressed patients compared to those without depression 6 months post-fracture (p = 0.017). We found reduced expression of perforin in NK cells of depressed hip fracture patients compared with controls at 6 weeks (p = 0.001) post-fracture. Serum cortisol levels were also elevated in patients with depression compared to non-depressed patients at 6 weeks (p = 0.01) and 6 months (p = 0.05). NK cells treated with dexamethasone showed a concentration-dependent reduction in NKCC and perforin expression. We propose that depression is the major factor affecting NK cell immunity after hip fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Arora Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Jane Upton
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter Hampson
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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41
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in 2 patients with underlying IFN-γ receptor deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1638-41. [PMID: 25592983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schuster IS, Wikstrom ME, Brizard G, Coudert JD, Estcourt MJ, Manzur M, O'Reilly LA, Smyth MJ, Trapani JA, Hill GR, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA. TRAIL+ NK cells control CD4+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection to limit autoimmunity. Immunity 2015; 41:646-56. [PMID: 25367576 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to control adaptive immune responses that occur in lymphoid organs at the early stages of immune challenge. The physiological purpose of such regulatory activity remains unclear, because it generally does not confer a survival advantage. We found that NK cells specifically eliminated activated CD4(+) T cells in the salivary gland during chronic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. This was dependent on TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression by NK cells. Although NK cell-mediated deletion of CD4(+) T cells prolonged the chronicity of infection, it also constrained viral-induced autoimmunity. In the absence of this activity, chronic infection was associated with a Sjogren's-like syndrome characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration into the glands, production of autoantibodies, and reduced saliva and tear secretion. Thus, NK cells are an important homeostatic control that balances the efficacy of adaptive immune responses with the risk of developing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona S Schuster
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew E Wikstrom
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Geraldine Brizard
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jerome D Coudert
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Marie J Estcourt
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mitali Manzur
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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43
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A natural genetic variant of granzyme B confers lethality to a common viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004526. [PMID: 25502180 PMCID: PMC4263754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many immune response genes are highly polymorphic, consistent with the selective pressure imposed by pathogens over evolutionary time, and the need to balance infection control with the risk of auto-immunity. Epidemiological and genomic studies have identified many genetic variants that confer susceptibility or resistance to pathogenic micro-organisms. While extensive polymorphism has been reported for the granzyme B (GzmB) gene, its relevance to pathogen immunity is unexplored. Here, we describe the biochemical and cytotoxic functions of a common allele of GzmB (GzmBW) common in wild mouse. While retaining ‘Asp-ase’ activity, GzmBW has substrate preferences that differ considerably from GzmBP, which is common to all inbred strains. In vitro, GzmBW preferentially cleaves recombinant Bid, whereas GzmBP activates pro-caspases directly. Recombinant GzmBW and GzmBP induced equivalent apoptosis of uninfected targets cells when delivered with perforin in vitro. Nonetheless, mice homozygous for GzmBW were unable to control murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, and succumbed as a result of excessive liver damage. Although similar numbers of anti-viral CD8 T cells were generated in both mouse strains, GzmBW-expressing CD8 T cells isolated from infected mice were unable to kill MCMV-infected targets in vitro. Our results suggest that known virally-encoded inhibitors of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway account for the increased susceptibility of GzmBW mice to MCMV. We conclude that different natural variants of GzmB have a profound impact on the immune response to a common and authentic viral pathogen. Granzymes (Gzm) are serine proteases expressed by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and are important for the destruction of virally infected cells. To date, the function of these molecules has been assessed exclusively in common laboratory mouse strains that express identical granzyme proteins. In wild mouse populations, variants of granzyme B have been identified, but how these function, especially in the context of infections, is unknown. We have generated a novel mouse strain expressing a granzyme B variant found in wild mice (GzmBW), and exposed these mice to viral infections. The substrates cleaved by GzmBW were found to differ significantly from those cleaved by the GzmBP protein, which is normally expressed by laboratory mice. Alterations in substrate specificity resulted in GzmBW mice being significantly more susceptible to infection with murine cytomegalovirus, a common mouse pathogen. Our findings demonstrate that polymorphisms in granzyme B can profoundly affect the outcome of infections with some viral pathogens.
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Perišić Nanut M, Sabotič J, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins as regulators of the cytotoxicity of NK and T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:616. [PMID: 25520721 PMCID: PMC4251435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases involved at different levels in the processes of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Some, such as cathepsins B, L, and H are expressed constitutively in most immune cells. In cells of innate immunity they play a role in cell adhesion and phagocytosis. Other cysteine cathepsins are expressed more specifically. Cathepsin X promotes dendritic cell maturation, adhesion of macrophages, and migration of T cells. Cathepsin S is implicated in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation, whereas cathepsin C, expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, is involved in processing pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms, which trigger cell death in their target cells. The activity of cysteine cathepsins is controlled by endogenous cystatins, cysteine protease inhibitors. Of these, cystatin F is the only cystatin that is localized in endosomal/lysosomal vesicles. After proteolytic removal of its N-terminal peptide, cystatin F becomes a potent inhibitor of cathepsin C with the potential to regulate pro-granzyme processing and cell cytotoxicity. This review is focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in the molecular mechanisms leading to the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and NK cells in order to address new possibilities for regulation of their function in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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45
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Paolini R, Bernardini G, Molfetta R, Santoni A. NK cells and interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:113-20. [PMID: 25443799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of Natural Killer cells in host defense against infections as well as in tumour surveillance has been widely appreciated for a number of years. Upon recognition of "altered" cells, NK cells release the content of cytolytic granules, leading to the death of target cells. Moreover, NK cells are powerful producers of chemokines and cytokines, particularly Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), of which they are the earliest source upon a variety of infections. Despite being armed to fight against pathogens, NK cells become fully functional upon an initial phase of activation that requires the action of several cytokines, including type I IFNs. Type I IFNs are now recognized as key players in antiviral defense and immune regulation, and evidences from both mouse models of disease and in vitro studies support the existence of an alliance between type I IFNs and NK cells to ensure effective protection against viral infections. This review will focus on the role of type I IFNs in regulating NK cell functions to elicit antiviral response and on NK cell-produced IFN-γ beneficial and pathological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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46
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Schulert GS, Grom AA. Pathogenesis of macrophage activation syndrome and potential for cytokine- directed therapies. Annu Rev Med 2014; 66:145-59. [PMID: 25386930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-061813-012806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is an acute episode of overwhelming inflammation characterized by activation and expansion of T lymphocytes and hemophagocytic macrophages. In rheumatology, it occurs most frequently in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and systemic lupus erythematosus. The main clinical manifestations include cytopenias, liver dysfunction, coagulopathy resembling disseminated intravascular coagulation, and extreme hyperferritinemia. Clinically and pathologically, MAS bears strong similarity to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and some authors prefer the term secondary HLH to describe it. Central to its pathogenesis is a cytokine storm, with markedly increased levels of numerous proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, TNFα, and IFNγ. Although there is evidence that IFNγ may play a central role in the pathogenesis of MAS, the role of other cytokines is still not clear. There are several reports of SJIA-associated MAS dramatically benefiting from anakinra, a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, but the utility of other biologics in MAS is not clear. The mainstay of treatment remains corticosteroids; other medications, including cyclosporine, are used in patients who fail to respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Schulert
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; ,
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47
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): A heterogeneous spectrum of cytokine-driven immune disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:263-80. [PMID: 25466631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a group of life-threatening immune disorders classified into primary or secondary HLH. The former is caused by mutations in genes involved in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, the latter occurs in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders. Both are characterized by systemic inflammation, severe cytokine storms and immune-mediated organ damage. Despite recent advances, the pathogenesis of HLH remains incompletely understood. Animal models resembling different subtypes of HLH are therefore of great value to study this disease and to uncover novel treatment strategies. In this review, all known animal models of HLH will be discussed, highlighting findings on cell types, cytokines and signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis and extrapolating therapeutic implications for the human situation.
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48
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Cosgrove C, Berger CT, Kroy DC, Cheney PC, Ghebremichael M, Aneja J, Tomlinson M, Kim AY, Lauer GM, Alter G. Chronic HCV infection affects the NK cell phenotype in the blood more than in the liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105950. [PMID: 25148254 PMCID: PMC4141847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological and functional studies have implicated NK cells in protection and early clearance of HCV, the mechanism by which they may contribute to viral control is poorly understood, particularly at the site of infection, the liver. We hypothesized that a unique immunophenotypic/functional NK cell signature exists in the liver that may provide insights into the contribution of NK cells to viral control. Intrahepatic and blood NK cells were profiled from chronically infected HCV-positive and HCV-negative individuals. Baseline expression of activating and inhibitory receptors was assessed, as well as functional responses following stimulation through classic NK cell pathways. Independent of HCV infection, the liver was enriched for the immunoregulatory CD56bright NK cell population, which produced less IFNγ and CD107a but comparable levels of MIP1β, and was immunophenotypically distinct from their blood counterparts. This profile was mostly unaltered in chronic HCV infection, though different expression levels of NKp46 and NKG2D were associated with different grades of fibrosis. In contrast to the liver, chronic HCV infection associated with an enrichment of CD161lowperforinhigh NK cells in the blood correlated with increased AST and 2B4 expression. However, the association of relatively discrete changes in the NK cell phenotype in the liver with the fibrosis stage nevertheless suggests an important role for the NK response. Overall these data suggest that tissue localization has a more pervasive effect on NK cells than the presence of chronic viral infection, during which these cells might be mostly attuned to limiting immunopathology. It will be important to characterize NK cells during early HCV infection, when they should have a critical role in limiting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Cosgrove
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christoph T. Berger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela C. Kroy
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Department 3, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick C. Cheney
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasneet Aneja
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Tomlinson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arthur Y. Kim
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Pathophysiology and spectrum of diseases caused by defects in lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Upton JW, Chan FKM. Staying alive: cell death in antiviral immunity. Mol Cell 2014; 54:273-80. [PMID: 24766891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an integral part of host defense against invading intracellular pathogens. Apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and pyroptosis each serve to limit pathogen replication in infected cells, while simultaneously promoting the inflammatory and innate responses that shape effective long-term host immunity. The importance of carefully regulated cell death is evident in the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders caused by defects in these pathways. Moreover, many viruses encode inhibitors of programmed cell death to subvert these host responses during infection, thereby facilitating their own replication and persistence. Thus, as both virus and cell vie for control of these pathways, the battle for survival has shaped a complex host-pathogen interaction. This review will discuss the multifaceted role that programmed cell death plays in maintaining the immune system and its critical function in host defense, with a special emphasis on viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Upton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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