1
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Reeve M, Kanai M, Graham D, Karjalainen J, Luo S, Kolosov N, Adams C, Ritari J, Karczewski K, Kiiskinen T, Fuller Z, Mehtonen J, Kurki M, Khan Z, Partanen J, McCarthy M, Artomov M, Tuomi T, Pirinen M, Kero J, Xavier R, Daly M, Ripatti S, Gen F. Autoimmune hypothyroidism GWAS reveals independent autoimmune and thyroid-specific contributions and an inverse relation with cancer risk. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4626646. [PMID: 39041034 PMCID: PMC11261955 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4626646/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The high prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIHT) - more than 5% in human populations - provides a unique opportunity to unlock the most complete picture to date of genetic loci that underlie systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Using a meta-analysis of 81,718 AIHT cases in FinnGen and the UK Biobank, we dissect associations along axes of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity. This largest-to-date scan of hypothyroidism identifies 418 independent associations (p < 5×10- 8), more than half of which have not previously been documented in thyroid disease. In 48 of these, a protein-coding variant is the lead SNP or is highly correlated (r2 > 0.95) with the lead SNP at the locus, including low-frequency coding variants at LAG3, ZAP70, TG, TNFSF11, IRF3, S1PR4, HABP2, ZNF429 as well as established variants at ADCY7, IFIH1 and TYK2. The variants at LAG3 (P67T), ZAP70 (T155M), and TG (Q655X) are highly enriched in Finland and functional experiments in T-cells demonstrate that the ZAP70:T155M allele reduces T-cell activation. By employing a large-scale scan of non-thyroid autoimmunity and a published meta-analysis of TSH levels, we use a Bayesian classifier to dissect the associated loci into distinct groupings and from this estimate, a significant proportion are involved in systemic (i.e., general to multiple autoimmune conditions) autoimmunity (34%) and another subset in thyroid-specific dysfunction (17%). By comparing these association results further to other common disease endpoints, we identify a noteworthy overlap with skin cancer, with 10% of AIHT loci showing a consistent but opposite pattern of association where alleles that increase the risk of hypothyroidism have protective effects for skin cancer. The association results, including genes encoding checkpoint inhibitors and other genes affecting protein levels of PD1, bolster the causal role of natural variation in autoimmunity influencing cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Reeve
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FiMM)
| | | | | | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki
| | - Shuang Luo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jukka Kero
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku
| | | | | | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
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2
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Carbone F, Russo C, Colamatteo A, La Rocca C, Fusco C, Matarese A, Procaccini C, Matarese G. Cellular and molecular signaling towards T cell immunological self-tolerance. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107134. [PMID: 38432631 PMCID: PMC10981134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding of a cognate antigen to T cell receptor (TCR) complex triggers a series of intracellular events controlling T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Upon TCR engagement, different negative regulatory feedback mechanisms are rapidly activated to counterbalance T cell activation, thus preventing excessive signal propagation and promoting the induction of immunological self-tolerance. Both positive and negative regulatory processes are tightly controlled to ensure the effective elimination of foreign antigens while limiting surrounding tissue damage and autoimmunity. In this context, signals deriving from co-stimulatory molecules (i.e., CD80, CD86), co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4), the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 and cytokines such as IL-2 synergize with TCR-derived signals to guide T cell fate and differentiation. The balance of these mechanisms is also crucial for the generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, a cellular subset involved in the control of immunological self-tolerance. This review provides an overview of the most relevant pathways induced by TCR activation combined with those derived from co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules implicated in the cell-intrinsic modulation of T cell activation. In addition to the latter, we dissected mechanisms responsible for T cell-mediated suppression of immune cell activation through regulatory T cell generation, homeostasis, and effector functions. We also discuss how imbalanced signaling derived from TCR and accessory molecules can contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- D.A.I. Medicina di Laboratorio e Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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3
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Lui VG, Hoenig M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Baxter RM, Garcia-Perez JE, Bailey O, Acharya A, Lundquist K, Capera J, Matusewicz P, Hartl FA, D’Abramo M, Alba J, Jacobsen EM, Niewolik D, Lorenz M, Pannicke U, Schulz AS, Debatin KM, Schamel WW, Minguet S, Gumbart JC, Dustin ML, Cambier JC, Schwarz K, Hsieh EW. A partial human LCK defect causes a T cell immunodeficiency with intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230927. [PMID: 37962568 PMCID: PMC10644909 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is essential for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction. Here, we report two siblings homozygous for a novel LCK variant (c.1318C>T; P440S) characterized by T cell lymphopenia with skewed memory phenotype, infant-onset recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and protracted diarrhea. The patients' T cells show residual TCR signal transduction and proliferation following anti-CD3/CD28 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. We demonstrate in mouse models that complete (Lck-/-) versus partial (LckP440S/P440S) loss-of-function LCK causes disease with differing phenotypes. While both Lck-/- and LckP440S/P440S mice exhibit arrested thymic T cell development and profound T cell lymphopenia, only LckP440S/P440S mice show residual T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, the intestinal disease in the LckP440S/P440S mice is prevented by CD4+ T cell depletion or regulatory T cell transfer. These findings demonstrate that P440S LCK spares sufficient T cell function to allow the maturation of some conventional T cells but not regulatory T cells-leading to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G. Lui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Josselyn E. Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia Bailey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Atanu Acharya
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Karl Lundquist
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesusa Capera
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Matusewicz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederike A. Hartl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco D’Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Josephine Alba
- Department of Biology, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Doris Niewolik
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Myriam Lorenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pannicke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar S. Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - James C. Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Qu Y, Li D, Liu W, Shi D. Molecular consideration relevant to the mechanism of the comorbidity between psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:482. [PMID: 37745036 PMCID: PMC10515117 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a common autoimmune disease with a global incidence and newly diagnosed population estimated at 5.14 (range, 1.4-15.13) per 100,000 person-years and 0.40 million people annually, respectively, affects multiple tissues and organs; for example, skin, blood system, heart and kidneys. Accumulating data has also demonstrated that psoriasis (PS) can be a systemic inflammatory disease, which can affect organs other than the skin and occur alongside other autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. The current explanations for the possible comorbidity of PS and SLE include: i) The two diseases share susceptible gene loci; ii) they share a common IL-23/T helper 17 (Th17) axis inflammatory pathway; and iii) the immunopathogenesis of the two conditions is a consequence of the interactions between IL-17 cytokines with effector Th17 cells, T regulatory cells, as well as B cells. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy of IL-17 or TNF-α inhibitors has been demonstrated in PS, and has also become evident in SLE. However, the mechanisms have not been investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there remains a lack of substantial studies on the correlation between PS and SLE. In the present review, the literature, with regards to the epidemiology, genetic predisposition, inflammatory mechanisms and treatment of the patients with both PS and SLE, has been reviewed. Further investigations into the molecular pathogenic mechanism may provide drug targets that could benefit the patients with concomitant PS and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Qu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 272002, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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5
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Tanaka A, Maeda S, Nomura T, Llamas-Covarrubias MA, Tanaka S, Jin L, Lim EL, Morikawa H, Kitagawa Y, Akizuki S, Ito Y, Fujimori C, Hirota K, Murase T, Hashimoto M, Higo J, Zamoyska R, Ueda R, Standley DM, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S. Construction of a T cell receptor signaling range for spontaneous development of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213728. [PMID: 36454183 PMCID: PMC9718937 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic selection and peripheral activation of conventional T (Tconv) and regulatory T (Treg) cells depend on TCR signaling, whose anomalies are causative of autoimmunity. Here, we expressed in normal mice mutated ZAP-70 molecules with different affinities for the CD3 chains, or wild type ZAP-70 at graded expression levels under tetracycline-inducible control. Both manipulations reduced TCR signaling intensity to various extents and thereby rendered those normally deleted self-reactive thymocytes to become positively selected and form a highly autoimmune TCR repertoire. The signal reduction more profoundly affected Treg development and function because their TCR signaling was further attenuated by Foxp3 that physiologically repressed the expression of TCR-proximal signaling molecules, including ZAP-70, upon TCR stimulation. Consequently, the TCR signaling intensity reduced to a critical range generated pathogenic autoimmune Tconv cells and concurrently impaired Treg development/function, leading to spontaneous occurrence of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. These results provide a general model of how altered TCR signaling evokes autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mara Anais Llamas-Covarrubias
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lin Jin
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yohko Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuji Akizuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Fujimori
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tosei Murase
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Higo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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6
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Covalent TCR-peptide-MHC interactions induce T cell activation and redirect T cell fate in the thymus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4951. [PMID: 35999236 PMCID: PMC9399087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between a T cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand are typically mediated by noncovalent bonds. By studying T cells expressing natural or engineered TCRs, here we describe covalent TCR-pMHC interactions that involve a cysteine-cysteine disulfide bond between the TCR and the peptide. By introducing cysteines into a known TCR-pMHC combination, we demonstrate that disulfide bond formation does not require structural rearrangement of the TCR or the peptide. We further show these disulfide bonds still form even when the initial affinity of the TCR-pMHC interaction is low. Accordingly, TCR-peptide disulfide bonds facilitate T cell activation by pMHC ligands with a wide spectrum of affinities for the TCR. Physiologically, this mechanism induces strong Zap70-dependent TCR signaling, which triggers T cell deletion or agonist selection in the thymus cortex. Covalent TCR-pMHC interactions may thus underlie a physiological T cell activation mechanism that has applications in basic immunology and potentially in immunotherapy. Differentiation and activation of T cells are normally modulated by non-covalent interactions between T cell receptor (TCR) and antigenic peptides. Here the authors use step-wise mutations, biochemical characterization and structural insights to describe the contributions of natural covalent bonds between TCR and antigenic peptides during these processes.
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7
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Ashouri JF, Lo W, Nguyen TTT, Shen L, Weiss A. ZAP70, too little, too much can lead to autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2021; 307:145-160. [PMID: 34923645 PMCID: PMC8986586 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing both central and peripheral tolerance requires the appropriate TCR signaling strength to discriminate self‐ from agonist‐peptide bound to self MHC molecules. ZAP70, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, directly interacts with the TCR complex and plays a central and requisite role in TCR signaling in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells. By studying ZAP70 hypomorphic mutations in mice and humans with a spectrum of hypoactive or hyperactive activities, we have gained insights into mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Interestingly, both hypoactive and hyperactive ZAP70 can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, albeit through distinct mechanisms. Immature thymocytes and mature T cells rely on normal ZAP70 function to complete their development in the thymus and to modulate T cell responses in the periphery. Hypoactive ZAP70 function compromises key developmental checkpoints required to establish central tolerance, allowing thymocytes with potentially self‐reactive TCRs a greater chance to escape negative selection. Such ‘forbidden clones’ may escape into the periphery and may pose a greater risk for autoimmune disease development since they may not engage negative regulatory mechanisms as effectively. Hyperactive ZAP70 enhances thymic negative selection but some thymocytes will, nonetheless, escape negative selection and have greater sensitivity to weak and self‐ligands. Such cells must be controlled by mechanisms involved in anergy, expansion of Tregs, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors or signaling molecules. However, such potentially autoreactive cells may still be able to escape control by peripheral negative regulatory constraints. Consistent with findings in Zap70 mutants, the signaling defects in at least one ZAP70 substrate, LAT, can also lead to autoimmune disease. By dissecting the similarities and differences among mouse models of patient disease or mutations in ZAP70 that affect TCR signaling strength, we have gained insights into how perturbed ZAP70 function can lead to autoimmunity. Because of our work and that of others on ZAP70, it is likely that perturbations in other molecules affecting TCR signaling strength will be identified that also overcome tolerance mechanisms and cause autoimmunity. Delineating these molecular pathways could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutic targets in these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F. Ashouri
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Wan‐Lin Lo
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pathology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Trang T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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8
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Baglaenko Y, Macfarlane D, Marson A, Nigrovic PA, Raychaudhuri S. Genome editing to define the function of risk loci and variants in rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:462-474. [PMID: 34188205 PMCID: PMC10782829 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Discoveries in human genetic studies have revolutionized our understanding of complex rheumatic and autoimmune diseases, including the identification of hundreds of genetic loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms that potentially predispose individuals to disease. However, in most cases, the exact disease-causing variants and their mechanisms of action remain unresolved. Functional follow-up of these findings is most challenging for genomic variants that are in non-coding genomic regions, where the large majority of common disease-associated variants are located, and/or that probably affect disease progression via cell type-specific gene regulation. To deliver on the therapeutic promise of human genetic studies, defining the mechanisms of action of these alleles is essential. Genome editing technology, such as CRISPR-Cas, has created a vast toolbox for targeted genetic and epigenetic modifications that presents unprecedented opportunities to decipher disease-causing loci, genes and variants in autoimmunity. In this Review, we discuss the past 5-10 years of progress in resolving the mechanisms underlying rheumatic disease-associated alleles, with an emphasis on how genomic editing techniques can enable targeted dissection and mechanistic studies of causal autoimmune risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Baglaenko
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dana Macfarlane
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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9
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Novel ZAP-70-Related Immunodeficiency Presenting with Epstein-Barr Virus Lymphoproliferative Disorder and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Case Reports Immunol 2021; 2021:6587323. [PMID: 34239742 PMCID: PMC8238617 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6587323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70) plays an integral role in the T-cell antigenic receptor complex. A deficiency of this kinase leads to a phenotype of severe combined immunodeficiency, while hypomorphic mutations of the kinase lead to more mild immunodeficiency phenotypes. We present a case of a 21-year-old patient with lymphadenopathy who was found to have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) and the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). On further workup, the patient was ultimately found to have a homozygous intrionic mutation in ZAP-70. This is a novel ZAP-70 mutation (c.1623 + 5G > A) associated with combined immunodeficiency and an EBV-positive LPD. A primary immunodeficiency is important to consider in a young, otherwise healthy patient presenting with an EBV-positive LPD.
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10
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Kent A, Longino NV, Christians A, Davila E. Naturally Occurring Genetic Alterations in Proximal TCR Signaling and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658611. [PMID: 34012443 PMCID: PMC8126620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapies including genetically engineered T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune checkpoint blockade highlight the impressive anti-tumor effects of T cells. These successes have provided new hope to many cancer patients with otherwise poor prognoses. However, only a fraction of patients demonstrates durable responses to these forms of therapies and many develop significant immune-mediated toxicity. These heterogeneous clinical responses suggest that underlying nuances in T cell genetics, phenotypes, and activation states likely modulate the therapeutic impact of these approaches. To better characterize known genetic variations that may impact T cell function, we 1) review the function of early T cell receptor-specific signaling mediators, 2) offer a synopsis of known mutations and genetic alterations within the associated molecules, 3) discuss the link between these mutations and human disease and 4) review therapeutic strategies under development or in clinical testing that target each of these molecules for enhancing anti-tumor T cell activity. Finally, we discuss novel engineering approaches that could be designed based on our understanding of the function of these molecules in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie V. Longino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Shen L, Matloubian M, Kadlecek TA, Weiss A. A disease-associated mutation that weakens ZAP70 autoinhibition enhances responses to weak and self-ligands. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/668/eabc4479. [PMID: 33531381 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic kinase ZAP70 is critical for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. The R360P mutation in ZAP70 is responsible for an early-onset familial autoimmune syndrome. The structural location and biochemical signaling effects of the R360P mutation are consistent with weakening of the autoinhibitory conformation of ZAP70. Mice with a ZAP70 R360P mutation and polyclonal TCR repertoires exhibited relatively normal T cell development but showed evidence of increased signaling. In addition, the R360P mutation resulted in enhanced follicular helper T cell expansion after LCMV infection. To eliminate the possibility of a TCR repertoire shift, the OTI transgenic TCR was introduced into R360P mice, which resulted in enhanced T cell responses to weaker stimuli, including weak agonists and a self-peptide. These observations suggest that disruption of ZAP70 autoinhibition by the R360P mutation enables increased mature T cell sensitivity to self-antigens that would normally be ignored by wild-type T cells, a mechanism that may contribute to the break of tolerance in human patients with R360P mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mehrdad Matloubian
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Takeuchi Y, Hirota K, Sakaguchi S. Impaired T cell receptor signaling and development of T cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:164-176. [PMID: 31944330 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the genes encoding T-cell receptor (TCR)-proximal signaling molecules, such as ZAP-70, can be causative of immunological diseases ranging from T-cell immunodeficiency to T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. For example, SKG mice, which carry a hypomorphic point mutation of the Zap-70 gene, spontaneously develop T-cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis immunopathologically similar to human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Zap-70 mutation alters the sensitivity of developing T cells to thymic positive/negative selection by self-peptides/MHC complexes, shifting self-reactive TCR repertoire to include a dominant arthritogenic specificity and also affecting thymic development and function of autoimmune suppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. Polyclonal self-reactive T cells, including potentially arthritogenic T cells, thus produced by the thymus recognize self-peptide/MHC complexes on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the periphery and stimulate them to produce cytokines including IL-6 to drive the arthritogenic T cells to differentiate into arthritogenic T-helper 17 (Th17) cells. Insufficient Treg suppression or activation of APCs via microbial and other environmental stimuli evokes arthritis by activating granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting effector Th17 cells, mediating chronic bone-destructive joint inflammation by activating myeloid cells, innate lymphoid cells, and synoviocytes in the joint. These findings obtained from the study of SKG mouse arthritis are instrumental in understanding how arthritogenic T cells are produced, become activated, and differentiate into effector T cells mediating arthritis, and may help devising therapeutic measures targeting autoimmune pathogenic Th17 cells or autoimmune-suppressing Treg cells to treat and prevent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Reporters of TCR signaling identify arthritogenic T cells in murine and human autoimmune arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18517-18527. [PMID: 31455730 PMCID: PMC6744919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904271116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
How arthritis-causing T cells trigger rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not understood since it is difficult to differentiate T cells activated by inflammation in arthritic joints from those activated through their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) by self-antigens. We developed a model to identify and study antigen-specific T cell responses in arthritis. Nur77—a specific marker of TCR signaling—was used to identify antigen-activated T cells in the SKG arthritis model and in patients with RA. Nur77 could distinguish highly arthritogenic and autoreactive T cells in SKG mice. The enhanced autoreactivity was associated with increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor signaling, likely contributing to their arthritogenicity. These data highlight a functional correlate between Nur77 expression, arthritogenic T cell populations, and heightened IL-6 sensitivity in SKG mice with translatable implications for human RA. How pathogenic cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develop remains poorly understood. We used Nur77—a marker of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling—to identify antigen-activated CD4 T cells in the SKG mouse model of autoimmune arthritis and in patients with RA. Using a fluorescent reporter of Nur77 expression in SKG mice, we found that higher levels of Nur77-eGFP in SKG CD4 T cells marked their autoreactivity, arthritogenic potential, and ability to more readily differentiate into interleukin-17 (IL-17)–producing cells. The T cells with increased autoreactivity, nonetheless had diminished ex vivo inducible TCR signaling, perhaps reflective of adaptive inhibitory mechanisms induced by chronic autoantigen exposure in vivo. The enhanced autoreactivity was associated with up-regulation of IL-6 cytokine signaling machinery, which might be attributable, in part, to a reduced amount of expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)—a key negative regulator of IL-6 signaling. As a result, the more autoreactive GFPhi CD4 T cells from SKGNur mice were hyperresponsive to IL-6 receptor signaling. Consistent with findings from SKGNur mice, SOCS3 expression was similarly down-regulated in RA synovium. This suggests that despite impaired TCR signaling, autoreactive T cells exposed to chronic antigen stimulation exhibit heightened sensitivity to IL-6, which contributes to the arthritogenicity in SKG mice, and perhaps in patients with RA.
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14
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Policheni A, Horikawa K, Milla L, Kofler J, Bouillet P, Belz GT, O'Reilly LA, Goodnow CC, Strasser A, Gray DHD. CARD11 is dispensable for homeostatic responses and suppressive activity of peripherally induced FOXP3
+
regulatory T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:740-752. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Policheni
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Liz Milla
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jennifer Kofler
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Daniel HD Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, the Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Oh-Hora M, Lu X, Shiokawa M, Takayanagi H, Yamasaki S. Stromal Interaction Molecule Deficiency in T Cells Promotes Spontaneous Follicular Helper T Cell Development and Causes Type 2 Immune Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2616-2627. [PMID: 30910863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate T cell responses are controlled by strict balance between activatory and inhibitory pathways downstream of TCR. Although mice or humans with impaired TCR signaling develop autoimmunity, the precise molecular mechanisms linking reduced TCR signaling to autoimmunity are not fully understood. Engagement of TCR activates Ca2+ signaling mainly through store-operated Ca2+ entry activated by stromal interaction molecule (Stim) 1 and Stim2. Despite defective T cell activation, mice deficient in both Stim1 and Stim2 in T cells (conditional double knockout [cDKO]) developed lymphoproliferative disorders and skin inflammation with a concomitant increase in serum IgG1 and IgE levels. In cDKO mice, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were dramatically increased in number, and they produced IL-4 spontaneously. These inflammatory symptoms were abolished by the deletion of IL-4 in cDKO mice. Tfh development and inflammatory symptoms in cDKO mice were abrogated by further deletion of NFAT2 in T cells. These findings suggest that Tfh cells spontaneously developed in the absence of Ca2+ signaling and caused unregulated type 2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Oh-Hora
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; .,Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Shiokawa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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17
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Łyszkiewicz M, Winter SJ, Witzlau K, Föhse L, Brownlie R, Puchałka J, Verheyden NA, Kunze-Schumacher H, Imelmann E, Blume J, Raha S, Sekiya T, Yoshimura A, Frueh JT, Ullrich E, Huehn J, Weiss S, Gutierrez MG, Prinz I, Zamoyska R, Ziętara N, Krueger A. miR-181a/b-1 controls thymic selection of Treg cells and tunes their suppressive capacity. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006716. [PMID: 30856173 PMCID: PMC6428341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interdependence of selective cues during development of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the thymus and their suppressive function remains incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed this interdependence by taking advantage of highly dynamic changes in expression of microRNA 181 family members miR-181a-1 and miR-181b-1 (miR-181a/b-1) during late T-cell development with very high levels of expression during thymocyte selection, followed by massive down-regulation in the periphery. Loss of miR-181a/b-1 resulted in inefficient de novo generation of Treg cells in the thymus but simultaneously permitted homeostatic expansion in the periphery in the absence of competition. Modulation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength in vivo indicated that miR-181a/b-1 controlled Treg-cell formation via establishing adequate signaling thresholds. Unexpectedly, miR-181a/b-1-deficient Treg cells displayed elevated suppressive capacity in vivo, in line with elevated levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated 4 (CTLA-4) protein, but not mRNA, in thymic and peripheral Treg cells. Therefore, we propose that intrathymic miR-181a/b-1 controls development of Treg cells and imposes a developmental legacy on their peripheral function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Flow Cytometry
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Łyszkiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany
| | - Samantha J. Winter
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Föhse
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Brownlie
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Puchałka
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Esther Imelmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonas Blume
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Solaiman Raha
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Takashi Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jochen T. Frueh
- Experimental Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Experimental Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ziętara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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An association study in PTPN22 suggests that is a risk factor to Takayasu's arteritis. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:195-201. [PMID: 30470857 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Takayasu's arteritis (TA) represents a rare autoimmune disease (AD) characterized by systemic vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, especially the aorta and the aortic arch and its main branches. Genetic components in TA are largely unknown. PTPN22 is a susceptibility loci for different ADs; however, the role of different PTPN22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the susceptibility to TA is not clear. METHODS We evaluated the PTPN22 R620W (C1858T), R263Q (G788A), and - 123G/C SNPs in a group of patients with TA and in healthy individuals from Mexico. Our study included 111 patients with TA and 314 healthy individuals. Genotyping was performed with the 5' exonuclease (TaqMan®) assay. RESULTS Our data showed that the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism is a risk factor for TA (CC vs. CT: OR 4.3, p = 0.002, and C vs. T: OR 4.1, p = 0.003); however, the PTPN22 R263Q and - 1123G/C polymorphisms are not associated with this AD. In addition, the PTPN22 CGT haplotype, which carries the minor allele of the PTPN22 C1858T variant, was also associated with TA susceptibility. CONCLUSION This is the first report documenting an association between PTPN22 R620W and TA.
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19
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Baens M, Stirparo R, Lampi Y, Verbeke D, Vandepoel R, Cools J, Marynen P, de Bock CE, Bornschein S. Malt1 self-cleavage is critical for regulatory T cell homeostasis and anti-tumor immunity in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1728-1738. [PMID: 30025160 PMCID: PMC6220888 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (Malt1) regulates immune cell function by mediating the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling through both its adaptor and proteolytic function. Malt1 is also a target of its own protease activity and this self-cleavage further contributes to NF-κB activity. Until now, the functional distinction between Malt1 self-cleavage and its general protease function in regulating NF-κB signaling and immune activation remained unclear. Here we demonstrate, using a new mouse model, the importance of Malt1 self-cleavage in regulating expression of NF-κB target genes and subsequent T cell activation. Significantly, we further establish that Treg homeostasis is critically linked to Malt1 function via a Treg intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism. TCR-mediated Malt1 proteolytic activity and self-cleavage was found to drive Il2 expression in conventional CD4+ T cells, thereby regulating Il2 availability for Treg homeostasis. Remarkably, the loss of Malt1-mediated self-cleavage alone was sufficient to cause a significant Treg deficit resulting in increased anti-tumor immune reactivity without associated autoimmunity complications. These results establish for the first time that inhibition of MALT1 proteolytic activity could be a viable therapeutic strategy to augment anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baens
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Cistim Leuven vzwLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rocco Stirparo
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Youlia Lampi
- Switch LaboratoryVIBLeuvenBelgium
- KU Leuven Department for Cellular and MolecularLeuvenBelgium
| | - Delphine Verbeke
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Roel Vandepoel
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Cools
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Charles E. de Bock
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Bornschein
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
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20
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van Nieuwenhuijze A, Burton O, Lemaitre P, Denton AE, Cascalho A, Goodchild RE, Malengier-Devlies B, Cauwe B, Linterman MA, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A. Mice Deficient in Nucleoporin Nup210 Develop Peripheral T Cell Alterations. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2234. [PMID: 30323813 PMCID: PMC6173157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleopore is an essential structure of the eukaryotic cell, regulating passage between the nucleus and cytoplasm. While individual functions of core nucleopore proteins have been identified, the role of other components, such as Nup210, are poorly defined. Here, through the use of an unbiased ENU mutagenesis screen for mutations effecting the peripheral T cell compartment, we identified a Nup210 mutation in a mouse strain with altered CD4/CD8 T cell ratios. Through the generation of Nup210 knockout mice we identified Nup210 as having a T cell-intrinsic function in the peripheral homeostasis of T cells. Remarkably, despite the deep evolutionary conservation of this key nucleopore complex member, no other major phenotypes developed, with viable and healthy knockout mice. These results identify Nup210 as an important nucleopore complex component for peripheral T cells, and raise further questions of why this nucleopore component shows deep evolutionary conservation despite seemingly redundant functions in most cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie van Nieuwenhuijze
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oliver Burton
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice E Denton
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cascalho
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose E Goodchild
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Malengier-Devlies
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Cauwe
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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22
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Milner JD. TCR Signaling Abnormalities in Human Th2-Associated Atopic Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:719. [PMID: 29713322 PMCID: PMC5911486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of naïve CD4 T cells with weak T cell receptor agonists even in the absence of T helper-skewing cytokines can result in IL-4 production which can drive a Th2 response. Evidence for the in vivo consequences of such a phenomenon can be found in a number of mouse models and, importantly, a series of monogenic human diseases associated with significant atopy which are caused by mutations in the T cell receptor signaling cascade. Such diseases can help understand how Th2 responses evolve in humans, and potentially provide insight into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Lee GR. The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E730. [PMID: 29510522 PMCID: PMC5877591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial differentiation. However, terminally differentiated cells fulfill opposite functions: Th17 cells cause autoimmunity and inflammation, whereas Treg cells inhibit these phenomena and maintain immune homeostasis. Thus, unraveling the mechanisms that affect the Th17/Treg cell balance is critical if we are to better understand autoimmunity and tolerance. Recent studies have identified many factors that influence this balance; these factors range from signaling pathways triggered by T cell receptors, costimulatory receptors, and cytokines, to various metabolic pathways and the intestinal microbiota. This review article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the Th17/Treg balance and its implications with respect to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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24
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Engelmann R, Biemelt A, Johl A, Kuthning D, Müller-Hilke B. Reduced Numbers of Mature Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells in SKG Mice. Scand J Immunol 2017; 87:28-35. [PMID: 29105157 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated T cell receptor (TCR) signalling contributes to the susceptibility for autoimmunity as shown via mutants of PTPN22 and Zap70 genes. We here set out to investigate the effect of an attenuated TCR signal on the composition of the thymic epithelial cell (TEC) compartment. To that extent, we combined flow cytometry and histology and compared the TEC subpopulations of Zap70 wild type with SKG mutant mice. We found an increased cortical TEC compartment in SKG thymi at the expense of reduced numbers of mature medullary TECs and a 4.8-fold reduced medulla area. We also found reduced proportions of CD69+ -activated thymocytes among double-negative, double-positive and CD4- CD8+ single-positive stages, reduced absolute numbers of single-positive thymocytes, diminished expression of Lta and Ltb by CD4- CD8+ single-positive thymocytes and a diminished expression of Ccl19, a target gene of the lymphotoxin-b-receptor. While the reduced thymocyte numbers together with the attenuated TCR signal explain the diminished expression of lymphotoxins, the latter is required for an AIRE-independent expression of tissue-restricted antigens as well as attracting positively selected thymocytes to the medulla. Our results describe altered TEC compartments in SKG mice that are likely to support the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Engelmann
- AG Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Biemelt
- AG Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Johl
- AG Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - D Kuthning
- AG Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - B Müller-Hilke
- AG Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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25
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Ma CA, Stinson JR, Zhang Y, Abbott JK, Weinreich MA, Hauk PJ, Reynolds PR, Lyons JJ, Nelson CG, Ruffo E, Dorjbal B, Glauzy S, Yamakawa N, Arjunaraja S, Voss K, Stoddard J, Niemela J, Zhang Y, Rosenzweig SD, McElwee JJ, DiMaggio T, Matthews HF, Jones N, Stone KD, Palma A, Oleastro M, Prieto E, Bernasconi AR, Dubra G, Danielian S, Zaiat J, Marti MA, Kim B, Cooper MA, Romberg N, Meffre E, Gelfand EW, Snow AL, Milner JD. Germline hypomorphic CARD11 mutations in severe atopic disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1192-1201. [PMID: 28628108 PMCID: PMC5664152 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Few monogenic causes for severe manifestations of common allergic diseases have been identified. Through next-generation sequencing on a cohort of patients with severe atopic dermatitis with and without comorbid infections, we found eight individuals, from four families, with novel heterozygous mutations in CARD11, which encodes a scaffolding protein involved in lymphocyte receptor signaling. Disease improved over time in most patients. Transfection of mutant CARD11 expression constructs into T cell lines demonstrated both loss-of-function and dominant-interfering activity upon antigen receptor-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Patient T cells had similar defects, as well as low production of the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The mTORC1 and IFN-γ production defects were partially rescued by supplementation with glutamine, which requires CARD11 for import into T cells. Our findings indicate that a single hypomorphic mutation in CARD11 can cause potentially correctable cellular defects that lead to atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi A Ma
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan K Abbott
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael A Weinreich
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pia J Hauk
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Celeste G Nelson
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Batsukh Dorjbal
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Natsuko Yamakawa
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Swadhinya Arjunaraja
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Niemela
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Human Immunological Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua J McElwee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas DiMaggio
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen F Matthews
- Human Immunological Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nina Jones
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly D Stone
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alejandro Palma
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Oleastro
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emma Prieto
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea R Bernasconi
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geronimo Dubra
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Danielian
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Zaiat
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Neil Romberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Hsu LY, Cheng DA, Chen Y, Liang HE, Weiss A. Destabilizing the autoinhibitory conformation of Zap70 induces up-regulation of inhibitory receptors and T cell unresponsiveness. J Exp Med 2017; 214:833-849. [PMID: 28159798 PMCID: PMC5339679 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsu et al. show that a hypermorphic allele of Zap70, characterized by reduced autoinhibition, is associated with increased TCR signaling and triggers regulatory mechanisms by which negative selection and inhibitory receptors restrain TCR signaling to enforce T cell tolerance. Zap70 plays a critical role in normal T cell development and T cell function. However, little is known about how perturbation of allosteric autoinhibitory mechanisms in Zap70 impacts T cell biology. Here, we analyze mice with a hypermorphic Zap70 mutation, W131A, which destabilizes the autoinhibitory conformation of Zap70, rendering the kinase in a semiactive state. W131A mutant mice with wild-type T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires exhibited relatively normal T cell development. However, crossing the W131A mutant mice to OTII TCR transgenic mice resulted in increased negative selection of OTII+ thymocytes and in increased thymic and peripheral T regulatory cells. Strikingly, increased basal TCR signaling was associated with a marked increase in inhibitory receptor expression and with T cells that were relatively refractory to TCR stimulation. PD-1 inhibitory receptor blockade partially reversed T cell unresponsiveness. Collectively, disruption of normal Zap70 autoinhibition engaged negative feedback mechanisms by which negative selection and inhibitory receptors restrain TCR signaling to enforce both central and peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Yun Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Debra A Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yiling Chen
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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27
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T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:220-33. [PMID: 27026074 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a discrete mode of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling that regulates TReg cell differentiation, maintenance and function and that affects gene expression, metabolism, cell adhesion and migration of these cells. Here, we discuss the emerging understanding of TCR-guided differentiation of TReg cells in the context of their function in health and disease.
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28
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A Natural Variant of the T Cell Receptor-Signaling Molecule Vav1 Reduces Both Effector T Cell Functions and Susceptibility to Neuroinflammation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006185. [PMID: 27438086 PMCID: PMC4954684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 is essential for transducing T cell antigen receptor signals and therefore plays an important role in T cell development and activation. Our previous genetic studies identified a locus on rat chromosome 9 that controls the susceptibility to neuroinflammation and contains a non-synonymous polymorphism in the major candidate gene Vav1. To formally demonstrate the causal implication of this polymorphism, we generated a knock-in mouse bearing this polymorphism (Vav1R63W). Using this model, we show that Vav1R63W mice display reduced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by MOG35-55 peptide immunization. This is associated with a lower production of effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17 and GM-CSF) by autoreactive CD4 T cells. Despite increased proportion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in Vav1R63W mice, we show that this lowered cytokine production is intrinsic to effector CD4 T cells and that Treg depletion has no impact on EAE development. Finally, we provide a mechanism for the above phenotype by showing that the Vav1R63W variant has normal enzymatic activity but reduced adaptor functions. Together, these data highlight the importance of Vav1 adaptor functions in the production of inflammatory cytokines by effector T cells and in the susceptibility to neuroinflammation. The understanding of the physiological role of Vav1, a key regulator of T cell receptor signaling, was primarily inferred from studies using Vav1-deficient mice. Such models, however, provide little insight on how polymorphisms leading to quantitative changes in Vav1 activity could affect immune system functions. In the present study, we focused on a recently identified Vav1R63W natural variant that has been supposed to play a central role in the susceptibility to neuroinflammation. Using a Vav1R63W knock-in mouse model, we show that Vav1R63W leads to defects in adaptor functions and reduces the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, together with an intrinsic defect in the production of Th1/Th17 cytokines by autoreactive effector CD4 T cells. Thus, our study highlights the importance of Vav1 adaptor functions in CD4 T cells differentiation and suggests that genetic or acquired alterations of this Vav1 function could play a major role in susceptibility to Th1/Th17 mediated diseases.
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29
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Keller B, Zaidman I, Yousefi OS, Hershkovitz D, Stein J, Unger S, Schachtrup K, Sigvardsson M, Kuperman AA, Shaag A, Schamel WW, Elpeleg O, Warnatz K, Stepensky P. Early onset combined immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with loss-of-function mutation in LAT. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1185-99. [PMID: 27242165 PMCID: PMC4925012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keller et al. describe for the first time human LAT deficiency, which causes severe immune dysregulation with autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and progressive immunodeficiency. The adapter protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a critical signaling hub connecting T cell antigen receptor triggering to downstream T cell responses. In this study, we describe the first kindred with defective LAT signaling caused by a homozygous mutation in exon 5, leading to a premature stop codon deleting most of the cytoplasmic tail of LAT, including the critical tyrosine residues for signal propagation. The three patients presented from early childhood with combined immunodeficiency and severe autoimmune disease. Unlike in the mouse counterpart, reduced numbers of T cells were present in the patients. Despite the reported nonredundant role of LAT in Ca2+ mobilization, residual T cells were able to induce Ca2+ influx and nuclear factor (NF) κB signaling, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was completely abolished. This is the first report of a LAT-related disease in humans, manifesting by a progressive combined immune deficiency with severe autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baerbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Zaidman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dov Hershkovitz
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Jerry Stein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Susanne Unger
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Amir A Kuperman
- Blood Coagulation Service and Pediatric Hematology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22100, Israel Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel
| | - Avraham Shaag
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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30
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Park Y, Jin HS, Lopez J, Lee J, Liao L, Elly C, Liu YC. SHARPIN controls regulatory T cells by negatively modulating the T cell antigen receptor complex. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:286-96. [PMID: 26829767 PMCID: PMC4919114 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SHARPIN forms a linear-ubiquitin-chain-assembly complex that promotes signaling via the transcription factor NF-κB. SHARPIN deficiency leads to progressive multi-organ inflammation and immune system malfunction, but how SHARPIN regulates T cell responses is unclear. Here we found that SHARPIN deficiency resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of and defective function of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Transfer of SHARPIN-sufficient Treg cells into SHARPIN-deficient mice considerably alleviated their systemic inflammation. SHARPIN-deficient T cells displayed enhanced proximal signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) without an effect on the activation of NF-κB. SHARPIN conjugated with Lys63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin chains, which led to inhibition of the association of TCRζ with the signaling kinase Zap70; this affected the generation of Treg cells. Our study therefore identifies a role for SHARPIN in TCR signaling whereby it maintains immunological homeostasis and tolerance by regulating Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Park
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hyung-Seung Jin
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Justine Lopez
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeeho Lee
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lujian Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris Elly
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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31
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van Panhuys N. TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26834747 PMCID: PMC4725058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into effector subsets underpins their ability to shape the immune response and mediate host protection. During T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4+ T cells, both the quality and quantity of specific activatory peptide/MHC ligands have been shown to control the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells in addition to co-stimulatory and cytokine-based signals. Recently, advances in two--photon microscopy and tetramer-based cell tracking methods have allowed investigators to greatly extend the study of the role of TCR signaling in effector differentiation under in vivo conditions. In this review, we consider data from recent in vivo studies analyzing the role of TCR signal strength in controlling the outcome of CD4+ T cell differentiation and discuss the role of TCR in controlling the critical nature of CD4+ T cell interactions with dendritic cells during activation. We further propose a model whereby TCR signal strength controls the temporal aspects of T-DC interactions and the implications for this in mediating the downstream signaling events, which influence the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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32
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Chan AY, Punwani D, Kadlecek TA, Cowan MJ, Olson JL, Mathes EF, Sunderam U, Fu SM, Srinivasan R, Kuriyan J, Brenner SE, Weiss A, Puck JM. A novel human autoimmune syndrome caused by combined hypomorphic and activating mutations in ZAP-70. J Exp Med 2016; 213:155-65. [PMID: 26783323 PMCID: PMC4749924 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chan et al. describe a combination of alleles with hypomorphic and activating mutations in the T cell signaling molecule ZAP-70 in a patient with autoimmunity. A brother and sister developed a previously undescribed constellation of autoimmune manifestations within their first year of life, with uncontrollable bullous pemphigoid, colitis, and proteinuria. The boy had hemophilia due to a factor VIII autoantibody and nephrotic syndrome. Both children required allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), which resolved their autoimmunity. The early onset, severity, and distinctive findings suggested a single gene disorder underlying the phenotype. Whole-exome sequencing performed on five family members revealed the affected siblings to be compound heterozygous for two unique missense mutations in the 70-kD T cell receptor ζ-chain associated protein (ZAP-70). Healthy relatives were heterozygous mutation carriers. Although pre-HCT patient T cells were not available, mutation effects were determined using transfected cell lines and peripheral blood from carriers and controls. Mutation R192W in the C-SH2 domain exhibited reduced binding to phosphorylated ζ-chain, whereas mutation R360P in the N lobe of the catalytic domain disrupted an autoinhibitory mechanism, producing a weakly hyperactive ZAP-70 protein. Although human ZAP-70 deficiency can have dysregulated T cells, and autoreactive mouse thymocytes with weak Zap-70 signaling can escape tolerance, our patients’ combination of hypomorphic and activating mutations suggested a new disease mechanism and produced previously undescribed human ZAP-70–associated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Divya Punwani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jean L Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Erin F Mathes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143 Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Uma Sunderam
- Innovation Labs, Tata Consulting Services, Hyderabad 50019, Telangana, India
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Rajgopal Srinivasan
- Innovation Labs, Tata Consulting Services, Hyderabad 50019, Telangana, India
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Steven E Brenner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
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33
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A timeline demarcating two waves of clonal deletion and Foxp3 upregulation during thymocyte development. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:357-66. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Fischer A, Notarangelo LD, Neven B, Cavazzana M, Puck JM. Severe combined immunodeficiencies and related disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15061. [PMID: 27189259 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) comprise a group of rare, monogenic diseases that are characterized by an early onset and a profound block in the development of T lymphocytes. Given that adaptive immunity is abrogated, patients with SCID are prone to recurrent infections caused by both non-opportunistic and opportunistic pathogens, leading to early death unless immunity can be restored. Several molecular defects causing SCIDs have been identified, along with many other defects causing profound, albeit incomplete, T cell immunodeficiencies; the latter are referred to as atypical SCIDs or combined immunodeficiencies. The pathophysiology of many of these conditions has now been characterized. Early, accurate and precise diagnosis combined with the ongoing implementation of newborn screening have enabled major advances in the care of infants with SCID, including better outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Gene therapy is also becoming an effective option. Further advances and a progressive extension of the indications for gene therapy can be expected in the future. The assessment of long-term outcomes of patients with SCID is now a major challenge, with a view to evaluating the quality and sustainability of immune restoration, the risks of sequelae and the ability to relieve the non-haematopoietic syndromic manifestations that accompany some of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Fischer
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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36
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The Structural Basis for Activation and Inhibition of ZAP-70 Kinase Domain. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004560. [PMID: 26473606 PMCID: PMC4608720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ZAP–70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a tyrosine kinase that interacts directly with the activated T-cell receptor to transduce downstream signals, and is hence a major player in the regulation of the adaptive immune response. Dysfunction of ZAP–70 causes selective T cell deficiency that in turn results in persistent infections. ZAP–70 is activated by a variety of signals including phosphorylation of the kinase domain (KD), and binding of its regulatory tandem Src homology 2 (SH2) domains to the T cell receptor. The present study investigates molecular mechanisms of activation and inhibition of ZAP–70 via atomically detailed molecular dynamics simulation approaches. We report microsecond timescale simulations of five distinct states of the ZAP–70 KD, comprising apo, inhibited and three phosphorylated variants. Extensive analysis of local flexibility and correlated motions reveal crucial transitions between the states, thus elucidating crucial steps in the activation mechanism of the ZAP–70 KD. Furthermore, we rationalize previously observed staurosporine-bound crystal structures, suggesting that whilst the KD superficially resembles an “active-like” conformation, the inhibitor modulates the underlying protein dynamics and restricts it in a compact, rigid state inaccessible to ligands or cofactors. Finally, our analysis reveals a novel, potentially druggable pocket in close proximity to the activation loop of the kinase, and we subsequently use its structure in fragment-based virtual screening to develop a pharmacophore model. The pocket is distinct from classical type I or type II kinase pockets, and its discovery offers promise in future design of specific kinase inhibitors, whilst mutations in residues associated with this pocket are implicated in immunodeficiency in humans. ZAP–70 is a key protein kinase in the adaptive immune system. It is essential for development and function of T cells and natural killer cells, and associated mutations can lead to conditions such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Here, simulations of the ZAP–70 kinase domain are used to study its dynamics in response to different mechanistic signals. We identify crucial motions over microsecond timescales, which help to rationalize in atomic detail previous structural and experimental data regarding its biological regulation. We subsequently propose a scheme for the phosphorylation-dependent activation cascade of ZAP–70, and for its ligand-dependent inhibition. Finally, we characterize a novel cryptic pocket adjacent to the active site and activation loop, which is distinct from classical type I or type II kinase sites. The pocket is in close proximity to several residues whose mutations cause SCID in humans, and its identification offers promise in future drug design efforts.
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Goodfellow HS, Frushicheva MP, Ji Q, Cheng DA, Kadlecek TA, Cantor AJ, Kuriyan J, Chakraborty AK, Salomon A, Weiss A. The catalytic activity of the kinase ZAP-70 mediates basal signaling and negative feedback of the T cell receptor pathway. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra49. [PMID: 25990959 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation by antigens binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) must be properly regulated to ensure normal T cell development and effective immune responses to pathogens and transformed cells while avoiding autoimmunity. The Src family kinase Lck and the Syk family kinase ZAP-70 (ζ chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kD) are sequentially activated in response to TCR engagement and serve as critical components of the TCR signaling machinery that leads to T cell activation. We performed a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic study comparing the quantitative differences in the temporal dynamics of phosphorylation in stimulated and unstimulated T cells with or without inhibition of ZAP-70 catalytic activity. The data indicated that the kinase activity of ZAP-70 stimulates negative feedback pathways that target Lck and thereby modulate the phosphorylation patterns of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the CD3 and ζ chain components of the TCR and of signaling molecules downstream of Lck, including ZAP-70. We developed a computational model that provides a mechanistic explanation for the experimental findings on ITAM phosphorylation in wild-type cells, ZAP-70-deficient cells, and cells with inhibited ZAP-70 catalytic activity. This model incorporated negative feedback regulation of Lck activity by the kinase activity of ZAP-70 and predicted the order in which tyrosines in the ITAMs of TCR ζ chains must be phosphorylated to be consistent with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sjölin Goodfellow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maria P Frushicheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Qinqin Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Debra A Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aaron J Cantor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arthur Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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38
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Siggs OM, Miosge LA, Daley SR, Asquith K, Foster PS, Liston A, Goodnow CC. Quantitative reduction of the TCR adapter protein SLP-76 unbalances immunity and immune regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2587-95. [PMID: 25662996 PMCID: PMC4355390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene variants that disrupt TCR signaling can cause severe immune deficiency, yet less disruptive variants are sometimes associated with immune pathology. Null mutations of the gene encoding the scaffold protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), for example, cause an arrest of T cell positive selection, whereas a synthetic membrane-targeted allele allows limited positive selection but is associated with proinflammatory cytokine production and autoantibodies. Whether these and other enigmatic outcomes are due to a biochemical uncoupling of tolerogenic signaling, or simply a quantitative reduction of protein activity, remains to be determined. In this study we describe a splice variant of Lcp2 that reduced the amount of wild-type SLP-76 protein by ~90%, disrupting immunogenic and tolerogenic pathways to different degrees. Mutant mice produced excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and IgE, revealing that simple quantitative reductions of SLP-76 were sufficient to trigger immune dysregulation. This allele reveals a dose-sensitive threshold for SLP-76 in the balance of immunity and immune dysregulation, a common disturbance of atypical clinical immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Siggs
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Asquith
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;
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39
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Abstract
Induction of specific immune tolerance to grafts remains the sought-after standard following transplantation. Defined by expression of the Foxp3 (forkhead box protein 3) transcription factor, the regulatory T-cell (Treg) lineage has been noted to exert potent immunoregulatory functions that contribute to specific graft tolerance. In this review, we discuss the known signals and pathways which govern Treg development, both in the thymus and in peripheral sites, as well as lineage maintenance and homeostasis. In particular, we highlight the roles of T-cell receptor signaling, CD28 costimulation, and signals through phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and related metabolic pathways in multiple aspects of Treg biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Huynh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Malissen B, Grégoire C, Malissen M, Roncagalli R. Integrative biology of T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:790-7. [PMID: 25137453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells mediated by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) requires the interaction of dozens of proteins, and its malfunction has pathological consequences. Our major focus is on new developments in the systems-level understanding of the TCR signal-transduction network. To make sense of the formidable complexity of this network, we argue that 'fine-grained' methods are needed to assess the relationships among a few components that interact on a nanometric scale, and those should be integrated with high-throughput '-omic' approaches that simultaneously capture large numbers of parameters. We illustrate the utility of this integrative approach with the transmembrane signaling protein Lat, which is a key signaling hub of the TCR signal-transduction network, as a connecting thread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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41
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Jaworski M, Marsland BJ, Gehrig J, Held W, Favre S, Luther SA, Perroud M, Golshayan D, Gaide O, Thome M. Malt1 protease inactivation efficiently dampens immune responses but causes spontaneous autoimmunity. EMBO J 2014; 33:2765-81. [PMID: 25319413 PMCID: PMC4282555 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease activity of the paracaspase Malt1 has recently gained interest as a drug target for immunomodulation and the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. To address the consequences of Malt1 protease inactivation on the immune response in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive C472A mutant of Malt1 that conserves its scaffold function. Like Malt1-deficient mice, knock-in mice had strong defects in the activation of lymphocytes, NK and dendritic cells, and the development of B1 and marginal zone B cells and were completely protected against the induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Malt1 inactivation also protected the mice from experimental induction of colitis. However, Malt1 knock-in mice but not Malt1-deficient mice spontaneously developed signs of autoimmune gastritis that correlated with an absence of Treg cells, an accumulation of T cells with an activated phenotype and high serum levels of IgE and IgG1. Thus, removal of the enzymatic activity of Malt1 efficiently dampens the immune response, but favors autoimmunity through impaired Treg development, which could be relevant for therapeutic Malt1-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ben J Marsland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service de Pneumologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Gehrig
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Favre
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mai Perroud
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Transplantation Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Gaide
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service de Dermatologie et Vénéréologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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42
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Ferjeni Z, Bouzid D, Fourati H, Stayoussef M, Abida O, Kammoun T, Hachicha M, Penha-Gonçalves C, Masmoudi H. Association of TCR/CD3, PTPN22, CD28 and ZAP70 gene polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes risk in Tunisian population: family based association study. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:1-7. [PMID: 25448703 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by an immune-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. Several studies support the involvement of T cell activation molecules in the pathogenesis of T1D. In order to underline the role of the genes involved in this activation pathway, we investigated, using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform, 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to TCR/CD3, CD28, ZAP70, and PTPN22 genes in 59 T1D Tunisian families. In the current study, we identified an association with rs706 (Z score=2.782; p=0.005) of TCRβ gene. We also demonstrated that rs10918706 in the intron of the CD3z gene was associated with increased risk of T1D (Z score 2.137; p=0.032). In the same region, rs2949655 (Z score=2.101; p=0.035) and rs1214611 (Z score=4.036; p=0.00005) showed a genotype association with the risk of T1D. When haplotypes were constructed, GAA haplotype displayed significant association with T1D (Z score=2.135; p=0.032), while GGA haplotype (Z score=-1.988; p=0.046) was negatively associated with the disease. We also identified an association with rs3181096 (Z score=2.177; p=0.029), rs17695937 (Z score =2.111; p=0.034) and rs2488457 (Z score=2.219; p=0.026), respectively of CD28, ZAP70 and PTPN22 genes. In addition, our results suggest a significant effect on T1D susceptibility for AC (Z score=2.30; p=0.02) and CTGGC (Z score=2.309, p=0.02) haplotypes of ZAP70 and PTPN22 genes, respectively. While, the GTCT (Z score=-2.114, p=0.034) and CTAGG (Z score=-2.121, p=0.033) haplotypes of CD28 and PTPN22 genes, may confer protection against T1D. These findings confirm the role of PTPN22 and CD28 involved in the T cell activation pathway in the development of T1D in Tunisian families. Interestingly, ZAP70 and TCRβ/CD3z seem to contribute to the susceptibility to the disease in our population. However, this finding has to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouidi Ferjeni
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - D Bouzid
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - H Fourati
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Stayoussef
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - O Abida
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - T Kammoun
- Pediatric Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Hachicha
- Pediatric Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - H Masmoudi
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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43
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Vahl JC, Drees C, Heger K, Heink S, Fischer JC, Nedjic J, Ohkura N, Morikawa H, Poeck H, Schallenberg S, Rieß D, Hein MY, Buch T, Polic B, Schönle A, Zeiser R, Schmitt-Gräff A, Kretschmer K, Klein L, Korn T, Sakaguchi S, Schmidt-Supprian M. Continuous T cell receptor signals maintain a functional regulatory T cell pool. Immunity 2014; 41:722-36. [PMID: 25464853 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune homeostasis and prevent inflammatory and autoimmune responses. During development, thymocytes bearing a moderately self-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) can be selected to become Treg cells. Several observations suggest that also in the periphery mature Treg cells continuously receive self-reactive TCR signals. However, the importance of this inherent autoreactivity for Treg cell biology remains poorly defined. To address this open question, we genetically ablated the TCR of mature Treg cells in vivo. These experiments revealed that TCR-induced Treg lineage-defining Foxp3 expression and gene hypomethylation were uncoupled from TCR input in mature Treg cells. However, Treg cell homeostasis, cell-type-specific gene expression and suppressive function critically depend on continuous triggering of their TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christoph Vahl
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Drees
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Heger
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Heink
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julius C Fischer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jelena Nedjic
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestraße 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Rieß
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Y Hein
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Hygiene, Trogerstraße 30, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurer Straße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Polic
- University of Rijeka School of Medicine, B. Branchetta 20, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anne Schönle
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Schmitt-Gräff
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115a, 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestraße 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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44
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Ito Y, Hashimoto M, Hirota K, Ohkura N, Morikawa H, Nishikawa H, Tanaka A, Furu M, Ito H, Fujii T, Nomura T, Yamazaki S, Morita A, Vignali DAA, Kappler JW, Matsuda S, Mimori T, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S. Detection of T cell responses to a ubiquitous cellular protein in autoimmune disease. Science 2014; 346:363-8. [PMID: 25324392 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells that mediate autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are difficult to characterize because they are likely to be deleted or inactivated in the thymus if the self antigens they recognize are ubiquitously expressed. One way to obtain and analyze these autoimmune T cells is to alter T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in developing T cells to change their sensitivity to thymic negative selection, thereby allowing their thymic production. From mice thus engineered to generate T cells mediating autoimmune arthritis, we isolated arthritogenic TCRs and characterized the self antigens they recognized. One of them was the ubiquitously expressed 60S ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A), with which T cells and autoantibodies from RA patients reacted. This strategy may improve our understanding of the underlying drivers of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Furu
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takao Fujii
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John W Kappler
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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45
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Immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation associated with proximal defects of T cell receptor signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:97-101. [PMID: 25459000 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the TCR/CD3 complex triggers a cascade of events that result in T lymphocyte activation and promote positive and negative selection of thymocytes, T lymphocyte migration and effector functions, development and activation of regulatory T cells. Gene mutations that abrogate early TCR signaling are associated with profound abnormalities of T lymphocyte development and function both in humans and in mice, causing susceptibility to severe infections since early in life. In recent years, a growing number of genetic defects have been discovered that reduce, but do not completely abrogate proximal TCR signaling. These defects result in complex phenotypic manifestations that are not limited to immunodeficiency, but also include immune dysregulation. The identification of these conditions may also prompt development of novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disorders.
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46
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Gustafsson K, Willebrand E, Welsh M. Absence of the adaptor protein Shb potentiates the T helper type 2 response in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Immunology 2014; 143:33-41. [PMID: 24645804 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of T helper (Th) cell maturation is associated with a number of autoimmune conditions, including allergic disorders and rheumatoid arthritis. The Src homology domain protein B (Shb) adaptor protein was recently implicated as a regulator of Th cell differentiation. Shb is an integral component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling complex and in the absence of Shb the TCR is less responsive to stimulation, resulting in the preferential development of Th2 responses under conditions of in vitro stimulation. In the present study, we extend those observations to an in vivo situation using a murine model of atopic dermatitis. Shb knockout mice develop more pronounced symptoms of atopic dermatitis with increased localized oedema, epidermal hyperplasia and IgE production. Dermal infiltration of mast cells, eosinophils, CD4(+) Th cells and F4/80(+) macrophages was also significantly increased in Shb-deficient mice. This correlated with elevated transcription of the hallmark Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. The loss of Shb therefore alters TCR signalling ability, thereby favouring the development of Th2-driven inflammation and exacerbating symptoms of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Barrera-Vargas A, Gómez-Martín D, Alcocer-Varela J. T cell receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinases: the dynamics of tolerance regulation by phosphorylation and its role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:945-52. [PMID: 25173412 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.08.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There are different abnormalities that lead to the autoreactive phenotype in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Proximal signaling, involving the T-cell receptor (TCR) and its associated protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), is significantly affected in SLE. This ultimately leads to aberrant responses, which include enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium release, as well as decreased IL-2 secretion. Lck, ZAP70 and Syk, which are PTKs with a major role in proximal signaling, all present abnormal functioning that contributes to an altered T cell response in these patients. A number of other molecules, especially regulatory proteins, are also involved. This review will focus on the PTKs that participate in proximal signaling, with specific emphasis on their relevance in maintaining peripheral tolerance, their abnormalities in SLE and how these contribute to an altered T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barrera-Vargas
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Alcocer-Varela
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico City, Mexico.
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48
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A sharp T-cell antigen receptor signaling threshold for T-cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3679-88. [PMID: 25136127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413726111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling is essential for activation, proliferation, and effector function of T cells. Modulation of both intensity and duration of TCR signaling can regulate these events. However, it remains unclear how individual T cells integrate such signals over time to make critical cell-fate decisions. We have previously developed an engineered mutant allele of the critical T-cell kinase zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 kDa (Zap70) that is catalytically inhibited by a small molecule inhibitor, thereby blocking TCR signaling specifically and efficiently. We have also characterized a fluorescent reporter Nur77-eGFP transgenic mouse line in which T cells up-regulate GFP uniquely in response to TCR stimulation. The combination of these technologies unmasked a sharp TCR signaling threshold for commitment to cell division both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate that this threshold is independent of both the magnitude of the TCR stimulus and Interleukin 2. Similarly, we identify a temporal threshold of TCR signaling that is required for commitment to proliferation, after which T cells are able to proliferate in a Zap70 kinase-independent manner. Taken together, our studies reveal a sharp threshold for the magnitude and duration of TCR signaling required for commitment of T cells to proliferation. These results have important implications for understanding T-cell responses to infection and optimizing strategies for immunomodulatory drug delivery.
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49
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Au-Yeung BB, Melichar HJ, Ross JO, Cheng DA, Zikherman J, Shokat KM, Robey EA, Weiss A. Quantitative and temporal requirements revealed for Zap70 catalytic activity during T cell development. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:687-94. [PMID: 24908390 PMCID: PMC4095875 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of Zap70 is crucial for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling, but the quantitative and temporal requirements for its function in thymocyte development are not known. Using a chemical-genetic system to selectively and reversibly inhibit Zap70 catalytic activity in a model of synchronized thymic selection, we showed that CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes integrate multiple, transient, Zap70-dependent signals over more than 36 h to reach a cumulative threshold for positive selection, whereas 1 h of signaling was sufficient for negative selection. Titration of Zap70 activity resulted in graded reductions in positive and negative selection but did not decrease the cumulative TCR signals integrated by positively selected OT-I cells, which revealed heterogeneity, even among CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes expressing identical TCRs undergoing positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Au-Yeung
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [4] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [5]
| | - Heather J Melichar
- 1] Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. [2] [3]
| | - Jenny O Ross
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Debra A Cheng
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [4] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [4] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [4] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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50
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van Panhuys N, Klauschen F, Germain RN. T-cell-receptor-dependent signal intensity dominantly controls CD4(+) T cell polarization In Vivo. Immunity 2014; 41:63-74. [PMID: 24981853 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polarization of effector CD4(+) T cells can be influenced by both antigen-specific signals and by pathogen- or adjuvant-induced cytokines, with current models attributing a dominant role to the latter. Here we have examined the relationship between these factors in shaping cell-mediated immunity by using intravital imaging of CD4(+) T cell interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) exposed to polarizing adjuvants. These studies revealed a close correspondence between strength of T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent signaling and T helper 1 (Th1) versus Th2 cell fate, with antigen concentration dominating over adjuvant in controlling T cell polarity. Consistent with this finding, at a fixed antigen concentration, adjuvants inducing Th1 cells operated by affecting DC costimulation that amplified TCR signaling. TCR signal strength controlled downstream cytokine receptor expression, linking the two components in a hierarchical fashion. These data reveal how quantitative integration of antigen display and costimulation regulates downstream checkpoints responsible for cytokine-mediated control of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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