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Niese ML, Pajulas AL, Rostron CR, Cheung CCL, Krishnan MS, Zhang J, Cannon AM, Kaplan MH. TL1A priming induces a multi-cytokine Th9 cell phenotype that promotes robust allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00025-4. [PMID: 38493956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The Th9 subset of T lymphocytes secretes the pleiotropic cytokine IL-9 which has functions in allergic airway disease, helminth infections, and tumor immunity. We and others have shown presence of Th cells that secrete IL-9 and type 2 cytokines in mouse and human allergic inflammation. However, the cytokines that promote a multi-cytokine secreting phenotype have not been defined. TNF superfamily members promote IL-9 production, and the TNF superfamily member TL1A signals through its receptor DR3 to potently increase IL-9. Here we demonstrate that TL1A increases expression of IL-9 and IL-13 as well as the frequency of IL-9 and IL-13 co-expressing cells in murine Th9 cell cultures, inducing a robust multi-cytokine phenotype. Mechanistically, this is linked to histone modifications allowing for increased accessibility at the Il9 and Il13 loci. We further show that TL1A alters the transcription factor network underlying expression of IL-9 and IL-13 in Th9 cells and increases binding of transcription factors to Il9 and Il13 loci. TL1A-priming enhances the pathogenicity of Th9 cells in murine models of allergic airway disease (AAD) through the increased expression of IL-9 and IL-13. Lastly, in both chronic and memory recall models of AAD, blockade of TL1A signaling decreases the multi-cytokine Th9 cell population and attenuates the allergic phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TL1A promotes the development of multi-cytokine Th9 cells that drive allergic airway diseases and that targeting pathogenic T helper cell-promoting cytokines could be an effective approach for modifying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Niese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Abigail L Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cameron R Rostron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cherry C L Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maya S Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anthony M Cannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Roostaee A, Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Jafarinia M. Regulatory role of T helper 9/interleukin-9: Transplantation view. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26359. [PMID: 38420400 PMCID: PMC10900956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells, a subset of CD4+ T helper cells, have emerged as a valuable target for immune cell therapy due to their potential to induce immunomodulation and tolerance. The Th9 cells mainly produce interleukin (IL)-9 and are known for their defensive effects against helminth infections, allergic and autoimmune responses, and tumor suppression. This paper explores the mechanisms involved in the generation and differentiation of Th9 cells, including the cytokines responsible for their polarization and stabilization, the transcription factors necessary for their differentiation, as well as the role of Th9 cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer immunotherapies. Recent research has shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells is coregulated by the transcription factors transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-4, and PU.1, which are also known to secrete IL-10 and IL-21. Multiple cell types, such as T and B cells, mast cells, and airway epithelial cells, are influenced by IL-9 due to its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Roostaee
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jafarinia
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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3
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García-Reyes MM, Zumaya-Pérez LC, Pastelin-Palacios R, Moreno-Eutimio MA. Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels in atopic dermatitis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4129-4139. [PMID: 37515689 PMCID: PMC10725349 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is critical in developing allergic responses, including atopic dermatitis (AD). We systematically reviewed the literature to complete a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the levels of serum TSLP in AD. The study was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (ID = CRD42021242628). The PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases were reviewed, and original articles investigating serum TSLP in AD patients were included. Differences in TSLP levels of AD patients and controls were summarized by standardized mean differences (SMD) using a random effects model. Study quality was assessed by applying the Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale. Fourteen studies, which included 1,032 AD patients and 416 controls, were included. Meta-analysis showed that TSLP levels were significantly higher in the AD group than in the control group (SMD = 2.21, 95% CI 1.37-3.06, p < 0.001). Stratification by geographical region, age, disease severity, TSLP determination method, sample size, and study quality revealed significantly elevated TSLP levels in European AD patients (SMD = 3.48, 95% CI 1.75-5.21, p < 0.0001), adult AD patients (SMD = 4.10, 95% CI 2.00-6.21, p < 0.0001), child AD patients (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI 0.08-1.59, p = 0.031), and all severity groups with AD compared with the control group (mild: SMD = 1.15, 95% CI 0.14-2.16, p = 0.025; moderate: SMD = 2.48, 95% CI 0.33-4.62, p = 0.024; and severe: SMD = 8.28, 95% CI 4.82-11.74, p = 2.72e-6). Noticeably, adults showed higher serum TSLP levels than children with AD, and serum TSL levels increased according to AD severity. In conclusion, our meta-analysis demonstrates that circulating TSLP levels are elevated in patients with AD. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the sources of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlenne Marisol García-Reyes
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Cd. Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11350, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Carlos Zumaya-Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Cd. Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Cd. Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Adán Moreno-Eutimio
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Cd. Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Gonzalez-Uribe V, Romero-Tapia SJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Asthma Phenotypes in the Era of Personalized Medicine. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6207. [PMID: 37834850 PMCID: PMC10573947 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a widespread disease affecting approximately 300-million people globally. This condition leads to significant morbidity, mortality, and economic strain worldwide. Recent clinical and laboratory research advancements have illuminated the immunological factors contributing to asthma. As of now, asthma is understood to be a heterogeneous disease. Personalized medicine involves categorizing asthma by its endotypes, linking observable characteristics to specific immunological mechanisms. Identifying these endotypic mechanisms is paramount in accurately profiling patients and tailoring therapeutic approaches using innovative biological agents targeting distinct immune pathways. This article presents a synopsis of the key immunological mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis and manifestation of the disease's phenotypic traits and individualized treatments for severe asthma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gonzalez-Uribe
- Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico;
- Facultad Mexicana de Medicina, Universidad La Salle México, Ciudad de Mexico 14000, Mexico
| | - Sergio J. Romero-Tapia
- Health Sciences Academic Division (DACS), Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Mexico;
| | - Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Frey A, Lunding LP, Wegmann M. The Dual Role of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma: Active Barrier and Regulator of Inflammation. Cells 2023; 12:2208. [PMID: 37759430 PMCID: PMC10526792 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic airway inflammation is the cornerstone on which bronchial asthma arises, and in turn, chronic inflammation arises from a complex interplay between environmental factors such as allergens and pathogens and immune cells as well as structural cells constituting the airway mucosa. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) are at the center of these processes. On the one hand, they represent the borderline separating the body from its environment in order to keep inner homeostasis. The airway epithelium forms a multi-tiered, self-cleaning barrier that involves an unstirred, discontinuous mucous layer, the dense and rigid mesh of the glycocalyx, and the cellular layer itself, consisting of multiple, densely interconnected cell types. On the other hand, the airway epithelium represents an immunologically highly active tissue once its barrier has been penetrated: AECs play a pivotal role in releasing protective immunoglobulin A. They express a broad spectrum of pattern recognition receptors, enabling them to react to environmental stressors that overcome the mucosal barrier. By releasing alarmins-proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines-AECs play an active role in the formation, strategic orientation, and control of the subsequent defense reaction. Consequently, the airway epithelium is of vital importance to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany;
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany;
| | - Lars P. Lunding
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany;
- Division of Lung Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany;
- Division of Lung Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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6
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Son A, Meylan F, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Kaul Z, Sylvester M, Falduto GH, Vazquez E, Haque T, Kitakule MM, Wang C, Manthiram K, Qi CF, Cheng J, Gurram RK, Zhu J, Schwartzberg P, Milner JD, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Schwartz DM. Dynamic chromatin accessibility licenses STAT5- and STAT6-dependent innate-like function of T H9 cells to promote allergic inflammation. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1036-1048. [PMID: 37106040 PMCID: PMC10247433 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a major global health issue. Interleukin (IL)-9-producing helper T (TH9) cells promote allergic inflammation, yet TH9 cell effector functions are incompletely understood because their lineage instability makes them challenging to study. Here we found that resting TH9 cells produced IL-9 independently of T cell receptor (TCR) restimulation, due to STAT5- and STAT6-dependent bystander activation. This mechanism was seen in circulating cells from allergic patients and was restricted to recently activated cells. STAT5-dependent Il9/IL9 regulatory elements underwent remodeling over time, inactivating the locus. A broader 'allergic TH9' transcriptomic and epigenomic program was also unstable. In vivo, TH9 cells induced airway inflammation via TCR-independent, STAT-dependent mechanisms. In allergic patients, TH9 cell expansion was associated with responsiveness to JAK inhibitors. These findings suggest that TH9 cell instability is a negative checkpoint on bystander activation that breaks down in allergy and that JAK inhibitors should be considered for allergic patients with TH9 cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francoise Meylan
- Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- TCR Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zenia Kaul
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - McKella Sylvester
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guido H Falduto
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Estefania Vazquez
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamara Haque
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moses M Kitakule
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chujun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Pathology Core, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rama K Gurram
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela A Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Khokhar M, Purohit P, Gadwal A, Tomo S, Bajpai NK, Shukla R. The Differentially Expressed Genes Responsible for the Development of T Helper 9 Cells From T Helper 2 Cells in Various Disease States: Immuno-Interactomics Study. JMIR BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 4:e42421. [PMID: 38935935 PMCID: PMC11135241 DOI: 10.2196/42421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T helper (Th) 9 cells are a novel subset of Th cells that develop independently from Th2 cells and are characterized by the secretion of interleukin (IL)-9. Studies have suggested the involvement of Th9 cells in variable diseases such as allergic and pulmonary diseases (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, and pulmonary hypoplasia), metabolic diseases (eg, acute leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer), neuropsychiatric disorders (eg, Alzheimer disease), autoimmune diseases (eg, Graves disease, Crohn disease, colitis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, eczema), and infectious diseases (eg, tuberculosis, hepatitis). However, there is a dearth of information on its involvement in other metabolic, neuropsychiatric, and infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify significant differentially altered genes in the conversion of Th2 to Th9 cells, and their regulating microRNAs (miRs) from publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus data sets of the mouse model using in silico analysis to unravel various pathogenic pathways involved in disease processes. METHODS Using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from 2 publicly available data sets (GSE99166 and GSE123501) we performed functional enrichment and network analyses to identify pathways, protein-protein interactions, miR-messenger RNA associations, and disease-gene associations related to significant differentially altered genes implicated in the conversion of Th2 to Th9 cells. RESULTS We extracted 260 common downregulated, 236 common upregulated, and 634 common DEGs from the expression profiles of data sets GSE99166 and GSE123501. Codifferentially expressed ILs, cytokines, receptors, and transcription factors (TFs) were enriched in 7 crucial Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and Gene Ontology. We constructed the protein-protein interaction network and predicted the top regulatory miRs involved in the Th2 to Th9 differentiation pathways. We also identified various metabolic, allergic and pulmonary, neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, and infectious diseases as well as carcinomas where the differentiation of Th2 to Th9 may play a crucial role. CONCLUSIONS This study identified hitherto unexplored possible associations between Th9 and disease states. Some important ILs, including CCL1 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 1), CCL20 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 20), IL-13, IL-4, IL-12A, and IL-9; receptors, including IL-12RB1, IL-4RA (interleukin 9 receptor alpha), CD53 (cluster of differentiation 53), CD6 (cluster of differentiation 6), CD5 (cluster of differentiation 5), CD83 (cluster of differentiation 83), CD197 (cluster of differentiation 197), IL-1RL1 (interleukin 1 receptor-like 1), CD101 (cluster of differentiation 101), CD96 (cluster of differentiation 96), CD72 (cluster of differentiation 72), CD7 (cluster of differentiation 7), CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4), CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), CX3CR1 (chemokine [C-X3-C motif] receptor 1), CTLA2A (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 2 alpha), CTLA28, and CD196 (cluster of differentiation 196); and TFs, including FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), IRF8 (interferon regulatory factor 8), FOXP2 (forkhead box P2), RORA (RAR-related orphan receptor alpha), AHR (aryl-hydrocarbon receptor), MAF (avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog), SMAD6 (SMAD family member 6), JUN (Jun proto-oncogene), JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), EP300 (E1A binding protein p300), ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6), BTAF1 (B-TFIID TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1), BAFT (basic leucine zipper transcription factor), NOTCH1 (neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1), GATA3 (GATA binding protein 3), SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1), BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7), and PPARG (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were able to identify significant differentially altered genes in the conversion of Th2 to Th9 cells. We identified some common miRs that could target the DEGs. The scarcity of studies on the role of Th9 in metabolic diseases highlights the lacunae in this field. Our study provides the rationale for exploring the role of Th9 in various metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive disease, ischemic stroke, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, obesity, adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma and glioma, malignant neoplasm of stomach, melanoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and stomach carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ashita Gadwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sojit Tomo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Bajpai
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ravindra Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
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8
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O'Byrne PM, Panettieri RA, Taube C, Brindicci C, Fleming M, Altman P. Development of an inhaled anti-TSLP therapy for asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 78:102184. [PMID: 36535465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine, acts as a key mediator in airway inflammation and modulates the function of multiple cell types, including dendritic cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. TSLP plays a role in asthma pathogenesis as an upstream cytokine, and data suggest that TSLP blockade with the anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, tezepelumab, could be efficacious in a broad asthma population. Currently approved asthma biologic therapies target allergic or eosinophilic disease and require phenotyping; therefore, an unmet need exists for a therapy that can address Type 2 (T2)-high and T2-low inflammation in asthma. All currently approved biologic treatments are delivered intravenously or subcutaneously; an inhaled therapy route that allows direct targeting of the lung with reduced systemic impact may offer advantages. Currently in development, ecleralimab (CSJ117) represents the first inhaled anti-TSLP antibody fragment that binds soluble TSLP and prevents TSLP receptor activation, thereby inhibiting further inflammatory signalling cascades. This anti-TSLP antibody fragment is being developed for patients with severe uncontrolled asthma despite standard of care inhaled therapy. A Phase IIa proof of concept study, using allergen bronchoprovocation as a model for asthma exacerbations, found that ecleralimab was well-tolerated and reduced allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in adult patients with mild asthma. These results suggest ecleralimab may be a promising, new therapeutic class for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, New Jersey, USA.
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9
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Esnault S, Jarjour NN. Development of Adaptive Immunity and Its Role in Lung Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:287-351. [PMID: 37464127 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airflow limitations resulting from bronchial closure, which can be either reversible or fixed due to changes in airway tissue composition and structure, also known as remodeling. Airway remodeling is defined as increased presence of mucins-producing epithelial cells, increased thickness of airway smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, increased number and activation state of fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Airway inflammation is believed to be the main cause of the development of airway remodeling in asthma. In this chapter, we will review the development of the adaptive immune response and the impact of its mediators and cells on the elements defining airway remodeling in asthma.
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10
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CD4+IL9+ (Th9) cells as the major source of IL-9, potentially modulate Th17/Treg mediated host immune response during experimental cerebral malaria. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Zhao H, Gu Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Zhan Y, Zhao X, Cao Z. IL-9 neutralizing antibody suppresses allergic inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935943. [PMID: 36172190 PMCID: PMC9510626 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is mainly mediated by IgE after specific individuals are exposed to allergens. It is a common nasal mucosa disease of non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease and is often accompanied by asthma and conjunctivitis. In the study of allergic asthma, it was found that IL-9 participates in the pathogenic development of asthma. Because asthma and allergic rhinitis have the same airway and the same disease, it is inferred that IL-9 may also play an important role in allergic rhinitis. BALB/c mice received intranasal stimulation of ovalbumin (OVA) treatment at different times. The nasal mucosa of the mice were then sliced and stained with Sirius red and Toluidine blue, and eosinophils and mast cells in the mucosa were counted. ELISA was used to detect the expression of OVA-IgE in peripheral blood. The Th2 cell fraction in the mouse spleen was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 and their mRNA in mucosa were detected by real-time PCR and flow cytometry bead array analysis. Finally, the expression changes of Thymic stromal lymphopoietin related proteins and its mRNA, JAK1/2, and STAT5 proteins were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. After the intervention with the IL-9 neutralizing antibody, the symptoms of allergic rhinitis in mice were significantly reduced. The expression of OVA-IgE in the peripheral blood of mice was inhibited, the fraction of Th2 cells in the spleen decreased, the related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) were inhibited, and their functions decreased. The TSLP-OX40/OX40L signal pathway and JAK1/2-STAT5 signal are inhibited. IL-9 neutralizing antibody has a good therapeutic effect on the mouse model of allergic rhinitis, which may be related to the TSLP-OX40/OX40L pathway and JAK1/2-STAT5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhaowei Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaowei Gu,
| | - Yunxiu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhan
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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12
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Li Y, Lan F, Yang Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Qin X, Lv Z, Wang W, Ying S, Zhang L. The absence of IL-9 reduces allergic airway inflammation by reducing ILC2, Th2 and mast cells in murine model of asthma. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35524325 PMCID: PMC9074312 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-01976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is an allergic inflammatory disease of the airways, in which numerous cell types and cytokines have been shown to contribute to pathogenesis of the disease. Although increased expression of IL-9 has been shown to influence the activity of structural as well as eosinophils and mast cells in asthma, the influence of IL-9 on function of ILC2 and Th2 cells remains unclear. This study therefore aimed to elucidate the role of IL-9 on ILC2 and Th2 cells using a murine model of asthma. A murine model of asthma was established using wild type (WT) and IL-9-deficient (Il9−/−) transgenic mice sensitized to house dust mite (HDM). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected, and analysed for inflammatory cells (eosinophils, mast cells, Th2 cells and ILC2 cells), histopathological changes, and several cytokines. HDM challenge significantly increased accumulation of ILC2 cells, Th2 cells and mast cells, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia, and the expression of cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but not IFN-γ, in WT mice compared to saline-challenged control group. In contrast, all pathological changes, including infiltration of ILC2 cells, Th2 cells and mast cells, were significantly attenuated in HDM-challenged Il9−/− mice. Furthermore, the number of Ki67+ILC2 cells, Ki67+Th2 cells and Ki67+mast cells were significantly reduced in the absence of IL-9 signalling. These data suggest that IL-9 promotes the proliferation and type 2 cytokine production of type 2 cells in the murine models of asthma, and therefore might be a potential therapeutic target for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, No. 17, HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, No. 17, HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yiran Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yalin Chen
- Department of Thyroid Head and Neck Surgery, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, No. 17, HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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13
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Hasegawa T, Oka T, Demehri S. Alarmin Cytokines as Central Regulators of Cutaneous Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876515. [PMID: 35432341 PMCID: PMC9005840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin acts as the primary interface between the body and the environment. The skin immune system is composed of a complex network of immune cells and factors that provide the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and environmental insults. Alarmin cytokines mediate an intricate intercellular communication between keratinocytes and immune cells to regulate cutaneous immune responses. Proper functions of the type 2 alarmin cytokines, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, are paramount to the maintenance of skin homeostasis, and their dysregulation is commonly associated with allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the complex regulatory network of type 2 alarmin cytokines that control skin immunity and highlight the mechanisms by which these cytokines regulate skin immune responses in host defense, chronic inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Oh S, Li K, Prince A, Wheeler ML, Hamade H, Nguyen C, Michelsen KS, Underhill DM. Pathogen size alters C-type lectin receptor signaling in dendritic cells to influence CD4 Th9 cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110567. [PMID: 35354044 PMCID: PMC9052946 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 recognizes β-glucan in fungal cell walls, and activation of Dectin-1 in dendritic cells (DCs) influences immune responses against fungi. Although many studies have shown that DCs activated via Dectin-1 induce different subsets of T helper cells according to different cytokine milieus, the mechanisms underlying such differences remain unknown. By harnessing polymorphic Candida albicans and polystyrene beads of different sizes, we find that target size influences production of cytokines that control differentiation of T helper cell subsets. Hyphal C. albicans and large beads activate DCs but cannot be phagocytosed due to their sizes, which prolongs the duration of Dectin-1 signaling. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that expression of Il33 is significantly increased by larger targets, and increased IL-33 expression promotes TH9 responses. Expression of IL-33 is regulated by the Dectin-1-SYK-PLCγ-CARD9-ERK pathway. Altogether, our study demonstrates that size of fungi can be a determining factor in how DCs induce context-appropriate adaptive immune responses. Oh et al. show that dendritic cells exposed to C. albicans hyphae more strongly induce IL-9-producing T cells compared with cells exposed to yeast. They find that this TH9 response is driven in large part by Dectin-1 sensing microbe size, leading to elevated production of IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeun Oh
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kai Li
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alexander Prince
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Matthew L Wheeler
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hussein Hamade
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kathrin S Michelsen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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15
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The Role of Airway Epithelial Cell Alarmins in Asthma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071105. [PMID: 35406669 PMCID: PMC8997824 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is the first line of defense for the lungs, detecting inhaled environmental threats through pattern recognition receptors expressed transmembrane or intracellularly. Activation of pattern recognition receptors triggers the release of alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP. These alarmins are important mediators of inflammation, with receptors widely expressed in structural cells as well as innate and adaptive immune cells. Many of the key effector cells in the allergic cascade also produce alarmins, thereby contributing to the airways disease by driving downstream type 2 inflammatory processes. Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated benefit when blockade of TSLP and IL-33 were added to standard of care medications, suggesting these are important new targets for treatment of asthma. With genome-wide association studies demonstrating associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the TSLP and IL-33 gene and risk of asthma, it will be important to understand which subsets of asthma patients will benefit most from anti-alarmin therapy.
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16
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Ulrich BJ, Kharwadkar R, Chu M, Pajulas A, Muralidharan C, Koh B, Fu Y, Gao H, Hayes TA, Zhou HM, Goplen NP, Nelson AS, Liu Y, Linnemann AK, Turner MJ, Licona-Limón P, Flavell RA, Sun J, Kaplan MH. Allergic airway recall responses require IL-9 from resident memory CD4 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabg9296. [PMID: 35302861 PMCID: PMC9295820 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg9296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease with intermittent flares predominately mediated through memory T cells. Yet, the identity of long-term memory cells that mediate allergic recall responses is not well defined. In this report, using a mouse model of chronic allergen exposure followed by an allergen-free rest period, we characterized a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells that secreted IL-9 as an obligate effector cytokine. IL-9-secreting cells had a resident memory T cell phenotype, and blocking IL-9 during a recall challenge or deleting IL-9 from T cells significantly diminished airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. T cells secreted IL-9 in an allergen recall-specific manner, and secretion was amplified by IL-33. Using scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq, we defined the cellular identity of a distinct population of T cells with a proallergic cytokine pattern. Thus, in a recall model of allergic airway inflammation, IL-9 secretion from a multicytokine-producing CD4+ T cell population was required for an allergen recall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Ulrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rakshin Kharwadkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michelle Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yongyao Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tristan A Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nick P Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Andrew S Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew J Turner
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04020, Mexico
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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17
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Fu Y, Wang J, Zhou B, Pajulas A, Gao H, Ramdas B, Koh B, Ulrich BJ, Yang S, Kapur R, Renauld JC, Paczesny S, Liu Y, Tighe RM, Licona-Limón P, Flavell RA, Takatsuka S, Kitamura D, Tepper RS, Sun J, Kaplan MH. An IL-9-pulmonary macrophage axis defines the allergic lung inflammatory environment. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabi9768. [PMID: 35179949 PMCID: PMC8991419 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi9768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite IL-9 functioning as a pleiotropic cytokine in mucosal environments, the IL-9-responsive cell repertoire is still not well defined. Here, we found that IL-9 mediates proallergic activities in the lungs by targeting lung macrophages. IL-9 inhibits alveolar macrophage expansion and promotes recruitment of monocytes that develop into CD11c+ and CD11c- interstitial macrophage populations. Interstitial macrophages were required for IL-9-dependent allergic responses. Mechanistically, IL-9 affected the function of lung macrophages by inducing Arg1 activity. Compared with Arg1-deficient lung macrophages, Arg1-expressing macrophages expressed greater amounts of CCL5. Adoptive transfer of Arg1+ lung macrophages but not Arg1- lung macrophages promoted allergic inflammation that Il9r-/- mice were protected against. In parallel, the elevated expression of IL-9, IL-9R, Arg1, and CCL5 was correlated with disease in patients with asthma. Thus, our study uncovers an IL-9/macrophage/Arg1 axis as a potential therapeutic target for allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Benjamin J Ulrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200 Belgium
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Robert S. Tepper
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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18
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Dai B, Ding L, Zhao L, Zhu H, Luo H. Contributions of Immune Cells and Stromal Cells to the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis: Recent Insights. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826839. [PMID: 35185577 PMCID: PMC8852243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem rheumatic disease characterized by vascular dysfunction, autoimmune abnormalities, and progressive organ fibrosis. A series of studies in SSc patients and fibrotic models suggest that immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells participate in inflammation and aberrant tissue repair. Furthermore, the growing number of studies on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology in SSc elaborate on the transcriptomics and heterogeneities of these cell subsets significantly. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding immune cells and stromal cells in SSc patients and discuss their potential roles in SSc pathogenesis, focusing on recent advances in the new subtypes by scRNA-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingying Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqing Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Honglin Zhu, ; Hui Luo,
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Honglin Zhu, ; Hui Luo,
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19
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Inflammatory Arthritis and Bone Metabolism Regulated by Type 2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031104. [PMID: 35163028 PMCID: PMC8834748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While type 2 immunity has traditionally been associated with the control of parasitic infections and allergic reactions, increasing evidence suggests that type 2 immunity exerts regulatory functions on inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, and also on bone homeostasis. This review summarizes the current evidence of the regulatory role of type 2 immunity in arthritis and bone. Key type 2 cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, but also others such as IL-5, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, exert regulatory properties on arthritis, dampening inflammation and inducing resolution of joint swelling. Furthermore, these cytokines share anti-osteoclastogenic properties and thereby reduce bone resorption and protect bone. Cellular effectors of this action are both T cells (i.e., Th2 and Th9 cells), but also non-T cells, like type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). Key regulatory actions mediated by type 2 cytokines and immune cells on both inflammation as well as bone homeostasis are discussed.
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20
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Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772004. [PMID: 34868033 PMCID: PMC8634472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically a minority population of circulating granulocytes being released from the bone-marrow as terminally differentiated cells. Besides their function in the defense against parasites and in promoting allergic airway inflammation, regulatory functions have now been attributed to eosinophils in various organs. Although eosinophils are involved in the inflammatory response to allergens, it remains unclear whether they are drivers of the asthma pathology or merely recruited effector cells. Recent findings highlight the homeostatic and pro-resolving capacity of eosinophils and raise the question at what point in time their function is regulated. Similarly, eosinophils from different physical locations display phenotypic and functional diversity. However, it remains unclear whether eosinophil plasticity remains as they develop and travel from the bone marrow to the tissue, in homeostasis or during inflammation. In the tissue, eosinophils of different ages and origin along the inflammatory trajectory may exhibit functional diversity as circumstances change. Herein, we outline the inflammatory time line of allergic airway inflammation from acute, late, adaptive to chronic processes. We summarize the function of the eosinophils in regards to their resident localization and time of recruitment to the lung, in all stages of the inflammatory response. In all, we argue that immunological differences in eosinophils are a function of time and space as the allergic inflammatory response is initiated and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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EGFR-HIF1α signaling positively regulates the differentiation of IL-9 producing T helper cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3182. [PMID: 34075041 PMCID: PMC8169867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9)-producing helper T (Th9) cells are essential for inducing anti-tumor immunity and inflammation in allergic and autoimmune diseases. Although transcription factors that are essential for Th9 cell differentiation have been identified, other signaling pathways that are required for their generation and functions are yet to be explored. Here, we identify that Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is essential for IL-9 induction in helper T (Th) cells. Moreover, amphiregulin (Areg), an EGFR ligand, is critical for the amplification of Th9 cells induced by TGF-β1 and IL-4. Furthermore, our data show that Areg-EGFR signaling induces HIF1α, which binds and transactivates IL-9 and NOS2 promoters in Th9 cells. Loss of EGFR or HIF1α abrogates Th9 cell differentiation and suppresses their anti-tumor functions. Moreover, in line with its reliance on HIF1α expression, metabolomics profiling of Th9 cells revealed that Succinate, a TCA cycle metabolite, promotes Th9 cell differentiation and Th9 cell-mediated tumor regression.
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22
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Marschall P, Wei R, Segaud J, Yao W, Hener P, German BF, Meyer P, Hugel C, Ada Da Silva G, Braun R, Kaplan DH, Li M. Dual function of Langerhans cells in skin TSLP-promoted T FH differentiation in mouse atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1778-1794. [PMID: 33068561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is among the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, usually occurring early in life, and often preceding other atopic diseases such as asthma. TH2 has been believed to play a crucial role in cellular and humoral response in AD, but accumulating evidence has shown that follicular helper T cell (TFH), a critical player in humoral immunity, is associated with disease severity and plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at investigating how TFHs are generated during the pathogenesis of AD, particularly what is the role of keratinocyte-derived cytokine TSLP and Langerhans cells (LCs). METHODS Two experimental AD mouse models were employed: (1) triggered by the overproduction of TSLP through topical application of MC903, and (2) induced by epicutaneous allergen ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the development of TFHs and germinal center (GC) response were crucially dependent on TSLP in both the MC903 model and the OVA sensitization model. Moreover, we found that LCs promoted TFH differentiation and GC response in the MC903 model, and the depletion of Langerin+ dendritic cells (DCs) or selective depletion of LCs diminished the TFH/GC response. By contrast, in the model with OVA sensitization, LCs inhibited TFH/GC response and suppressed TH2 skin inflammation and the subsequent asthma. Transcriptomic analysis of Langerin+ and Langerin- migratory DCs revealed that Langerin+ DCs became activated in the MC903 model, whereas these cells remained inactivated in OVA sensitization model. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies revealed a dual functionality of LCs in TSLP-promoted TFH and TH2 differentiation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marschall
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Segaud
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Wenjin Yao
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Hener
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Beatriz Falcon German
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Meyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Cecile Hugel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Grace Ada Da Silva
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mei Li
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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23
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Critical Roles of Balanced T Helper 9 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Airway Inflammation and Tumor Immunity. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8816055. [PMID: 33748292 PMCID: PMC7943311 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8816055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+T helper (Th) cells are important mediators of immune responses in asthma and cancer. When counteracted by different classes of pathogens, naïve CD4+T cells undergo programmed differentiation into distinct types of Th cells. Th cells orchestrate antigen-specific immune responses upon their clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction with the appropriate peptide antigen presented on MHC class II molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T helper 9 (Th9) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and their corresponding cytokines have critical roles in tumor and allergic immunity. In the context of asthma and cancer, the dynamic internal microenvironment, along with chronic inflammatory stimuli, influences development, differentiation, and function of Th9 cells and Treg cells. Furthermore, the dysregulation of the balance between Th9 cells and Treg cells might trigger aberrant immune responses, resulting in development and exacerbation of asthma and cancer. In this review, the development, differentiation, and function of Th9 cells and Treg cells, which are synergistically regulated by various factors including cytokine signals, transcriptional factors (TFs), costimulatory signals, microenvironment cues, metabolic pathways, and different signal pathways, will be discussed. In addition, we focus on the recent progress that has helped to achieve a better understanding of the roles of Th9 cells and Treg cells in allergic airway inflammation and tumor immunity. We also discuss how various factors moderate their responses in asthma and cancer. Finally, we summarize the recent findings regarding potential mechanisms for regulating the balance between Th9 and Treg cells in asthma and cancer. These advances provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies that are aimed at reestablishing the balance of these cells in the diseases.
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24
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Malinczak CA, Parolia A, Fonseca W, Morris S, Rasky AJ, Bawa P, Zhang Y, Mire MM, Ziegler SF, Ptaschinski C, Chinnaiyan AM, Lukacs NW. TSLP-Driven Chromatin Remodeling and Trained Systemic Immunity after Neonatal Respiratory Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1315-1328. [PMID: 33514510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our studies have previously shown a role for persistent TSLP production in the lungs of mice after early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection that leads to an altered immune phenotype, including accumulation of "inflammatory" dendritic cells (DC). This study investigates the role of TSLP driving systemic trained immunity in DC in early-life RSV-infected mice. Bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) from early-life RSV-infected mice at 4 wk postinfection showed enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines, including Tslp, that regulate immune cell function. The adoptive transfer of BMDC grown from early-life RSV-infected mice was sufficient to exacerbate allergic disease development. The addition of recombinant TSLP during differentiation of BMDC from naive mice induced a similar altered phenotype as BMDC grown from early-life RSV-infected mice, suggesting a role for TSLP in the phenotypic changes. To assess the role of TSLP in these changes, global transcriptomic characterization of TSLPR-/- BMDC infected with RSV was performed and showed a higher upregulation of type 1 IFN genes and concomitant downregulation of inflammatory genes. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing analysis demonstrated that TSLPR-/- BMDC had a parallel gain in physical chromatin accessibility near type 1 genes and loss in accessibility near genes related to RSV pathology, with IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and STAT3 predicted as top transcription factors binding within differentially accessible regions in wild-type. Importantly, these studies show that in the absence of TSLP signaling, BMDC are able to mount an appropriate type 1 IFN-associated antiviral response to RSV. In summary, RSV-induced TSLP alters chromatin structure in DC to drive trained innate immunity and activates pathogenic gene programs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mohamed M Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Department of Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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25
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Babina M, Wang Z, Franke K, Zuberbier T. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Promotes MRGPRX2-Triggered Degranulation of Skin Mast Cells in a STAT5-Dependent Manner with Further Support from JNK. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010102. [PMID: 33429916 PMCID: PMC7826995 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is released by epithelial cells following disturbed homeostasis to act as “alarmin” and driver of Th2-immunity. Aberrant TSLP expression is a hallmark of atopic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). Mast cells (MCs) are overabundant in AD lesions and show signs of degranulation, but it remains unknown whether TSLP contributes to granule discharge. Degranulation of skin MCs proceeds via two major routes, i.e., FcεRI-dependent (allergic) and MRGPRX2-mediated (pseudo-allergic/neurogenic). Evidence is accumulating that MRGPRX2 may be crucial in the context of skin diseases, including eczema. The current study reveals TSLP as a novel priming factor of human skin MCs. Interestingly, TSLP selectively cooperates with MRGPRX2 to support granule discharge, while it does not impact spontaneous or FcεRI-driven exocytosis. TSLP-assisted histamine liberation triggered by compound 48/80 or Substance P, two canonical MRGPRX2 agonists, was accompanied by an increase in CD107a+ cells (a MC activation marker). The latter process was less potent, however, and detectable only at the later of two time points, suggesting TSLP may prolong opening of the granules. Mechanistically, TSLP elicited phosphorylation of STAT5 and JNK in skin MCs and the reinforced degranulation critically depended on STAT5 activity, while JNK had a contributory role. Results from pharmacological inhibition were confirmed by RNA-interference, whereby silencing of STAT5 completely abolished the priming effect of TSLP on MRGPRX2-mediated degranulation. Collectively, TSLP is the first factor to favor MRGPRX2- over FcεRI-triggered MC activation. The relevance of TSLP, MCs and MRGPRX2 to pruritis and atopic skin pathology indicates broad repercussions of the identified connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-1751649539; Fax: +49-30-450518900
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26
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T-bet and STAT6 Coordinately Suppress the Development of IL-9-Mediated Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1274-1285.e5. [PMID: 33068596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-bet and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 are critical factors for helper T-cell differentiation in humans and mice. Additionally, polymorphisms in TBX21 (T-bet) and STAT6 are associated with the susceptibility of allergic diseases. However, precise mechanisms of the reciprocal regulation between T-bet and STAT6 in allergy remain unclear. To determine the reciprocal regulation in vivo, we investigated the phenotype of T-bet/STAT6 double-deficient (T-bet-/- STAT6-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice but not T-bet-/- mice or STAT6-/- mice spontaneously developed severe dermatitis. Not only eosinophils and mast cells but also CD4+ T cells infiltrated into the skin of T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells of T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice into severe combined immunodeficient mice induced the accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells in the skin, whereas depletion of CD4+ T cells ameliorated the dermatitis in T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice. Comprehensive transcriptome analyses revealed that IL-9 expression was enhanced in T-bet-/- STAT6-/- CD4+ T cells. Indeed, IL-9 neutralization ameliorated the dermatitis in T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice. T-bet-/- STAT6-/- CD4+ T cells expressed functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptors and produced large amounts of IL-9 on thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulation. These results indicate that T-bet and STAT6 coordinately suppress atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation, possibly by inhibiting thymic stromal lymphopoietin-dependent IL-9 production in CD4+ T cells.
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27
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STAT5 promotes accessibility and is required for BATF-mediated plasticity at the Il9 locus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4882. [PMID: 32985505 PMCID: PMC7523001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper cell differentiation requires lineage-defining transcription factors and factors that have shared expression among multiple subsets. BATF is required for development of multiple Th subsets but functions in a lineage-specific manner. BATF is required for IL-9 production in Th9 cells but in contrast to its function as a pioneer factor in Th17 cells, BATF is neither sufficient nor required for accessibility at the Il9 locus. Here we show that STAT5 is the earliest factor binding and remodeling the Il9 locus to allow BATF binding in both mouse and human Th9 cultures. The ability of STAT5 to mediate accessibility for BATF is observed in other Th lineages and allows acquisition of the IL-9-secreting phenotype. STAT5 and BATF convert Th17 cells into cells that mediate IL-9-dependent effects in allergic airway inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. Thus, BATF requires the STAT5 signal to mediate plasticity at the Il9 locus. BATF is a transcription factor that is needed for IL-9 production by T helper 9 cells. Here the authors show that STAT5 is needed at the Il9 locus to enable BATF to function in this manner and that this interaction can reprogram other T helper subsets into IL-9 producing cells, thus regulating the immune response to disease.
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28
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IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:37-48. [PMID: 32788707 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their expression of distinct transcription factors (including PU.1) and their copious production of IL-9. It remains debatable whether these cells represent a truly unique TH cell subset in vivo, but they are closely related to the T helper 2 (TH2) cells that are detected in allergic diseases. In recent years, increasing evidence has also indicated that IL-9-producing T cells may have potent abilities in eradicating advanced tumours, particularly melanomas. Here, we review the latest literature on the development of IL-9-producing T cells and their functions in disease settings, with a particular focus on allergy and cancer. We also discuss recent ideas concerning the therapeutic targeting of these cells in patients with chronic allergic diseases and their potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
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29
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Marković I, Savvides SN. Modulation of Signaling Mediated by TSLP and IL-7 in Inflammation, Autoimmune Diseases, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1557. [PMID: 32849527 PMCID: PMC7396566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Interleukin-7 (IL-7) are widely studied cytokines within distinct branches of immunology. On one hand, TSLP is crucially important for mediating type 2 immunity at barrier surfaces and has been linked to widespread allergic and inflammatory diseases of the airways, skin, and gut. On the other hand, IL-7 operates at the foundations of T-cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development and homeostasis and has been associated with cancer. Yet, TSLP and IL-7 are united by key commonalities in their structure and the structural basis of the receptor assemblies they mediate to initiate cellular signaling, in particular their cross-utilization of IL-7Rα. As therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL-7 via diverse approaches is reaching advanced stages and in light of the plethora of mechanistic and structural data on receptor signaling mediated by the two cytokines, the time is ripe to provide integrated views of such knowledge. Here, we first discuss the major pathophysiological roles of TSLP and IL-7 in autoimmune diseases, inflammation and cancer. Subsequently, we curate structural and mechanistic knowledge about receptor assemblies mediated by the two cytokines. Finally, we review therapeutic avenues targeting TSLP and IL-7 signaling. We envision that such integrated view of the mechanism, structure, and modulation of signaling assemblies mediated by TSLP and IL-7 will enhance and fine-tune the development of more effective and selective approaches to further interrogate the role of TSLP and IL-7 in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Marković
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Kharwadkar R, Ulrich BJ, Abdul Qayum A, Koh B, Licona-Limón P, Flavell RA, Kaplan MH. Expression Efficiency of Multiple Il9 Reporter Alleles Is Determined by Cell Lineage. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:282-291. [PMID: 32439753 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of allelic gene reporter mice has provided a powerful tool to study gene function in vivo. In conjunction with imaging technologies, reporter mouse models facilitate studies of cell lineage tracing, live cell imaging, and gene expression in the context of diseases. Although there are several advantages to using reporter mice, caution is important to ensure the fidelity of the reporter protein representing the gene of interest. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two Il9 reporter strains Il9citrine and Il9GFP in representing IL-9-producing CD4+ TH9 cells. Although both alleles show high specificity in IL-9-expressing populations, we observed that the Il9GFP allele visualized a much larger proportion of the IL-9-producing cells in culture than the Il9citrine reporter allele. In defining the mechanistic basis for these differences, chromatin immunoprecipitation and chromatin accessibility assay showed that the Il9citrine allele was transcriptionally less active in TH9 cells compared with the wild-type allele. The Il9citrine allele also only captured a fraction of IL-9-expressing bone marrow-derived mast cells. In contrast, the Il9 citrine reporter detected Il9 expression in type 2 innate lymphoid cells at a greater percentage than could be identified by IL-9 intracellular cytokine staining. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the accuracy of IL-9 reporter mouse models may vary with the cell type being examined. These studies demonstrate the importance of choosing appropriate reporter mouse models that are optimal for detecting the cell type of interest as well as the accuracy of conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshin Kharwadkar
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Benjamin J Ulrich
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04020 Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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31
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Changes in the Th9 cell population and related cytokines in the peripheral blood of infants with recurrent wheezing. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:60-68. [PMID: 32425681 PMCID: PMC7226556 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.94683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction T helper type 9 (Th9) cells have been shown to play a key role in initiating allergic reactions and promoting airway inflammation. However, to the best of our knowledge, their role has not been analyzed in infants with recurrent wheezing. Material and methods We performed a case-control study including 34 infants with recurrent wheezing and the same number of healthy infants as controls; all subjects were aged 1- to 3-years-old. The Th9 cell populations in the peripheral blood of these subjects were analyzed using flow cytometry, along with the assessment of Th9- and Th2-related plasma cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-33, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) using a Luminex 200 immunoassay. Results Our results indicatedthat infants with recurrent wheezing had higher percentages of Th9 cells (median, 0.69%; range, 0.46-1.08%) as compared to healthy infants (median, 0.25%, range, 0.13-0.36%; p < 0.05). In addition, infants with recurrent wheezing also exhibited higher plasma levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-33, and TGF-β1. Furthermore, the percentage of Th9 cells was positively correlated with the levels of IL-4 (r = 0.408, p < 0.05) and IL-9 (r = 0.644, p < 0.05) in the peripheral blood of wheezing infants. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the percentage of Th9 cells is increased in infants with recurrent wheezing; thus, Th9 cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheezing.
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Micossé C, von Meyenn L, Steck O, Kipfer E, Adam C, Simillion C, Seyed Jafari SM, Olah P, Yawlkar N, Simon D, Borradori L, Kuchen S, Yerly D, Homey B, Conrad C, Snijder B, Schmidt M, Schlapbach C. Human "T H9" cells are a subpopulation of PPAR-γ + T H2 cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/31/eaat5943. [PMID: 30658968 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells are well-defined TH cell lineages in humans, it remains debated whether IL-9-producing TH cells represent a bona fide "TH9" lineage. Our understanding of the cellular characteristics and functions of IL-9-producing TH cells in humans is still nascent. Here, we report that human IL-9-producing TH cells express the chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8, produce high levels of IL-5 and IL-13, and express TH2 lineage-associated transcription factors. In these cells, IL-9 production is activation dependent, transient, and accompanied by down-regulation of TH2 cytokines, leading to an apparent "TH9" phenotype. IL-9+ TH2 cells can be distinguished from "conventional" TH2 cells based on their expression of the transcription factor PPAR-γ. Accordingly, PPAR-γ is induced in naïve TH cells by priming with IL-4 and TGF-β ("TH9" priming) and is required for IL-9 production. In line with their identity as early activated TH2 cells, IL-9+ TH2 cells are found in acute allergic skin inflammation in humans. We propose that IL-9-producing TH cells are a phenotypically and functionally distinct subpopulation of TH2 cells that depend on PPAR-γ for full effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Micossé
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard von Meyenn
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Steck
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Enja Kipfer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Adam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Morteza Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Olah
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikhil Yawlkar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kuchen
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Yerly
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Curdin Conrad
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Nakajima S, Kabata H, Kabashima K, Asano K. Anti-TSLP antibodies: Targeting a master regulator of type 2 immune responses. Allergol Int 2020; 69:197-203. [PMID: 31974038 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TSLP is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine synthesized in response to various stimuli, including protease allergens and microorganisms like viruses and bacteria. Biological functions of TSLP require heterodimer formation between the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) and IL-7 receptor-α, which polarize dendritic cells to induce type 2 inflammation and directly expand and/or activate Th2 cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, and other immune cells. TSLP is thus considered a master regulator of type 2 immune responses at the barrier surfaces of skin and the respiratory/gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, genetic, experimental, and clinical evidence suggests that the TSLP-TSLPR pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. Tezepelumab (AMG-157/MEDI9929) is a human anti-TSLP antibody that prevents TSLP-TSLPR interactions. A phase 2 trial for moderate to severe AD showed that a greater but not statistically significant percentage of tezepelumab-treated patients showed clinical improvements compared to the placebo group. A phase 2 trial for uncontrolled, severe asthma showed significant decreases in asthma exacerbation rate and improved pulmonary function and asthma control for tezepelumab-treated patients. Levels of biomarkers of type 2 inflammation, such as blood/sputum eosinophil counts and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide decreased, however, clinical efficacy was observed irrespective of the baseline levels of these biomarkers. A blockade of the TSLP-TSLPR pathway likely will exert significant clinical effects on AD, asthma, and other allergic diseases. The efficacy of anti-TSLP antibodies compared to other biologics needs to be further examined.
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Du X, Li C, Wang W, Huang Q, Wang J, Tong Z, Huang K, Chen Y, Yuan H, Lv Z, Corrigan CJ, Wang W, Ying S. IL-33 induced airways inflammation is partially dependent on IL-9. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104098. [PMID: 32241531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways and numerous cytokines contribute to this pathogenesis. It is shown that challenge of airways with IL-33 induces asthma-like pathological changes in mice, but the possible downstream cytokines in this process remain to be characterised. To explore this, we compared changes in the airways of wildtype (WT) and IL-9 deficient mice challenged with IL-33. In line with previous report, per-nasal challenge of WT mice with IL-33 significantly increased the responsiveness of the airways along with infiltration of inflammatory cells, goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy, and the expression of cytokines compared with control group. Surprisingly, all of these pathological changes were significantly attenuated in IL-9 deficient mice following identical IL-33 challenge. These data suggest that IL-9 is one downstream cytokine relevant to the effects of IL-33 in asthmatic airways and consequently a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Du
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenduo Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kewu Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chris J Corrigan
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Bazzazi H, Yazdani Y, Behnampour N, Hossein-Nataj H, Memarian A, Aghaei M. Frequency of Th9 Cells in Different Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.6.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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36
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Fu Y, Koh B, Kuwahara M, Ulrich BJ, Kharwadkar R, Yamashita M, Kaplan MH. BATF-Interacting Proteins Dictate Specificity in Th Subset Activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1989-1998. [PMID: 31451674 PMCID: PMC6761015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor BATF is expressed in multiple Th subsets and cooperates with other factors to regulate gene transcription. BATF activates lineage-specific cytokines in Th subsets, activating IL-9 in Th9 cells and IL-17 in Th17 cells, but not IL-9 or IL-17 in the reciprocal subset. The mechanism for this restricted activity is unclear. In this report, we define BATF binding partners that contribute to Th subset-specific functions. Although BATF and IRF4 are expressed in greater amounts in Th9 than Th17, increased expression of both factors is not sufficient to induce IL-9 in Th17 cells. BATF also requires heterodimer formation with Jun family members to bind DNA and induce gene expression. Using primary mouse T cell culture, we observed that JunB and c-Jun, but not JunD, promote IL-9 production in Th9 cells. Ectopic expression of BATF with either JunB or c-Jun generates modest, but significant, increases in IL-9 production in Th17 cells, suggesting that the low expression of Jun family members is one factor limiting the ability of BATF to induce IL-9 in Th17 cells. We further identified that Bach2 positively regulates IL-9 production by directly binding to the Il9 gene and by increasing transcription factor expression in Th9 cells. Strikingly, cotransduction of Bach2 and BATF significantly induces IL-9 production in both Th9 and Th17 cells. Taken together, our results reveal that JunB, c-Jun, and Bach2 cooperate with BATF to contribute to the specificity of BATF-dependent cytokine induction in Th subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Fu
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Makoto Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon-Shi, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; and
| | - Benjamin J Ulrich
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rakshin Kharwadkar
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon-Shi, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; and
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Abstract
The newly discovered Th9 cells are the distinct subset of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, which are involved in various pathophysiological conditions of an immune response. In addition to its role in allergic inflammation and elimination of extracellular pathogens, Th9 cells were found to play a key role in inducing anti-tumor immune response. Precisely, the anti-tumor functions of Th9 cells were found to be superior as compared to Th1 and other Th subsets. Th9 cells eliminate tumors via activating innate and adaptive immune cells, and in particular, generating a profound effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against neo antigens. In addition, it was proposed that Th9 cells were found to induce effector functions of innate cells like dendritic cells, mast cells and NK cells, which further promote a robust anti-tumor immune response. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in differentiation and functions of Th9 cells in anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Chandwaskar
- Department of Microbiology, AMITY University Rajasthan , Jaipur , India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute , Faridabad , India
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Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Interferes with the Apoptosis of Human Skin Mast Cells by a Dual Strategy Involving STAT5/Mcl-1 and JNK/Bcl-x L. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080829. [PMID: 31387206 PMCID: PMC6721763 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play critical roles in allergic and inflammatory reactions and contribute to multiple pathologies in the skin, in which they show increased numbers, which frequently correlates with severity. It remains ill-defined how MC accumulation is established by the cutaneous microenvironment, in part because research on human MCs rarely employs MCs matured in the tissue, and extrapolations from other MC subsets have limitations, considering the high level of MC heterogeneity. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)—released by epithelial cells, like keratinocytes, following disturbed homeostasis and inflammation—has attracted much attention, but its impact on skin MCs remains undefined, despite the vast expression of the TSLP receptor by these cells. Using several methods, each detecting a distinct component of the apoptotic process (membrane alterations, DNA degradation, and caspase-3 activity), our study pinpoints TSLP as a novel survival factor of dermal MCs. TSLP confers apoptosis resistance via concomitant activation of the TSLP/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-5 / myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl)-1 route and a newly uncovered TSLP/ c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)/ B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-xL axis, as evidenced by RNA interference and pharmacological inhibition. Our findings highlight the potential contribution of TSLP to the MC supportive niche of the skin and, vice versa, highlight MCs as crucial responders to TSLP in the context of TSLP-driven disorders.
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Asthma from immune pathogenesis to precision medicine. Semin Immunol 2019; 46:101294. [PMID: 31387788 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by multiple immunological mechanisms (endotypes) determining variable clinical presentations (phenotypes). The identification of endotypic mechanisms is crucial to better characterize patients and to identify tailored therapeutic approaches with novel biological agents targeting specific immunological pathways. This review focused on summarizing the major immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, as well as on discussing the emergence of phenotypic features of the disease. Novel biological agents and other drugs targeting specific endotypes are discussed, as their use represent a precision medicine approach to the disease that is nowadays mandatory particularly for treating more severe patients.
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40
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Lianto P, Zhang Y, Che H. Signals from the various immune cells in promoting food allergy-induced eosinophilic esophagitis like disease. Asia Pac Allergy 2019; 9:e28. [PMID: 31384583 PMCID: PMC6676061 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2019.9.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a recently recognized esophageal inflammatory disease with clinical manifestations arising from esophageal dysfunction. The etiology of EoE is currently being clarified and food allergy is evolving as the central cornerstone of EoE disease pathogenesis. Given the large number of eosinophils in the esophagus of people with EoE verified by data from murine models EoE is widely considered as the hallmark T-helper type 2 (Th2) disease of the esophagus. It is also known that some eosinophilic inflammation is controlled by other subsets of T cells such as Th9 or Th17 and control is also exerted by type 2 innate lymphoid cells acting together with basophils. In this paper we review results from molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans and present in-depth molecular understanding of EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilia Lianto
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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41
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Abstract
Asthma is a genetically and phenotypically complex disease that has a major impact on global health. Signs and symptoms of asthma are caused by the obstruction of airflow through the airways. The epithelium that lines the airways plays a major role in maintaining airway patency and in host defense. The epithelium initiates responses to inhaled or aspirated substances, including allergens, viruses, and bacteria, and epithelial-derived cytokines are important in the recruitment and activation of immune cells in the airway. Changes in the structure and function of the airway epithelium are a prominent feature of asthma. Approximately half of individuals with asthma have evidence of active type 2 immune responses in the airway. In these individuals, epithelial cytokines promote type 2 responses, and responses to type 2 cytokines result in increased epithelial mucus production and other effects that cause airway obstruction. Recent work also implicates other epithelial responses, including interleukin-17, interferon and ER stress responses, that may contribute to asthma pathogenesis and provide new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Bonser
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David J Erle
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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42
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Krabbendam L, Bal SM, Spits H, Golebski K. New insights into the function, development, and plasticity of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Immunol Rev 2019; 286:74-85. [PMID: 30294969 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are the most well defined group of ILCs. ILC2 development is controlled by the GATA-3 transcription factor and these cells produce archetypal type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13. These cytokines mediate parasite expulsion and tissue repair, but also contribute to type 2 inflammatory diseases, including allergy, asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. In response to tightly regulated local environmental cues ILCs can generate characteristics of other subtypes, a process known as plasticity. Recent advances in the ILC2 field has led to the discovery that ILC2s can promptly shift to functional IFN-γ-producing ILC1s or IL-17-producing ILC3s, depending on the cytokines and chemokines produced by antigen presenting cells or epithelial cells. Due to yet unknown triggers, this complex network of signals may become dysregulated. In this review, we will discuss general ILC characteristic, ILC2 development, plasticity, memory function, and implications in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Krabbendam
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam-UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Bal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam-UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam-UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Korneliusz Golebski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam-UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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43
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Wang P, Xu Y, Zhang J, Shi L, Lei T, Hou Y, Lu Z, Zhao Y. The amino acid sensor general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) controls T H9 cells and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1091-1105. [PMID: 31121187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TH9 cells have emerged as important mediators of allergic airway inflammation. There is evidence that general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) affects the immune response under some stress conditions. However, whether GCN2 regulates CD4+ T-cell differentiation during allergic inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to clarify the regulatory roles of GCN2 in CD4+ T-cell subset differentiation and its significance in patients with allergic airway inflammation. METHODS The effects of GCN2 in differentiation of TH cell subsets were detected by using the in vitro induction system. GCN2 knockout mice, ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation, and adoptive transfer mouse models were used to determine the significance of GCN2 in TH9 differentiation and allergic airway inflammation in vivo. RNA sequencing, real-time PCR, Western blotting, and other molecular approaches were used to identify the molecular mechanisms relevant to regulation of GCN2 in TH9 cell differentiation. RESULTS GCN2 deficiency significantly inhibited differentiation of TH9 cells but not TH1, TH2, and regulatory T cells. GCN2 knockout mice and recombination-activating gene 2 knockout (Rag2KO) mice that received adoptively transferred GCN2-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced TH9 differentiation and less severe allergic airway inflammation. Furthermore, the isolated GCN2-deficient TH9 cells also mediated less severe allergic airway inflammation on adoptive transfer. Mechanistically, GCN2 deficiency inhibits TH9 cell differentiation through a hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-dependent glycolytic pathway. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a novel role of GCN2 in TH9 cell differentiation. Our findings indicate that new strategies to inhibit GCN2 activity might provide novel approaches to attenuate allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yana Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Lei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangxiao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbing Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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44
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Moledina DG, Wilson FP, Pober JS, Perazella MA, Singh N, Luciano RL, Obeid W, Lin H, Kuperman M, Moeckel GW, Kashgarian M, Cantley LG, Parikh CR. Urine TNF-α and IL-9 for clinical diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127456. [PMID: 31092735 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDClinical diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is challenging because of lack of a diagnostic biomarker and requires a kidney biopsy. We hypothesized that AIN is mediated by specific T cell subsets such that specific T cell cytokine levels could serve as biomarkers to distinguish AIN from other causes of acute kidney disease (AKD).METHODSWe enrolled consecutive sampling participants who underwent a kidney biopsy for AKD evaluation at 2 centers between 2015 and 2018. Three pathologists independently established AIN diagnosis through review of kidney biopsies. Through univariable and multivariable analysis of 12 selected urine and plasma cytokines, we identified 2 that were diagnostic of AIN.RESULTSOf the 218 participants, 32 (15%) were diagnosed with AIN by all 3 pathologists. Participants with AIN had consistently higher levels of urine TNF-α and IL-9 than those with other diagnoses, including acute tubular injury, glomerular diseases, and diabetic kidney disease, and those without any kidney disease. As compared with participants in the lowest quartile, we noted higher odds of AIN in participants in the highest quartiles of TNF-α levels (adjusted odds ratio, 10.9 [1.8, 65.9]) and IL-9 levels (7.5 [1.2, 45.7]) when controlling for blood eosinophils, leukocyturia, and proteinuria. Addition of biomarkers improved area under receiver operating characteristic curve over clinicians' prebiopsy diagnosis (0.84 [0.78, 0.91]) vs. 0.62 [(0.53, 0.71]) and a model of current tests (0.84 [0.76, 0.91] vs. 0.69 [0.58, 0.80]).CONCLUSIONSInclusion of urinary TNF-α and IL-9 improves discrimination over clinicians' prebiopsy diagnosis and currently available tests for AIN diagnosis.FUNDINGSupported by NIH awards K23DK117065, T32DK007276, K24DK090203, K23DK097201, R01DK113191, UG3-DK114866, P30DK079310; the Robert E. Leet and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust; and American Heart Association award 18CDA34060118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G Moledina
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine.,Program of Applied Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - F Perry Wilson
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine.,Program of Applied Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Singh
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Wassim Obeid
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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45
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Kaabachi W, Khaouthar M, Hamdi B, Khalfallah I, Ammar J, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Th 9 cells in Behçet disease: Possible involvement of IL-9 in pulmonary manifestations. Immunol Lett 2019; 211:3-12. [PMID: 31075294 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Behçet disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease some of whose manifestations are characterized by pulmonary involvements. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the level of T-helper type 9 (Th9) cells and the cytokine interleukin (IL)-9 in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) affected by pulmonary manifestations. Nevertheless, until recently there have been no studies on its role in BD. The Th9 (CD4+IL-9+T) cell, transcription factor PU.1 and IL-9 mRNA levels, as well as serum and BAL IL-9 concentration, were measured in BD patients and healthy controls. The Th9 cell percentage and absolute number, PU.1 and IL-9 expression levels of BD patients were all increased significantly compared with the control group. Absolute number of Th9 cells was particularly increased in patients with active BD compared to inactive BD patients. The levels of IL-9 associated to Th9 expression depended on BD severity. These parameters were markedly expressed in the BAL of BD patients with pulmonary manifestations. IL-17 and the epithelial inflammatory cytokine TSLP were significantly correlated to IL-9 levels. This cytokine trio decreased in inactive BD patients after corticosteroïd treatment. In addition, IL-9 levels were correlated to CD4+ IL-9+ cells in BAL and in PBMCs. LPS stimulated PBMCs and macrophages induced increased secretion of IL-9 and the encoding transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4. In conclusion, the expansion of the Th9 cell subset, up-regulation of the PU.1 transcription factor and increased secretion of the IL-9 cytokine may contribute to the pathogenesis of BD, which may be supported by the increased release of IL-17 and TSLP. We provide evidence that Th9 T cells are increased in BD patients with pulmonary manifestations. This suggests an important role of IL-9 in the pathogenesis of BD particularly in patients suffering from lung involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Kaabachi
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mnasria Khaouthar
- Immuno-microbiologie environnementale et cancérogenèse, faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Besma Hamdi
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Ikbel Khalfallah
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Jamel Ammar
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
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Tsuda M, Hamade H, Thomas LS, Salumbides BC, Potdar AA, Wong MH, Nunnelee JS, Stamps JT, Neutzsky-Wulff AV, Barrett RJ, Wang Y, Tang J, Funari VA, Targan SR, Michelsen KS. A role for BATF3 in T H9 differentiation and T-cell-driven mucosal pathologies. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:644-655. [PMID: 30617301 PMCID: PMC6462229 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T helper 9 (TH9) cells are important for the development of inflammatory and allergic diseases. The TH9 transcriptional network converges signals from cytokines and antigen presentation but is incompletely understood. Here, we identified TL1A, a member of the TNF superfamily, as a strong inducer of mouse and human TH9 differentiation. Mechanistically, TL1A induced the expression of the transcription factors BATF and BATF3 and facilitated their binding to the Il9 promoter leading to enhanced secretion of IL-9. BATF- and BATF3-deficiencies impaired IL-9 secretion under TH9 and TH9-TL1A-polarizing conditions. In vivo, using a T-cell transfer model, we demonstrated that TL1A promoted IL-9-dependent, TH9 cell-induced intestinal and lung inflammation. Neutralizing IL-9 antibodies attenuated TL1A-driven mucosal inflammation. Batf3-/- TH9-TL1A cells induced reduced inflammation and cytokine expression in vivo compared to WT cells. Our results demonstrate that TL1A promotes TH9 cell differentiation and function and define a role for BATF3 in T-cell-driven mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tsuda
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Current address: Food and Physiological Functions Laboratory, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino Fujisawa-shi Kanagawa, 252-0880 Japan
| | - Hussein Hamade
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lisa S. Thomas
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brenda C. Salumbides
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alka A. Potdar
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michelle H. Wong
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jordan S. Nunnelee
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jasmine T. Stamps
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anita Vibsig Neutzsky-Wulff
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Robert J. Barrett
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vincent A. Funari
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stephan R. Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kathrin S. Michelsen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Kathrin S. Michelsen, Ph.D. F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, RM 4066, 110 George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA, Phone: (310) 423-0539 FAX: (310) 423-0224,
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Roan F, Obata-Ninomiya K, Ziegler SF. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines: more than just signaling the alarm. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1441-1451. [PMID: 30932910 DOI: 10.1172/jci124606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25 are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses. Often characterized as "alarmins" that are released by the barrier epithelium in response to external insults, these epithelial cell-derived cytokines were initially thought to act only early in allergic inflammation. Indeed, TSLP can condition dendritic cells to initiate type 2 responses, and IL-33 may influence susceptibility to asthma through its role in establishing the immune environment in the perinatal lungs. However, TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 all regulate a broad spectrum of innate immune cell populations and are particularly potent in eliciting and activating type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that may act throughout allergic inflammation. Recent data suggest that a TSLP/ILC axis may mediate steroid resistance in asthma. Recent identification of memory Th2 cell subsets that are characterized by high receptor expression for TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 further supports a role for these cytokines in allergic exacerbations. There is therefore growing interest in developing biologics that target TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25. This Review provides an overview of TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 and the development of blocking antibodies that target these epithelial cell-derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Roan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSES OF REVIEW Th9 cells are recognized as a novel subset of effector T helper cells that preferentially produce IL-9. Here, we provide a current update on the reports related to the function of Th9 cells in allergic inflammatory diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The effector Th9 cells differentiating from naïve T helper cells have recently been identified. Because of accumulating findings of Th9 cells in many inflammatory diseases, including allergic diseases, diverse functions of Th9 cells in regulating immune responses have been suggested. Related reports indicate multiple sources of IL-9 besides Th9 cells and their association with the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and food allergy. More recently, elements of the epigenetic landscape involving in the regulation of IL-9 by Th9 cells have been identified to be the potential target for allergic inflammation. This review provides the most recent information about Th9 cells and their contribution in airway allergic disease, skin, and food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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Cai L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, Hu J. Effect of Th9/IL-9 on the growth of gastric cancer in nude mice. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2225-2234. [PMID: 30988627 PMCID: PMC6441462 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s197816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective By neutralizing IL-9 in a nude mouse model, the study aimed to investigate the role of Th9/IL-9 on the growth of gastric cancer in mice. Materials and methods Male BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control group (Control), an SGC-7901 xenografted nude mice model group (Model), and a rIL-9 treatment group (Treat). The weight of the tumors was recorded to calculate the tumor inhibition rate. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell frequency of Th9, Th17, and Treg in peripheral blood. The IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-25, VEGF, and TGF-β levels in serum were determined by ELISA. The cellular migration and invasion were investigated by transwell assay. Immunohistochemical and Western blot were used to detect the expression of IL-9, CD34, PU.1, p53, and p21 proteins in gastric cancer tissue. The mRNA expression levels of IL-9, IL-21, and PU.1 in gastric cancer tissue were determined by qRT-PCR. Result rIL-9 can significantly inhibit the growth of gastric cancer. The frequency of Th9, Th17, and Treg in peripheral blood was decreased upon treatment. The levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-25, VEGF, and TGF-β in serum were significantly reduced in the Treat group compared with the Model group (P<0.05). rIL-9 can inhibit cellular migration and invasion and reduce the mRNA level of IL-9, IL-21, and PU.1. Meanwhile, in the Treat group, the expression of IL-9, CD34, and PU.1 was significantly reduced, whereas the expression of p53 and p21 was significantly increased compared with the Model group (P<0.05). Conclusion This study suggested that Th9/IL-9 has a deleterious role in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Laizhou People's Hospital, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jinchen Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China,
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Soong L. Dysregulated Th1 Immune and Vascular Responses in Scrub Typhus Pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:1233-1240. [PMID: 29431689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Scrub typhus is an emerging, insect-transmitted disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, a Gram- and LPS-negative bacterium that replicates freely within professional phagocytes and endothelial cells. Scrub typhus is prevalent with high mortality rates, but information regarding its molecular pathogenesis, microbial virulence determinants, and key immune responses is limited. Improved animal models have recently been developed that respectively resemble the pathological features of self-limiting or severe scrub typhus in humans. Strong activation of Th1 and CD8, but not Th2 and regulatory T, immune responses, accompanied by altered angiopoietin/Tie2-related regulation, are hallmarks of lethal infection in murine models. This review, based primarily on recent advances from clinical and experimental studies, highlights tissue- and endothelial cell-specific biomarkers that are indicative of immune dysregulation. The potential roles of neutrophils and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules at late stages of disease are discussed in the context of vascular leakage, pulmonary and renal injury, and scrub typhus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and .,Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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