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Anderson G, Cosway EJ, James KD, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y. Generation and repair of thymic epithelial cells. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230894. [PMID: 38980292 PMCID: PMC11232892 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate immune system, thymus stromal microenvironments support the generation of αβT cells from immature thymocytes. Thymic epithelial cells are of particular importance, and the generation of cortical and medullary epithelial lineages from progenitor stages controls the initiation and maintenance of thymus function. Here, we discuss the developmental pathways that regulate thymic epithelial cell diversity during both the embryonic and postnatal periods. We also examine how thymus microenvironments respond to injury, with particular focus on mechanisms that ensure regeneration of thymic epithelial cells for the restoration of thymus function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Emilie J Cosway
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieran D James
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Yu YA, Lien WJ, Lin WC, Pan YC, Huang SW, Mou CY, Hu CMJ, Mou KY. High-Affinity Superantigen-Based Trifunctional Immune Cell Engager Synergizes NK and T Cell Activation for Tumor Suppression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2310204. [PMID: 38937984 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The development of immune cell engagers (ICEs) can be limited by logistical and functional restrictions associated with fusion protein designs, thus limiting immune cell recruitment to solid tumors. Herein, a high affinity superantigen-based multivalent ICE is developed for simultaneous activation and recruitment of NK and T cells for tumor treatment. Yeast library-based directed evolution is adopted to identify superantigen variants possessing enhanced binding affinity to immunoreceptors expressed on human T cells and NK cells. High-affinity superantigens exhibiting improved immune-stimulatory activities are then incorporated into a superantigen-based tri-functional yeast-display-enhanced multivalent immune cell engager (STYMIE), which is functionalized with a nanobody, a Neo-2/15 cytokine, and an Fc domain for tumor targeting, immune stimulation, and prolonged circulation, respectively. Intravenous administration of STYMIE enhances NK and T cell recruitment into solid tumors, leading to enhanced inhibition in multiple tumor models. The study offers design principles for multifunctional ICEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-An Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program of Translational Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Lien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Wei Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program of Translational Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kurt Yun Mou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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3
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Hayashizaki K, Kamii Y, Kinjo Y. Glycolipid antigen recognition by invariant natural killer T cells and its role in homeostasis and antimicrobial responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402412. [PMID: 38863694 PMCID: PMC11165115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of developing effective vaccines has received more attention than ever before. To maximize the effects of vaccines, it is important to select adjuvants that induce strong and rapid innate and acquired immune responses. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which constitute a small population among lymphocytes, bypass the innate and acquired immune systems through the rapid production of cytokines after glycolipid recognition; hence, their activation could be used as a vaccine strategy against emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, the diverse functions of iNKT cells, including enhancing antibody production, are becoming more understood in recent years. In this review, we briefly describe the functional subset of iNKT cells and introduce the glycolipid antigens recognized by them. Furthermore, we also introduce novel vaccine development taking advantages of iNKT cell activation against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hayashizaki
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamii
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Lin W, Li Q, Liu L, Wang Q, Zhang D, Wang F, Xu R, Fan Y, Xing M, Zhou C, Yuan Q. Early infiltrating NKT lymphocytes attenuate bone regeneration through secretion of CXCL2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6343. [PMID: 38758783 PMCID: PMC11100573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Trauma rapidly mobilizes the immune response of surrounding tissues and activates regeneration program. Manipulating immune response to promote tissue regeneration shows a broad application prospect. However, the understanding of bone healing dynamics at cellular level remains limited. Here, we characterize the landscape of immune cells after alveolar bone injury and reveal a pivotal role of infiltrating natural killer T (NKT) cells. We observe a rapid increase in NKT cells after injury, which inhibit osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and impair alveolar bone healing. Cxcl2 is up-regulated in NKT cells after injury. Systemic administration of CXCL2-neutralizing antibody or genetic deletion of Cxcl2 improves the bone healing process. In addition, we fabricate a gelatin-based porous hydrogel to deliver NK1.1 depletion antibody, which successfully promotes alveolar bone healing. In summary, our study highlights the importance of NKT cells in the early stage of bone healing and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for accelerating bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Boonchalermvichian C, Yan H, Gupta B, Rubin A, Baker J, Negrin RS. invariant Natural Killer T cell therapy as a novel therapeutic approach in hematological malignancies. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2024; 3:1353803. [PMID: 38993780 PMCID: PMC11235242 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2024.1353803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T cell therapy is an emerging platform of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. This unique cell population is a promising candidate for cell therapy for cancer treatment because of its inherent cytotoxicity against CD1d positive cancers as well as its ability to induce host CD8 T cell cross priming. Substantial evidence supports that iNKT cells can modulate myelomonocytic populations in the tumor microenvironment to ameliorate immune dysregulation to antagonize tumor progression. iNKT cells can also protect from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) through several mechanisms, including the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg). Ultimately, iNKT cell-based therapy can retain antitumor activity while providing protection against GVHD simultaneously. Therefore, these biological properties render iNKT cells as a promising "off-the-shelf" therapy for diverse hematological malignancies and possible solid tumors. Further the introduction of a chimeric antigen recetor (CAR) can further target iNKT cells and enhance function. We foresee that improved vector design and other strategies such as combinatorial treatments with small molecules or immune checkpoint inhibitors could improve CAR iNKT in vivo persistence, functionality and leverage anti-tumor activity along with the abatement of iNKT cell dysfunction or exhaustion.
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Gutiérrez-Vera C, García-Betancourt R, Palacios PA, Müller M, Montero DA, Verdugo C, Ortiz F, Simon F, Kalergis AM, González PA, Saavedra-Avila NA, Porcelli SA, Carreño LJ. Natural killer T cells in allergic asthma: implications for the development of novel immunotherapeutical strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1364774. [PMID: 38629075 PMCID: PMC11018981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma has emerged as a prevalent allergic disease worldwide, affecting most prominently both young individuals and lower-income populations in developing and developed countries. To devise effective and curative immunotherapy, it is crucial to comprehend the intricate nature of this condition, characterized by an immune response imbalance that favors a proinflammatory profile orchestrated by diverse subsets of immune cells. Although the involvement of Natural Killer T (NKT) cells in asthma pathology is frequently implied, their specific contributions to disease onset and progression remain incompletely understood. Given their remarkable ability to modulate the immune response through the rapid secretion of various cytokines, NKT cells represent a promising target for the development of effective immunotherapy against allergic asthma. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of NKT cells in the context of allergic asthma, along with novel therapeutic approaches that leverage the functional response of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Gutiérrez-Vera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Palacios
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marioly Müller
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David A. Montero
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Verdugo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Ortiz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noemi A. Saavedra-Avila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lin Q, Kuypers M, Baglaenko Y, Cao E, Hezaveh K, Despot T, de Amat Herbozo C, Cruz Tleugabulova M, Umaña JM, McGaha TL, Philpott DJ, Mallevaey T. The intestinal microbiota modulates the transcriptional landscape of iNKT cells at steady-state and following antigen exposure. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:226-237. [PMID: 38331095 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are unconventional T cells that respond to microbe-derived glycolipid antigens. iNKT cells exert fast innate effector functions that regulate immune responses in a variety of contexts, including during infection, cancer, or inflammation. The roles these unconventional T cells play in intestinal inflammation remain poorly defined and vary based on the disease model and species. Our previous work suggested that the gut microbiota influenced iNKT cell functions during dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. This study, shows that iNKT cell homeostasis and response following activation are altered in germ-free mice. Using prenatal fecal transplant in specific pathogen-free mice, we show that the transcriptional signatures of iNKT cells at steady state and following αGC-mediated activation in vivo are modulated by the microbiota. Our data suggest that iNKT cells sense the microbiota at homeostasis independently of their T cell receptors. Finally, iNKT cell transcriptional signatures are different in male and female mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that sex and the intestinal microbiota are important factors that regulate iNKT cell homeostasis and responses. A deeper understanding of microbiota-iNKT cell interactions and the impact of sex could improve the development of iNKT cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meggie Kuypers
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tijana Despot
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kamii Y, Hayashizaki K, Kanno T, Chiba A, Ikegami T, Saito M, Akeda Y, Ohteki T, Kubo M, Yoshida K, Kawakami K, Oishi K, Araya J, Kuwano K, Kronenberg M, Endo Y, Kinjo Y. IL-27 regulates the differentiation of follicular helper NKT cells via metabolic adaptation of mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313964121. [PMID: 38394242 PMCID: PMC10907256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313964121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that express an invariant T cell receptor α chain and contribute to bridging innate and acquired immunity with rapid production of large amounts of cytokines after stimulation. Among effecter subsets of iNKT cells, follicular helper NKT (NKTFH) cells are specialized to help B cells. However, the mechanisms of NKTFH cell differentiation remain to be elucidated. In this report, we studied the mechanism of NKTFH cell differentiation induced by pneumococcal surface protein A and α-galactosylceramide (P/A) vaccination. We found that Gr-1+ cells helped iNKT cell proliferation and NKTFH cell differentiation in the spleen by producing interleukin-27 (IL-27) in the early phase after vaccination. The neutralization of IL-27 impaired NKTFH cell differentiation, which resulted in compromised antibody production and diminished protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by the P/A vaccine. Our data indicated that Gr-1+ cell-derived IL-27 stimulated mitochondrial metabolism, meeting the energic demand required for iNKT cells to differentiate into NKTFH cells. Interestingly, Gr-1+ cell-derived IL-27 was induced by iNKT cells via interferon-γ production. Collectively, our findings suggest that optimizing the metabolism of iNKT cells was essential for acquiring specific effector functions, and they provide beneficial knowledge on iNKT cell-mediated vaccination-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kamii
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashizaki
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshio Kanno
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba292-0818, Japan
| | - Akio Chiba
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Taku Ikegami
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba278-0022, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi980-8575, Japan
| | | | - Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba292-0818, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo105-8461, Japan
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9
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Cui G, Abe S, Kato R, Ikuta K. Insights into the heterogeneity of iNKT cells: tissue-resident and circulating subsets shaped by local microenvironmental cues. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349184. [PMID: 38440725 PMCID: PMC10910067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a distinct subpopulation of innate-like T lymphocytes. They are characterized by semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize both self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC class I-like molecule. iNKT cells play a critical role in stimulating innate and adaptive immune responses, providing an effective defense against infections and cancers, while also contributing to chronic inflammation. The functions of iNKT cells are specific to their location, ranging from lymphoid to non-lymphoid tissues, such as the thymus, lung, liver, intestine, and adipose tissue. This review aims to provide insights into the heterogeneity of development and function in iNKT cells. First, we will review the expression of master transcription factors that define subsets of iNKT cells and their production of effector molecules such as cytokines and granzymes. In this article, we describe the gene expression profiles contributing to the kinetics, distribution, and cytotoxicity of iNKT cells across different tissue types. We also review the impact of cytokine production in distinct immune microenvironments on iNKT cell heterogeneity, highlighting a recently identified circulating iNKT cell subset. Additionally, we explore the potential of exploiting iNKT cell heterogeneity to create potent immunotherapies for human cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kato
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Satoh M, Iwabuchi K. Contribution of NKT cells and CD1d-expressing cells in obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365843. [PMID: 38426085 PMCID: PMC10902011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cell are members of the innate-like T lymphocytes and recognizes lipid antigens presented by CD1d-expressing cells. Obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) leads to metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance. When cellular communication is properly regulated among AT-residing immune cells and adipocytes during inflammation, a favorable balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses is achieved. NKT cells play crucial roles in AT inflammation, influencing the development of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. NKT cells interact with CD1d-expressing cells in AT, such as adipocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, shaping pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory microenvironments with distinct characteristics depending on the antigen-presenting cells. Additionally, CD1d may be involved in the inflammatory process independently of NKT cells. In this mini-review, we provide a brief overview of the current understanding of the interaction between immune cells, focusing on NKT cells and CD1d signaling, which control AT inflammation both in the presence and absence of NKT cells. We aim to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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11
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Yamasaki S, Shimizu K, Fujii SI. Tumor epitope spreading by a novel multivalent therapeutic cellular vaccine targeting cancer antigens to invariant NKT-triggered dendritic cells in situ. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345037. [PMID: 38361934 PMCID: PMC10867576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cancer is categorized into two types based on the microenvironment: cold and hot tumors. The former is challenging to stimulate through immunity. The immunogenicity of cancer relies on the quality and quantity of cancer antigens, whether recognized by T cells or not. Successful cancer immunotherapy hinges on the cancer cell type, antigenicity and subsequent immune reactions. The T cell response is particularly crucial for secondary epitope spreading, although the factors affecting these mechanisms remain unknown. Prostate cancer often becomes resistant to standard therapy despite identifying several antigens, placing it among immunologically cold tumors. We aim to leverage prostate cancer antigens to investigate the potential induction of epitope spreading in cold tumors. This study specifically focuses on identifying factors involved in secondary epitope spreading based on artificial adjuvant vector cell (aAVC) therapy, a method established as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) -licensed DC therapy. Methods We concentrated on three prostate cancer antigens (prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)). By introducing allogeneic cells with the antigen and murine CD1d mRNA, followed by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) loading, we generated five types of aAVCs, i.e, monovalent, divalent and trivalent antigen-expressing aAVCs and four types of prostate antigen-expressing cold tumors. We evaluated iNKT activation and antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses against tumor cells prompted by the aAVCs. Results Our study revealed that monovalent aAVCs, expressing a single prostate antigen, primed T cells for primary tumor antigens and also induced T cells targeting additional tumor antigens by triggering a tumor antigen-spreading response. When we investigated the immune response by trivalent aAVC (aAVC-PROS), aAVC-PROS therapy elicited multiple antigen-specific CD8+ T cells simultaneously. These CD8+ T cells exhibited both preventive and therapeutic effects against tumor progression. Conclusions The findings from this study highlight the promising role of tumor antigen-expressing aAVCs, in inducing efficient epitope spreading and generating robust immune responses against cancer. Our results also propose that multivalent antigen-expressing aAVCs present a promising therapeutic option and could be a more comprehensive therapy for treating cold tumors like prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
- aAVC Drug Translational Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
- aAVC Drug Translational Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Hebbandi Nanjundappa R, Shao K, Krishnamurthy P, Gershwin ME, Leung PSC, Sokke Umeshappa C. Invariant natural killer T cells in autoimmune cholangiopathies: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103485. [PMID: 38040101 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) constitute a specialized subset of lymphocytes that bridges innate and adaptive immunity through a combination of traits characteristic of both conventional T cells and innate immune cells. iNKT cells are characterized by their invariant T cell receptors and discerning recognition of lipid antigens, which are presented by the non-classical MHC molecule, CD1d. Within the hepatic milieu, iNKT cells hold heightened prominence, contributing significantly to the orchestration of organ homeostasis. Their unique positioning to interact with diverse cellular entities, ranging from epithelial constituents like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to immunocytes including Kupffer cells, B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, imparts them with potent immunoregulatory abilities. Emergering knowledge of liver iNKT cells subsets enable to explore their therapeutic potential in autoimmne liver diseases. This comprehensive review navigates the landscape of iNKT cell investigations in immune-mediated cholangiopathies, with a particular focus on primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, across murine models and human subjects to unravel the intricate involvements of iNKT cells in liver autoimmunity. Additionally, we also highlight the prospectives of iNKT cells as therapeutic targets in cholangiopathies. Modulation of the equilibrium between regulatory and proinflammatory iNKT subsets can be defining determinant in the dynamics of hepatic autoimmunity. This discernment not only enriches our foundational comprehension but also lays the groundwork for pioneering strategies to navigate the multifaceted landscape of liver autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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13
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Maas-Bauer K, Köhler N, Stell AV, Zwick M, Acharya S, Rensing-Ehl A, König C, Kroll J, Baker J, Koßmann S, Pradier A, Wang S, Docquier M, Lewis DB, Negrin RS, Simonetta F. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal different maturation stages and sublineage commitment of human thymic invariant natural killer T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:401-409. [PMID: 37742056 PMCID: PMC10799303 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells are a rare, heterogeneous T-cell subset with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. During thymic development, murine invariant natural killer T cells go through different maturation stages differentiating into distinct sublineages, namely, invariant natural killer T1, 2, and 17 cells. Recent reports indicate that invariant natural killer T2 cells display immature properties and give rise to other subsets, whereas invariant natural killer T1 cells seem to be terminally differentiated. Whether human invariant natural killer T cells follow a similar differentiation model is still unknown. To define the maturation stages and assess the sublineage commitment of human invariant natural killer T cells during thymic development, in this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on human Vα24+Vβ11+ invariant natural killer T cells isolated from thymocytes. We show that these invariant natural killer T cells displayed heterogeneity, and our unsupervised analysis identified 5 clusters representing different maturation stages, from an immature profile with high expression of genes important for invariant natural killer T cell development and proliferation to a mature, fully differentiated profile with high levels of cytotoxic effector molecules. Evaluation of expression of sublineage-defining gene sets revealed mainly cells with an invariant natural killer T2 signature in the most immature cluster, whereas the more differentiated ones displayed an invariant natural killer T1 signature. Combined analysis with a publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data set of human invariant natural killer T cells from peripheral blood suggested that the 2 main subsets exist both in thymus and in the periphery, while a third more immature one was restricted to the thymus. Our data point to the existence of different maturation stages of human thymic invariant natural killer T cells and provide evidence for sublineage commitment of invariant natural killer T cells in the human thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Maas-Bauer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Anna-Verena Stell
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Melissa Zwick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Swati Acharya
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Christoph König
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Johannes Kroll
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Stefanie Koßmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Amandine Pradier
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sisi Wang
- Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Docquier
- iGE3 Genomics Platform, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - David B Lewis
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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Liu Y, Dang Y, Zhang C, Liu L, Cai W, Li L, Fang L, Wang M, Xu S, Wang G, Zheng J, Li H. IL-21-armored B7H3 CAR-iNKT cells exert potent antitumor effects. iScience 2024; 27:108597. [PMID: 38179061 PMCID: PMC10765065 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells play a critical role in tumor immunity. However, the scarcity and limited persistence restricts their development and clinical application. Here, we demonstrated that iNKT cells could be efficiently expanded using modified cytokines combination from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Introduction of IL-21 significantly increased the frequency of CD62L-positive memory-like iNKT cells. iNKT cells armoring with B7H3-targeting second generation CAR and IL-21 showed potent tumor cell killing activity. Moreover, co-expression of IL-21 promoted the activation of Stat3 signaling and reduced the expression of exhaustion markers in CAR-iNKT cells in vitro. Most importantly, IL-21-arming significantly prolonged B7H3 CAR-iNKT cell proliferation and survival in vivo, thus improving their therapeutic efficacy in mouse renal cancer xerograph models without observed cytokine-related adverse events. In summary, these results suggest that B7H3 CAR-iNKT armored with IL-21 is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Chuhan Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Wenhui Cai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Liantao Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Med-ical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Med-ical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Med-ical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Shunzhe Xu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Med-ical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Med-ical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Med-ical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
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15
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Van Kaer L, Hong S. Role of CD1d and iNKT cells in regulating intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1343718. [PMID: 38274786 PMCID: PMC10808723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1343718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize glycolipid antigens in a CD1d-dependent manner, are crucial in regulating diverse immune responses such as autoimmunity. By engaging with CD1d-expressing non-immune cells (such as intestinal epithelial cells and enterochromaffin cells) and immune cells (such as type 3 innate lymphoid cells, B cells, monocytes and macrophages), iNKT cells contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the intestine. In this review, we discuss the impact of iNKT cells and CD1d in the regulation of intestinal inflammation, examining both cellular and molecular factors with the potential to influence the functions of iNKT cells in inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Biomedical Services, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Fujii SI, Shimizu K. NKT-Licensed In Vivo Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy as Cellular Immunodrugs for Cancer Treatment. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:45-61. [PMID: 38421713 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023048735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of new therapies, immunotherapy has gained attention as a critical modality. After the discovery of the natural killer T (NKT) cells ligand, ex vivo cultured dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with NKT ligand (especially α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) (DC/Gal) or ex vivo expanded NKT transfer studies were clinically examined in several institutes. To prevent tumoral immune escape, the link between innate and adaptive immunity, in situ selective targeting of DCs has been attempted; however, protocol optimization was required. As a type of DC targeting therapy that combines the benefits of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, we established an all-in-one, off-the-shelf drug, named the artificial adjuvant vector cell (aAVC), which consists of the tumor antigen and the CD1d-iNKT ligand complex. Here, to our knowledge, we first demonstrate the DC/GalCer therapy and NKT transfer therapy. Next, we introduce and discuss the use of aAVC therapy not only for efficient innate and adaptive immunity induction using fully matured DC in situ but also the characterization necessary for locally reprogramming the tumor microenvironment and systemically inducing long-term memory in T cells. We also discuss how the immune network mechanism is controlled by DCs. Next, we performed the first human clinical trial using WT1 antigen-expressing aAVC against relapse and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Thus, we highlight the challenges of using aAVCs as prodrugs for actively energizing DCs in vivo, underpinning immunological networks, and developing strategies for providing maximal benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), and RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), and RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Ikuta K, Asahi T, Cui G, Abe S, Takami D. Control of the Development, Distribution, and Function of Innate-Like Lymphocytes and Innate Lymphoid Cells by the Tissue Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:111-127. [PMID: 38467976 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently, considerable attention has been directed toward innate-like T cells (ITCs) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) owing to their indispensable contributions to immune responses, tissue homeostasis, and inflammation. Innate-like T cells include NKT cells, MAIT cells, and γδ T cells, whereas ILCs include NK cells, type 1 ILCs (ILC1s), type 2 ILCs (ILC2s), and type 3 ILCs (ILC3s). Many of these ITCs and ILCs are distributed to specific tissues and remain tissue-resident, while others, such as NK cells and some γδ T cells, circulate through the bloodstream. Nevertheless, recent research has shed light on novel subsets of innate immune cells that exhibit characteristics intermediate between tissue-resident and circulating states under normal and pathological conditions. The local microenvironment frequently influences the development, distribution, and function of these innate immune cells. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the functional heterogeneity of ITCs and ILCs, shaped by local environmental cues, with particular emphasis on IL-15, which governs the activities of the innate immune cells involved in type 1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takuma Asahi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Takami
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Tognarelli EI, Gutiérrez-Vera C, Palacios PA, Pasten-Ferrada IA, Aguirre-Muñoz F, Cornejo DA, González PA, Carreño LJ. Natural Killer T Cell Diversity and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5737. [PMID: 38136283 PMCID: PMC10742272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs), a type of unconventional T cells, share features with NK cells and have an invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes lipid antigens loaded on CD1d molecules, a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-like protein. This interaction produces the secretion of a wide array of cytokines by these cells, including interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), allowing iNKTs to link innate with adaptive responses. Interestingly, molecules that bind CD1d have been identified that enable the modulation of these cells, highlighting their potential pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive capacities, as required in different clinical settings. In this review, we summarize key features of iNKTs and current understandings of modulatory α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) variants, a model iNKT cell activator that can shift the outcome of adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, we discuss advances in the development of strategies that modulate these cells to target pathologies that are considerable healthcare burdens. Finally, we recapitulate findings supporting a role for iNKTs in infectious diseases and tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I. Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Cristián Gutiérrez-Vera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Palacios
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Ignacio A. Pasten-Ferrada
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Fernanda Aguirre-Muñoz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniel A. Cornejo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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19
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Cuño-Gómiz C, de Gregorio E, Tutusaus A, Rider P, Andrés-Sánchez N, Colell A, Morales A, Marí M. Sex-based differences in natural killer T cell-mediated protection against diet-induced steatohepatitis in Balb/c mice. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:85. [PMID: 37964320 PMCID: PMC10644614 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is prevalent in Western countries, evolving into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with a sexual dimorphism. Fertile women exhibit lower MASLD risk than men, which diminishes post-menopause. While NKT-cell involvement in steatohepatitis is debated, discrepancies may stem from varied mouse strains used, predominantly C57BL6/J with Th1-dominant responses. Exploration of steatohepatitis, encompassing both genders, using Balb/c background, with Th2-dominant immune response, and CD1d-deficient mice in the Balb/c background (lacking Type I and Type II NKT cells) can clarify gender disparities and NKT-cell influence on MASH progression. METHODS A high fat and choline-deficient (HFCD) diet was used in male and female mice, Balb/c mice or CD1d-/- mice in the Balb/c background that exhibit a Th2-dominant immune response. Liver fibrosis and inflammatory gene expression were measured by qPCR, and histology assessment. NKT cells, T cells, macrophages and neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Female mice displayed milder steatohepatitis after 6 weeks of HFCD, showing reduced liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis compared to males. Male Balb/c mice exhibited NKT-cell protection against steatohepatitis whereas CD1d-/- males on HFCD presented decreased hepatoprotection, increased liver fibrosis, inflammation, neutrophilic infiltration, and inflammatory macrophages. In contrast, the NKT-cell role was negligible in early steatohepatitis development in both female mice, as fibrosis and inflammation were similar despite augmented liver damage in CD1d-/- females. Relevant, hepatic type I NKT levels in female Balb/c mice were significantly lower than in male. CONCLUSIONS NKT cells exert a protective role against experimental steatohepatitis as HFCD-treated CD1d-/- males had more severe fibrosis and inflammation than male Balb/c mice. In females, the HFCD-induced hepatocellular damage and the immune response are less affected by NKT cells on early steatohepatitis progression, underscoring sex-specific NKT-cell influence in MASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuño-Gómiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Rider
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Andrés-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Cosway EJ, James KD, White AJ, Parnell SM, Bacon A, McKenzie ANJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. The alarmin IL33 orchestrates type 2 immune-mediated control of thymus regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7201. [PMID: 37938566 PMCID: PMC10632327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the primary site of T-cell development, the thymus dictates immune competency of the host. The rates of thymus function are not constant, and thymus regeneration is essential to restore new T-cell production following tissue damage from environmental factors and therapeutic interventions. Here, we show the alarmin interleukin (IL) 33 is a product of Sca1+ thymic mesenchyme both necessary and sufficient for thymus regeneration via a type 2 innate immune network. IL33 stimulates expansion of IL5-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which triggers a cellular switch in the intrathymic availability of IL4. This enables eosinophil production of IL4 to re-establish thymic mesenchyme prior to recovery of thymopoiesis-inducing epithelial compartments. Collectively, we identify a positive feedback mechanism of type 2 innate immunity that regulates the recovery of thymus function following tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie J Cosway
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieran D James
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea J White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - W E Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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21
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Han M, Geng J, Zhang S, Rao J, Zhu Y, Xu S, Wang F, Ma F, Zhou M, Zhou H. Invariant natural killer T cells drive hepatic homeostasis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via sustained IL-10 expression in CD170 + Kupffer cells. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350474. [PMID: 37489253 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) are liver-resident macrophages involved in hepatic inflammatory responses, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. However, the contribution of KC subsets to liver inflammation remains unclear. Here, using high-dimensional single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterized murine embryo-derived KCs and identified two KC populations with different gene expression profiles: KC-1 and KC-2. KC-1 expressed CD170, exhibiting immunoreactivity and immune-regulatory abilities, while KC-2 highly expressed lipid metabolism-associated genes. In a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model, KC-1 cells differentiated into pro-inflammatory phenotypes and initiated more frequent communications with invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In KC-1, interleukin (IL)-10 expression was unaffected by the high-fat diet but impaired by iNKT cell ablation and upregulated by iNKT cell adoptive transfer in vivo. Moreover, in a cellular co-culture system, primary hepatic iNKT cells promoted IL-10 expression in RAW264.7 and primary KC-1 cells. CD206 signal blocking in KC-1 or CD206 knockdown in RAW264.7 cells significantly reduced IL-10 expression. In conclusion, we identified two embryo-derived KC subpopulations with distinct transcriptional profiles. The CD206-mediated crosstalk between iNKT and KC-1 cells maintains IL-10 expression in KC-1 cells, affecting hepatic immune balance. Therefore, KC-based therapeutic strategies must consider cellular heterogeneity and the local immune microenvironment for enhanced specificity and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Jinke Geng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Yansong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Biology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Shaodong Xu
- Department of Cell and Biology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Cell and Biology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
- Department of Cell and Biology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
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22
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Morgan RC, Frank C, Greger M, Attaway M, Sigvardsson M, Bartom ET, Kee BL. TGF-β Promotes the Postselection Thymic Development and Peripheral Function of IFN-γ-Producing Invariant NKT cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1376-1384. [PMID: 37702745 PMCID: PMC10592054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ-producing invariant NKT (iNKT)1 cells are lipid-reactive innate-like lymphocytes that are resident in the thymus and peripheral tissues where they protect against pathogenic infection. The thymic functions of iNKT1 cells are not fully elucidated, but subsets of thymic iNKT cells modulate CD8 T cell, dendritic cell, B cell, and thymic epithelial cell numbers or function. In this study, we show that a subset of murine thymic iNKT1 cells required TGF-β-induced signals for their postselection development, to maintain hallmark TGF-β-induced genes, and for expression of the adhesion receptors CD49a and CD103. However, the residency-associated receptor CD69 was not TGF-β signaling-dependent. Recently described CD244+ c2 thymic iNKT1 cells, which produce IFN-γ without exogenous stimulation and have NK-like characteristics, reside in this TGF-β-responsive population. Liver and spleen iNKT1 cells do not share this TGF-β gene signature, but nonetheless TGF-β impacts liver iNKT1 cell phenotype and function. Our findings provide insight into the heterogeneity of mechanisms guiding iNKT1 cell development in different tissues and suggest a close association between a subset of iNKT1 cells and TGF-β-producing cells in the thymus that support their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxroy C. Morgan
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Cameron Frank
- Dept. of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Munmun Greger
- Dept. of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committees on Cancer Biology and Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Mary Attaway
- Committees on Cancer Biology and Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Elizabeth T. Bartom
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL
| | - Barbara L. Kee
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Dept. of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committees on Cancer Biology and Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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23
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Iyoda T, Shimizu K, Endo T, Watanabe T, Taniuchi I, Aoshima H, Satoh M, Nakazato H, Yamasaki S, Fujii SI. Zeb2 regulates differentiation of long-lived effector of invariant natural killer T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1070. [PMID: 37903859 PMCID: PMC10616117 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After activation, some invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are differentiated into Klrg1+ long-lived effector NKT1 cells. However, the regulation from the effector phase to the memory phase has not been elucidated. Zeb2 is a zinc finger E homeobox-binding transcription factor and is expressed in a variety of immune cells, but its function in iNKT cell differentiation remains also unknown. Here, we show that Zeb2 is dispensable for development of iNKT cells in the thymus and their maintenance in steady state peripheral tissues. After ligand stimulation, Zeb2 plays essential roles in the differentiation to and maintenance of Klrg1+ Cx3cr1+GzmA+ iNKT cell population derived from the NKT1 subset. Our results including single-cell-RNA-seq analysis indicate that Zeb2 regulates Klrg1+ long-lived iNKT cell differentiation by preventing apoptosis. Collectively, this study reveals the crucial transcriptional regulation by Zeb2 in establishment of the memory iNKT phase through driving differentiation of Klrg1+ Cx3cr1+GzmA+ iNKT population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Iyoda
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaho Endo
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Honoka Aoshima
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Satoh
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakazato
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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24
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Gonzatti MB, Freire BM, Antunes MM, de Menezes GB, Talbot J, Peron JPS, Basso AS, Keller AC. Targeting adrenergic receptors to mitigate invariant natural killer T cells-induced acute liver injury. iScience 2023; 26:107947. [PMID: 37841583 PMCID: PMC10568435 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cell activation by α-galactosylceramide (αGC) potentiates cytotoxic immune responses against tumors. However, αGC-induced liver injury is a limiting factor for iNKT-based immunotherapy. Although adrenergic receptor stimulation is an important immunosuppressive signal that curbs tissue damage induced by inflammation, its effect on the antitumor activity of invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells remains unclear. We use mouse models and pharmacological tools to show that the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) inhibits αGC-induced liver injury without impairing iNKT cells' antitumoral functions. Mechanistically, SNS stimulation prevents the collateral effect of TNF-α production by iNKT cells and neutrophil accumulation in hepatic parenchyma. Our results suggest that the modulation of the adrenergic signaling can be a complementary approach to αGC-based immunotherapy to mitigate iNKT-induced liver injury without compromising its antitumoral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Bauwelz Gonzatti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Botucatu, 862, 4th floor, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Marton Freire
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Botucatu, 862, 4th floor, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Minas Gerais 31270-910, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista de Menezes
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Minas Gerais 31270-910, Brazil
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Department of Immunology-ICB IV, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Salgado Basso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Botucatu, 862, 4th floor, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Castro Keller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Botucatu, 862, 4th floor, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
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25
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Wang H, Barrow F, Fredrickson G, Florczak K, Nguyen H, Parthiban P, Herman A, Adeyi O, Staley C, Ikramuddin S, Ruan HB, Jameson SC, Revelo XS. Dysfunctional T Follicular Helper Cells Cause Intestinal and Hepatic Inflammation in NASH. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544061. [PMID: 37873316 PMCID: PMC10592647 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatic inflammation and cellular damage, is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the fastest-growing indication for a liver transplant. The intestinal immune system is a central modulator of local and systemic inflammation. In particular, Peyer's patches (PPs) contain T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that support germinal center (GC) responses required for the generation of high-affinity intestinal IgA and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, our understanding of the mechanisms regulating mucosal immunity during the pathogenesis of NASH is incomplete. Here, using a preclinical mouse model that resembles the key features of human disease, we discovered an essential role for Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of NASH. We have found that mice fed a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet have an inflamed intestinal microenvironment, characterized by enlarged PPs with an expansion of Tfh cells. Surprisingly, the Tfh cells in the PPs of NASH mice showed evidence of dysfunction, along with defective GC responses and reduced IgA+ B cells. Tfh-deficient mice fed the HFHC diet showed compromised intestinal permeability, increased hepatic inflammation, and aggravated NASH, suggesting a fundamental role for Tfh cells in maintaining gut-liver homeostasis. Mechanistically, HFHC diet feeding leads to an aberrant increase in the expression of the transcription factor KLF2 in Tfh cells which inhibits its function. Thus, transgenic mice with reduced KLF2 expression in CD4 T cells displayed improved Tfh cell function and ameliorated NASH, including hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis after HFHC feeding. Overall, these findings highlight Tfh cells as key intestinal immune cells involved in the regulation of inflammation in the gut-liver axis during NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kira Florczak
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adam Herman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sayeed Ikramuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Pérez-Rodríguez L, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Menchén-Martínez D, Molina E, López-Fandiño R, Benedé S. Egg yolk lipids induce sensitization to egg white proteins in a mouse model without adjuvant and exacerbate Th2 responses to egg white in cells from allergic patients. Food Res Int 2023; 172:112669. [PMID: 37689838 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of egg lipid fractions in the induction of allergic sensitization to egg white (EW) proteins, using a mouse model of orally adjuvant-free induced allergy. Egg triglycerides (TG) and phospholipids (PL), and to a higher extent the whole egg lipid fraction (EL), induced allergy to EW proteins characterized by increased EW-specific IgG1. EL also increased EW-specific IgE. The administration to mice of a mixture of EW and EL increased the intestinal expression of Il33, Il25, and Tslp, the secretion of IL-33 and IL-6, the expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells, the regulation of Gata3, Il4 and Il13, dendritic cell (DC) activation and expression of DC molecules that drive Th2 differentiation. TG promoted the absorption of proteins through the intestinal epithelium, enhancing local Th2 responses, while PL favoured the delivery of antigens to the Peyer's Patches. This differential modulation of the site of absorption of egg proteins determined the different behaviour of TG and PL. Egg yolk lipids also induced activation of Th2-inducing innate responses on intestinal human cells in vitro and enhanced adaptive Th2 functions through the activation of DCs in egg-allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Menchén-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Kumar V, Hertz M, Agro A, Byrne AJ. Type 1 invariant natural killer T cells in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260503. [PMID: 37818376 PMCID: PMC10561218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic tissue inflammation often results in fibrosis characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components remodeling normal tissue architecture and function. Recent studies have suggested common immune mechanisms despite the complexity of the interactions between tissue-specific fibroblasts, macrophages, and distinct immune cell populations that mediate fibrosis in various tissues. Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognizing lipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules have been shown to play an important role in chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Here we review recent data in both experimental models and in humans that suggest a key role of type 1 invariant NKT (iNKT) cell activation in the progression of inflammatory cascades leading to recruitment of neutrophils and activation of the inflammasome, macrophages, fibroblasts, and, ultimately, fibrosis. Emerging evidence suggests that iNKT-associated mechanisms contribute to type 1, type 2 and type 3 immune pathways mediating tissue fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Thus, targeting a pathway upstream of these immune mechanisms, such as the inhibition of iNKT activation, may be important in modulating various fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- GRI Bio, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Adam J. Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Jeong D, Woo YD, Chung DH. Invariant natural killer T cells in lung diseases. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1885-1894. [PMID: 37696892 PMCID: PMC10545712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T cells that are characterized by a restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and a unique ability to recognize glycolipid antigens. These cells are found in all tissues, and evidence to date suggests that they play many immunological roles in both homeostasis and inflammatory conditions. The latter include lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma and infections: the roles of lung-resident iNKT cells in these diseases have been extensively researched. Here, we provide insights into the biology of iNKT cells in health and disease, with a particular focus on the role of pulmonary iNKT cells in airway inflammation and other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Jeong
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Duk Woo
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P. Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101816. [PMID: 37536148 PMCID: PMC10804939 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells include γδ T cells, invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are distinguished from conventional T cells by their recognition of non-peptide ligands presented by non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecules and rapid effector functions that are pre-programmed during their development. Here we review current knowledge of the effect of age on unconventional T cells, from early life to old age, in both mice and humans. We then discuss the role of unconventional T cells in age-associated diseases and infections, highlighting the similarities between members of the unconventional T cell family in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Heffernan DS, Chung CS, Ayala A. SPLENIC INVARIANT NATURAL KILLER T CELLS PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO POLYMICROBIAL SEPSIS. Shock 2023; 60:443-449. [PMID: 37493576 PMCID: PMC10529630 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Sepsis is marked by a dysregulated immune response to an infection. Invariant natural killer T cells ( i NKT cells) are a pluripotent lymphocyte subpopulation capable of affecting and coordinating the immune response to sepsis. The spleen is an important site of immune interactions in response to an infection. Splenic i NKT cells have emerged as important potential frontline mediators of chronic immune response. There are few data addressing the role splenic of i NKT cells in response to intra-abdominal polymicrobial sepsis. Methods: The cecal ligation and puncture model was used to create intra-abdominal sepsis in 8- to 12-week-old wild-type, i NKT -/- , or programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) -/- mice. Twenty-four hours later, spleens were harvested. Flow cytometry was used for phenotyping using monoclonal antibodies. Cell sort was used to isolate i NKT cells. A macrophage cell line was used to assess i NKT cell-phagocyte interactions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for cytokine analysis. Results: Splenic i NKT-cell populations rapidly declined following induction of sepsis. Within i NKT-cell -/- mice, a distinct baseline hyperinflammatory environment was noted. Within wild type, sepsis induced an increase in splenic IL-6 and IL-10, whereas in i NKT -/- mice, there was no change in elevated IL-6 levels and a noted decrease in IL-10 expression. Further, following sepsis, PD-1 expression was increased upon spleen i NKT cells. With respect to PD-1 ligands upon phagocytes, PD-1 ligand expression was unaffected, whereas PD-L2 expression was significantly affected by the presence of PD-1. Conclusions: Invariant natural killer T cells play a distinct role in the spleen response to sepsis, an effect mediated by the checkpoint protein PD-1. Given that modulators are available in clinical trials, this offers a potential therapeutic target in the setting of sepsis-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daithi S Heffernan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Lifespan-Rhode Island Hospital/The Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Navarro-Compán V, Puig L, Vidal S, Ramírez J, Llamas-Velasco M, Fernández-Carballido C, Almodóvar R, Pinto JA, Galíndez-Aguirregoikoa E, Zarco P, Joven B, Gratacós J, Juanola X, Blanco R, Arias-Santiago S, Sanz Sanz J, Queiro R, Cañete JD. The paradigm of IL-23-independent production of IL-17F and IL-17A and their role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191782. [PMID: 37600764 PMCID: PMC10437113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 family (IL-17s) comprises six structurally related members (IL-17A to IL-17F); sequence homology is highest between IL-17A and IL-17F, displaying certain overlapping functions. In general, IL-17A and IL-17F play important roles in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, controlling bacterial and fungal infections, and signaling mainly through activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The role of IL-17A and IL-17F has been established in chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondylarthritis (axSpA), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and asthma. CD4+ helper T cells (Th17) activated by IL-23 are well-studied sources of IL-17A and IL-17F. However, other cellular subtypes can also produce IL-17A and IL-17F, including gamma delta (γδ) T cells, alpha beta (αβ) T cells, type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3), natural killer T cells (NKT), or mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT). Interestingly, the production of IL-17A and IL-17F by innate and innate-like lymphocytes can take place in an IL-23 independent manner in addition to IL-23 classical pathway. This would explain the limitations of the inhibition of IL-23 in the treatment of patients with certain rheumatic immune-mediated conditions such as axSpA. Despite their coincident functions, IL-17A and IL-17F contribute independently to chronic tissue inflammation having somehow non-redundant roles. Although IL-17A has been more widely studied, both IL-17A and IL-17F are overexpressed in PsO, PsA, axSpA and HS. Therefore, dual inhibition of IL-17A and IL-17F could provide better outcomes than IL-23 or IL-17A blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Puig
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Immunology-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Ramírez
- Arthritis Unit, Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínic and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Llamas-Velasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Almodóvar
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pinto
- Department of Rheumatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Zarco
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Joven
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gratacós
- Department of Rheumatology, Medicine Department Autonomus University of Barcelona (UAB), I3PT, University Hospital Parc Taulí Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Juanola
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blanco
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz Sanz
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Queiro
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan D. Cañete
- Arthritis Unit, Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínic and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Tsuji M, Nair MS, Masuda K, Castagna C, Chong Z, Darling TL, Seehra K, Hwang Y, Ribeiro ÁL, Ferreira GM, Corredor L, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Tsuji Y, Mori M, Boon ACM, Diamond MS, Huang Y, Ho DD. An immunostimulatory glycolipid that blocks SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza infections in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3959. [PMID: 37402814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have lowered the incidence of severe COVID-19, but emergence of viral variants that are antigenically distinct from the vaccine strains are of concern and additional, broadly acting preventive approaches are desirable. Here, we report on a glycolipid termed 7DW8-5 that exploits the host innate immune system to enable rapid control of viral infections in vivo. This glycolipid binds to CD1d on antigen-presenting cells and thereby stimulates NKT cells to release a cascade of cytokines and chemokines. The intranasal administration of 7DW8-5 prior to virus exposure significantly blocked infection by three different authentic variants of SARS-CoV-2, as well as by respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus, in mice or hamsters. We also found that this protective antiviral effect is both host-directed and mechanism-specific, requiring both the CD1d molecule and interferon-[Formula: see text]. A chemical compound like 7DW8-5 that is easy to administer and cheap to manufacture may be useful not only in slowing the spread of COVID-19 but also in responding to future pandemics long before vaccines or drugs are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kazuya Masuda
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Candace Castagna
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kuljeet Seehra
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Youngmin Hwang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Pulmonary Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ágata Lopes Ribeiro
- Basic and Applied Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geovane Marques Ferreira
- Basic and Applied Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura Corredor
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Pulmonary Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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33
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Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. MAITs and their mates: "Innate-like" behaviors in conventional and unconventional T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:1-9. [PMID: 37256718 PMCID: PMC10324555 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most CD4 and CD8 T cells are restricted by conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and mount TCR-dependent adaptive immune responses. In contrast, MAIT, iNKT, and certain γδ TCR bearing cells are characterized by their abilities to recognize antigens presented by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules and to mount cytokine-mediated TCR-independent responses in an "innate-like" manner. In addition, several more diverse T-cell subsets have been described that in a similar manner are restricted by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules but mainly depend on their TCRs for activation. Vice versa, innate-like behaviour was reported in defined subpopulations of conventional T cells, particularly in barrier sites, showing that these two features are not necessarily linked. The abilities to recognize antigens presented by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules or to mount TCR-independent responses creates unique niches for these T cells and is linked to wide range of functional capabilities. This is especially exemplified by unconventional and innate-like T cells present at barrier sites where they are involved in pathogen defense, tissue homeostasis as well as in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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34
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Gioulbasani M, Tsagaratou A. Defining iNKT Cell Subsets and Their Function by Flow Cytometry. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e838. [PMID: 37428873 PMCID: PMC10497188 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses methods to assess invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell subsets isolated from the thymus, as well as the spleen, the liver, and the lung. iNKT cells can be subdivided in distinct, functional subsets based on the transcription factors they express and the cytokines they produce to regulate the immune response. Basic Protocol 1 focuses on characterizing murine iNKT subsets ex vivo by flow cytometry by evaluating the expression of lineage-specifying transcription factors such as PLZF and RORγt. The Alternate Protocol describes a detailed approach to define subsets based on expression of surface markers. This approach can be very useful for maintaining the subsets alive, without fixing them, in order to isolate them for downstream molecular assays such as DNA/RNA isolation, genome-wide analysis to assess gene expression (such as RNA-seq), assessment of chromatin accessibility (for instance, by ATAC-seq), and assessment of DNA methylation by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Basic Protocol 2 describes the functional characterization of iNKT cells, which are activated in vitro with PMA and ionomycin for a short period of time and subsequently stained and characterized for production of cytokines, such as IFNγ and IL-4, by flow cytometry. Basic Protocol 3 describes the process of activating iNKT cells in vivo using α-galactosyl-ceramide, a lipid that can be recognized specifically by iNKT cells, allowing assessment of their functionality in vivo. Cells are then isolated and directly stained for cytokine secretion. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Identifying iNKT cell subsets based on transcription factor expression by flow cytometry Alternate Protocol: Identifying iNKT cell subsets based on surface marker expression by flow cytometry Basic Protocol 2: iNKT cell functional characterization based on in vitro activation and assessment of cytokine secretion Basic Protocol 3: iNKT cell in vivo activation and assessment of cytokine secretion by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Gioulbasani
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ageliki Tsagaratou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
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35
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Furuta A, Coleman M, Casares R, Seepersaud R, Orvis A, Brokaw A, Quach P, Nguyen S, Sweeney E, Sharma K, Wallen G, Sanghavi R, Mateos-Gil J, Cuerva JM, Millán A, Rajagopal L. CD1 and iNKT cells mediate immune responses against the GBS hemolytic lipid toxin induced by a non-toxic analog. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011490. [PMID: 37384812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hemolytic lipids have been discovered from many human pathogens including Group B Streptococcus (GBS), strategies that neutralize their function are lacking. GBS is a leading cause of pregnancy-associated neonatal infections, and adult GBS infections are on the rise. The GBS hemolytic lipid toxin or granadaene, is cytotoxic to many immune cells including T and B cells. We previously showed that mice immunized with a synthetic nontoxic analog of granadaene known as R-P4 had reduced bacterial dissemination during systemic infection. However, mechanisms important for R-P4 mediated immune protection was not understood. Here, we show that immune serum from R-P4-immunized mice facilitate GBS opsonophagocytic killing and protect naïve mice from GBS infection. Further, CD4+ T cells isolated from R-P4-immunized mice proliferated in response to R-P4 stimulation in a CD1d- and iNKT cell-dependent manner. Consistent with these observations, R-P4 immunized mice lacking CD1d or CD1d-restricted iNKT cells exhibit elevated bacterial burden. Additionally, adoptive transfer of iNKT cells from R-P4 vaccinated mice significantly reduced GBS dissemination compared to adjuvant controls. Finally, maternal R-P4 vaccination provided protection against ascending GBS infection during pregnancy. These findings are relevant in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting lipid cytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Furuta
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Coleman
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raquel Casares
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ravin Seepersaud
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Austyn Orvis
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Brokaw
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Phoenicia Quach
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shayla Nguyen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erin Sweeney
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kavita Sharma
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grace Wallen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rhea Sanghavi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaime Mateos-Gil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Alba Millán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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36
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Liman N, Park JH. Markers and makers of NKT17 cells. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1090-1098. [PMID: 37258582 PMCID: PMC10317953 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are thymus-generated innate-like αβ T cells that undergo terminal differentiation in the thymus. Such a developmental pathway differs from that of conventional αβ T cells, which are generated in the thymus but complete their functional maturation in peripheral tissues. Multiple subsets of iNKT cells have been described, among which IL-17-producing iNKT cells are commonly referred to as NKT17 cells. IL-17 is considered a proinflammatory cytokine that can play both protective and pathogenic roles and has been implicated as a key regulatory factor in many disease settings. Akin to other iNKT subsets, NKT17 cells acquire their effector function during thymic development. However, the cellular mechanisms that drive NKT17 subset specification, and how iNKT cells in general acquire their effector function prior to antigen encounter, remain largely unknown. Considering that all iNKT cells express the canonical Vα14-Jα18 TCRα chain and all iNKT subsets display the same ligand specificity, i.e., glycolipid antigens in the context of the nonclassical MHC-I molecule CD1d, the conundrum is explaining how thymic NKT17 cell specification is determined. Mapping of the molecular circuitry of NKT17 cell differentiation, combined with the discovery of markers that identify NKT17 cells, has provided new insights into the developmental pathway of NKT17 cells. The current review aims to highlight recent advances in our understanding of thymic NKT17 cell development and to place these findings in the larger context of iNKT subset specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcin Liman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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37
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Morris I, Croes CA, Boes M, Kalkhoven E. Advanced omics techniques shed light on CD1d-mediated lipid antigen presentation to iNKT cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159292. [PMID: 36773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) can be activated through binding antigenic lipid/CD1d complexes to their TCR. Antigenic lipids are processed, loaded, and displayed in complex with CD1d by lipid antigen presenting cells (LAPCs). The mechanism of lipid antigen presentation via CD1d is highly conserved with recent work showing adipocytes are LAPCs that, besides having a role in lipid storage, can activate iNKT cells and play an important role in systemic metabolic disease. Recent studies shed light on parameters potentially dictating cytokine output and how obesity-associated metabolic disease may affect such parameters. By following a lipid antigen's journey, we identify five key areas which may dictate cytokine skew: co-stimulation, structural properties of the lipid antigen, stability of lipid antigen/CD1d complexes, intracellular and extracellular pH, and intracellular and extracellular lipid environment. Recent publications indicate that the combination of advanced omics-type approaches and machine learning may be a fruitful way to interconnect these 5 areas, with the ultimate goal to provide new insights for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Morris
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cresci-Anne Croes
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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38
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Driver JP. Die Kämpfe únd schláchten-the struggles and battles of innate-like effector T lymphocytes with microbes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117825. [PMID: 37168859 PMCID: PMC10165076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The large majority of lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system, which are made up of B2 B cells and the αβ T cells; these are the effectors in an adaptive immune response. A multitudinous group of lymphoid lineage cells does not fit the conventional lymphocyte paradigm; it is the unconventional lymphocytes. Unconventional lymphocytes-here called innate/innate-like lymphocytes, include those that express rearranged antigen receptor genes and those that do not. Even though the innate/innate-like lymphocytes express rearranged, adaptive antigen-specific receptors, they behave like innate immune cells, which allows them to integrate sensory signals from the innate immune system and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector responses. Here, we review natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells-two prototypic innate-like T lymphocytes, which sense their local environment and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector cells to actuate an appropriate host response that confers immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Service, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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39
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Ruf B, Greten TF, Korangy F. Innate lymphoid cells and innate-like T cells in cancer - at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:351-371. [PMID: 37081117 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting conventional T cells have revolutionized systemic treatment for many cancers, yet only a subset of patients benefit from these approaches. A better understanding of the complex immune microenvironment of tumours is needed to design the next generation of immunotherapeutics. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and innate-like T cells (ILTCs) are abundant, tissue-resident lymphocytes that have recently been shown to have critical roles in many types of cancers. ILCs and ILTCs rapidly respond to changes in their surrounding environment and act as the first responders to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. This places ILCs and ILTCs as pivotal orchestrators of the final antitumour immune response. In this Review, we outline hallmarks of ILCs and ILTCs and discuss their emerging role in antitumour immunity, as well as the pathophysiological adaptations leading to their pro-tumorigenic function. We explore the pleiotropic, in parts redundant and sometimes opposing, mechanisms that underlie the delicate interplay between the different subsets of ILCs and ILTCs. Finally, we highlight their role in amplifying and complementing conventional T cell functions and summarize immunotherapeutic strategies for targeting ILCs and ILTCs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruf
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Firouzeh Korangy
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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40
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Luo S, Liman N, Li C, Crossman A, Wang ECY, Meylan F, Park JH. The cytokine receptor DR3 identifies and promotes the activation of thymic NKT17 cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:76. [PMID: 36847849 PMCID: PMC10838626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells correspond to a population of thymus-generated T cells with innate-like characteristics and effector functions. Among the various iNKT subsets, NKT17 is the only subset that produces the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17. But, how NKT17 cells acquire this ability and what would selectively trigger their activation remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the cytokine receptor DR3 being specifically expressed on thymic NKT17 cells and mostly absent on other thymic iNKT subsets. Moreover, DR3 ligation promoted the in vivo activation of thymic NKT17 cells and provided costimulatory effects upon agonistic α-GalCer stimulation. Thus, we identified a specific surface marker for thymic NKT17 cells that triggers their activation and augments their effector functions both in vivo and in vitro. These findings provide new insights for deciphering the role and function of murine NKT17 cells and for understanding the development and activation mechanisms of iNKT cells in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqun Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nurcin Liman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Can Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Translational Immunology Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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41
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Korkmaz FT, Traber KE. Innate immune responses in pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36829255 PMCID: PMC9957695 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs are an immunologically unique environment; they are exposed to innumerable pathogens and particulate matter daily. Appropriate clearance of pathogens and response to pollutants is required to prevent overwhelming infection, while preventing tissue damage and maintaining efficient gas exchange. Broadly, the innate immune system is the collection of immediate, intrinsic immune responses to pathogen or tissue injury. In this review, we will examine the innate immune responses of the lung, with a particular focus on their role in pneumonia. We will discuss the anatomic barriers and antimicrobial proteins of the lung, pathogen and injury recognition, and the role of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphocytes) and lung stromal cells in innate immunity. Throughout the review, we will focus on new findings in innate immunity as well as features that are unique to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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Kong W, Li X, Zou M, Zhang Y, Cai H, Zhang L, Wang X. iNKT17 cells play a pathogenic role in ethinylestradiol-induced cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:561-580. [PMID: 36329302 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is closely associated with inflammation in intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC). Targeting IL-17 ameliorates IHC in mice. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are predominantly enriched in the liver and they mediate drug-induced liver injury through their secreted cytokines. However, whether iNKT17 cells are involved in ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced IHC remains unclear. In the present study, the administration of EE (10 mg/kg in vivo and 6.25 μM in vitro) promoted the activation and expansion of iNKT17 cells, which contributed to a novel hepatic iNKT17/Treg imbalance. iNKT cell-deficient Jα18-/- mice and the RORγt inhibitor digoxin (20 μg) alleviated EE-induced cholestatic hepatotoxicity and downregulated the IL-17 signalling pathway. In contrast, the co-administration of EE with recombinant IL-17 (1 μg) to Jα18-/- mice induced cholestatic hepatotoxicity and increased the infiltration of hepatic neutrophils and monocytes. Importantly, the administration of IL-17-/- iNKT cells (3.5 × 105) to Jα18-/- mice resulted in the attenuation of hepatotoxicity and the recruitment of fewer hepatic neutrophils and monocytes than the adoptive transfer of wild-type iNKT cells. These results indicated that iNKT17 cells could exert pathogenic effects. The recruitment and activation of iNKT17 cells could be attributed to the high level of CXCR3 expression on their surface. CXCL10 deficiency ameliorated EE-induced cholestatic liver damage, reduced hepatic CXCR3+ iNKT cells and inhibited RORγt expression. These findings suggest that iNKT17 cells play a key role in EE-induced cholestatic liver injury via CXCR3-mediated recruitment and activation. Our study provides new insights and therapeutic targets for cholestatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Kong
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengzhi Zou
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Heng Cai
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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43
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Qin Y, Bao X, Zheng M. CD8 + T-cell immunity orchestrated by iNKT cells. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1109347. [PMID: 36741397 PMCID: PMC9889858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells belonging to the adaptive immune system play key roles in defending against viral infections and cancers. The current CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapy has emerged as a superior therapeutic avenue for the eradication of tumor cells and long-term prevention of their recurrence in hematologic malignancies. It is believed that an effective adaptive immune response critically relies on the help of the innate compartment. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that have been considered some of the first cells to respond to infections and can secrete a large amount of diverse cytokines and chemokines to widely modulate the innate and adaptive immune responders. Like CD8+ T cells, iNKT cells also play an important role in defense against intracellular pathogenic infections and cancers. In this review, we will discuss the CD8+ T-cell immunity contributed by iNKT cells, including iNKT cell-mediated cross-priming and memory formation, and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation, as well as aging-induced impairment of T-cell immunity.
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Wiering L, Tacke F. Treating inflammation to combat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Endocrinol 2023; 256:JOE-22-0194. [PMID: 36259984 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with its more progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the most common chronic liver disease, thereby representing a great burden for patients and healthcare systems. Specific pharmacological therapies for NAFLD are still missing. Inflammation is an important driver in the pathogenesis of NASH, and the mechanisms underlying inflammation in NAFLD represent possible therapeutic targets. In NASH, various intra- and extrahepatic triggers involved in the metabolic injury typically lead to the activation of different immune cells. This includes hepatic Kupffer cells, i.e. liver-resident macrophages, which can adopt an inflammatory phenotype and activate other immune cells by releasing inflammatory cytokines. As inflammation progresses, Kupffer cells are increasingly replaced by monocyte-derived macrophages with a distinct lipid-associated and scar-associated phenotype. Many other immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes - such as auto-aggressive cytotoxic as well as regulatory T cells - and innate lymphoid cells balance the progression and regression of inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. The detailed understanding of inflammatory cell subsets and their activation pathways prompted preclinical and clinical exploration of potential targets in NAFLD/NASH. These approaches to target inflammation in NASH include inhibition of immune cell recruitment via chemokine receptors (e.g. cenicriviroc), neutralization of CD44 or galectin-3 as well as agonism to nuclear factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and farnesoid X receptor that interfere with the activation of immune cells. As some of these approaches did not demonstrate convincing efficacy as monotherapies, a rational and personalized combination of therapeutic interventions may be needed for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leke Wiering
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Opposing Roles of DCs and iNKT Cells in the Induction of Foxp3 Expression by MLN CD25 +CD4 + T Cells during IFNγ-Driven Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315316. [PMID: 36499642 PMCID: PMC9738888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that a deficiency of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in Yeti mice that exhibit IFNγ-mediated hyper-inflammation. Although iNKT cell-deficiency resulted in reduced Foxp3 expression by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) CD4+ T cells in DSS-treated Yeti mice, the cellular mechanisms that regulate Foxp3 expression by CD25+CD4+ T cells during intestinal inflammation remain unclear. We found that Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells expressing Th1 and Th17 phenotypic hallmarks preferentially expanded in the MLNs of DSS-treated Yeti/CD1d knockout (KO) mice. Moreover, adoptive transfer of Yeti iNKT cells into iNKT cell-deficient Jα18 KO mice effectively suppressed the expansion of MLN Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells during DSS-induced colitis. Interestingly, MLN dendritic cells (DCs) purified from DSS-treated Yeti/CD1d KO mice promoted the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells rather than regulatory T (Treg) cells, indicating that MLN DCs might mediate Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ T cell expansion in iNKT cell-sufficient Yeti mice. Furthermore, we showed that Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells were pathogenic in DSS-treated Yeti/CD1d KO mice. Our result suggests that pro-inflammatory DCs and CD1d-restricted iNKT cells play opposing roles in Foxp3 expression by MLN CD25+CD4+ T cells during IFNγ-mediated intestinal inflammation, with potential therapeutic implications.
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46
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Role of NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy-from bench to bed. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:29. [PMID: 36460881 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specific T cell subset known to express the αβ-T cell receptor (TCR) for antigens identification and express typical NK cell specifications, such as surface expression of CD56 and CD16 markers as well as production of granzyme. Human NKT cells are divided into two subgroups based on their cytokine receptor and TCR repertoire. Both of them are CD1-restricted and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Studies have demonstrated that these cells are essential in defense against malignancies. These cells secret proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines that stimulate or suppress immune system responses. In several murine tumor models, activation of type I NKT cells induces tumor rejection and inhibits metastasis's spread. However, type II NKT cells are associated with an inhibitory and regulatory function during tumor immune responses. Variant NKT cells may suppress tumor immunity via different mechanisms that require cross-talk with other immune-regulatory cells. NKT-like cells display high tumor-killing abilities against many tumor cells. In the recent decade, different studies have been performed based on the application of NKT-based immunotherapy for cancer therapy. Moreover, manipulation of NKT cells through administering autologous dendritic cell (DC) loaded with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and direct α-GalCer injection has also been tested. In this review, we described different subtypes of NKT cells, their function in the anti-tumor immune responses, and the application of NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy from bench to bed.
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47
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Antigen-presenting T cells provide critical B7 co-stimulation for thymic iNKT cell development via CD28-dependent trogocytosis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111731. [PMID: 36450247 PMCID: PMC9805342 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell development in the thymus depends on T cell receptor recognition of CD1d ligand on CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes. We previously reported that B7-CD28 co-stimulation is required for thymic iNKT cell development, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this co-stimulatory requirement are not understood. Here we report that CD28 expression on CD1d-expressing antigen-presenting T cells is required for thymic iNKT cell development. Mechanistically, antigen-presenting T cells provide co-stimulation through an unconventional mechanism, acquiring B7 molecules via CD28-dependent trogocytosis from B7-expressing thymic epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and B cells and providing critical B7 co-stimulation to developing iNKT cells. Thus, the present study demonstrates a mechanism of B7 co-stimulation in thymic T cell development by antigen-presenting T cells.
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48
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LeBlanc G, Kreissl F, Melamed J, Sobel AL, Constantinides MG. The role of unconventional T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101656. [PMID: 36306662 PMCID: PMC9828956 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle LeBlanc
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Felix Kreissl
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Adam L. Sobel
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
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49
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Saavedra-Avila NA, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Howell AR, Porcelli SA. A humanized mouse model for in vivo evaluation of invariant Natural Killer T cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011209. [PMID: 36263021 PMCID: PMC9574442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells mediate immune responses when stimulated by glycolipid agonists presented by CD1d. In extensive studies of synthetic analogues of α-galactosyl ceramides, we identified numerous examples of significant differences in the recognition of specific glycolipids in wild type mice versus human iNKT cell clones or PBMC samples. To predict human iNKT cell responses more accurately in a mouse model, we derived a mouse line in which compound genetic modifications were used to express a human-like iNKT cell TCR along with human CD1d in place of the endogenous mouse proteins. Detailed transcriptional and phenotypic profiling demonstrated that these partially humanized mice developed an expanded population of T cells recognizing CD1d-presented glycolipid antigens, among which a subset characterized by expression of chemokine receptor CXCR6 had features characteristic of authentic iNKT cells. Responses to iNKT cell activating glycolipids in these mice generated cytokine production in vitro and in vivo that showed a pattern of fine specificity that closely resembled that of cultured human iNKT cell clones. Anti-tumor responses to variants of α-galactosyl ceramide in VαKI mice also correlated with their potency for stimulating human iNKT cells. This genetically modified mouse line provides a practical model for human presentation and recognition of iNKT cell activators in the context of a normally functioning immune system, and may furnish valuable opportunities for preclinical evaluation of iNKT cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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50
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Van Kaer L, Hong S. Roles and therapeutic potential of CD1d-Restricted NKT cells in inflammatory skin diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979370. [PMID: 36119077 PMCID: PMC9478174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens rather than peptides. Due to their immunoregulatory properties, extensive work has been done to elucidate the immune functions of NKT cells in various immune contexts such as autoimmunity for more than two decades. In addition, as research on barrier immunity such as the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue has flourished in recent years, the role of NKT cells to immunity in the skin has attracted substantial attention. Here, we review the contributions of NKT cells to regulating skin inflammation and discuss the factors that can modulate the functions of NKT cells in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. This mini-review article will mainly focus on CD1d-dependent NKT cells and their therapeutic potential in skin-related immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seokmann Hong,
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