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Samer C, McWilliam HEG, McSharry BP, Burchfield JG, Stanton RJ, Rossjohn J, Villadangos JA, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Impaired endocytosis and accumulation in early endosomal compartments defines herpes simplex virus-mediated disruption of the nonclassical MHC class I-related molecule MR1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107748. [PMID: 39260697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Presentation of metabolites by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein 1 (MR1) molecule to mucosal-associated invariant T cells is impaired during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections. This is surprising given these viruses do not directly synthesise MR1 ligands. We have previously identified several HSV proteins responsible for rapidly downregulating the intracellular pool of immature MR1, effectively inhibiting new surface antigen presentation, while preexisting ligand-bound mature MR1 is unexpectedly upregulated by HSV-1. Using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and high-throughput fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that the endocytosis of surface MR1 is impaired during HSV infection and that internalized molecules accumulate in EEA1-labeled early endosomes, avoiding degradation. We establish that the short MR1 cytoplasmic tail is not required for HSV-1-mediated downregulation of immature molecules; however it may play a role in the retention of mature molecules on the surface and in early endosomes. We also determine that the HSV-1 US3 protein, the shorter US3.5 kinase and the full-length HSV-2 homolog, all predominantly target mature surface rather than total MR1 levels. We propose that the downregulation of intracellular and cell surface MR1 molecules by US3 and other HSV proteins is an immune-evasive countermeasure to minimize the effect of impaired MR1 endocytosis, which might otherwise render infected cells susceptible to MR1-mediated killing by mucosal-associated invariant T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Samer
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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2
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Maerz MD, Cross DL, Seshadri C. Functional and biological implications of clonotypic diversity among human donor-unrestricted T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:474-486. [PMID: 38659280 PMCID: PMC11236517 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
T cells express a T-cell receptor (TCR) heterodimer that is the product of germline rearrangement and junctional editing resulting in immense clonotypic diversity. The generation of diverse TCR repertoires enables the recognition of pathogen-derived peptide antigens presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. However, T cells also recognize nonpeptide antigens through nearly monomorphic antigen-presenting systems, such as cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1), MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) and butyrophilins (BTNs). This potential for shared immune responses across genetically diverse populations led to their designation as donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs). As might be expected, some CD1-, MR1- and BTN-restricted T cells express a TCR that is conserved across unrelated individuals. However, several recent studies have reported unexpected diversity among DURT TCRs, and increasing evidence suggests that this diversity has functional consequences. Recent reports also challenge the dogma that immune cells are either innate or adaptive and suggest that DURT TCRs may act in both capacities. Here, we review this evidence and propose an expanded view of the role for clonotypic diversity among DURTs in humans, including new perspectives on how DURT TCRs may integrate their adaptive and innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Maerz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah L Cross
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Edmans MD, Connelley TK, Morgan S, Pediongco TJ, Jayaraman S, Juno JA, Meehan BS, Dewar PM, Maze EA, Roos EO, Paudyal B, Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Wang H, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, Benedictus L, Tchilian E, Klenerman P, Eckle SBG. MAIT cell-MR1 reactivity is highly conserved across multiple divergent species. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107338. [PMID: 38705391 PMCID: PMC11190491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize small molecule metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex class I related protein 1 (MR1), via an αβ T cell receptor (TCR). MAIT TCRs feature an essentially invariant TCR α-chain, which is highly conserved between mammals. Similarly, MR1 is the most highly conserved major histocompatibility complex-I-like molecule. This extreme conservation, including the mode of interaction between the MAIT TCR and MR1, has been shown to allow for species-mismatched reactivities unique in T cell biology, thereby allowing the use of selected species-mismatched MR1-antigen (MR1-Ag) tetramers in comparative immunology studies. However, the pattern of cross-reactivity of species-mismatched MR1-Ag tetramers in identifying MAIT cells in diverse species has not been formally assessed. We developed novel cattle and pig MR1-Ag tetramers and utilized these alongside previously developed human, mouse, and pig-tailed macaque MR1-Ag tetramers to characterize cross-species tetramer reactivities. MR1-Ag tetramers from each species identified T cell populations in distantly related species with specificity that was comparable to species-matched MR1-Ag tetramers. However, there were subtle differences in staining characteristics with practical implications for the accurate identification of MAIT cells. Pig MR1 is sufficiently conserved across species that pig MR1-Ag tetramers identified MAIT cells from the other species. However, MAIT cells in pigs were at the limits of phenotypic detection. In the absence of sheep MR1-Ag tetramers, a MAIT cell population in sheep blood was identified phenotypically, utilizing species-mismatched MR1-Ag tetramers. Collectively, our results validate the use and define the limitations of species-mismatched MR1-Ag tetramers in comparative immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Edmans
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Morgan
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Troi J Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phoebe M Dewar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emmanuel A Maze
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard O Roos
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Vacchini A, Chancellor A, Yang Q, Colombo R, Spagnuolo J, Berloffa G, Joss D, Øyås O, Lecchi C, De Simone G, Beshirova A, Nosi V, Loureiro JP, Morabito A, De Gregorio C, Pfeffer M, Schaefer V, Prota G, Zippelius A, Stelling J, Häussinger D, Brunelli L, Villalta P, Lepore M, Davoli E, Balbo S, Mori L, De Libero G. Nucleobase adducts bind MR1 and stimulate MR1-restricted T cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadn0126. [PMID: 38728413 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adn0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
MR1T cells are a recently found class of T cells that recognize antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex-I-related molecule MR1 in the absence of microbial infection. The nature of the self-antigens that stimulate MR1T cells remains unclear, hampering our understanding of their physiological role and therapeutic potential. By combining genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical approaches, we found that carbonyl stress and changes in nucleobase metabolism in target cells promote MR1T cell activation. Stimulatory compounds formed by carbonyl adducts of nucleobases were detected within MR1 molecules produced by tumor cells, and their abundance and antigenicity were enhanced by drugs that induce carbonyl accumulation. Our data reveal carbonyl-nucleobase adducts as MR1T cell antigens. Recognizing cells under carbonyl stress allows MR1T cells to monitor cellular metabolic changes with physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Qinmei Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Colombo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Julian Spagnuolo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Giuliano Berloffa
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Joss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ove Øyås
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Lecchi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Giulia De Simone
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Aisha Beshirova
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Nosi
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - José Pedro Loureiro
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Aurelia Morabito
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Corinne De Gregorio
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Verena Schaefer
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Stelling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Peter Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
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5
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Ciacchi L, Mak JYW, Le JP, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Corbett AJ, Rossjohn J, Awad W. Mouse mucosal-associated invariant T cell receptor recognition of MR1 presenting the vitamin B metabolite, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107229. [PMID: 38537698 PMCID: PMC11066510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells can elicit immune responses against riboflavin-based antigens presented by the evolutionary conserved MHC class I related protein, MR1. While we have an understanding of the structural basis of human MAIT cell receptor (TCR) recognition of human MR1 presenting a variety of ligands, how the semi-invariant mouse MAIT TCR binds mouse MR1-ligand remains unknown. Here, we determine the crystal structures of 2 mouse TRAV1-TRBV13-2+ MAIT TCR-MR1-5-OP-RU ternary complexes, whose TCRs differ only in the composition of their CDR3β loops. These mouse MAIT TCRs mediate high affinity interactions with mouse MR1-5-OP-RU and cross-recognize human MR1-5-OP-RU. Similarly, a human MAIT TCR could bind mouse MR1-5-OP-RU with high affinity. This cross-species recognition indicates the evolutionary conserved nature of this MAIT TCR-MR1 axis. Comparing crystal structures of the mouse versus human MAIT TCR-MR1-5-OP-RU complexes provides structural insight into the conserved nature of this MAIT TCR-MR1 interaction and conserved specificity for the microbial antigens, whereby key germline-encoded interactions required for MAIT activation are maintained. This is an important consideration for the development of MAIT cell-based therapeutics that will rely on preclinical mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy P Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA. MR1 antigen presentation to MAIT cells and other MR1-restricted T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:178-192. [PMID: 37773272 PMCID: PMC11108705 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
MHC antigen presentation plays a fundamental role in adaptive and semi-invariant T cell immunity. Distinct MHC molecules bind antigens that differ in chemical structure, origin and location and present them to specialized T cells. MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents a range of small molecule antigens to MR1-restricted T (MR1T) lymphocytes. The best studied MR1 ligands are derived from microbial metabolism and are recognized by a major class of MR1T cells known as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Here, we describe the MR1 antigen presentation pathway: the known types of antigens presented by MR1, the location where MR1-antigen complexes form, the route followed by the complexes to the cell surface, the mechanisms involved in termination of MR1 antigen presentation and the accessory cellular proteins that comprise the MR1 antigen presentation machinery. The current road map of the MR1 antigen presentation pathway reveals potential strategies for therapeutic manipulation of MR1T cell function and provides a foundation for further studies that will lead to a deeper understanding of MR1-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Lin X, Wang Y, He Y. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases of respiratory system: recent advancements and applications. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38419084 PMCID: PMC10902946 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an atypical subset of T lymphocytes, which have a highly conserved semi-constant αβ chain of T-cell receptor (TCR) and recognize microbe-derived vitamin B metabolites via major histocompatibility complex class I related-1 molecule (MR1). MAIT cells get activated mainly through unique TCR-dependent and TCR-independent pathways, and express multiple functional and phenotypic traits, including innate-like functionality, T helper (Th) 1 cell immunity, Th 17 cell immunity, and tissue homing. Given the functions, MAIT cells are extensively reported to play a key role in mucosal homeostasis and infectious diseases. In the current work, we review the basic characteristics of MAIT cells and their roles in mucosal homeostasis and development of respiratory infectious diseases as well as their potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqi He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Jirouš Drulak M, Grgić Z, Plužarić V, Šola M, Opačak-Bernardi T, Viljetić B, Glavaš K, Tolušić-Levak M, Periša V, Mihalj M, Štefanić M, Tokić S. Characterization of the TCRβ repertoire of peripheral MR1-restricted MAIT cells in psoriasis vulgaris patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20990. [PMID: 38017021 PMCID: PMC10684872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is an inflammatory skin disease largely driven by aberrant αβT cells. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which constitute the largest circulating innate-like αβT cell community in human adults, are characterized by a semi-invariant TCRVα7.2 receptor and MR1-restricted affinity toward microbial metabolites. Limited MAIT TCRα diversity is complemented by a more variable TCRβ repertoire, but its footprint in the MAIT repertoire of PV patients has never been tested. Here, we used bulk TCRSeq, MiXCR, VDJTools, and Immunarch pipelines to decipher and compare TCRβ clonotypes from flow-sorted, peripheral TCRVα7.2+MR1-5-OP-RU-tet+MAIT cells from 10 PV patients and 10 healthy, matched controls. The resulting TCRβ collections were highly private and individually unique, with small public clonotype content and high CDR3β amino acid length variability in both groups. The age-related increase in the 'hyperexpanded' clonotype compartment was observed in PV, but not in healthy MAIT repertoires. The TCRβ repertoires of PV patients were also marked by skewed TRBV/TRBJ pairing, and the emergence of PV-specific, public CDR3β peptide sequences closely matching the published CDR3β record from psoriatic skin. Overall, our study provides preliminary insight into the peripheral MAIT TCRβ repertoire in psoriasis and warrants further evaluation of its diagnostic and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jirouš Drulak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Zvonimir Grgić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vera Plužarić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Šola
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Barbara Viljetić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Glavaš
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Tolušić-Levak
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Periša
- Department of Internal Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Hematology, Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mario Štefanić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Stana Tokić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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9
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Chancellor A, Alan Simmons R, Khanolkar RC, Nosi V, Beshirova A, Berloffa G, Colombo R, Karuppiah V, Pentier JM, Tubb V, Ghadbane H, Suckling RJ, Page K, Crean RM, Vacchini A, De Gregorio C, Schaefer V, Constantin D, Gligoris T, Lloyd A, Hock M, Srikannathasan V, Robinson RA, Besra GS, van der Kamp MW, Mori L, Calogero R, Cole DK, De Libero G, Lepore M. Promiscuous recognition of MR1 drives self-reactive mucosal-associated invariant T cell responses. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221939. [PMID: 37382893 PMCID: PMC10309188 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells use canonical semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCR) to recognize microbial riboflavin precursors displayed by the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. The extent of MAIT TCR crossreactivity toward physiological, microbially unrelated antigens remains underexplored. We describe MAIT TCRs endowed with MR1-dependent reactivity to tumor and healthy cells in the absence of microbial metabolites. MAIT cells bearing TCRs crossreactive toward self are rare but commonly found within healthy donors and display T-helper-like functions in vitro. Experiments with MR1-tetramers loaded with distinct ligands revealed significant crossreactivity among MAIT TCRs both ex vivo and upon in vitro expansion. A canonical MAIT TCR was selected on the basis of extremely promiscuous MR1 recognition. Structural and molecular dynamic analyses associated promiscuity to unique TCRβ-chain features that were enriched within self-reactive MAIT cells of healthy individuals. Thus, self-reactive recognition of MR1 represents a functionally relevant indication of MAIT TCR crossreactivity, suggesting a potentially broader role of MAIT cells in immune homeostasis and diseases, beyond microbial immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vladimir Nosi
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Aisha Beshirova
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuliano Berloffa
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Colombo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rory M. Crean
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Doctoral Training Centre in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne De Gregorio
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Schaefer
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Constantin
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | | | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Parihar N, Bhatt LK. The emerging paradigm of Unconventional T cells as a novel therapeutic target for celiac disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110666. [PMID: 37473709 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals when exposed to exogenous dietary gluten. This exposure to wheat gluten and related proteins from rye and barley triggers an immune response which leads to the development of enteropathy associated with symptoms of bloating, diarrhea, or malabsorption. The sole current treatment is to follow a gluten-free diet for the rest of one's life. Intestinal barriers are enriched with Unconventional T cells such as iNKT, MAIT, and γδ T cells, which lack or express only a limited range of rearranged antigen receptors. Unconventional T cells play a crucial role in regulating mucosal barrier function and microbial colonization. Unconventional T cell populations are widely represented in diseased conditions, where changes in disease activity related to iNKT and MAIT cell reduction, as well as γδ T cell expansion, are demonstrated. In this review, we discuss the role and potential employment of Unconventional T cells as a therapeutic target in the pathophysiology of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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11
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Awad W, Ciacchi L, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J. Molecular insights into metabolite antigen recognition by mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102351. [PMID: 37276819 PMCID: PMC11056607 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite-based T-cell immunity is emerging as a major player in antimicrobial immunity, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here, small-molecule metabolites were identified to be captured and presented by the major histocompatibility complex class-I-related molecule (MR1) to T cells, namely mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Both MR1 and MAIT are evolutionarily conserved in many mammals, suggesting important roles in host immunity. Rational chemical modifications of these naturally occurring metabolites, termed altered metabolite ligands (AMLs), have advanced our understanding of the molecular correlates of MAIT T cell receptor (TCR)-MR1 recognition. This review provides a generalized framework for metabolite recognition and modulation of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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12
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Du S, Yan J, Xue Y, Zhong Y, Dong Y. Adoptive cell therapy for cancer treatment. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20210058. [PMID: 37933232 PMCID: PMC10624386 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a rapidly growing anti-cancer strategy that has shown promise in treating various cancer types. The concept of ACT involves activating patients' own immune cells ex vivo and then transferring them back to the patients to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Currently, the commonly used ACT includes tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), genetically engineered immune cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) vaccines. With the advancement of cell culture and genetic engineering techniques, ACT has been used in clinics to treat malignant hematological diseases and many new ACT-based regimens are in different stages of clinical trials. Here, representative ACT approaches are introduced and the opportunities and challenges for clinical translation of ACT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Du
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyOhio State UniversityColumbusUSA
- Icahn Genomics InstitutePrecision Immunology InstituteDepartment of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer InstituteFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
| | - Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyOhio State UniversityColumbusUSA
- Icahn Genomics InstitutePrecision Immunology InstituteDepartment of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer InstituteFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
| | - Yonger Xue
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyOhio State UniversityColumbusUSA
- Icahn Genomics InstitutePrecision Immunology InstituteDepartment of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer InstituteFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
| | - Yichen Zhong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyOhio State UniversityColumbusUSA
- Icahn Genomics InstitutePrecision Immunology InstituteDepartment of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer InstituteFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyOhio State UniversityColumbusUSA
- Icahn Genomics InstitutePrecision Immunology InstituteDepartment of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer InstituteFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
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13
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Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. MAITs and their mates: "Innate-like" behaviors in conventional and unconventional T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:1-9. [PMID: 37256718 PMCID: PMC10324555 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most CD4 and CD8 T cells are restricted by conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and mount TCR-dependent adaptive immune responses. In contrast, MAIT, iNKT, and certain γδ TCR bearing cells are characterized by their abilities to recognize antigens presented by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules and to mount cytokine-mediated TCR-independent responses in an "innate-like" manner. In addition, several more diverse T-cell subsets have been described that in a similar manner are restricted by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules but mainly depend on their TCRs for activation. Vice versa, innate-like behaviour was reported in defined subpopulations of conventional T cells, particularly in barrier sites, showing that these two features are not necessarily linked. The abilities to recognize antigens presented by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules or to mount TCR-independent responses creates unique niches for these T cells and is linked to wide range of functional capabilities. This is especially exemplified by unconventional and innate-like T cells present at barrier sites where they are involved in pathogen defense, tissue homeostasis as well as in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Zhang Y, Qi X, Zhang Z, Jin Z, Wang G, Ling F. Effects of dietary Cetobacterium somerae on the intestinal health, immune parameters and resistance against Nocardia seriolae of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108693. [PMID: 36940785 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), one of the most important freshwater commercial fish species has been widely cultivated in China. In recent years, the nocardiosis caused by Nocardia seriolae has greatly damaged the M. salmoides industry and there is no effective treatment at present. Currently, Cetobacterium somerae, the predominant bacteria in the gut of many freshwater fishes has been reported to be associated with fish health. However, whether the native C. somerae could protect the host from N. seriolae is unclear. In this study, M. salmoides were fed with three different diets, including control diet (CD), low C. somerae diet (106 CFU/g as LD) and high C. somerae diet (108 CFU/g as HD). After 8-week feeding, growth performance, gut health index, serum enzyme activities and the expression of inflammation-related genes were tested. Results showed that the LD and HD diets had no adverse effects on the growth performance. Moreover, dietary HD enhanced gut barrier and reduced intestinal ROS and ORP, as well as increased serum enzyme activities including ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM compared to the CD group. In addition, the HD diet significantly up-regulated the expression of TNF-α, IL8, IL-1β and IL15, while down-regulating the expression of TGF-β1 and IL10 in kidney. Moreover, the expression of antibacterial genes was significantly increased in HD group after being challenged by N. seriolae. And the fish fed HD diet exhibited higher survival rate (57.5%) than that in CD (37.5%) and LD groups (42.5%). To summarize, our study demonstrates that dietary HD can enhance gut health, improve immune response and strengthen pathogen resistance, suggesting that C. somerae is a potential probiotic for defending against N. seriolae infection in M. salmoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaozhou Qi
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhanlin Jin
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, China.
| | - Fei Ling
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, China.
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15
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Ashley CL, McSharry BP, McWilliam HEG, Stanton RJ, Fielding CA, Mathias RA, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Suppression of MR1 by human cytomegalovirus inhibits MAIT cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107497. [PMID: 36845106 PMCID: PMC9950634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen presentation molecule MHC class I related protein-1 (MR1) is best characterized by its ability to present bacterially derived metabolites of vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT cells). Methods Through in vitro human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the presence of MR1 ligand we investigate the modulation of MR1 expression. Using coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, expression by recombinant adenovirus and HCMV deletion mutants we investigate HCMV gpUS9 and its family members as potential regulators of MR1 expression. The functional consequences of MR1 modulation by HCMV infection are explored in coculture activation assays with either Jurkat cells engineered to express the MAIT cell TCR or primary MAIT cells. MR1 dependence in these activation assays is established by addition of MR1 neutralizing antibody and CRISPR/Cas-9 mediated MR1 knockout. Results Here we demonstrate that HCMV infection efficiently suppresses MR1 surface expression and reduces total MR1 protein levels. Expression of the viral glycoprotein gpUS9 in isolation could reduce both cell surface and total MR1 levels, with analysis of a specific US9 HCMV deletion mutant suggesting that the virus can target MR1 using multiple mechanisms. Functional assays with primary MAIT cells demonstrated the ability of HCMV infection to inhibit bacterially driven, MR1-dependent activation using both neutralizing antibodies and engineered MR1 knockout cells. Discussion This study identifies a strategy encoded by HCMV to disrupt the MR1:MAIT cell axis. This immune axis is less well characterized in the context of viral infection. HCMV encodes hundreds of proteins, some of which regulate the expression of antigen presentation molecules. However the ability of this virus to regulate the MR1:MAIT TCR axis has not been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Ashley
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P. McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Jin H, Ladd NA, Peev AM, Swarbrick GM, Cansler M, Null M, Boughter CT, McMurtrey C, Nilsen A, Dobos KM, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Deaza-modification of MR1 ligands modulates recognition by MR1-restricted T cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22539. [PMID: 36581641 PMCID: PMC9800373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells recognize microbial small molecule metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1 and have been implicated in early effector responses to microbial infection. As a result, there is considerable interest in identifying chemical properties of metabolite ligands that permit recognition by MR1T cells, for consideration in therapeutic or vaccine applications. Here, we made chemical modifications to known MR1 ligands to evaluate the effect on MR1T cell activation. Specifically, we modified 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityllumazine (DMRL) to generate 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityldeazalumazine (DZ), and then further derivatized DZ to determine the requirements for retaining MR1 surface stabilization and agonistic properties. Interestingly, the IFN-γ response toward DZ varied widely across a panel of T cell receptor (TCR)-diverse MR1T cell clones; while one clone was agnostic toward the modification, most displayed either an enhancement or depletion of IFN-γ production when compared with its response to DMRL. To gain insight into a putative mechanism behind this phenomenon, we used in silico molecular docking techniques for DMRL and its derivatives and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes. In assessing the dynamics of each ligand in the MR1 pocket, we found that DMRL and DZ exhibit differential dynamics of both the ribityl moiety and the aromatic backbone, which may contribute to ligand recognition. Together, our results support an emerging hypothesis for flexibility in MR1:ligand-MR1T TCR interactions and enable further exploration of the relationship between MR1:ligand structures and MR1T cell recognition for downstream applications targeting MR1T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Jin
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andrew M Peev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Aaron Nilsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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17
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Lim HJ, Wubben JM, Garcia CP, Cruz-Gomez S, Deng J, Mak JY, Hachani A, Anderson RJ, Painter GF, Goyette J, Amarasinghe SL, Ritchie ME, Roquilly A, Fairlie DP, Gaus K, Rossjohn J, Villadangos JA, McWilliam HE. A specialized tyrosine-based endocytosis signal in MR1 controls antigen presentation to MAIT cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213489. [PMID: 36129434 PMCID: PMC9499830 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 is a highly conserved microbial immune-detection system in mammals. It captures vitamin B-related metabolite antigens from diverse microbes and presents them at the cell surface to stimulate MR1-restricted lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 presentation and MAIT cell recognition mediate homeostasis through host defense and tissue repair. The cellular mechanisms regulating MR1 cell surface expression are critical to its function and MAIT cell recognition, yet they are poorly defined. Here, we report that human MR1 is equipped with a tyrosine-based motif in its cytoplasmic domain that mediates low affinity binding with the endocytic adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex. This interaction controls the kinetics of MR1 internalization from the cell surface and minimizes recycling. We propose MR1 uses AP2 endocytosis to define the duration of antigen presentation to MAIT cells and the detection of a microbial metabolic signature by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta M. Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristian Pinero Garcia
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sebastian Cruz-Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jieru Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y.W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shanika L. Amarasinghe
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Jose A. Villadangos:
| | - Hamish E.G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence to Hamish E.G. McWilliam:
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18
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Kim SJ, Karamooz E. MR1- and HLA-E-Dependent Antigen Presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214412. [PMID: 36430890 PMCID: PMC9693577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 and HLA-E are highly conserved nonclassical antigen-presenting molecules. They can present antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a distinct subset of MR1-restricted or HLA-restricted CD8+ T cells. MR1 presents small microbial metabolites, and HLA-E presents peptides and glycopeptides. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of MR1 and HLA-E antigen presentation in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Quantitative affinity measurement of small molecule ligand binding to major histocompatibility complex class-I-related protein 1 MR1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102714. [PMID: 36403855 PMCID: PMC9764189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents small molecule metabolites, drugs, and drug-like molecules that are recognized by MR1-reactive T cells. While we have an understanding of how antigens bind to MR1 and upregulate MR1 cell surface expression, a quantitative, cell-free, assessment of MR1 ligand-binding affinity was lacking. Here, we developed a fluorescence polarization-based assay in which fluorescent MR1 ligand was loaded into MR1 protein in vitro and competitively displaced by candidate ligands over a range of concentrations. Using this assay, ligand affinity for MR1 could be differentiated as strong (IC50 < 1 μM), moderate (1 μM < IC50 < 100 μM), and weak (IC50 > 100 μM). We demonstrated a clear correlation between ligand-binding affinity for MR1, the presence of a covalent bond between MR1 and ligand, and the number of salt bridge and hydrogen bonds formed between MR1 and ligand. Using this newly developed fluorescence polarization-based assay to screen for candidate ligands, we identified the dietary molecules vanillin and ethylvanillin as weak bona fide MR1 ligands. Both upregulated MR1 on the surface of C1R.MR1 cells and the crystal structure of a MAIT cell T cell receptor-MR1-ethylvanillin complex revealed that ethylvanillin formed a Schiff base with K43 of MR1 and was buried within the A'-pocket. Collectively, we developed and validated a method to quantitate the binding affinities of ligands for MR1 that will enable an efficient and rapid screening of candidate MR1 ligands.
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Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT) exert potent antimicrobial activity through direct recognition of metabolite-MR1 complexes and indirect activation by inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, via licensing of antigen presenting cells, MAIT cells orchestrate humoral and cellular adaptive immunity. Our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of MAIT cell activation, and of the signals required to differentiate them in polarised subsets, pave the way for harnessing their functionality through small molecules or adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- Immunocore LTD, 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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21
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Dogan M, Karhan E, Kozhaya L, Placek L, Chen X, Yigit M, Unutmaz D. Engineering Human MAIT Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Cancer Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1523-1531. [PMID: 36165183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineering immune cells with chimeric Ag receptors (CARs) is a promising technology in cancer immunotherapy. Besides classical cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, innate cell types such as NK cells have also been used to generate CAR-T or CAR-NK cells. In this study, we devised an approach to program a nonclassical cytotoxic T cell subset called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells into effective CAR-T cells against B cell lymphoma and breast cancer cells. Accordingly, we expressed anti-CD19 and anti-Her2 CARs in activated primary human MAIT cells and CD8+ T cells, expanded them in vitro, and compared their cytotoxicity against tumor cell targets. We show upon activation through CARs that CAR-MAIT cells exhibit high levels of cytotoxicity toward target cells, comparable to CD8+ CAR-T cells, but interestingly expressed lower levels of IFN-γ than conventional CAR CD8+ T cells. Additionally, in the presence of vitamin B2 metabolite 5-ARU (5-amino-4-d-ribitylaminouracil dihydrochloride), which is a conserved compound that activates MAIT cells through MHC class I-related (MR1) protein, MAIT cells killed MR1-expressing target breast cancer and B cell lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, MAIT cells can be genetically edited as CAR-T cells or mobilized and expanded by MR1 ligands as an off-the-shelf novel approach to cell-based cancer immunotherapy strategies while being comparable to conventional methods in effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Dogan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Ece Karhan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Lindsey Placek
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Xin Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Mesut Yigit
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT; and .,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
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22
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Fei H, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Yu X, Yi S, Huang M, Yang S. Effect of Autolyzed Yarrowia lipolytica on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Histology, Microbiota, and Transcriptome Profile of Juvenile Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810780. [PMID: 36142687 PMCID: PMC9503160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The improper components of formulated feed can cause the intestinal dysbiosis of juvenile largemouth bass and further affect fish health. A 28 day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of partially replacing fish meal (FM) with autolyzed Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) on juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We considered four diets—control, YL25, YL50, and YL75—in which 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the FM content, respectively, was replaced with YL. According to results, the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish with the YL25 and YL50 diets were significantly higher than the WGR and SGR with the control diet, while the YL75 diet significantly reduced fish growth and antioxidant enzymes activities, and shortened the villus height in the intestinal mucosa. The 16S rRNA analysis of the intestinal microbiota showed that the relative abundance of Mycoplasma was significantly increased with the YL25 and YL50 diets, while the Enterobacteriacea content was increased with the YL75 diet. Moreover, our transcriptome analysis revealed that certain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are associated with growth, metabolism, and immunity were modulated by YL inclusion treatment. Dietary YL25 and YL50 significantly reduced the mRNA level of ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (errfi1) and dual-specificity phosphatases (dusp), while the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (socs1), the transporter associated with antigen processing 2 subunit type a (tap2a), and the major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene (MHC-I-l) were sharply increased with YL75 treatment. We determined that the optimum dose of dietary YL required for maximum growth without any adverse influence on intestinal health was 189.82 g/kg (with 31.63% of the fishmeal replaced by YL), while an excessive substitution of YL for fishmeal led to suppressed growth and antioxidant capacity, as well as intestinal damage for juvenile largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Zhejiang Development &Planning Institute, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shunfa Yi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8684-3199
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23
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Moreira MDL, Borges-Fernandes LO, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Ribeiro ÁL, Pereira VHS, Pediongco T, Araújo MSDS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Carvalho AL, Mourão MVA, Campos FA, Borges M, Carneiro M, Chen Z, Saunders E, McConville M, Tsuji M, McCluskey J, Martins-Filho OA, Eckle SBG, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Peruhype-Magalhães V. The role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926446. [PMID: 36189274 PMCID: PMC9521739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are restricted by MR1 and are known to protect against bacterial and viral infections. Our understanding of the role of MAIT cells in parasitic infections, such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by protozoan parasites of Leishmania donovani, is limited. This study showed that in response to L. infantum, human peripheral blood MAIT cells from children with leishmaniasis produced TNF and IFN-γ in an MR1-dependent manner. The overall frequency of MAIT cells was inversely correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels, a specific marker of liver damage strongly associated with severe hepatic involvement in VL. In addition, there was a positive correlation between total protein levels and the frequency of IL-17A+ CD8+ MAIT cells, whereby reduced total protein levels are a marker of liver and kidney damage. Furthermore, the frequencies of IFN-γ+ and IL-10+ MAIT cells were inversely correlated with hemoglobin levels, a marker of severe anemia. In asymptomatic individuals and VL patients after treatment, MAIT cells also produced IL-17A, a cytokine signature associated with resistance to visceral leishmaniasis, suggesting that MAIT cells play important role in protecting against VL. In summary, these results broaden our understanding of MAIT-cell immunity to include protection against parasitic infections, with implications for MAIT-cell-based therapeutics and vaccines. At last, this study paves the way for the investigation of putative MAIT cell antigens that could exist in the context of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Lima Moreira
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ágata Lopes Ribeiro
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Troi Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Lucchesi de Carvalho
- João Paulo II Children’s Hospital, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Alves Campos
- João Paulo II Children’s Hospital, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marineide Borges
- João Paulo II Children’s Hospital, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Parasitology Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sidonia Barbara Guiomar Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães, ; ; Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis, ;
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-MINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães, ; ; Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis, ;
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24
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Souter MN, Awad W, Li S, Pediongco TJ, Meehan BS, Meehan LJ, Tian Z, Zhao Z, Wang H, Nelson A, Le Nours J, Khandokar Y, Praveena T, Wubben J, Lin J, Sullivan LC, Lovrecz GO, Mak JY, Liu L, Kostenko L, Kedzierska K, Corbett AJ, Fairlie DP, Brooks AG, Gherardin NA, Uldrich AP, Chen Z, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J, Pellicci DG, Eckle SB. CD8 coreceptor engagement of MR1 enhances antigen responsiveness by human MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213423. [PMID: 36018322 PMCID: PMC9424912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells detect microbial infection via recognition of riboflavin-based antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-related protein 1 (MR1). Most MAIT cells in human peripheral blood express CD8αα or CD8αβ coreceptors, and the binding site for CD8 on MHC-I molecules is relatively conserved in MR1. Yet, there is no direct evidence of CD8 interacting with MR1 or the functional consequences thereof. Similarly, the role of CD8αα in lymphocyte function remains ill-defined. Here, using newly developed MR1 tetramers, mutated at the CD8 binding site, and by determining the crystal structure of MR1-CD8αα, we show that CD8 engaged MR1, analogous to how it engages MHC-I molecules. CD8αα and CD8αβ enhanced MR1 binding and cytokine production by MAIT cells. Moreover, the CD8-MR1 interaction was critical for the recognition of folate-derived antigens by other MR1-reactive T cells. Together, our findings suggest that both CD8αα and CD8αβ act as functional coreceptors for MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N.T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Troi J. Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy J. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zehua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yogesh Khandokar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T. Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacinta Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George O. Lovrecz
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y.W. Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyudmila Kostenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam P. Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sidonia B.G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Torre P, Brescia A, Giurato G, D’Auria R, Rizzo F, Motta BM, Giudice V, Selleri C, Zeppa P, Caputo A, Casolaro V, Persico M. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: A Case Series. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122921. [PMID: 35740587 PMCID: PMC9221487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subgroup of T lymphocytes whose role has recently been investigated in several types of diseases, including cancer. However, little is known about these cells in lymphomas. In this case series, we investigated the presence of MAIT cells in biopsies obtained from patients diagnosed with T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, uncommon hematological malignancies with often not clearly defined etiopathology. Abstract Background: Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant α/β T-cell receptor (TCR). The physiological functions of these cells, which are particularly abundant in normal liver and mucosal sites, have become clear only in recent years, but their role in most human diseases is still unknown. Since the cellular origin and etiopathogenesis of most T-lymphomas are still elusive, we decided to explore the presence of MAIT cells in biopsies from these neoplasms. Methods: Sixteen biopsies obtained from patients with a T-cell lymphoma diagnosis were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining using an anti-Vα7.2 antibody and the MR1-antigen tetramer. Positive cases were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Vα7.2–Jα33, Vα7.2–Jα20, or Vα7.2–Jα12 rearrangements, followed by sequencing of the CDR3α region. Results: CD3+/Vα7.2+ and CD3+/MR1-Ag-tetramer+ cells were found in 4 of 16 samples analyzed. The identification of specific TCR rearrangements confirmed the presence of these cells in all four samples. PCR and sequencing results documented the presence of multiple clones of MAIT cells in each positive sample. Conclusions: MAIT cells are frequently found in T-cell lymphomas. More in-depth studies and a larger number of samples are needed to better clarify the contribution of MAIT cells to this rare neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Torre
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Brescia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Raffaella D’Auria
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Benedetta Maria Motta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Pio Zeppa
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Caputo
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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26
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Bhuiyan TR, Rahman MA, Trivedi S, Afroz T, Al Banna H, Hoq MR, Pop I, Jensen O, Rashu R, Uddin MI, Hossain M, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Leung DT. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are highly activated in duodenal tissue of humans with Vibrio cholerae O1 infection: A preliminary report. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010411. [PMID: 35551522 PMCID: PMC9129025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes with a semi-conserved TCRα, activated by the presentation of vitamin B metabolites by the MHC-I related protein, MR1, and with diverse innate and adaptive effector functions. The role of MAIT cells in acute intestinal infections, especially at the mucosal level, is not well known. Here, we analyzed the presence and phenotype of MAIT cells in duodenal biopsies and paired peripheral blood samples, in patients during and after culture-confirmed Vibrio cholerae O1 infection. Immunohistochemical staining of duodenal biopsies from cholera patients (n = 5, median age 32 years, range 26-44, 1 female) identified MAIT cells in the lamina propria of the crypts, but not the villi. By flow cytometry (n = 10, median age 31 years, range 23-36, 1 female), we showed that duodenal MAIT cells are more activated than peripheral MAIT cells (p < 0.01 across time points), although there were no significant differences between duodenal MAIT cells at day 2 and day 30. We found fecal markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation to be correlated with the loss of duodenal (but not peripheral) MAIT cells, and single-cell sequencing revealed differing T cell receptor usage between the duodenal and peripheral blood MAIT cells. In this preliminary report limited by a small sample size, we show that MAIT cells are present in the lamina propria of the duodenum during V. cholerae infection, and more activated than those in the blood. Future work into the trafficking and tissue-resident function of MAIT cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Arifur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Taliman Afroz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hasan Al Banna
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rubel Hoq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ioana Pop
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rasheduzzaman Rashu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Motaher Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Evaluating Cefoperazone-Induced Gut Metabolic Functional Changes in MR1-Deficient Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050380. [PMID: 35629884 PMCID: PMC9146321 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated following the recognition of bacterial antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule (MR1). Previous metagenomics data showed that MR1−/− knock-out (KO) mice had distinct microbiota and displayed a resistance to Clostridioides difficile (CDI) colonization vs. wild-type (WT) mice. In the present study, LC/MS-based untargeted metabolomics are applied to evaluate the changes in metabolic activities, in accordance with the changes in gut microbiota caused by cefoperazone (Cef) treatment. Adult C57Bl/6J WT and MR1−/− KO mice were given sterile drinking water or spiked with 0.5 mg/mL Cef ad libitum for five days. Fecal pellets were collected daily, and both small intestinal and cecal contents were harvested at sacrifice. The PLS-DA score plots of the metabolomic data indicate that the microbiota is relatively less disturbed by Cef treatment in KO mice, which is consistent with the metagenomics data. The most noticeable differences in the metabolome of KO and WT mice were the increases in carbohydrates in the WT mice, but not in the KO mice. Metabolic functional biomarkers were identified through the correlation analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and riboflavin. These detected metabolic functional biomarkers could provide information complementary to metagenomics data.
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28
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Suliman S, Kjer-Nielsen L, Iwany SK, Lopez Tamara K, Loh L, Grzelak L, Kedzierska K, Ocampo TA, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, León SR, Calderon R, Lecca-Garcia L, Murray MB, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. Dual TCR-α Expression on Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells as a Potential Confounder of TCR Interpretation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1389-1395. [PMID: 35246495 PMCID: PMC9359468 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that are highly abundant in human blood and tissues. Most MAIT cells have an invariant TCRα-chain that uses T cell receptor α-variable 1-2 (TRAV1-2) joined to TRAJ33/20/12 and recognizes metabolites from bacterial riboflavin synthesis bound to the Ag-presenting molecule MHC class I related (MR1). Our attempts to identify alternative MR1-presented Ags led to the discovery of rare MR1-restricted T cells with non-TRAV1-2 TCRs. Because altered Ag specificity likely alters affinity for the most potent known Ag, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), we performed bulk TCRα- and TCRβ-chain sequencing and single-cell-based paired TCR sequencing on T cells that bound the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer with differing intensities. Bulk sequencing showed that use of V genes other than TRAV1-2 was enriched among MR1-5-OP-RU tetramerlow cells. Although we initially interpreted these as diverse MR1-restricted TCRs, single-cell TCR sequencing revealed that cells expressing atypical TCRα-chains also coexpressed an invariant MAIT TCRα-chain. Transfection of each non-TRAV1-2 TCRα-chain with the TCRβ-chain from the same cell demonstrated that the non-TRAV1-2 TCR did not bind the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer. Thus, dual TCRα-chain expression in human T cells and competition for the endogenous β-chain explains the existence of some MR1-5-OP-RU tetramerlow T cells. The discovery of simultaneous expression of canonical and noncanonical TCRs on the same T cell means that claims of roles for non-TRAV1-2 TCR in MR1 response must be validated by TCR transfer-based confirmation of Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kattya Lopez Tamara
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Socios en Salud Sucursal Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tonatiuh A Ocampo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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29
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Krause JL, Engelmann B, Nunes da Rocha U, Pierzchalski A, Chang HD, Zenclussen AC, von Bergen M, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Herberth G. MAIT cell activation is reduced by direct and microbiota-mediated exposure to bisphenols. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106985. [PMID: 34991247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral uptake is the primary route of human bisphenol exposure, resulting in an exposure of the intestinal microbiota and intestine-associated immune cells. Therefore, we compared the impact of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) on (i) intestinal microbiota, (ii) microbiota-mediated immunomodulatory effects and (iii) direct effects on mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in vitro. We acutely exposed human fecal microbiota, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Escherichia coli to BPA and its analogues BPF and BPS referring to the European tolerable daily intake (TDI), i.e. 2.3 µg/mL, 28.3 µg/mL and 354.0 µg/mL. Growth and viability of E. coli was most susceptible to BPF, whereas B.thetaiotaomicron and fecal microbiota were affected by BPA > BPF > BPS. At 354.0 µg/mL bisphenols altered microbial diversity in compound-specific manner and modulated microbial metabolism, with BPA already acting on metabolism at 28.3 µg/mL. Microbiota-mediated effects on MAIT cells were observed for the individual bacteria at 354.0 µg/mL only. However, BPA and BPF directly modulated MAIT cell responses at low concentrations, whereby bisphenols at concentrations equivalent for the current TDI had no modulatory effects for microbiota or for MAIT cells. Our findings indicate that acute bisphenol exposure may alter microbial metabolism and impact directly on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Krause
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; present address: German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute - DRFZ, Schwiete laboratory for microbiota and inflammation, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Engelmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Nunes da Rocha
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Pierzchalski
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H D Chang
- present address: German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute - DRFZ, Schwiete laboratory for microbiota and inflammation, Berlin, Germany; Chair of Cytometry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - A C Zenclussen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M von Bergen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Rolle-Kampczyk
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Herberth
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.
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30
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Seneviratna R, Redmond SJ, McWilliam HE, Reantragoon R, Villadangos JA, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI, Gherardin NA. Differential antigenic requirements by diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:112-126. [PMID: 34940995 PMCID: PMC9033883 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial riboflavin metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells for surveillance of microbial presence. MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) which recognises MR1-antigen complexes in a pattern-recognition-like manner. Recently, diverse populations of MR1-restricted T cells have been described that exhibit broad recognition of tumour cells and appear to recognise MR1 in association with tumour-derived self-antigens, though the identity of these antigens remains unclear. Here, we have used TCR gene transfer and engineered MR1-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to probe the MR1-restriction and antigen reactivity of a range of MR1-restricted TCRs, including model tumour-reactive TCRs. We confirm MR1 reactivity by these TCRs, show differential dependence on lysine at position 43 of MR1 (K43), and demonstrate competitive inhibition by MR1 ligand 6-formylpterin (6-FP). TCR-expressing reporter lines, however, failed to recapitulate the robust tumour specificity previously reported, suggesting an importance of accessory molecules for MR1-dependent tumour-reactivity. Finally, MR1-mutant cell lines showed that distinct residues on the α1/α2 helices were required for TCR-binding by different MR1-restricted T cells and suggested central but distinct docking modes by the broad family of MR1-restrictd αβ TCRs. Collectively, these data are consistent with recognition of distinct antigens by diverse MR1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Seneviratna
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hamish E McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rangsima Reantragoon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Present address: Immunology Division, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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31
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Soma S, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Donor Unrestricted T Cells: Linking innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:7295-7299. [PMID: 34740474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Donor Unrestricted T Cells (DURTs) are characterized by their use of antigen presentation molecules that are often invariant. As these cells recognize diverse mycobacterial antigens, often found in BCG, these cells have the potential to either serve as targets for vaccination, or as a means to enable the induction of traditional T and B cell immunity. Here, we will review specific DURT family members, and their relationship to BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. 97239, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
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32
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Recognition of the antigen-presenting molecule MR1 by a Vδ3 + γδ T cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110288118. [PMID: 34845016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110288118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells typically recognize nonpeptide ligands independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. Accordingly, the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) can potentially recognize a wide array of ligands; however, few ligands have been described to date. While there is a growing appreciation of the molecular bases underpinning variable (V)δ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ TCR-mediated ligand recognition, the mode of Vδ3+ TCR ligand engagement is unknown. MHC class I-related protein, MR1, presents vitamin B metabolites to αβ T cells known as mucosal-associated invariant T cells, diverse MR1-restricted T cells, and a subset of human γδ T cells. Here, we identify Vδ1/2- γδ T cells in the blood and duodenal biopsy specimens of children that showed metabolite-independent binding of MR1 tetramers. Characterization of one Vδ3Vγ8 TCR clone showed MR1 reactivity was independent of the presented antigen. Determination of two Vδ3Vγ8 TCR-MR1-antigen complex structures revealed a recognition mechanism by the Vδ3 TCR chain that mediated specific contacts to the side of the MR1 antigen-binding groove, representing a previously uncharacterized MR1 docking topology. The binding of the Vδ3+ TCR to MR1 did not involve contacts with the presented antigen, providing a basis for understanding its inherent MR1 autoreactivity. We provide molecular insight into antigen-independent recognition of MR1 by a Vδ3+ γδ TCR that strengthens an emerging paradigm of antibody-like ligand engagement by γδ TCRs.
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33
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Robinson RA, McMurran C, McCully ML, Cole DK. Engineering soluble T-cell receptors for therapy. FEBS J 2021; 288:6159-6173. [PMID: 33624424 PMCID: PMC8596704 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches that target peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to access virtually all foreign and cellular proteins. For this reason, there has been considerable interest in the development of the natural ligand for pHLA, the T-cell receptor (TCR), as a soluble drug to target disease-associated pHLA presented at the cell surface. However, native TCR stability is suboptimal for soluble drug development, and natural TCRs generally have weak affinities for pHLAs, limiting their potential to reach efficacious receptor occupancy levels as soluble drugs. To overcome these limitations and make full use of the TCR as a soluble drug platform, several protein engineering solutions have been applied to TCRs to enhance both their stability and affinity, with a focus on retaining target specificity and selectivity. Here, we review these advances and look to the future for the next generation of soluble TCR-based therapies that can target monomorphic HLA-like proteins presenting both peptide and nonpeptide antigens.
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35
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Chancellor A, Vacchini A, De Libero G. MR1, an immunological periscope of cellular metabolism. Int Immunol 2021; 34:141-147. [PMID: 34718585 PMCID: PMC8865192 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule 1 (MR1) presents microbial antigens to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells was a significant scientific milestone in the last decade. Surveillance for foreign metabolically derived antigens added a new class of target structures for immune recognition. The recent identification of a second family of MR1-restricted T cells, called MR1T cells, which show self-reactivity suggests the microbial antigens characterized so far may only represent a handful of the potential structures presented by MR1. Furthermore, the reactivity of MR1T cells towards tumours and not healthy cells indicates tight regulation in the generation of self-antigens and in MR1 expression and antigen loading. These novel and exciting observations invite consideration of new perspectives of MR1-restricted antigen presentation and its wider role within immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Yang JY, Wang F, Zhou G. Characterization and function of circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδT cells in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 51:74-85. [PMID: 34637577 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with uncertain aetiology. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and γδT cells are unconventional, innate-like T cells with immunoregulatory capacity. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of MAIT and γδT cells on the pathogenesis of OLP. METHODS Circulating MAIT cells and γδT cells were identified using flow cytometry. Surface proteins including CD4, CD8, CD69, CD103, CD49d, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 were assessed. Cytokines containing interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, granzyme B and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α released by MAIT and γδT cells were measured following PMA and ionomycin stimulation. RESULTS Circulating MAIT and γδT cells were deficient in OLP. The percentage of CD4+ , CD69+ , CD103+ and PD-1+ MAIT cells was increased in OLP, while that of CD8+ and CD49d+ MAIT cells was decreased. The percentage of CD103+ , PD-1+ and PD-L1+ γδT cells was upregulated in OLP. Both the MAIT and γδT cells in OLP produced less IL-4 than controls. The granzyme B-producing MAIT cells were increased, while γδT cells secreting granzyme B and TNF-α were reduced in OLP. IL-17 and IFN-γ in OLP MAIT and γδT cells were not significantly different from that in controls. The frequency of OLP MAIT cells and the MAIT/γδT rate were positively associated with the disease severity. CONCLUSION The deficient MAIT and γδT cells expressing functional proteins and releasing cytokines may play an immunoregulatory role in the pathogenesis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Naidoo K, Woods K, Pellefigues C, Cait A, O'Sullivan D, Gell K, Marshall AJ, Anderson RJ, Li Y, Schmidt A, Prasit K, Mayer JU, Gestin A, Hermans IF, Painter G, Jacobsen EA, Gasser O. MR1-dependent immune surveillance of the skin contributes to pathogenesis and is a photobiological target of UV light therapy in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2021; 76:3155-3170. [PMID: 34185885 DOI: 10.1111/all.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells which recognize microbial metabolites presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule MR1. Although MAIT cells have been shown to reside in human and murine skin, their contribution to atopic dermatitis (AD), an inflammatory skin disease associated with barrier dysfunction and microbial translocation, has not yet been determined. METHODS Genetic deletion of MR1 and topical treatment with inhibitory MR1 ligands, which result in the absence and functional inhibition of MAIT cells, respectively, were used to investigate the role of MR1-dependent immune surveillance in a MC903-driven murine model of AD. RESULTS The absence or inhibition of MR1 arrested AD disease progression through the blockade of both eosinophil activation and recruitment of IL-4- and IL-13-producing cells. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy of phototherapy against MC903-driven AD could be increased with prior application of folate, which photodegrades into the inhibitory MR1 ligand 6-formylpterin. CONCLUSION We identified MAIT cells as sentinels and mediators of cutaneous type 2 immunity. Their pathogenic activity can be inhibited by topical application or endogenous generation, via phototherapy, of inhibitory MR1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmella Naidoo
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Katherine Woods
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Alissa Cait
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Andrew J. Marshall
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Yanyan Li
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Kef Prasit
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Aurelie Gestin
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Gavin Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth A. Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Mayo Clinic Arizona Scottsdale AZ USA
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland New Zealand
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38
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Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Mayassi T, Barreiro LB, Rossjohn J, Jabri B. A multilayered immune system through the lens of unconventional T cells. Nature 2021; 595:501-510. [PMID: 34290426 PMCID: PMC8514118 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The unconventional T cell compartment encompasses a variety of cell subsets that straddle the line between innate and adaptive immunity, often reside at mucosal surfaces and can recognize a wide range of non-polymorphic ligands. Recent advances have highlighted the role of unconventional T cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. In this Review, we recast unconventional T cell subsets according to the class of ligand that they recognize; their expression of semi-invariant or diverse T cell receptors; the structural features that underlie ligand recognition; their acquisition of effector functions in the thymus or periphery; and their distinct functional properties. Unconventional T cells follow specific selection rules and are poised to recognize self or evolutionarily conserved microbial antigens. We discuss these features from an evolutionary perspective to provide insights into the development and function of unconventional T cells. Finally, we elaborate on the functional redundancy of unconventional T cells and their relationship to subsets of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells, and propose that the unconventional T cell compartment has a critical role in our survival by expanding and complementing the role of the conventional T cell compartment in protective immunity, tissue healing and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic Mayassi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.J.,
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Trivedi S, Afroz T, Bennett MS, Angell K, Barros F, Nell RA, Ying J, Spivak AM, Leung DT. Diverse Mucosal-Associated Invariant TCR Usage in HIV Infection. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:360-369. [PMID: 34045357 PMCID: PMC10563122 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that specifically target bacterial metabolites but are also identified as innate-like sensors of viral infection. Individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection have lower numbers of circulating MAIT cells compared with healthy individuals, yet the features of the MAIT TCR repertoire are not well known. We isolated and stimulated human PBMCs from healthy non-HIV-infected donors (HD), HIV-infected progressors on antiretroviral therapy, and HIV-infected elite controllers (EC). We sorted MAIT cells using flow cytometry and used a high-throughput sequencing method with bar coding to link the expression of TCRα, TCRβ, and functional genes of interest at the single-cell level. We show differential patterns of MAIT TCR usage among the groups. We observed expansions of certain dominant MAIT clones in HIV-infected individuals upon Escherichia coli stimulation, which was not observed in clones of HD. We also found different patterns of CDR3 amino acid distributions among the three groups. Furthermore, we found blunted expression of phenotypic genes in HIV individuals; most notably, HD mounted a robust IFNG response to stimulation, whereas both HIV-infected progressors and EC did not. In conclusion, our study describes the diverse MAIT TCR repertoire of persons with chronic HIV-1 infection and suggest that MAIT clones of HIV-infected persons may be primed for expansion more than that of noninfected persons. Further studies are needed to examine the functional significance of unique MAIT cell TCR usage in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Taliman Afroz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Michael S Bennett
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Kendal Angell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Fabio Barros
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Racheal A Nell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Jian Ying
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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41
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Xiong K, Sun W, Wang H, Xie J, Su B, Fan L. The frequency and dynamics of CD4 + mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Immunol 2021; 365:104381. [PMID: 34049011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MAIT cells are unconventional innate-like T lymphocytes contributing to host immune protection against Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. CD4- MAIT cells play a major role in immune protection against tuberculosis (TB), however, the role of CD4+ MAIT cells was elusive due to their low abundance. We firstly investigated the frequency and functions of CD4+ MAIT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients before and after anti-TB treatment. We found that the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and IFN-γ, granzyme B (GrzB), CD69 expression on them were increased while LAG-3+ cells of them were decreased in PTB patients. After the treatment, the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and CD69, IFN-γ, GrzB expression on them were decreased while LAG-3 increased. The results indicated the expression profile is distinct between CD4+ MAIT cells and CD4- MAIT cells in PTB patients, the increased IFN-γ and GrzB expression of CD4+ MAIT cells play a role in anti-TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Xiong
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiu Wang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bo Su
- Lab Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Fan
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Moriarty RV, Ellis AL, O’Connor SL. Monkeying around with MAIT Cells: Studying the Role of MAIT Cells in SIV and Mtb Co-Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:863. [PMID: 34066765 PMCID: PMC8151491 DOI: 10.3390/v13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There were an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019. While over 90% of individuals successfully control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which causes TB disease, HIV co-infection often leads to active TB disease. Despite the co-endemic nature of HIV and TB, knowledge of the immune mechanisms contributing to the loss of control of Mtb replication during HIV infection is lacking. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that target and destroy bacterially-infected cells and may contribute to the control of Mtb infection. Studies examining MAIT cells in human Mtb infection are commonly performed using peripheral blood samples. However, because Mtb infection occurs primarily in lung tissue and lung-associated lymph nodes, these studies may not be fully translatable to the tissues. Additionally, studies longitudinally examining MAIT cell dynamics during HIV/Mtb co-infection are rare, and lung and lymph node tissue samples from HIV+ patients are typically unavailable. Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide a model system to characterize MAIT cell activity during Mtb infection, both in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and SIV-naïve animals. Using NHPs allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue-based MAIT cell dynamics during infection with both pathogens. NHP SIV and Mtb infection is similar to human HIV and Mtb infection, and MAIT cells are phenotypically similar in humans and NHPs. Here, we discuss current knowledge surrounding MAIT cells in SIV and Mtb infection, how SIV infection impairs MAIT cell function during Mtb co-infection, and knowledge gaps to address.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (R.V.M.); (A.L.E.)
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Van Rhijn I, Le Nours J. CD1 and MR1 recognition by human γδ T cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:95-100. [PMID: 33636434 PMCID: PMC8075093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The two main T cell lineages, αβ and γδ T cells, play a central role in immunity. Unlike αβ T cells that recognize antigens bound to the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) or MHC class I-like antigen-presenting molecules, the ligands for γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) are much more diverse. However, it is now clear that γδ TCRs can also recognize MHC class I-like molecules, including CD1b, CD1c, CD1d and the MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1). Yet, our understanding at the molecular level of γδ T cell immunity to CD1 and MR1 is still very limited. Here, we discuss new molecular paradigms underpinning γδ TCRs recognition of antigens, antigen-presenting molecules or both. The recent discovery of recognition of MR1 by a γδ TCR at a position located underneath the antigen display platform reinforces the view that γδ TCRs can approach their ligands from many directions, unlike αβ TCRs that bind MHC, CD1 and MR1 targets in an aligned, end to end fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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44
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Legoux F, Salou M, Lantz O. MAIT Cell Development and Functions: the Microbial Connection. Immunity 2021; 53:710-723. [PMID: 33053329 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved T cell subset, which reacts to most bacteria through T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of metabolites derived from the vitamin B2 biosynthetic pathway. Microbiota-derived signals affect all stages of MAIT cell biology including intra-thymic development, peripheral expansion, and functions in specific organs. In tissues, MAIT cells can integrate multiple signals and display effector functions involved in the defense against infectious pathogens. In addition to anti-bacterial activity, MAIT cells improve wound healing in the skin, suggesting a role in epithelium homeostasis through bi-directional interactions with the local microbiota. In humans, blood MAIT cell frequency is modified during several auto-immune diseases, which are often associated with microbiota dysbiosis, further emphasizing the potential interplay of MAIT cells with the microbiota. Here, we will review how microbes interact with MAIT cells, from initial intra-thymic development to tissue colonization and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Legoux
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Marion Salou
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France; Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France; Centre d'investigation Clinique en Biothérapie, Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428), Paris, 75005, France.
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MR1-restricted T cells: the new dawn of cancer immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226783. [PMID: 33185693 PMCID: PMC7670570 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently undergone rapid development into a validated therapy for clinical use. The adoptive transfer of engineered autologous T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has been remarkably successful in patients with leukemia and lymphoma with cluster of differentiation (CD)19 expression. Because of the higher number of antigen choices and reduced incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) than CAR-T cells, T cell receptor (TCR)-T cells are also considered a promising immunotherapy. More therapeutic targets for other cancers need to be explored due to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted recognition of TCR-T. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I-related (MR1)-restricted T cells can recognize metabolites presented by MR1 in the context of host cells infected with pathogens. MR1 is expressed by all types of human cells. Recent studies have shown that one clone of a MR1-restricted T (MR1-T) cell can recognize many types of cancer cells without HLA-restriction. These studies provide additional information on MR1-T cells for cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the complexity of MR1-T cell TCR in diseases and the future of cancer immunotherapy.
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McSharry BP, Samer C, McWilliam HEG, Ashley CL, Yee MB, Steain M, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Kinchington PR, McCluskey J, Abendroth A, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Slobedman B. Virus-Mediated Suppression of the Antigen Presentation Molecule MR1. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2948-2962.e4. [PMID: 32130899 PMCID: PMC7798347 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents microbial metabolites related to vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells). Although bacteria and fungi drive the MR1 biosynthesis pathway, viruses have not previously been implicated in MR1 expression or its antigen presentation. We demonstrate that several herpesviruses inhibit MR1 cell surface upregulation, including a potent inhibition by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus profoundly suppresses MR1 cell surface expression and targets the molecule for proteasomal degradation, whereas ligand-induced cell surface expression of MR1 prior to infection enables MR1 to escape HSV-1-dependent targeting. HSV-1 downregulation of MR1 is dependent on de novo viral gene expression, and we identify the Us3 viral gene product as functioning to target MR1. Furthermore, HSV-1 downregulation of MR1 disrupts MAIT T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Accordingly, virus-mediated targeting of MR1 defines an immunomodulatory strategy that functionally disrupts the MR1-MAIT TCR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carolyn Samer
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Yee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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47
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Suliman S, Gela A, Mendelsohn SC, Iwany SK, Tamara KL, Mabwe S, Bilek N, Darboe F, Fisher M, Corbett AJ, Kjer-Nielsen L, Eckle SBG, Huang CC, Zhang Z, Lewinsohn DM, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Hatherill M, León SR, Calderon RI, Lecca L, Murray M, Scriba TJ, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB. Peripheral Blood Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Tuberculosis Patients and Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Exposed Controls. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:995-1007. [PMID: 32267943 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human blood, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant T cells that recognize antigens presented on non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex-related 1 (MR1) molecules. The MAIT cells are activated by mycobacteria, and prior human studies indicate that blood frequencies of MAIT cells, defined by cell surface markers, decline during tuberculosis (TB) disease, consistent with redistribution to the lungs. METHODS We tested whether frequencies of blood MAIT cells were altered in patients with TB disease relative to healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-exposed controls from Peru and South Africa. We quantified their frequencies using MR1 tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil. RESULTS Unlike findings from prior studies, frequencies of blood MAIT cells were similar among patients with TB disease and latent and uninfected controls. In both cohorts, frequencies of MAIT cells defined by MR1-tetramer staining and coexpression of CD161 and the T-cell receptor alpha variable gene TRAV1-2 were strongly correlated. Disease severity captured by body mass index or TB disease transcriptional signatures did not correlate with MAIT cell frequencies in patients with TB. CONCLUSIONS Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related 1-restrictied MAIT cells are detected at similar levels with tetramers or surface markers. Unlike MHC-restricted T cells, blood frequencies of MAIT cells are poor correlates of TB disease but may play a role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon C Mendelsohn
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez Tamara
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Simbarashe Mabwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatoumatta Darboe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Fisher
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Leonid Lecca
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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48
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Gherardin NA, Waldeck K, Caneborg A, Martelotto LG, Balachander S, Zethoven M, Petrone PM, Pattison A, Wilmott JS, Quiñones-Parra SM, Rossello F, Posner A, Wong A, Weppler AM, Shannon KF, Hong A, Ferguson PM, Jakrot V, Raleigh J, Hatzimihalis A, Neeson PJ, Deleso P, Johnston M, Chua M, Becker JC, Sandhu S, McArthur GA, Gill AJ, Scolyer RA, Hicks RJ, Godfrey DI, Tothill RW. γδ T Cells in Merkel Cell Carcinomas Have a Proinflammatory Profile Prognostic of Patient Survival. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:612-623. [PMID: 33674358 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC) are immunogenic skin cancers associated with viral infection or UV mutagenesis. To study T-cell infiltrates in MCC, we analyzed 58 MCC lesions from 39 patients using multiplex-IHC/immunofluorescence (m-IHC/IF). CD4+ or CD8+ T cells comprised the majority of infiltrating T lymphocytes in most tumors. However, almost half of the tumors harbored prominent CD4/CD8 double-negative (DN) T-cell infiltrates (>20% DN T cells), and in 12% of cases, DN T cells represented the majority of T cells. Flow cytometric analysis of single-cell suspensions from fresh tumors identified DN T cells as predominantly Vδ2- γδ T cells. In the context of γδ T-cell inflammation, these cells expressed PD-1 and LAG3, which is consistent with a suppressed or exhausted phenotype, and CD103, which indicates tissue residency. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified a transcriptional profile of γδ T cells suggestive of proinflammatory potential. T-cell receptor (TCR) analysis confirmed clonal expansion of Vδ1 and Vδ3 clonotypes, and functional studies using cloned γδ TCRs demonstrated restriction of these for CD1c and MR1 antigen-presenting molecules. On the basis of a 13-gene γδ T-cell signature derived from scRNA-seq analysis, gene-set enrichment on bulk RNA-seq data showed a positive correlation between enrichment scores and DN T-cell infiltrates. An improved disease-specific survival was evident for patients with high enrichment scores, and complete responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment were observed in three of four cases with high enrichment scores. Thus, γδ T-cell infiltration may serve as a prognostic biomarker and should be explored for therapeutic interventions.See related Spotlight on p. 600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly Waldeck
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Caneborg
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiva Balachander
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Zethoven
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasquale M Petrone
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Pattison
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fernando Rossello
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Atara Posner
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annie Wong
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison M Weppler
- Medical Oncology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerwin F Shannon
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Hong
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Valerie Jakrot
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeanette Raleigh
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Athena Hatzimihalis
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paolo Deleso
- Radiation Oncology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith Johnston
- Radiation Oncology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret Chua
- Radiation Oncology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juergen C Becker
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Medicine Essen, Essen and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Medical Oncology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Medical Oncology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical, Research and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Imaging Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard W Tothill
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Lepore M, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. T cell receptor diversity, specificity and promiscuity of functionally heterogeneous human MR1-restricted T cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 130:64-68. [PMID: 33360378 PMCID: PMC7855563 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The monomorphic MHC-class I-like molecule, MR1, presents small metabolites to T cells. MR1 is the restriction element for microbe-reactive mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MAIT cells have limited TCR usage, including a semi-invariant TCR alpha chain and express high levels of CD161 and CD26. In addition to microbial lumazine metabolites, recent studies have demonstrated that MR1 is able to capture a variety of diverse chemical entities including folate-derivatives, a number of drug-like and other synthetic small molecules, and as yet undefined compounds of self-origin. This capacity of MR1 to bind distinct ligands likely accounts for the recent identification of additional, non-canonical, subsets of MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells. These subsets can be defined based on their ability to recognize diverse microbes as well as their reactivity to non-microbial cell-endogenous ligands, including tumor-associated antigens. Herein, we will discuss our current understanding of MR1T cell diversity in terms of TCR usage, ligand recognition and functional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Immunocore Ltd Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom.
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.
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