Inflammation and Cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Consequences

NTCdb: Single-cell transcriptome database of human inflammatory-associated diseases

With both the advancement of technology and the decline in costs, single-cell transcriptomics sequencing has become widespread in the biomedical area in recent years. It can facilitate the pathogenic characteristics at the single-cell level, which will assist clinical researchers in exploring the mechanism of diseases. As a result, single-cell transcriptome data based on clinical samples grew exponentially. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive database about immunocytes in inflammatory-associated diseases. To address this deficiency, we propose a human inflammatory-associated disease-based single-cell transcriptome database, NTCdb (www.ntcdb.org.cn). NTCdb integrates the open-source data of 1,023,166 cells derived from 11 tissues of 17 inflammatory-associated diseases in a uniform pipeline. It provides a set of analyzing results, including cell communication analysis, enrichment analysis, and Pseudo-Time analysis, to obtain various characteristics of immune cells in inflammatory-associated disease. Taking COVID-19 as a case study, NTCdb displays important information including potentially significant functions of certain cells, genes, and signaling pathways, as well as the commonalities of specific immunocytes between different inflammatory-associated disease.

A near-infrared lysosomal probe for dynamic sulfur dioxide monitoring in inflammation

Inflammation is a complex physiological response involving various cellular and molecular events. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), recognized as both an endogenous signaling molecule and anti-inflammatory agent, plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. To gain deeper insights into the dynamics of inflammation-related processes, real-time monitoring of SO2 concentrations within cellular organelles is imperative. Here, we developed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, R2, equipped with lysosomal targeting features. R2 effectively monitors dynamic SO2 concentration changes during inflammation. The fluorescence intensity at 703 nm of R2 shows a strong linear correlation with the concentration of SO2, displaying a rapid response time to SO2 within 10 s and maintaining excellent photostability. The successful application of R2 in elucidating dynamic SO2 concentration changes in lysosomal during cellular and rat inflammatory processes underscores its significant potential as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases.

Haperforatones A-M, thirteen undescribed limonoids from Harrisonia perforata with anti-inflammatory activity

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with mass defect filtering strategies were applied for the phytochemical investigation of Harrisonia perforata, leading to the isolation of thirteen undescribed limonoids named haperforatones A-M (1-13) and seventeen known compounds (14-30). Particularly, haperforatones D-E (4-5) have an unprecedented A, B, C, D-seco-6, 7-nor-C-24-limonoid skeleton, structurally stripped of the five-membered lactone ring B and formed a double bond at the C-5 and C-10 positions. Their 2D structures and relative configurations were identified using spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1, 4, and 6 were established via X-ray diffraction crystallography. All 30 compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cell lines. Among those tested compounds, the most potent activity against LPS-induced NO generation was demonstrated by haperforatone F (6), with the IC50 value of inhibition NO production of 7.2 µM. Additionally, 6 could significantly inhibit IL-1β and IL-6 release and markedly downregulate the protein expression level of iNOS in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 10 µM. The possible mechanism of NO inhibition of 6 was also investigated using molecular docking, which revealed the interaction of compound 6 with the iNOS protein.

ERK5 mediates pro-tumorigenic phenotype in non-small lung cancer cells induced by PGE2

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constituting approximately 84 % of all lung cancer cases. The role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of NSCLC tumors has been the focus of extensive research. Among the various inflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a pivotal role in promoting the aggressiveness of epithelial tumors through multiple mechanisms, including the stimulation of growth, evasion of apoptosis, invasion, and induction of angiogenesis. The Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 5 (ERK5), the last discovered member among conventional mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), is implicated in cancer-associated inflammation. In this study, we explored whether ERK5 is involved in the process of tumorigenesis induced by PGE2. Using A549 and PC9 NSCLC cell lines, we found that PGE2 triggers the activation of ERK5 via the EP1 receptor. Moreover, both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ERK5 reduced PGE2-induced proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness of A549 and PC9 cells, indicating that ERK5 plays a critical role in PGE2-induced tumorigenesis. In summary, our study underscores the pivotal role of the PGE2/EP1/ERK5 axis in driving the malignancy of NSCLC cells in vitro. Targeting this axis holds promise as a potential avenue for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling the advancement of NSCLC.

Saponins from Dolichos lablab seeds with anti-inflammatory activity

As one of a traditional Chinese medicine with dual applications in both medicinal treatment and dietary consumption, the mature seeds of D. lablab were reported to be rich in saponins and have a good effect on inflammatory related diseases. However, the substance basis for its anti-inflammatory activity remains unclear. Thus, a comprehensive phytochemical investigation on triterpenoid saponins from D. lablab seeds was carried out, resulting in the isolation and identification of twenty-one new triterpenoid saponins including dolilabsaponins A1-A4, B, C, D1-D3, E-M, N1, N2 and O (1-21) along with thirteen known analogs (22-34). Notably, the known saponins, 31, 32, and 34 were obtained from Leguminosae family for the first time. The 1H and 13C NMR data of saponins 24 and 28 were firstly reported here. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells model was utilized to assess inhibitory activities of compounds 1-34 on nitric oxide (NO) production. The results revealed that compounds 1-3, 9, 10, 13-15, 18, 22, 23 and 28-34 significantly suppressed the elevation of NO levels in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells at the concentration of 30 μM, exhibiting a concentration-dependent manner at 3, 10, and 30 μM. The results suggested that compounds 1-3, 9, 10, 13-15, 18, 22, 23, and 28-34 possessed potential anti-inflammatory activity. Further western blot assay demonstrated that 1, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 18 suppressed inflammatory response via down-regulated the expression levels of inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6.

Angiogenesis unveiled: Insights into its role and mechanisms in cartilage injury

Osteoarthritis (OA) commonly results in compromised mobility and disability, thereby imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems. Cartilage injury is a prevalent pathological manifestation in OA and constitutes a central focus for the development of treatment strategies. Despite the considerable number of studies aimed at delaying this degenerative process, their outcomes remain unvalidated in preclinical settings. Recently, therapeutic strategies focused on angiogenesis have attracted the growing interest from researchers. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive literature review to elucidate the current progress in research and pinpoint research gaps in this domain. Additionally, it provides theoretical guidance for future research endeavors and the development of treatment strategies.

Cancer incidence (2000-2020) among individuals under 35: an emerging sex disparity in oncology

BACKGROUND

Aggressive malignancies, such as pancreatic cancer, are increasingly impacting young, female populations. Our investigation centered on whether the observed trends in cancer incidence were unique to pancreatic cancer or indicative of a broader trend across various cancer types. To delve deeper into this phenomenon, we analyzed cancer incidence trends across different age and sex groups. Furthermore, we explored differences in cancer incidence within specific young subgroups aged 18 to 26 and 27 to 34, to better understand the emerging incidence trend among young individuals.

METHODS

This study collected cancer incidence data from one of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry databases (SEER22), with 10,183,928 total cases from 2000 to 2020. Data were analyzed through Joinpoint trend analysis approach to evaluate sex- and age-specific trends in cancer incidence. Exposure rates were reported as Average Annual Percentage Changes (AAPCs).

RESULTS

The analysis revealed significant age and sex-specific disparities, particularly among individuals aged 18-26 and 27-34. Pancreatic cancer incidence rates increased more in females aged 18-26 (AAPC, 9.37% [95% CI, 7.36-11.41%]; p < .0001) than in males (4.43% [95% CI, 2.36-6.53%]; p < .0001). Notably, among gender, age, and other malignancies, young females had the highest AAPCs for pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the incidence of gastric cancer, myeloma, and colorectal malignancies also showed higher AAPCs in young females compared to males.

CONCLUSIONS

Recognizing emerging risk populations for highly lethal malignancies is crucial for early detection and effective disease management.

Folate Receptor β (FRβ) Expression on Myeloid Cells and the Impact of Reticuloendothelial System on Folate-Functionalized Nanoparticles' Biodistribution in Cancer

Folate uptake is largely mediated by folate receptor (FR)β, encoded by FOLR2 gene, in myeloid immune cells such as granulocytes, monocytes, and especially in macrophages that constitute the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. Since the myeloid immune compartment dynamically changes during tumorigenesis, it is critical to assess the infiltration status of the tumors by FRβ-expressing myeloid cells to better define the targeting efficacy of folate-functionalized drug delivery systems. On the other hand, clearance by RES is a major limitation for the targeting efficacy of nanoparticles decorated with folate. Therefore, the aims of this study are (i) to determine the amount and subtypes of FRβ+ myeloid cells infiltrating the tumors at different stages, (ii) to compare the amount and subtype of FRβ+ myeloid cells in distinct organs of tumor-bearing and healthy animals, (iii) to test if the cancer-targeting efficacy and biodistribution of a prototypic folate-functionalized nanoparticle associates with the density of FRβ+ myeloid cells. Here, we report that myeloid cell infiltration was enhanced and FRβ was upregulated at distinct stages of tumorigenesis in a mouse breast cancer model. The CD206+ subset of macrophages highly expressed FRβ, prominently both in tumor-bearing and healthy mice. In tumor-bearing mice, the amount of all myeloid cells, but particularly granulocytes, was remarkably increased in the tumor, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes, peritoneal cavity, bone marrow, heart, and brain. Compared with macrophages, the level of FRβ was moderate in granulocytes and monocytes. The density of FRβ+ immune cells in the tumor microenvironment was not directly associated with the tumor-targeting efficacy of the folate-functionalized cyclodextrin nanoparticles. The lung was determined as a preferential site of accumulation for folate-functionalized nanoparticles, wherein FRβ+CD206+ macrophages significantly engulfed cyclodextrin nanoparticles. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the tumor formation augments the FR levels and alters the infiltration and distribution of myeloid immune cells in all organs which should be considered as a major factor influencing the targeting efficacy of nanoparticles for drug delivery.

Tertiary lymphoid structures in anticancer immunity

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates where adaptive antitumour cellular and humoral responses can be elaborated. Initially described in non-small cell lung cancer as functional immune lymphoid structures associated with better clinical outcome, TLS have also been found in many other carcinomas, as well as melanomas and sarcomas, and associated with improved response to immunotherapy. The manipulation of TLS as a therapeutic strategy is now coming of age owing to the likely role of TLS in the improved survival of patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. TLS have also garnered considerable interest as a predictive biomarker of the response to antitumour therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade and, possibly, chemotherapy. However, several important questions still remain regarding the definition of TLS in terms of both their cellular composition and functions. Here, we summarize the current views on the composition of TLS at different stages of their development. We also discuss the role of B cells and T cells associated with TLS and their dialogue in mounting antibody and cellular antitumour responses, as well as some of the various mechanisms that negatively regulate antitumour activity of TLS. The prognostic value of TLS to the clinical outcome of patients with cancer and the relationship between TLS and the response to therapy are then addressed. Finally, we present some preclinical evidence that favours the idea that manipulating the formation and function of TLS could lead to a potent next-generation cancer immunotherapy.

Single-cell multi-modal chromatin profiles revealing epigenetic regulations of cells in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Various epigenetic regulations systematically govern gene expression in cells involving various biological processes. Dysregulation of the epigenome leads to aberrant transcriptional programs and subsequently results in diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, comprehensive profiling epigenomics is essential for exploring the mechanisms underlying gene expression regulation during development and disease.

METHODS

In this study, we developed single-cell chromatin proteins and accessibility tagmentation (scCPA-Tag), a multi-modal single-cell epigenetic profile capturing technique based on barcoded Tn5 transposases and a droplet microfluidics platform. scCPA-Tag enables the simultaneous capture of DNA profiles of histone modification and chromatin accessibility in the same cell.

RESULTS

By applying scCPA-Tag to K562 cells and a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) sample, we found that the silence of several chromatin-accessible genes can be attributed to lysine-27-trimethylation of the histone H3 tail (H3K27me3) modification. We characterized the epigenetic features of the tumour cells and different immune cell types in the HCC tumour tissue by scCPA-Tag. Besides, a tumour cell subtype (C2) with more aggressive features was identified and characterized by high chromatin accessibility and a lower abundance of H3K27me3 on tumour-promoting genes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our multi-modal scCPA-Tag provides a comprehensive approach for exploring the epigenetic landscapes of heterogeneous cell types and revealing the mechanisms of gene expression regulation during developmental and pathological processes at the single-cell level.

HIGHLIGHTS

scCPA-Tag offers a highly efficient and high throughput technique to simultaneously profile histone modification and chromatin accessibility within a single cell. scCPA-Tag enables to uncover multiple epigenetic modification features of cellular compositions within tumor tissues. scCPA-Tag facilitates the exploration of the epigenetic landscapes of heterogeneous cell types and provides the mechanisms governing gene expression regulation.

Preoperative systemic inflammation response index enhances the prognostic value of tumor multifocalityin upper tract urothelial carcinoma

In cancer, tumor-related inflammation affects disease progression and survival outcomes. However, the role of systemic inflammation in tumor multifocality in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) on tumor multifocality for predicting oncological outcomes in patients with UTUC after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). For this purpose, data from 645 patients with non-metastatic UTUC who underwent RNU between 2008 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Survival outcomes such as overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) RATES were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and independent prognostic factors were identified through a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. Of the 645 patients with UTUC included in the present study, 163 (25%) had multifocal UTUC. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that multifocal UTUC synchronous with a high-level SIRI was significantly associated with poorer outcomes after RNU. Furthermore, the results of the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis demonstrated that multifocal tumor coupled with a high-level SIRI was an independent factor for predicting a shorter survival and disease progression. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that an elevated SIRI significantly influenced the survival rate of patients with multifocal UTUC. Specifically, integrating multifocal UTUC with a high-level SIRI emerged as an independent risk factor for poorer OS, CSS and RFS. These findings highlighted the potential role of SIRI in the risk stratification and management of patients with multifocal UTUC.

Noncanonical functions of adhesion proteins in inflammation

Cell adhesion proteins localize to epithelial and endothelial cell membranes to form junctional complexes between neighboring cells or between cells and the underlying basement membrane. The structural and functional integrities of these junctions are critical to establish cell polarity and maintain tissue barrier function, while also facilitating leukocyte migration and adhesion to sites of inflammation. In addition to their adhesive properties, however, junctional proteins can also serve important noncanonical functions in inflammatory signaling and transcriptional regulation. Intriguingly, recent work has unveiled novel roles for cell adhesion proteins as both signaling initiators and downstream targets during inflammation. In this review, we discuss both the traditional functions of junction proteins in cell adhesion and tissue barrier function as well as their noncanonical signaling roles that have been implicated in facilitating diverse inflammatory pathologies.

Review of pre-metastatic niches induced by osteosarcoma-derived extracellular vesicles in lung metastasis: A potential opportunity for diagnosis and intervention

Osteosarcoma (OS) has a high propensity for lung metastasis, which is the leading cause of OS-related death and treatment failure. Intercellular communication between OS cells and distant lung host cells is required for the successful lung metastasis of OS cells to the lung. Before OS cells infiltrate the lung, in situ OS cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that act as mediators of cell-to-cell communication. In recent years, EVs have been confirmed to act as bridges and key drivers between in situ tumors and metastatic lesions by regulating the formation of a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), defined as a microenvironment suitable for disseminated tumor cell engraftment and colonization, in distant target organs. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of PMN formation induced by OS-derived EVs and the potential roles of EVs as targets or drug carriers in regulating PMN formation in the lung. We also provide an overview of their potential EV-based therapeutic strategies for hindering PMN formation in the context of OS lung metastasis.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent review (2018-2023)

INTRODUCTION

COX-2 is a crucial enzyme in the manufacture of prostaglandins. The enzyme's metabolites might have an important function as regulators of the inflammatory response and other medical conditions such as cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are believed to enhance or reverse the response of cancer chemotherapeutics.

AREAS COVERED

This study addresses the chemical structures as well as the antitumor activity of new COX-2 inhibitors produced in the recent five years, aiming to provide an insight into the mechanism of COX-2 induced PGE2 powerful signal in cancer development.

EXPERT OPINION

The significance of selective COX-2 inhibitors as an efficient superfamily of compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinson's disease, and anticancer properties has piqued the passion of academics in the field of drug development. Long-term usage of selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib has been proven in clinical trials to lower the incidence of several human malignancies. Furthermore, celecoxib has the potential to greatly increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Our extensive understanding of selective COX-2 inhibitor SAR may aid in the development of safer and more effective selective COX-2 inhibitors as cancer chemopreventive agents. This review focuses on the different structural classes of selective COX-2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on their SAR.

ROS: A "booster" for chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of highly active molecules produced by normal cellular metabolism and play a crucial role in the human body. In recent years, researchers have increasingly discovered that ROS plays a vital role in the progression of chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment established by chronic inflammation can induce ROS production through inflammatory cells. ROS can then directly damage DNA or indirectly activate cellular signaling pathways to promote tumor metastasis and development, including breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and so on. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between ROS, chronic inflammation, and tumor metastasis, explaining how chronic inflammation can induce tumor metastasis and how ROS can contribute to the evolution of chronic inflammation toward tumor metastasis. Interestingly, ROS can have a "double-edged sword" effect, promoting tumor metastasis in some cases and inhibiting it in others. This article also highlights the potential applications of ROS in inhibiting tumor metastasis and enhancing the precision of tumor-targeted therapy. Combining ROS with nanomaterials strategies may be a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of tumor treatment.

Glutathione inhibits lung cancer development by reducing interleukin-6 expression and reversing the Warburg effect

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is widely used as an antioxidant in clinical practice, but whether GSH affects the development of early lung cancer remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the mechanism underlying the anticancer effect of GSH in patients with pulmonary nodules. Thirty patients with pulmonary nodules were treated with GSH intravenously for 10 days at a dose of 1.8 g/d, followed by oral administration of the drug at a dose of 0.4 g three times daily for 6 months. The results showed that GSH treatment promoted nodule absorption and reduced the IL-6 level in the peripheral blood of the patients. GSH reduced IL-6 expression in inflammatory BEAS-2B and lung cancer cells and inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cell lines in vitro. In addition, GSH reduced IL-6 expression by decreasing ROS via down-regulating PI3K/AKT/FoxO pathways. Finally, GSH reversed the Warburg effect, restored mitochondrial function, and reduced the IL-6 expression via PI3K/AKT/FoxO pathways. The in vivo experiment confirmed that GSH inhibited lung cancer growth, improved mitochondrial function, and reduced the IL-6 expression by regulating key enzymes via the PI3K/AKT/FoxO pathway. In conclusion, we uncovered that GSH exerts an unprecedentedly potent anti-cancer effect to prevent the transformation of lung nodules to lung cancer by improving the mitochondrial function and suppressing inflammation via PI3K/AKT/FoxO pathway. This investigation innovatively positions GSH as a potentially safe and efficacious old drug with new uses, inhibiting inflammation and early lung cancer. The use of the drug offers a promising preventive strategy when administered during the early stages of lung cancer.

Pan-immune-inflammation value: a new prognostic index in epithelial ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the deadliest gynaecological malignancies worldwide. The aim of this retrospective study was to create a predictive scoring model based on simple immunological and inflammatory parameters to predict overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with EOC.

METHODS

We obtained 576 EOC patients and randomly assigned them to the training set (n = 405) and the validation set (n = 171) in a ratio of 7:3. We retrospectively evaluated the association between PIV and OS and PFS using a novel immunoinflammatory marker, according to the optihmal treshold of PIV, we divided the patients into two different subgroups, high PIV (PIV > 254.9) and low PIV (PIV ≤ 254.9). Pan-immune Inflammatory Value (PIV) was computed as follows: neutrophil count (109/L) × platelet count (109/L) × monocyte count (109/L)/lymphocyte count (109/L). Then developed a simple score prediction model based on several independent prognostic parameters using Cox regression analysis. We used receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, and decision analysis (DCA) curves to evaluate the performance of the model. Finally, we used Kaplan-Meier curves to ensure that the model could distinguish well between low- and high-risk groups.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference in survival outcomes between high PIV (PIV > 310.2) and low PIV (PIV ≤ PIV310.2) (3-year survival rates of 61.34% and 76.71%, respectively); 5-year OS, 25.21% and 51.14%, respectively; 3-year PFS, 40.90% and 65.30%; 5-year PFS, 19.33% and 39.73%, respectively). Column plots of OS and PFS were constructed using independent prognostic factors. In the training module, the 3-, 5-, and 10-year AUCs for OS and PFS column charts were 0.713, 0.796, 0.839, and 0.730, 0.799, 0.826, respectively.In the validation cohort, the 3-, 5-, and 10-year AUCs for OS and PFS column charts were 0.676, 0.803, 0.685, and 0.700, respectively, 0.754, 0.727. The calibration curves showed good agreement between predicted survival and actual observations. The decision analysis curves also showed that the current model has good accuracy and clinical applicability. 3-year OS was 61.34% and 76.71%, respectively; 5-year OS was 25.21% and 51.14%, respectively; 3-year PFS was 40.90% and 65.30%, respectively; 5-year PFS was 19.33% and 39.73%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We constructed and validated a PIV-based nomogram to predict OS and PFS in EOC patients, with a view to helping gynaecologists converge on oncologists in their treatment and follow-up expertise in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Principles of Tumor Biology

Cancer is disease of the genome. The Hallmarks of cancer are a way of thinking of cancer to help rationalize what occurs in this disease process. A solid tumor is a complex of normal and neoplastic cells, arising through an evolutionary process to survive and grow. By understanding how normal cellular mechanisms are subverted to promote cancer we can refine our approach to improve outcomes. It gives us opportunities to prevent some cancers and allowing earlier diagnosis. We can refine conventional diagnostic tools and give more accurate prognoses. It offers novel targets to improve treatment of cancers, allowing personalized medicine.

Lipid metabolism associated crosstalk: the bidirectional interaction between cancer cells and immune/stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment for prognostic insight

Cancer is closely related to lipid metabolism, with the tumor microenvironment (TME) containing numerous lipid metabolic interactions. Cancer cells can bidirectionally interact with immune and stromal cells, the major components of the TME. This interaction is primarily mediated by fatty acids (FAs), cholesterol, and phospholipids. These interactions can lead to various physiological changes, including immune suppression, cancer cell proliferation, dissemination, and anti-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. The physiological modulation resulting from this lipid metabolism-associated crosstalk between cancer cells and immune/stromal cells provides valuable insights into cancer prognosis. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the function of the bidirectional lipid metabolism interactions between cancer cells and immune/stromal cells within the TME, particularly how these interactions influence cancer prognosis. A novel autophagy-extracellular vesicle (EV) pathway has been proposed as a mediator of lipid metabolism interactions between cancer cells and immune cells/stromal cells, impacting cancer prognosis. As a result, different forms of lipid metabolism interactions have been described as being linked to cancer prognosis, including those mediated by the autophagy-EV pathway. In conclusion, understanding the bidirectional lipid metabolism interactions between cancer cells and stromal/immune cells in the TME can help develop more advanced prognostic approaches for cancer patients.

Correlation between inflammatory cytokines and the likelihood of developing multiple types of digestive system cancers: A Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

Inflammatory cytokines have been linked to digestive system cancers, yet their exact causal connection remains uncertain. Consequently, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to gauge how inflammatory cytokines are linked to the risk of five prevalent digestive system cancers (DSCs).

METHODS

We collected genetic variation data for 41 inflammatory cytokines from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and the results data for five common diseases from the Finnish database. Our primary analytical approach involved employing the inverse-variance weighted, residual sum (IVW) method, complemented by the MR-Egger method, the weighted median method, simple mode analysis, and weighted mode analysis as supplementary analytical techniques. Furthermore, we conducted multiple sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin (IL)-18 showed a negative association with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversely, TRAIL was inversely linked to the risk of gastric cancer, while IL-16 exhibited a positive correlation with gastric cancer risk. Stem cell factor (SCF) acted as a protective factor against pancreatic cancer. For colorectal cancer, IL-7, IL-9, IL-13, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were identified as risk factors. Notably, our results did not indicate a significant correlation between inflammatory cytokines and the risk of esophageal cancer.

CONCLUSION

Our research unveils potential connections between 41 inflammatory cytokines and the risk of five common DSCs through a MR analysis. These associations offer valuable insights that could aid in the development of diagnostic biomarkers and the identification of novel therapeutic targets for DSCs.

Primary cilia-associated signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck originates from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lip, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. In this review, we summarise what is currently known about the potential function of primary cilia in the pathogenesis of this disease. As primary cilia represent a key cellular structure for signal transduction and are related to cell proliferation, an understanding of their role in carcinogenesis is necessary for the design of new treatment approaches. Here, we introduce cilia-related signalling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its possible association with HNSCC tumorigenesis. From this point of view, PDGF, EGF, Wnt and Hh signalling are discussed as all these pathways were found to be dysregulated in HNSCC. Moreover, we review the clinical potential of small molecules affecting primary cilia signalling to target squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck area.

Increased risk of malignancy in HLA-B27-positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis requiring biologics for sustained inflammation: A long-term, single-center retrospective study

OBJECTIVES

To assess the link between the administration of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and the risk of malignancy in human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27)-positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) experiencing sustained inflammation.

METHODS

Between 2006 and 2021, 1445 HLA-B27-positive patients with AS were retrospectively evaluated. Among them, 112 patients required bDMARD therapy. The study compared conventional therapy with bDMARDs and investigated the risk factors for developing malignancies.

RESULTS

During 8253 patient-years of follow-up, 38 (2.6%) patients developed various malignancies, including lung, liver, breast, and colon cancer. The risk of malignancy was significantly higher in the bDMARD-treated group compared to PS-matched groups receiving conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARD) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The cumulative risk of malignancies increased significantly after 6 years of follow-up. All patients who developed malignancy after bDMARD therapy received tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. Requiring bDMARD therapy, requiring bDMARDs in combination with csDMARD therapy, and being diagnosed with AS after 30 years of age were independent risk factors for developing malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS

HLA-B27-positive AS patients with sustained inflammation requiring biologic therapy, particularly if diagnosed after age 30, may have an increased risk of malignancy. Regular cancer screenings are advisable for these patients while undergoing biologic treatment.

Exploring the relationship between ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer

Chronic systemic inflammation caused by diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent evidence indicates that patients with UC are more susceptible to prostate cancer (PCa), and individuals with PCa may also be at a higher risk of developing CRC. However, these relationships are not well defined. A better understanding of this phenomenon could improve the identification of high-risk populations. In this study, we characterized these relationships with experiments using preclinical mouse models of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis (DSS-UC) and DSS/azoxymethane (AOM)-induced CRC (DSS/AOM-CRC) in wild-type and conditional transgenic mice of PCa. We showed that DSS-induced UC was more severe in mice with PCa and resulted in the development of CRC in the absence of AOM. We further showed that PCa-free mice that developed DSS-induced UC also showed histological changes in the normal prostate that resembled proliferative inflammatory atrophy. Finally, we used immunohistochemical immune profiling to show that mice with PCa-induced chronic systemic inflammation accumulated Gr1+ myeloid cells in the normal colon and exposure to DSS further enriched these cells in active colitis regions and colon tumors. Our study provides evidence to support a link between systemic chronic inflammation and cancer.

ISGylation enhances double-stranded RNA-induced interferon response and NFκB signaling in fallopian tube epithelial cells

Heritable mutations in BRCA1 associate with increased risk of high-grade serous tubo-ovarian cancer (HGSTOC). Non-genetic risk factors associated with this cancer, which arises from fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells, suggests a role for repetitive ovulation wherein FTE cells are exposed to inflammatory signaling molecules within follicular fluid. We previously reported increased NFκB and EGFR signaling in BRCA1-deficient primary FTE cells, with follicular fluid exposure further increasing abundance of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcripts, including the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 and other ISGylation pathway members. Both NFκB and type I interferon signaling are upregulated by stimulation of cGAS-STING or MDA5 and RIGI pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Since some PRRs and their signal transduction pathway members are ISGylated, we tested the impact of ISG15 and ISGylation on IRF3 and NFκB signaling through cGAS-STING or RIGI and MDA5 activation. Expression of ISG15 or UBA7, the E1-like ISG15 activating enzyme, in immortalized FTE cells was disrupted by CRISPR gene editing. Activation of IRF3 by RIGI or MDA5 but not cGAS-STING was attenuated by loss of either ISG15 or UBA7 and this was reflected by a similar effect on NFκB activation and downstream targets. Loss of ISGylation decreased levels of both MDA5 and RIGI, with knock-down of RIGI but not MDA5, decreasing IRF3 and NFκB activation in parental cells. These finding indicate that ISGylation enhances the ability of dsRNA to activate cytokine release and pro-inflammatory signaling. Further work to explore ISGylation as a target for prevention of HGSTOC in BRCA1 mutation carriers is warranted.

Oligandrin from Croton oligandrus (Euphorbiaceae) exhibits anti-breast cancer activity through immune-boosting mechanisms: In vitro and in vivo study

Aim

Recent developments in cancer research indicate that cancer is a manifestation of immune system dysfunction. Many natural anticancer agents developed recently possess immune-modulatory properties. In our ongoing pursuit of anticancer alternatives, we evaluated the immune-modulatory potential of oligandrin, an ent-pimarane type diterpenoid from Croton oligatrus.

Methods

we assessed on Breast cancer patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated to assess the effect of oligandrin (0.5, 1, 10, 100, 200 mg/mL) in vitro using the Ficoll-histopaque density centrifugation method. The parameters that were assessed included, PBMC viability and cytokine (IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, EGF, TNF-α, INF-γ) production. In vivo, we chemically induced breast cancer using DMBA (50 mg/kg BW) in Wistar rats, then treated them with oligandrin (1 mg/kg BW) or standards (tamoxifen 3.3 mg/kg; letrozole 1 mg/kg) for 20 weeks. The parameters that were evaluated included, tumor burden, volume, incidence, histopathology, antioxidant, and inflammatory status.

Results

Oligandrin (1, 10, 100 and 200 μg/mL) significantly increased (p < 0.05) PBMC cell number 24 h after incubation. In vivo, it induced 62.5 % tumor incidence reduction compared to DMBA rats (100 %). Oligandrin significantly protected (p < 0.001) rats against increased tumor burden, mass and volume, which was accompanied by a significant antioxidant effect [increment of GSH (p < 0.01) and SOD (p < 0.001)]. Oligandrin prevented high-grade adenocarcinomas according to SBR stratification and significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-12) while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels (INF-γ).

Conclusion

Oligandrin is reported for the first time to protect against breast cancer onset and this effect seems to be at least in part attributable to its immune-boosting capacity.

The uncertainties and certainties of gene transcription in a human tumor cell

Previously we have identified that the expression number and levels of oncogenes and antioncogenes are highly positively or negatively associated with major cellular progress in a cancer cell. However, we have not defined any cellular potentials of a human tumor cell at the level of the overall gene expression. Here, we counted the overall number of expression genes and overall counts of mRNA in depth and revealed that the expression levels of mRNA were directly associated with the expression number of genes in a human tumor cell. Gene expression networks revealed steady states of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ATP production, differentiation potentials that might be disturbed and blocked by uncertain gene expressing networks, and potential capabilities to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), neurogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammatory response, immune evasion, and metastasis in a human tumor cell. Our analysis identifies unpredictable gene expression characteristics in human tumor cells. The results might profoundly influence mechanisms how a human tumor cell generates and undergoes its progresses.

Recent Progress in DNA Biosensors for Detecting Biomarkers in Living Cells

Analysis of biomarkers in living cells is crucial for deciphering the dynamics of cells as well as for precise diagnosis of diseases. DNA biosensors employ DNA sequences as probes to offer insights into living cells, and drive progress in disease diagnosis and drug development. In this review, we present recent advances in DNA biosensors for detecting biomarkers in living cells. The basic structural components of DNA biosensors and the signal output method are presented. The strategies of DNA biosensors crossing the cell membrane are also described, including coincubation, nanocarriers, and nanoelectroporation techniques. Based on biomarker categorization, we detail recent applications of DNA biosensors for detecting small molecules, RNAs, proteins, and integrated targets in living cells. Furthermore, the future development directions of DNA biosensors are summarized to encourage further research in this growing field.

Role of tight junction proteins in shaping the immune milieu of malignancies

INTRODUCTION

Tight junctions (TJs) and their constituent proteins play pivotal roles in cellular physiology and anatomy by establishing functional boundaries within and between neighboring cells. While the involvement of TJ proteins, such as claudins, in cancer is extensively studied, studies highlighting their interaction with immune system are still meager. Studies indicate that alterations in cytokines and immune cell populations can affect TJ proteins, compromising TJ barrier function and exacerbating pro-inflammatory conditions, potentially leading to epithelial cell malignancy. Disrupted TJs in established tumors may foster a pro-tumor immune microenvironment, facilitating tumor progression, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Although previous literature contains many studies describing the involvement of TJs in pathogenesis of malignancies their role in modulating the immune microenvironment of tumors is just beginning to be unleashed.

AREAS COVERED

This article for the first time attempts to discern the importance of interaction between TJs and immune microenvironment in malignancies. To achieve the above aim a thorough search of databases like PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify the recent and relevant articles on the topic.

EXPERT OPINION

Breaking the vicious cycle of dysbiosis/infections/chemical/carcinogen-induced inflammation-TJ remodeling-malignancy-TJ dysregulation-more inflammation can be used as a strategy to complement the effect of immunotherapies in various malignancies.

Progress on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Structure-Efficacy Relationship of Polysaccharides from Medical and Edible Homologous Traditional Chinese Medicines

Medicinal food varieties developed according to the theory of medical and edible homologues are effective at preventing and treating chronic diseases and in health care. As of 2022, 110 types of traditional Chinese medicines from the same source of medicine and food have been published by the National Health Commission. Inflammation is the immune system's first response to injury, infection, and stress. Chronic inflammation is closely related to many diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Therefore, timely intervention for inflammation is the mainstay treatment for other complex diseases. However, some traditional anti-inflammatory drugs on the market are commonly associated with a number of adverse effects, which seriously affect the health and safety of patients. Therefore, the in-depth development of new safe, harmless, and effective anti-inflammatory drugs has become a hot topic of research and an urgent clinical need. Polysaccharides, one of the main active ingredients of medical and edible homologous traditional Chinese medicines (MEHTCMs), have been confirmed by a large number of studies to exert anti-inflammatory effects through multiple targets and are considered potential natural anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, the structure of medical and edible homologous traditional Chinese medicines' polysaccharides (MEHTCMPs) may be the key factor determining their anti-inflammatory activity, which makes the underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides and their structure-efficacy relationship hot topics of domestic and international research. However, due to the limitations of the current analytical techniques and tools, the structures have not been fully elucidated and the structure-efficacy relationship is relatively ambiguous, which are some of the difficulties in the process of developing and utilizing MEHTCMPs as novel anti-inflammatory drugs in the future. For this reason, this paper summarizes the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of MEHTCMPs, such as the regulation of the Toll-like receptor-related signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, NLRP3 signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, PPAR-γ signaling pathway, Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway, and the regulation of intestinal flora, and it systematically analyzes and evaluates the relationships between the anti-inflammatory activity of MEHTCMPs and their structures.

Utility of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of tumor immune status in non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported as a prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the underlying biological rationale remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the potential utility of NLR as a surrogate biomarker for immune response to cancer and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

This retrospective study included the medical records of 120 patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery at the study institution in 2012. NLR in peripheral blood was determined from blood test within 30 days before surgery. Tumor immune status was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining to identify CD3+, CD8+ and FOXP3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and the relationship of NLR, with clinicopathologic characteristics including 5-year overall survival (OS), and the tumor immune status was investigated. The median values of NLR and TIL count were used as cutoff points.

RESULTS

The 5-year OS was significantly better in patients with low NLR (<2.2) than in those with high NLR (≥2.2) (70.1% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.042) and in patients with high CD3+ TIL count (≥242) than in those with low CD3+ TIL count (<242) (70% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.019). Additionally, the CD3+ TIL count was negatively correlated with preoperative NLR (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

NLR might potentially reflect the immune status of tumor microenvironment, explaining its impact on prognosis of patients with NSCLC.

Microbe-material hybrids for therapeutic applications

As natural living substances, microorganisms have emerged as useful resources in medicine for creating microbe-material hybrids ranging from nano to macro dimensions. The engineering of microbe-involved nanomedicine capitalizes on the distinctive physiological attributes of microbes, particularly their intrinsic "living" properties such as hypoxia tendency and oxygen production capabilities. Exploiting these remarkable characteristics in combination with other functional materials or molecules enables synergistic enhancements that hold tremendous promise for improved drug delivery, site-specific therapy, and enhanced monitoring of treatment outcomes, presenting substantial opportunities for amplifying the efficacy of disease treatments. This comprehensive review outlines the microorganisms and microbial derivatives used in biomedicine and their specific advantages for therapeutic application. In addition, we delineate the fundamental strategies and mechanisms employed for constructing microbe-material hybrids. The diverse biomedical applications of the constructed microbe-material hybrids, encompassing bioimaging, anti-tumor, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation and other diseases therapy are exhaustively illustrated. We also discuss the current challenges and prospects associated with the clinical translation of microbe-material hybrid platforms. Therefore, the unique versatility and potential exhibited by microbe-material hybrids position them as promising candidates for the development of next-generation nanomedicine and biomaterials with unique theranostic properties and functionalities.

Elevation of circulating neutrophil extracellular traps in endometrial cancer: Poor prognostic value of cell-free double-stranded DNA

OBJECTIVE

Neutrophils produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by releasing nuclear contents into the extracellular environment. NETs are associated with systemic inflammation and cancer development and progression. We aimed to investigate whether NET markers are associated with the prognosis of endometrial cancer.

METHODS

Circulating levels of three NET markers (histone-DNA complex, cell-free double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and neutrophil elastase) were measured in 98 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent surgery as primary treatment between January 2015 and June 2018 and 45 healthy women. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were conducted to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic utility of the markers for endometrial cancer.

RESULTS

Patients with endometrial cancer showed significantly higher levels of the three NET markers than those in healthy controls. In discriminating endometrial cancer patients from healthy controls, the three NET markers showed AUC values in the following order: cell-free dsDNA (0.832; 95 % CI, 0.760-0.889), histone-DNA complex (0.740; 95 % CI, 0.660-0.809), and neutrophil elastase (0.689; 95 % CI, 0.607-0.764), comparable to those of CA-125 (0.741; 95 % CI, 0.659-0.813). Multivariate analysis adjusting for FIGO stage, histology, and lymphovascular space invasion, and lymph node involvement revealed that cell-free dsDNA level (cutoff: 95.2 ng/mL) was an independent prognostic marker for poor progression-free (adjusted HR, 2.75; 95 % CI, 1.096.92; P = 0.032) and overall survival (adjusted HR, 11.51; 95 % CI, 2.0664.22; P = 0.005) for patients with endometrial cancer.

CONCLUSION

High levels of circulating NET markers were observed in patients with endometrial cancer. Cell-free dsDNA levels may play a role as prognostic markers for endometrial cancer.

Effect of bile duct resection on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma combined with extrahepatic bile duct tumor thrombus

BACKGROUND

Surgical therapy is the most optimal treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) combined with bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) patients. However, whether to perform bile duct resection (BDR) is still controversial. The purpose of this multicenter research is to compare the effect of BDR on the prognosis of extrahepatic BDTT patients.

METHODS

We collected the data of 111 HCC patients combined with extrahepatic BDTT who underwent radical hepatectomy from June 1, 2004 to December 31, 2021. Those patients had either received hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection (BDR group) or hepatectomy without bile duct resection (NBDR group). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to reduce the potential bias between two groups and balance the influence of confounding factors in baseline data. Then compare the prognosis between the two groups of patients. Cox regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis to further determine the independent risk factors that influence the prognosis of HCC-BDTT patients.

RESULTS

There were 38 patients in the BDR group and 73 patients in the NBDR group. Before and after IPTW, there were no statistical significance in OS, RFS and intraoperative median blood loss between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Before IPTW, the median postoperative hospital stay in the NBDR group was shorter (P = 0.046) and the grade of postoperative complications was lower than BDR group (P = 0.014). After IPTW, there was no difference in postoperative hospital stay between the two groups (P > 0.05). The complication grade in the NBDR group was still lower than that in the BDR group (P = 0.046). The univariate analysis showed that TNM stage and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) were significantly correlated with OS (both P < 0.05). Preoperative AFP level, TNM stage and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were significantly correlated with postoperative RFS (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor TNM stage was an independent risk factor for the OS rate (P = 0.014). TNM stage, PNI and AFP were independent predictors of RFS after radical hepatectomy (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

For HCC-BDTT patients, hepatocellular carcinoma resection combined with choledochotomy to remove the tumor thrombus may benefit more.

A nomogram based on inflammation and nutritional biomarkers for predicting the survival of breast cancer patients

Background

We aim to develop a new prognostic model that incorporates inflammation, nutritional parameters and clinical-pathological features to predict overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) of breast cancer (BC) patients.

Methods

The study included clinicopathological and follow-up data from a total of 2857 BC patients between 2013 and 2021. Data were randomly divided into two cohorts: training (n=2001) and validation (n=856) cohorts. A nomogram was established based on the results of a multivariate Cox regression analysis from the training cohorts. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were evaluated by the concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve. Furthermore, decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to assess the clinical value of the nomogram.

Results

A nomogram was developed for BC, incorporating lymphocyte, platelet count, hemoglobin levels, albumin-to-globulin ratio, prealbumin level and other key variables: subtype and TNM staging. In the prediction of OS and DFS, the concordance index (C-index) of the nomogram is statistically greater than the C-index values obtained using TNM staging alone. Moreover, the time-dependent AUC, exceeding the threshold of 0.7, demonstrated the nomogram's satisfactory discriminative performance over different periods. DCA revealed that the nomogram offered a greater overall net benefit than the TNM staging system.

Conclusion

The nomogram incorporating inflammation, nutritional and clinicopathological variables exhibited excellent discrimination. This nomogram is a promising instrument for predicting outcomes and defining personalized treatment strategies for patients with BC.

The Impact of Biliary Injury on the Recurrence of Biliary Cancer and Benign Disease after Liver Transplantation: Risk Factors and Mechanisms

Liver transplantation is known to generate significant inflammation in the entire organ based on the metabolic profile and the tissue's ability to recover from the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). This cascade contributes to post-transplant complications, affecting both the synthetic liver function (immediate) and the scar development in the biliary tree. The new occurrence of biliary strictures, and the recurrence of malignant and benign liver diseases, such as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are direct consequences linked to this inflammation. The accumulation of toxic metabolites, such as succinate, causes undirected electron flows, triggering the releases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from a severely dysfunctional mitochondrial complex 1. This initiates the inflammatory IRI cascade, with subsequent ischemic biliary stricturing, and the upregulation of pro-tumorigenic signaling. Such inflammation is both local and systemic, promoting an immunocompromised status that can lead to the recurrence of underlying liver disease, both malignant and benign in nature. The traditional treatment for CCA was resection, when possible, followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy. Liver transplant oncology is increasingly recognized as a potentially curative approach for patients with intrahepatic (iCCA) and perihilar (pCCA) cholangiocarcinoma. The link between IRI and disease recurrence is increasingly recognized in transplant oncology for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, smaller numbers have prevented similar analyses for CCA. The mechanistic link may be even more critical in this disease, as IRI causes the most profound damage to the intrahepatic bile ducts. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms associated with biliary inflammation and biliary pathology after liver transplantation. One main focus is on the link between transplant-related IRI-associated inflammation and the recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma and benign liver diseases of the biliary tree. Risk factors and protective strategies are highlighted.

Metformin in Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study in Lithuania

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the potential chemopreventive effect of antidiabetic medications, specifically metformin and pioglitazone, on lung cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, the potential dose-response relationship for metformin use was analyzed. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing comprehensive national health insurance and cancer registry databases to gather a large cohort of T2DM patients. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the risk of lung cancer across different antidiabetic medication groups, adjusting for potential confounders such as age and gender. A dose-response analysis was conducted for metformin users. Results: Our results indicated that metformin users had a significantly lower lung cancer risk than the reference group (HR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.55-0.86], p = 0.001). The risk reduction increased with higher cumulative metformin doses: a metformin cumulative dose between 1,370,000 and 2,976,000 had an HR of 0.61 (95% CI [0.49-0.75], p < 0.001) vs. cumulative metformin dose >2,976,000 which had an HR of 0.35 (95% CI [0.21-0.59], p < 0.001). No significant association between pioglitazone use and the risk of lung cancer was found (HR = 1.00, 95% CI [0.25-4.02]). Conclusions: This study shows that metformin may have a dose-dependent chemopreventive effect against lung cancer in T2DM, while the impact of pioglitazone remains unclear and requires further investigation.

Intestinal Epithelia and Myeloid Immune Cells Shape Colitis Severity and Colorectal Carcinogenesis via High-mobility Group Box Protein 1

BACKGROUND

High-mobility group box protein 1 [HMGB1] is a ubiquitous nucleoprotein with immune-regulatory properties following cellular secretion or release in sterile and in infectious inflammation. Stool and serum HMGB1 levels correlate with colitis severity and colorectal cancer [CRC] progression, yet recent reports indicate that HMGB1 mainly operates as an intracellular determinant of enterocyte fate during colitis, and investigations into the roles of HMGB1 in CRC are lacking.

METHODS

Using mice with conditional HMGB1-knockout in enterocytes [Hmgb1ΔIEC] and myeloid cells [Hmgb1ΔLysM], respectively, we explored functions of HMGB1 in pathogenetically diverse contexts of colitis and colitis-associated CRC.

RESULTS

HMGB1 is overexpressed in human inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancers, and HMGB1 protein localises in enterocytes and stromal cells in colitis and CRC specimens from humans and rodents. As previously described, enterocyte HMGB1 deficiency aggravates severe chemical-induced intestinal injury, but not Citrobacter rodentium or T cell transfer colitis in mice. HMGB1-deficient enterocytes and organoids do not exhibit deviant apoptotic or autophagic activity, altered proliferative or migratory capacity, abnormal intestinal permeability, or aberrant DSS-induced organoid inflammation in vitro. Instead, we observed altered in vivo reprogramming of both intestinal epithelia and infiltrating myeloid cells in Hmgb1ΔIEC early during colitis, suggesting HMGB1-mediated paracrine injury signalling. Hmgb1ΔIEC had higher CRC burden than wild types in the Apc+/min model, whereas inflammatory CRC was attenuated in Hmgb1ΔLysM. Cellular and molecular phenotyping of Hmgb1ΔIEC and Hmgb1ΔLysM cancers indicates context-dependent transcriptional modulation of immune signalling and extracellular matrix remodelling via HMGB1.

CONCLUSION

Enterocytes and myeloid cells context-dependently regulate host responses to severe colitis and maladaptive intestinal wound healing via HMGB1.

Oral Administration of Carotenoid-Rich Dunaliella salina Powder Inhibits Colon Carcinogenesis via Modulation of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Cascades in a Rat Model

The present study aims to investigate the oral therapeutic and molecular role of carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina powder (DSP) against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-triggered colon carcinogenesis. In this study, thirty six male Wistar rats were categorized into six distinct groups (G1-G6): G1 group with no intervention, G2 group received only DSP (1000 mg/kg), G3 group received only DMH carcinogen (20 mg/kg), and G4-G6 group received both DMH and DSP at various phases (pre-initiation, post-initiation and entire phases) for 32 weeks. Body weight, tumor incidence, tumor volume, histopathological examination, antioxidants, and detoxification enzymes activities were analyzed in the experimental rats. In addition, the protein expression profile of components involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was determined by western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-7 and MMP-9), proliferation marker (PCNA), and pro-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bax) proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Colorimetric assay was used to determine the levels of anti-inflammatory (iNOS and COX-2) and apoptotic proteins (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9). Results showed that concomitant administration of DSP with DMH significantly reduced tumor progression and prevented colon carcinogenesis in rats. However, treatment with DSP before or after DMH exposure did not significantly prevent colon carcinogenesis. DMH and DSP treatment group showed increased activities of antioxidant enzymes with significant reduction in the oxidative stress. Additionally, the detoxification enzymes and colonic histopathology of those rats were restored to that of control rats. The administration of DSP to rats exposed to DMH exhibited antitumor effects via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway with induced apoptosis through the Bcl-2/Bax/caspases signaling cascades. Moreover, the same group also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity via regulating iNOS and COX-2 biomarkers. Our findings revealed molecular chemopreventive activity of carotenoid-rich DSP through regulating Wnt/beta-catenin and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Thus, DSP is propound to function as a potent antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent against colon carcinogenesis.

Chitosan-based biomaterial delivery strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 80% of primary liver cancers, is the most common primary liver malignancy. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third leading cause of tumor-related deaths worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 18%. Chemotherapy, although commonly used for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, is limited by systemic toxicity and drug resistance. Improving targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs to tumor cells without causing systemic side effects is a current research focus. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, possesses good biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it suitable for drug delivery. Enhanced chitosan formulations retain the anti-tumor properties while improving stability. Chitosan-based biomaterials promote hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and improve extracellular matrix remodeling for enhanced anti-tumor therapy.

Methods

We summarized published experimental papers by querying them.

Results and Conclusions

This review discusses the physicochemical properties of chitosan, its application in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, and the challenges faced by chitosan-based biomaterials.

Nature of the Association between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cervical Cancer and Its Potential Therapeutic Implications

It is now established that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer (CC) or its precursor, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). However, the underlying mechanisms of this association have not been elucidated. RA is characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation. It is suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in RA patients exacerbates inflammation, increasing the risk of CC. The tumor microenvironment in RA patients with CC is also marked by chronic inflammation, which aggravates the manifestations of both conditions. Gut and vaginal dysbiosis are also considered potential mechanisms that contribute to the chronic inflammation and aggravation of RA and CC manifestations. Numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of various nutritional approaches to attenuate chronic inflammation, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), probiotics, prebiotics, and certain diets. We believe that successful resolution of chronic inflammation and correction of dysbiosis, in combination with current anti-RA and anti-CC therapies, is a promising therapeutic approach for RA and CC. This approach could also reduce the risk of CC development in HPV-infected RA patients.

Pathogenic mechanisms and latest therapeutic approaches for radiation-induced lung injury: A narrative review

The treatment of thoracic tumors with ionizing radiation can cause radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), which includes radiation pneumonitis and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Preventing RILI is crucial for controlling tumor growth and improving quality of life. However, the serious adverse effects of traditional RILI treatment methods remain a major obstacle, necessitating the development of novel treatment options that are both safe and effective. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of RILI and explores novel treatment options, including natural compounds, gene therapy, nanomaterials, and mesenchymal stem cells. These recent experimental approaches show potential as effective prevention and treatment options for RILI in clinical practice.

IL-22 regulates MASTL expression in intestinal epithelial cells

Microtubule-associated serine-threonine kinase-like (MASTL) has recently been identified as an oncogenic kinase given its overexpression in numerous cancers. Our group has shown that MASTL expression is upregulated in mouse models of sporadic colorectal cancer and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). CAC is one of the most severe complications of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but a limited understanding of the mechanisms governing the switch from normal healing to neoplasia in IBD underscores the need for increased research in this area. However, MASTL levels in patients with IBD and its molecular regulation in IBD and CAC have not been studied. This study reveals that MASTL is upregulated by the cytokine interleukin (IL)-22, which promotes proliferation and has important functions in colitis recovery; however, IL-22 can also promote tumorigenesis when chronically elevated. Upon reviewing the publicly available data, we found significantly elevated MASTL and IL-22 levels in the biopsies from patients with late-stage ulcerative colitis compared with controls, and that MASTL upregulation was associated with high IL-22 expression. Our subsequent in vitro studies found that IL-22 increases MASTL expression in intestinal epithelial cell lines, which facilitates IL-22-mediated cell proliferation and downstream survival signaling. Inhibition of AKT activation abrogated IL-22-induced MASTL upregulation. We further found an increased association of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) with MASTL in IL-22-treated cells, which stabilized MASTL expression. Inhibition of CAIX prevented IL-22-induced MASTL expression and cell survival. Overall, we show that IL-22/AKT signaling increases MASTL expression to promote cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, CAIX associates with and stabilizes MASTL in response to IL-22 stimulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MASTL is upregulated in colorectal cancer; however, its role in colitis and colitis-associated cancer is poorly understood. This study is the first to draw a link between MASTL and IL-22, a proinflammatory/intestinal epithelial recovery-promoting cytokine that is also implicated in colon tumorigenesis. We propose that IL-22 increases MASTL protein stability by promoting its association with CAIX potentially via AKT signaling to promote cell survival and proliferation.

Sex-dependent interaction of PTGS2 with miR-146a as risk factor for melanoma and the impact of sex hormones in gene expression in skin cells

Gender disparity in melanoma is a complex issue where sex hormones could be engaged. Differences in genetic variations are important in understanding the mechanisms of sex disparity in melanoma. Post-transcriptional regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS2) mRNA occurs through a complex interplay of specific trans-acting RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. MiR-146a is a key player in melanoma, modulating immune responses and tumor microenvironment (TME). Polymorphisms in PTGS2 gene rs20415GC have been associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Epistasis between polymorphisms rs20415GC was investigated by genotyping 453 melanoma patients and 382 control individuals. The effects of testosterone and 17β-estradiol were analyzed in keratinocytes and two melanoma cell lines. The rs2910164GG showed a higher risk in the presence of the genotype rs20417CC in the male population. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol act differently on PTGS2 and miR-146a expression, depending on the cell type. Testosterone augments PTGS2 gene expression in keratinocytes and miR-146a in melanoma cells. While 17β-estradiol only increases miR-146a expression in HaCaT cells. The present study indicates a sex-specific relation between miR-146a and PTGS2 polymorphisms with melanoma cancer risk. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol act differently on the expression of PTGS2 and miR-146a depending on the skin cell type.

Hemiprotonic ph-ph+ with two targets inhibits metastatic breast cancer and concurrent candidiasis

Concurrent infection in breast cancer patients is the direct cause of the high mortality rate of the disease. However, there is no available method to increase the survival rate until now. To address the problem, we propose one drug with two target strategy to treat the refractory disease. A small chemical, ph-ph+, was attempted to be used in the study to explore the feasibility of the approach in anticancer and antifungus at the same time. The results showed that ph-ph+ could prevent the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and kill C. albicans simultaneously. The molecular mechanism was associated with the activation of an evolutionarily conserved protease CLpP in the cancer and C. albicans cells. Also, the signaling pathway mediated by PLAGL2 that highly expressed in cancer cells participated in preventing cell metastasis and inducing apoptosis of ph-ph+. The one drug with dual targets inhibited the growth and metastasis of the cancer cells, and meanwhile eliminated C. albicans in tissues in the experimental animals. The results suggested that ph-ph+ with dual targets of CLpP and PLAGL2 would be a feasible approach to prolong the survival rate in patients with metastatic breast cancer and pathogenic infection.

The role of tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma-from bench to bedside: A review

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Despite progress in treatment, recurrence after radical treatment is common, and the prognosis remains poor for patients with advanced disease. Therefore, there is a need to identify prognostic and predictive factors for the response to therapy or more intensive surveillance or treatment. Because the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the development of cancer and metastasis, it is a crucial need to understand processes that are involved in carcinogenesis. Within the microenvironment, several immune cells with different roles are present. One of the most important of these is tumor-associated macrophages. These cells may exert either antitumor or protumor roles. Several studies have suggested that tumor-associated macrophages can be used as prognostic markers. Furthermore, they may be involved in resistance to immunotherapy or systemic treatment. As they play an important role in cancer development, tumor-associated macrophages are also a good target for therapy. In this review, we briefly summarize recent progress on knowledge regarding the basic molecular characteristics, impact on prognosis and potential clinical implications of tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Disabled-2, a versatile tissue matrix multifunctional scaffold protein with multifaceted signaling: Unveiling its potential in the cancer battle

A multifunctional scaffold protein termed Disabled-2 (Dab2) has recently gained attention in the scientific community and has emerged as a promising candidate in the realm of cancer research. Dab2 protein is involved in a variety of signaling pathways, due to which its significance in the pathogenesis of several carcinomas has drawn considerable attention. Dab2 is essential for controlling the advancement of cancer because it engages in essential signaling pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathways. Dab2 can also repress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is involved in tumor progression with metastatic expansion and adds another layer of significance to its possible impact on cancer spread. Furthermore, the role of Dab2 in processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis has been explored in certain investigative studies suggesting its significance. The present review examines the role of Dab2 in the pathogenesis of various cancer subtypes including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder urothelial carcinoma and also sheds some light on its potential to act as a therapeutic target and a prognostic marker in the treatment of various carcinomas. By deciphering this protein's diverse signaling, we hope to provide useful insights that may pave the way for novel therapeutic techniques and tailored treatment approaches in cancer management. Preclinical and clinical trial data on the impact of Dab2 regulation in cancer have also been included, allowing us to delineate role of Dab2 in tumor suppressor function, as well as its correlation with disease stage classification and potential therapy options. However, we observed that there is very scarce data in the form of studies on the evaluation of Dab2 role and treatment function in carcinomas, and further research into this matter could prove beneficial in the generation of novel therapeutic agents for patient-centric and tailored therapy, as well as early prognosis of carcinomas.

Biomimetic Nucleic Acid Drug Delivery Systems for Relieving Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Immunotherapy combats tumors by enhancing the body's immune surveillance and clearance of tumor cells. Various nucleic acid drugs can be used in immunotherapy, such as DNA expressing cytokines, mRNA tumor vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) knocking down immunosuppressive molecules, and oligonucleotides that can be used as immune adjuvants. Nucleic acid drugs, which are prone to nuclease degradation in the circulation and find it difficult to enter the target cells, typically necessitate developing appropriate vectors for effective in vivo delivery. Biomimetic drug delivery systems, derived from viruses, bacteria, and cells, can protect the cargos from degradation and clearance, and deliver them to the target cells to ensure safety. Moreover, they can activate the immune system through their endogenous activities and active components, thereby improving the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapeutic nucleic acid drugs. In this review, biomimetic nucleic acid delivery systems for relieving a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment are introduced. Their immune activation mechanisms, including upregulating the proinflammatory cytokines, serving as tumor vaccines, inhibiting immune checkpoints, and modulating intratumoral immune cells, are elaborated. The advantages and disadvantages, as well as possible directions for their clinical translation, are summarized at last.

Natural products with anti-tumorigenesis potential targeting macrophage

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Macrophage, a subset of immune cells with high plasticity, plays a multifaceted role in this process. Natural products, which are bioactive compounds derived from traditional herbs or foods, have exhibited diverse effects on macrophages and tumorigenesis making them a valuable resource of drug discovery or optimization in tumor prevention.

PURPOSE

Provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of macrophages in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of natural products on tumorigenesis by modulating macrophage function.

METHODS

A thorough literature search spanning the past two decades was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI following the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms employed included "macrophage and tumorigenesis", "natural products, macrophages and tumorigenesis", "traditional Chinese medicine and tumorigenesis", "natural products and macrophage polarization", "macrophage and tumor related microenvironment", "macrophage and tumor signal pathway", "toxicity of natural products" and combinations thereof. Furthermore, certain articles are identified through the tracking of citations from other publications or by accessing the websites of relevant journals. Studies that meet the following criteria are excluded: (1) Articles not written in English or Chinese; (2) Full texts were not available; (3) Duplicate articles and irrelevant studies. The data collected was organized and summarized based on molecular mechanisms or compound structure.

RESULTS

This review elucidates the multifaceted effect of macrophages on tumorigenesis, encompassing process such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion by regulating metabolism, non-coding RNA, signal transduction and intercellular crosstalk. Natural products, including vitexin, ovatodiolide, ligustilide, and emodin, as well as herbal remedies, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating macrophage function, thereby attenuating tumorigenesis. These interventions mainly focus on mitigating the initial inflammatory response or modifying the inflammatory environment within the precancerous niche.

CONCLUSIONS

These mechanistic insights of macrophages in tumorigenesis offer valuable ideas for researchers. The identified natural products facilitate the selection of promising candidates for future cancer drug development.

Impact of obesity‑associated myeloid‑derived suppressor cells on cancer risk and progression (Review)

Obesity is a chronic disease caused by the accumulation of excessive adipose tissue. This disorder is characterized by chronic low‑grade inflammation, which promotes the release of proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and leptin. Simultaneously, chronic inflammation can predispose to cancer development, progression and metastasis. Proinflammatory molecules are involved in the recruitment of specific cell populations in the tumor microenvironment. These cell populations include myeloid‑derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a heterogeneous, immature myeloid population with immunosuppressive abilities. Obesity‑associated MDSCs have been linked with tumor dissemination, progression and poor clinical outcomes. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess the impact of obesity‑associated MDSCs on cancer in both preclinical models and oncological patients with obesity. A secondary objective was to examine the key role that leptin, the most important proinflammatory mediator released by adipocytes, plays in MDSC‑driven immunosuppression Finally, an overview is provided of the different therapeutic approaches available to target MDSCs in the context of obesity‑related cancer.

Overcoming T Cell Exhaustion in Tumor Microenvironment via Immune Checkpoint Modulation with Nano-Delivery Systems for Enhanced Immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy for tumors has arisen in growing interest. However, the low response rate of tumors to ICB is mainly attributed to the inhibitory infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite the promising benefits of ICB, the therapeutic effects of antibodies are dependent on a high dose and long-term usage in the clinic, thereby leading to immune-related adverse effects. Accordingly, ICB combined with nano-delivery systems could be used to overcome T cell exhaustion, which reduces the side effects and the usage of antibodies with higher response rates in patients. In this review, the authors aim to overcome T cell exhaustion in TME via immune checkpoint modulation with nano-delivery systems for enhanced immunotherapy. Several strategies are summarized to combine ICB and nano-delivery systems to further enhance immunotherapy: a) expressing immune checkpoint on the surface of nano-delivery systems; b) loading immune checkpoint inhibitors into nano-delivery systems; c) loading gene-editing technology into nano-delivery systems; and d) nano-delivery systems mediated immune checkpoint modulation. Taken together, ICB combined with nano-delivery systems might be a promising strategy to overcome T cell exhaustion in TME for enhanced immunotherapy.