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Gou Y, Cai S, Chen Y, Hou X, Zhang J, Bi C, Gu P, Yang M, Zhang H, Zhong W, Yuan H. Atorvastatin improved ulcerative colitis in association with gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism. Life Sci 2024; 351:122790. [PMID: 38852795 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Atorvastatin is a commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug that possesses non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties. However, the precise mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute phase of ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced using a 5 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution for 7 consecutive days and administrated with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) from day 3 to day 7. mRNA-seq, histological pathology, and inflammatory response were determined. Intestinal microbiota alteration, tryptophan, and its metabolites were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. KEY FINDINGS Atorvastatin relieved the DSS-induced UC in mice, as evidenced by colon length, body weight, disease activity index score and pathological staining. Atorvastatin treatment reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Atorvastatin also relieved the intestinal microbiota disorder caused by UC and decreased the proliferation of pernicious microbiota such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides. Atorvastatin dramatically altered tryptophan metabolism and increased the fecal contents of tryptophan, indolelactic acid (ILA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Furthermore, atorvastatin enhanced the expression level of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and interleukin-22 (IL-22) and further promoted the expression level of intestinal tight junction proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin, in colitis mice. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicated that atorvastatin could alleviate UC by regulating intestinal flora disorders, promoting microbial tryptophan metabolism, and repairing the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Gou
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shijiao Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaoran Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chongwen Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Hengjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Khokhar M, Dey S, Tomo S, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Pandey RK. Unveiling Novel Drug Targets and Emerging Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1664-1693. [PMID: 38898941 PMCID: PMC11184612 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease, that causes joint damage, deformities, and decreased functionality. In addition, RA can also impact organs like the skin, lungs, eyes, and blood vessels. This autoimmune condition arises when the immune system erroneously targets the joint synovial membrane, resulting in synovitis, pannus formation, and cartilage damage. RA treatment is often holistic, integrating medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Its main objective is to achieve remission or low disease activity by utilizing a "treat-to-target" approach that optimizes drug usage and dose adjustments based on clinical response and disease activity markers. The primary RA treatment uses disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that help to interrupt the inflammatory process. When there is an inadequate response, a combination of biologicals and DMARDs is recommended. Biological therapies target inflammatory pathways and have shown promising results in managing RA symptoms. Close monitoring for adverse effects and disease progression is critical to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. A deeper understanding of the pathways and mechanisms will allow new treatment strategies that minimize adverse effects and maintain quality of life. This review discusses the potential targets that can be used for designing and implementing precision medicine in RA treatment, spotlighting the latest breakthroughs in biologics, JAK inhibitors, IL-6 receptor antagonists, TNF blockers, and disease-modifying noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khokhar
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sangita Dey
- CSO
Department, Cellworks Research India Pvt
Ltd, Bengaluru, 560066 Karnataka, India
| | - Sojit Tomo
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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El Baassiri MG, Raouf Z, Badin S, Escobosa A, Sodhi CP, Nasr IW. Dysregulated brain-gut axis in the setting of traumatic brain injury: review of mechanisms and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:124. [PMID: 38730498 PMCID: PMC11083845 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and debilitating disease, associated with a high risk of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite significant advancements in improving outcomes, the lack of effective treatments underscore the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. The brain-gut axis has emerged as a crucial bidirectional pathway connecting the brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) system through an intricate network of neuronal, hormonal, and immunological pathways. Four main pathways are primarily implicated in this crosstalk, including the systemic immune system, autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine system, and microbiome. TBI induces profound changes in the gut, initiating an unrestrained vicious cycle that exacerbates brain injury through the brain-gut axis. Alterations in the gut include mucosal damage associated with the malabsorption of nutrients/electrolytes, disintegration of the intestinal barrier, increased infiltration of systemic immune cells, dysmotility, dysbiosis, enteroendocrine cell (EEC) dysfunction and disruption in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Collectively, these changes further contribute to brain neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration via the gut-brain axis. In this review article, we elucidate the roles of various anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies capable of attenuating the dysregulated inflammatory response along the brain-gut axis in TBI. These agents include hormones such as serotonin, ghrelin, and progesterone, ANS regulators such as beta-blockers, lipid-lowering drugs like statins, and intestinal flora modulators such as probiotics and antibiotics. They attenuate neuroinflammation by targeting distinct inflammatory pathways in both the brain and the gut post-TBI. These therapeutic agents exhibit promising potential in mitigating inflammation along the brain-gut axis and enhancing neurocognitive outcomes for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G El Baassiri
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Zachariah Raouf
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sarah Badin
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Alejandro Escobosa
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Isam W Nasr
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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4
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Sun Y, Li H, Duan X, Ma X, Liu C, Shang D. Chensinin-1b Alleviates DSS-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Inducing Macrophage Switching from the M1 to the M2 Phenotype. Biomedicines 2024; 12:345. [PMID: 38397947 PMCID: PMC10886634 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Macrophage polarization is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Repolarization of macrophage has thus emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for managing IBD. Chensinin-1b, derived from the skin of Rana chensinensis, is a derivative of a native antimicrobial peptide (AMP). It shows anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis models and can potentially modulate macrophage polarization. The objective of this research was to study the role of chensinin-1b in macrophage polarization and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to the M1 phenotype using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and simultaneously administered chensinin-1b at various concentrations. The ability of chenisnin-1b to reorient macrophage polarization was assessed by ELISA, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry analysis. The addition of chensinin-1b significantly restrained the expression of M1-associated proinflammatory cytokines and surface markers, including TNF-α, IL-6, NO, and CD86, and exaggerated the expression of M2-associated anti-inflammatory cytokines and surface markers, including IL-10, TGF-β1, Arg-1, Fizz1, Chil3, and CD206. Mechanistically, via Western Blotting, we revealed that chensinin-1b induces macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype by inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In mouse models of colitis, intraperitoneal administration of chensinin-1b alleviated symptoms induced by DSS, including weight loss, elevated disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon shortening, colonic tissue damage, and splenomegaly. Consistent with our in vitro data, chensinin-1b induced significant decreases in the expression of M1 phenotype biomarkers and increases in the expression of M2 phenotype biomarkers in the mouse colitis model. Furthermore, chensinin-1b treatment repressesed NF-κB phosphorylation in vivo. Overall, our data showed that chensinin-1b attenuates IBD by repolarizing macrophages from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; (Y.S.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; (Y.S.)
| | - Xingpeng Duan
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; (Y.S.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; (Y.S.)
| | - Chenxi Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; (Y.S.)
| | - Dejing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; (Y.S.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
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5
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Sinnett-Smith J, Torres-Marquez ME, Chang JK, Shimizu Y, Hao F, Martin MG, Rozengurt E. Statins inhibit protein kinase D (PKD) activation in intestinal cells and prevent PKD1-induced growth of murine enteroids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C807-C820. [PMID: 36779664 PMCID: PMC10042602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00286.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of statins on protein kinase D (PKD) activation by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Treatment of intestinal IEC-18 cells with cerivastatin inhibited PKD autophosphorylation at Ser916 induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) or vasopressin in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 µM. Cerivastatin treatment inhibited PKD activation stimulated by these agonists for different times (5-60 min) and blunted HDAC5 phosphorylation, a substrate of PKD. Other lipophilic statins, including simvastatin, atorvastatin, and fluvastatin also prevented PKD activation in a dose-dependent manner. Using IEC-18 cell lines expressing PKD1 tagged with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), cerivastatin or simvastatin blocked GPCR-mediated PKD1-EGFP translocation to the plasma membrane and its subsequent nuclear accumulation. Similar results were obtained in IEC-18 cells expressing PKD3-EGFP. Mechanistically, statins inhibited agonist-dependent PKD activation rather than acting directly on PKD catalytic activity since exposure to cerivastatin or simvastatin did not impair PKD autophosphorylation or PKD1-EGFP membrane translocation in response to phorbol dibutyrate, which bypasses GPCRs and directly stimulates PKC and PKD. Furthermore, cerivastatin did not inhibit recombinant PKD activity determined via an in vitro kinase assay. Using enteroids generated from intestinal crypt-derived epithelial cells from PKD1 transgenic mice as a model of intestinal regeneration, we show that statins oppose PKD1-mediated increase in enteroid area, complexity (number of crypt-like buds), and DNA synthesis. Our results revealed a previously unappreciated inhibitory effect of statins on receptor-mediated PKD activation and in opposing the growth-promoting effects of PKD1 on intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sinnett-Smith
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - M Eugenia Torres-Marquez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jen-Kuan Chang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Fang Hao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
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6
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Abdelsameea AA, Alsemeh AE, Alabassery N, Samy W, Fawzy A, Abbas NAT. Icosapent ethyl alleviates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis via modulation of SIRT1 signaling pathway in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109621. [PMID: 36574744 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a global inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to assess the effects of icosapent ethyl on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. 36 male Wister rats were equally divided into six groups: control, UC, mesalamine 100 mg/kg, icosapent 150mg/kg, icosapent 300 mg/kg, and EX527-icosapent 300 mg/kg groups. Except for control group, UC was induced by acetic acid instillation into colon. Drugs were administered once daily for one week then under thiopental anaesthesia, colons were excised. Colitis macroscopic and microscopic scores were assessed. A part of colon was homogenized for detection of malondialdehyde (MDA), inerleukin1 (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and caspase 3 levels. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expressions were detected. Mallory-stained colonic sections were examined for collagen fibres detection. Immunohistochemistry of NF-κB and p53 expressionsin colonic sections were assessed. Acetic acid induced colitis with increments in MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase 3 levels while decreased SOD, pAkt, SIRT1, HO-1, and Nrf2 with increased collagen fibres as well as NF-κB and p53. Icosapent decreased macro& microscopic colitis scores, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase 3 levels while increased SOD, pAkt, SIRT1, HO-1, and Nrf2 with decreased collagen fibres as well as NF-κB and p53. The effects of icosapent 300 mg/kg were similar to mesalamine. Icosapent effects were antagonized by EX527. Icosapent alleviated acetic acid-induced colitis via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects mediated in part by SIRT1 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amira Ebrahim Alsemeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine-Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Nadia Alabassery
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine-Minia University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walaa Samy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine-Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Amal Fawzy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine-Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Noha A T Abbas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine-Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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7
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Vital KD, Cardoso BG, Lima IP, Campos AB, Teixeira BF, Pires LO, Dias BC, de Alcantara Candido P, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SOA. Therapeutic effects and the impact of statins in the prevention of ulcerative colitis in preclinical models: A systematic review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 37:493-507. [PMID: 36514874 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the large intestines. Although great advances have been made in the management of the disease with the introduction of immunomodulators and biological agents, the treatment of UC is still a challenge. So far, there are no definitive therapies for this condition. Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, possess beneficial effects on primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, and have high tolerability and safety. Furthermore, they may have potential roles in UC management due to their possible anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. This systematic review aimed to gather information about the potential benefits of statins for managing UC, reducing inflammation and disease remission in animal models. A systematic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library. The data were summarized in tables and critically analyzed. After the database search, 21 relevant studies were identified as eligible for this review. Preclinical studies using several colitis-induction protocols and various statins have shown numerous beneficial effects of these drugs on reducing disease activity, inflammatory profile, oxidative stress, and general clinical parameters of animals with UC. These studies revealed the potential of statins against the pathogenesis of UC. However, there are still important gaps regarding the molecular mechanisms of action of statins, leading to some contradictory results. Thus, more research on the molecular level to determine the roles of statins in colitis should be carried out to elucidate their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Duarte Vital
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbara Gatti Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iasmin Pinheiro Lima
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Beatriz Campos
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Faria Teixeira
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Octávio Pires
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Coutinho Dias
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Alcantara Candido
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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8
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Sohn J, Li L, Zhang L, Settem PR, Honma K, Sharma A, Falkner KL, Novak JM, Sun Y, Kirkwood KL. Porphyromonas gingivalis
indirectly elicits intestinal inflammation by altering the gut microbiota and disrupting epithelial barrier function through IL9‐producing CD4
+
T cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 37:42-52. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Sohn
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Prasad R. Settem
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Kiyonobu Honma
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Karen L. Falkner
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Jan M. Novak
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Yijun Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Keith L. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo NY USA
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9
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Gao W, Zhang T, Wu H. Emerging Pathological Engagement of Ferroptosis in Gut Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4246255. [PMID: 34733403 PMCID: PMC8560274 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4246255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is mainly characterized by chronic and progressive inflammation that damages the gastrointestinal mucosa. Increasing studies have enlightened that dysregulated cell death occurs in the inflamed sites, leading to the disruption of the intestinal barrier and aggravating inflammatory response. Ferroptosis, a newly characterized form of regulated cell death, is driven by the lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides catalyzed by cellular free iron. It has been widely documented that the fundamental features of ferroptosis, including iron deposition, GSH exhaustion, GPX4 inactivation, and lipid peroxidation, are manifested in the injured gastrointestinal tract in IBD patients. Furthermore, manipulation of the critical ferroptotic genes could alter the progression, severity, or even morbidity of the experimental colitis. Herein, we critically summarize the recent advances in the field of ferroptosis, focusing on interpreting the potential engagement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of IBD. Moreover, we are attempting to shed light on a perspective insight into the possibility of targeting ferroptosis as novel therapeutic designs for the clinical intervention of these gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gao
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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10
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Bai L, Scott MKD, Steinberg E, Kalesinskas L, Habtezion A, Shah NH, Khatri P. Computational drug repositioning of atorvastatin for ulcerative colitis. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:2325-2335. [PMID: 34529084 PMCID: PMC8510297 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with limited effective therapeutic options for long-term treatment and disease maintenance. We hypothesized that a multi-cohort analysis of independent cohorts representing real-world heterogeneity of UC would identify a robust transcriptomic signature to improve identification of FDA-approved drugs that can be repurposed to treat patients with UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a multi-cohort analysis of 272 colon biopsy transcriptome samples across 11 publicly available datasets to identify a robust UC disease gene signature. We compared the gene signature to in vitro transcriptomic profiles induced by 781 FDA-approved drugs to identify potential drug targets. We used a retrospective cohort study design modeled after a target trial to evaluate the protective effect of predicted drugs on colectomy risk in patients with UC from the Stanford Research Repository (STARR) database and Optum Clinformatics DataMart. RESULTS Atorvastatin treatment had the highest inverse-correlation with the UC gene signature among non-oncolytic FDA-approved therapies. In both STARR (n = 827) and Optum (n = 7821), atorvastatin intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of colectomy, a marker of treatment-refractory disease, compared to patients prescribed a comparator drug (STARR: HR = 0.47, P = .03; Optum: HR = 0.66, P = .03), irrespective of age and length of atorvastatin treatment. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION These findings suggest that atorvastatin may serve as a novel therapeutic option for ameliorating disease in patients with UC. Importantly, we provide a systematic framework for integrating publicly available heterogeneous molecular data with clinical data at a large scale to repurpose existing FDA-approved drugs for a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Bai
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Madeleine K D Scott
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ethan Steinberg
- Computer Science Program, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laurynas Kalesinskas
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nigam H Shah
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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11
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Basso PJ, Sales-Campos H, Nardini V, Duarte-Silva M, Alves VBF, Bonfá G, Rodrigues CC, Ghirotto B, Chica JEL, Nomizo A, Cardoso CRDB. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin in Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618365. [PMID: 34434187 PMCID: PMC8382038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic options for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are limited. Even using common anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or biological therapies, many patients become unresponsive to the treatments, immunosuppressed or unable to restrain secondary infections. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties, whose underlying mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. Here, we described that in vitro atorvastatin (ATO) treatment was not toxic to splenocytes, constrained cell proliferation and modulated IL-6 and IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner. Mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for colitis induction and treated with ATO shifted their immune response from Th17 towards Th2, improved the clinical and histological aspects of intestinal inflammation and reduced the number of circulating leukocytes. Both experimental and in silico analyses revealed that PPAR-α expression is reduced in experimental colitis, which was reversed by ATO treatment. While IBD patients also downregulate PPAR-α expression, the responsiveness to biological therapy relied on the restoration of PPAR-α levels. Indeed, the in vitro and in vivo effects induced by ATO treatment were abrogated in Ppara -/- mice or leukocytes. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of ATO in colitis are dependent on PPAR-α, which could also be a potential predictive biomarker of therapy responsiveness in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Basso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Viviani Nardini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murillo Duarte-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Beatriz Freitas Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Bonfá
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Costa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ghirotto
- Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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12
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Kamperidis N, Kamperidis V, Zegkos T, Kostourou I, Nikolaidou O, Arebi N, Karvounis H. Atherosclerosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Shared Pathogenesis and Implications for Treatment. Angiology 2020; 72:303-314. [PMID: 33601945 DOI: 10.1177/0003319720974552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often regarded as 2 distinct entities. The commonest manifestation of atherosclerosis is ischemic heart disease (IHD), and an association between IHD and IBD has been reported. Atherosclerosis and IBD share common pathophysiological mechanisms in terms of their genetics, immunology, and contributing environmental factors. Factors associated with atherosclerosis are implicated in the development of IBD and vice versa. Therefore, treatments targeting the common pathophysiology pathways may be effective in both conditions. The current review considers the pathophysiological pathways that are shared between the 2 conditions and discusses the implications for treatment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kamperidis
- 3749St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom.,* Nikolaos Kamperidis and Vasileios Kamperidis are sharing first authorship
| | - Vasileios Kamperidis
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,* Nikolaos Kamperidis and Vasileios Kamperidis are sharing first authorship
| | - Thomas Zegkos
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Olga Nikolaidou
- Radiology Department, Pananikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Naila Arebi
- 3749St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haralambos Karvounis
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Attenuated Inflammatory Response Associated to Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110519. [PMID: 33233503 PMCID: PMC7699594 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a multifactorial chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by inflammation and immune response. In this context, NLRP3 over-activation is associated with a breakdown of enteric-immune balance related to IBS-D. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inflammasome inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, in a rat model of IBS-D. Syndrome was induced by intracolonic instillation of 1 mL 4% acetic acid at 8 cm proximal to the anus for 30 s and sacrificed 2 weeks after IBS-D induction. BAY 11-7082 (10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered daily by oral gavage. The results obtained showed that the treatment with BAY 11-7082 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced tissue injury characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and loss of colon structure. We demonstrated that BAY 11-7082 treatment inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-kB translocation, reducing inflammatory mediators. Moreover, treatment with BAY 11-7082 restored tight junction alteration following IBS-D induction and reduced the restraint stress. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IBS-D induced NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation, accompanied by the production of proinflammatory response. The modulation of the inflammosome pathway with BAY 11-7082 inhibitor significantly reduced pathological signs of IBS-D, therefore, can be considered a valuable strategy to reduce the development of IBS-D.
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14
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Lochhead P, Khalili H, Sachs MC, Chan AT, Olén O, Ludvigsson JF. Association Between Statin Use and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Results from a Swedish, Nationwide, Population-based Case-control Study. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:757-765. [PMID: 33216873 PMCID: PMC8247597 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their potent lipid-lowering action, statins may modulate inflammation. However, data on statin use and the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] have been inconsistent. METHODS We searched the Nationwide Swedish Patient Register [inpatient and non-primary outpatient care] to identify adults diagnosed with Crohn's disease [CD, n = 7637] or ulcerative colitis [UC, n = 15 652] from 2006 to 2014. Each case was matched to 10 general population controls [n = 232 890]. Data on dispensed statin prescriptions were extracted from the Prescribed Drug Register. Conditional logistic regression models estimated odds ratios [ORs] for risk of IBD according to statin exposure while controlling for potential confounders, including indications for statin therapy. RESULTS In multivariable adjusted models, compared with no statin use, any statin use was associated with a lower risk of CD (OR = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.79), but not UC [OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96-1.11]. The lowest OR for CD was seen for current statin use [OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.60-0.75]. For CD, the lowest category of cumulative statin dose [31-325 defined daily dose, DDD] was associated with an OR of 0.73 [95% CI, 0.61-0.88] and the highest category [>1500 DDD] with an OR of 0.66 [95% CI, 0.55-0.80], ptrend = 0.10. For UC, the lowest and highest dose categories yielded ORs of 1.12 [95% CI, 1.00-1.25] and 0.99 [95% CI, 0.88-1.13], respectively, ptrend = 0.13. CONCLUSIONS Statin use was associated with a lower risk of CD, but not of UC. The association with CD risk appeared strongest for current statin use. Our findings suggest that statin use may influence the development of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Jonas F. Ludvigsson, MD, PhD, Department of
Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281,
SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46-19-6021000; fax: +46-19-187915;
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Sachs
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine
Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine
Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Science and Education
Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South
General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University
Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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15
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Peppas S, Piovani D, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, Bonovas S. Statins and inflammatory bowel disease: Where do we stand? Eur J Intern Med 2020; 75:10-14. [PMID: 32151491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the western world that is rapidly expanding in newly industrialized countries. Novel strategies are urgently needed to prevent and improve the treatment of this costly and disabling disease. Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Besides their lipid-lowering effects, statins may exert complex immunomodulatory properties and multiple pleiotropic effects including the inhibition of T-cell activation, antigen-presenting function and leukocyte infiltration of target organs which might render statins as beneficial agents for inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we summarize the experimental findings on the topic, and critically appraise the epidemiological evidence regarding the value of statins as a potential strategy for preventing and treating inflammatory bowel disease. Several experimental studies have shown that statins reduce inflammation in animal models of colitis; however, clinical studies investigating their disease-modifying and preventive potential in IBD have demonstrated some limitations and conflicting results. The available epidemiological evidence is not yet sufficient to support the use of statin for preventing or treating inflammatory bowel disease. Additional high-quality research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Peppas
- Gastroenterology Department, Naval Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanos Bonovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Banach-Orłowska M, Wyszyńska R, Pyrzyńska B, Maksymowicz M, Gołąb J, Miączyńska M. Cholesterol restricts lymphotoxin β receptor-triggered NF-κB signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:171. [PMID: 31878945 PMCID: PMC6933913 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) plays important roles in the development of the immune system and immune response. At the cellular level, ligand-bound LTβR activates the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway but the detailed mechanisms regulating its signaling remain unknown. Understanding them is of high importance since LTβR and its ligands are promising therapeutic targets. Here, we studied the consequences of perturbed cellular cholesterol content on LTβR-induced NF-κB signaling. METHODS To modulate cholesterol availability and/or level in lung carcinoma A549 and H2228, and endothelial HUVEC cells different treatment regimens with filipin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin were applied. LTβR localization was studied by confocal microscopy. The activity of LTβR-induced NF-κB pathway was assessed by measuring the levels of NF-κB pathway inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of RelA transcription factor by Western blotting. The NF-κB transcriptional response, production of chemokines and adhesion molecules were examined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting, respectively. Adherence of different types of primary immune cells to epithelial A549 cells and endothelial HUVECs was measured fluorometrically. Interactions of LTβR with its protein partners were investigated by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We showed that filipin-mediated sequestration of cholesterol or its depletion from the plasma membrane with methyl-β-cyclodextrin impaired LTβR internalization and potentiated LTβR-dependent activation of the canonical branch of the NF-κB pathway. The latter was manifested by enhanced degradation of IκBα inhibitor, elevated RelA phosphorylation, substantial increase in the expression of NF-κB target genes encoding, among others, cytokines and adhesion molecules known to play important roles in immune response. It was followed by robust secretion of CXCL8 and upregulation of ICAM1, that favored the adhesion of immune cells (NK and T cells, neutrophils) to A549 cells and HUVECs. Mechanistically, we showed that cholesterol depletion stabilized interactions of ligand-stimulated LTβR with modified forms of TRAF2 and NEMO proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the reduction of the plasma membrane content of cholesterol or its sequestration strongly potentiated signaling outcome initiated by LTβR. Thus, drugs modulating cholesterol levels could potentially improve efficacy of LTβR-based therapies. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Banach-Orłowska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Wyszyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Pyrzyńska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Maksymowicz
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Miączyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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El-Mahdy NA, Saleh DA, Amer MS, Abu-Risha SES. Role of allopurinol and febuxostat in the amelioration of dextran-induced colitis in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 141:105116. [PMID: 31654756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic auto-inflammatory disorder confined to the colorectal region. It is challenging to find an absolute treatment and current therapy aims to ameliorate symptoms, decrease relapses and prevent prognosis of colorectal cancer. In the present study, we investigated the possible action of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in murine colitis model by measuring different indicative parameters and comparing the results to those of the reference sulfasalazine. Also, we compared the effects of combining sulfasalazine and allopurinol to each drug alone. Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) is used in this study to induce ulcerative colitis in male wistar rats as it is known to be the closest model that mimics human ulcerative colitis. Allopurinol was given prior to colitis induction by four days and febuxostat for six days before induction with DSS (5% w/v) and continue to give them concomitantly during the induction.Il-1β, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), xanthine oxidase, and superoxide dismutase were measured in colonic tissue. We also measured concentrations of IL-1β, Il-6 and uric acid in serum. Allopurinol dose-dependently ameliorated biochemical injuries. Febuxostat has shown better results than allopurinol and sulfasalazine, and this is the first study to demonstrate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageh Ahmed El-Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina Ali Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Magdy Salah Amer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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Lima MSR, de Lima VCO, Piuvezam G, de Azevedo KPM, Maciel BLL, Morais AHDA. Mechanisms of action of molecules with anti-TNF-alpha activity on intestinal barrier inflammation: A systematic review protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17285. [PMID: 31574846 PMCID: PMC6775351 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), among cytokines that mediate the inflammatory process, plays an important role in diseases involving the loss of intestinal barrier integrity. Several molecules with anti-TNF-alpha activity have been studied aiming to develop new therapies. The purpose of this paper is to describe the systematic review protocol of experimental studies that determine mechanisms of action of molecules with anti-TNF-alpha activity on intestinal barrier inflammation. METHODS This protocol is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes Protocols (PRISMA-P). The databases to be searched are PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Experimental studies in rats or mice that assessed the activity of anti-TNF-alpha molecules in models of intestinal barrier inflammation will be included in the systematic review. Studies characteristics, experimental model, and main results will be described and the bias risk assessment will be performed. Two independent reviewers will perform study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. A narrative synthesis will be made for the included studies. Also, if sufficient data is available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. I statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS The present protocol will assist in producing a systematic review that identifies the mechanisms underlying the reduction of TNF-alpha in intestinal barrier inflammation models. CONCLUSION The systematic review may contribute to the theoretical basis of research on new molecules with anti-TNF-alpha potential and, consequently, in the development of new therapies employed in humans. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019131862.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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19
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Shi H, Huang X, Yan Z, Yang Q, Wang P, Li S, Sun W, Gun S. Effect of Clostridium perfringens type C on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in piglet small intestines. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103567. [PMID: 31163250 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), a Gram-positive bacterium, is one of the main causing piglet diarrhea, which leads serious economic loss in the world swine industries. Generally, the innate immune response plays a critical role in host defense against pathogen invasion. TLR4, a member of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) family, has been considered to implicate in the host immune responses and induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines during bacterial infection. However, little is clear about the effects of TLR4 and key signaling genes in the process of piglet inflammatory and immune responses after C. perfringens infection. This study aims to explore the effect of C. perfringens type C infection on the key mRNAs of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways during the process of piglet diarrhea. In this study, the expressions of TLR4 and other key mRNAs in the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways were quantified in piglet ileum and jejunum tissues among IR (intestinal resistance), IS (intestinal susceptibility) and IC (intestinal control) groups by qPCR and Western blot methods, the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal tissues and serum immunoglobulins were also tested by ELISA kits. Results showed that compared to IC group, expressions of ileum TLR4 and TNF-α was significantly increased in the IS and IR groups, specially TBK1 gene; the expressions of ileum TLR2, TRAF6, MyD88 and IL-8 mRNAs was significantly up-regulated in the IS group, the expressions of TLR9, NF-κB, IL-6, IFN-γ and MAPK1 genes were not significant differences among the IR, IS and IC groups. Meanwhile, the protein levels of TLR4, HMGB1 and NF-κB were higher in the IS and IR groups. The levels of jejunum IFN-γ and IL-6, ileum IL-6 and IL-12 were risen in the IR group. Serum immunoglobulin IgA and IgG in the IR and IS groups reached a peak on the 72 h and 48 h post infection, respectively. These findings suggest that C. perfringens type C infection induces host immune responses involving in the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways in ileum than in jejunum, which may provide valuable information for innate immune mechanisms involved in regulation of piglet diarrhea caused by C. perfringens type C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China; Tibet Autonomous Region Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tibet, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Shenggui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Wenyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, PR China.
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20
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Potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of salvianic acid A against atherosclerosis in vivo and vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:945-956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Gao Y, Bai D, Zhao Y, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Li Z, Lu N. LL202 ameliorates colitis against oxidative stress of macrophage by activation of the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10625-10639. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention Department of Basic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Dongsheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention Department of Basic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention Department of Basic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention Department of Basic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention Department of Basic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention Department of Basic Medicine School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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López-Posadas R, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Molecular pathways driving disease-specific alterations of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:803-826. [PMID: 27624395 PMCID: PMC11107577 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fact that chronic inflammation as well as tumorigenesis in the gut is crucially impacted by the fate of intestinal epithelial cells, our article provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, function, regulation and homeostasis of the gut epithelium. In particular, we focus on those aspects which were found to be altered in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer and also discuss potential molecular targets for a disease-specific therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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López-Posadas R, Mascaraque C, González R, Suárez MD, Zarzuelo A, Martínez-Augustin O, Sánchez de Medina F. The Bisphosphonate Pamidronate is an Intestinal Antiinflammatory Agent in Rat and Mouse Experimental Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2549-2561. [PMID: 27760076 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have antiinflammatory effects at the cardiovascular level because of inhibition of prenylation, which also probably underlies their therapeutic effects in preclinical models of inflammatory bowel disease. Another inhibitor of prenylation, namely alendronate, reduces colitis in rodents. In this study, we aim to explore the therapeutic potential of second-generation, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates in 3 preclinical models of colitis. METHODS The trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and dextran sulfate sodium models of rat colitis and the adoptive lymphocyte transfer model of colitis in mice were used. Pamidronate, alendronate, and ibandronate were tested. Treatments were administered in equimolar doses through the oral or intraperitoneal route. The effect of pamidronate on prenylation and cytokine release was assessed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Pretreatment with pamidronate, but not with ibandronate or alendronate, improves chemically induced trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and dextran sulfate sodium colitis in rats. Moreover, this beneficial effect is extended to lymphocyte transfer colitis. Pamidronate has no effect on intestinal epithelial cells in vitro in terms of cytokine/chemokine release, but enhances IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 production by T cells in coculture. Pamidronate also exerts a direct immunomodulatory effect on T cells, favoring Th1 differentiation and impairing Th17 polarization. CONCLUSIONS Pamidronate presents antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in 3 different models of experimental colitis in rodents. This effect requires oral administration and may involve T cells in the gut mucosa, although the exact mechanism is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- *Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada; Dr. Rocío López-Posadas is now with the Medical Clinic 1, Translational Research Center, University Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Dr. Cristina Mascaraque is now with the IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and†Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Lei A, Yang Q, Li X, Chen H, Shi M, Xiao Q, Cao Y, He Y, Zhou J. Atorvastatin promotes the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and attenuates murine colitis. Immunology 2016; 149:432-446. [PMID: 27548304 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, widely prescribed as cholesterol-lowering drugs, have recently been extensively studied for their pleiotropic effects on immune systems, especially their beneficial effects on autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. However, the mechanism of statin-induced immunosuppression is far from understood. Here, we found that atorvastatin promoted the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) both in vitro and in vivo. Atorvastatin-derived MDSCs suppressed T-cell responses by nitric oxide production. Addition of mevalonate, a downstream metabolite of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, almost completely abrogated the effect of atorvastatin on MDSCs, indicating that the mevalonate pathway was involved. Along with the amelioration of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) -induced murine acute and chronic colitis, we observed a higher MDSC level both in spleen and intestine tissue compared with that from DSS control mice. More importantly, transfer of atorvastatin-derived MDSCs attenuated DSS acute colitis and T-cell transfer of chronic colitis. Hence, our data suggest that the expansion of MDSCs induced by statins may exert a beneficial effect on autoimmune diseases. In summary, our study provides a novel potential mechanism for statins-based treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and perhaps other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Lei
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Chen
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maohua Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjiao Cao
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei He
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Programme in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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Classical swine fever virus NS5A protein changed inflammatory cytokine secretion in porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Virol J 2016; 13:101. [PMID: 27296632 PMCID: PMC4907015 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by CSF virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious disease of the pigs. A number of studies have suggested that CSFV non-structural (NS) 5A protein is involved in CSFV-associated pathogenesis, but its mechanism is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of NS5A protein in CSFV-associated pathogenesis in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Methods After PAMs cultured in vitro were transfected with CSFV NS5A, the alterations in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression were determined by ELISA, the RIG-I signaling activity related to inflammatory cytokine secretion was investigated by Western blot and Immunofluorescent staining. Results It was suggested that, the stable expressed CSFV NS5A solely had no influence on the expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in PAMs Moreover, NS5A protein could suppressed IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression induced by poly(I:C). It was also showed that NS5A protein did not impair the expressions of RIG-I, MDA5, IPS-1, NF-κB and IkBα in cells without poly(I:C) stimulation. Protein expressions of RIG-I, MDA5, IPS-1, NF-κB were not disrupted by NS5A protein in poly(I:C)-stimulated cells, while poly(I:C)-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and activity was obviously suppressed by this protein. A suppression in poly(I:C)-induced IkBα degradation in NS5A-expressing cells was also observed. Conclusion These data indicated that CSFV NS5A protein could inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokine induced by poly(I:C) through the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway, indicating the participation of CSFV NS5A protein in the pathogenesis of CSFV.
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Atorvastatin attenuates TNBS-induced rat colitis: the involvement of the TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:109-18. [PMID: 27038922 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study is to explore whether atorvastatin improves intestinal inflammation through the inhibition of the TLR4/NFkB signaling pathway in TNBS-induced rat colitis. METHODS Acute colitis was induced by intra-rectal administration of 100 mg/kg TNBS dissolved in 0.25 ml of 50 % ethanol. Twenty four hours after colitis induction, saline, atorvastatin (20 and 40 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) were given to the animals by oral route. This was repeated daily for 1 week. Body weight changes, macroscopic and microscopic lesions were assessed. MPO and TNF-α activities were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the expression level of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 proteins were measured by western blotting analysis. RESULTS Atorvastatin and sulfasalazine reduced the body weight loss, macroscopic and microscopic lesions. Additionally, both drugs decreased the expression of MPO and TNF-α positive cells in the colon tissue. Furthermore, they inhibited the TNBS-induced expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 proteins. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin on TNBS-induced rat colitis may involve the inhibition of the TLR4/NFkB signaling pathway.
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Abstract
Statins are among the most widely prescribed medications in the world. In addition to lowering cholesterol, statins have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in multiple studies. For example, statins modulate the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in decreased T-cell activation and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. Statins have also been demonstrated to inhibit the migration of leukocytes across vascular endothelium into tissues. Although most research on the immune effects of statins has been conducted in the context of cardiovascular, rheumatological, or metabolic disease, various studies have shown that statins may have a significant impact on intestinal immunity and mucosal inflammation. Clinical research has suggested that statins may have benefit in inflammatory bowel disease. In this article, we review the effect of statins on the immune system and gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Zherebiatiev AS, Kamyshny AM. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and ATG16L1 protein in experimental oxazolone-induced colitis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 61:57-64. [PMID: 26845845 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expression of AhR and ATG16L1 protein in experimental oxazolone-induced colitis in rats and anti-inflammatory action of recombinant antagonist of IL-1 receptors (ARIL-1) and simvastatin. The immunopositive cells were determined using an indirect immunofluorescence technique with using a monoclonal rat antibody. It has been established that development of colitis was accompanied by an increase of total number of ATG16L1-lymphocytes (by 30%, P < 0.05) in lymphoid structures of the colon. However the amount of AhR(+)-lymphocytes has not changed. At the same time has increased the concentration of ATG16L1 protein (by 4-11%, P < 0.05) in immunopositive cells. Administration of simvastatin and ARIL-1 during the development of experimental pathology was accompanied by decrease of total number of AhR(+) (by 24-38%, P < 0.05) and ATG16L1(+)-lymphocytes (by 43% - 2 fold, P < 0.05) in the colon.
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Xia W, Mo H. Potential of tocotrienols in the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 31:1-9. [PMID: 27133418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD); clinical trials are underway to reduce amyloid generation and deposition, a neuropathological hallmark in brains of AD patients. While genetic factors and neuroinflammation contribute significantly to AD pathogenesis, whether increased cholesterol level is a causative factor or a result of AD is equivocal. Prenylation of proteins regulating neuronal functions requires mevalonate-derived farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). The observation that the levels of FPP and GGPP, but not that of cholesterol, are elevated in AD patients is consistent with the finding that statins, competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, reduce FPP and GGPP levels and amyloid β protein production in preclinical studies. Retrospective studies show inverse correlations between incidence of AD and the intake and serum levels of the HMG CoA reductase-suppressive tocotrienols; tocopherols show mixed results. Tocotrienols, but not tocopherols, block the processing and nuclear localization of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, the transcriptional factor for HMG CoA reductase and FPP synthase, and enhance the degradation of HMG CoA reductase. Consequently, tocotrienols deplete the pool of FPP and GGPP and potentially blunt prenylation-dependent AD pathogenesis. The antiinflammatory activity of tocotrienols further contributes to their protection against AD. The mevalonate- and inflammation-suppressive activities of tocotrienols may represent those of an estimated 23,000 mevalonate-derived plant secondary metabolites called isoprenoids, many of which are neuroprotective. Tocotrienol-containing plant foods and tocotrienol derivatives and formulations with enhanced bioavailability may offer a novel approach in AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, ENR Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA.
| | - Huanbiao Mo
- Department of Nutrition, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
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Khalil D, Boktor M, Mortensen EM, Frei CR, Mansi I. Comparison of frequency of inflammatory bowel disease and noninfectious gastroenteritis among statin users versus nonusers. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115:1396-401. [PMID: 25784517 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting data exist regarding the effects of statin therapy on the prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases. We aimed to examine the association of statin therapy with diagnoses of inflammatory bowel diseases and noninfectious gastroenteritis. This is a retrospective study using data of a military health care system from October 1, 2003, to March 1, 2012. Based on medication fills during fiscal year 2005, patients were divided into: (1) statin users (received at least 90-day supply of statin) and (2) nonusers (never received a statin). A propensity score-matched cohort of statin users and nonusers was created using 80 variables. Primary analysis examined the risks of being diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases and noninfectious gastroenteritis between statin users and nonusers in the propensity score-matched cohort. Secondary analyses examined the risk of outcomes in the whole cohort and in patients with no comorbidities according to Charlson Comorbidity Index. Of 43,438 patients meeting study criteria (13,626 statin users and 29,812 nonusers), we propensity score matched 6,342 statin users with 6,342 nonusers. For our primary analysis, 93 statin users and 92 nonusers were diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases (odds ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval = 0.76 to 1.35), and 632 statin users and 619 nonusers were diagnosed of noninfectious gastroenteritis (odds ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.91 to 1.15). In conclusion, the risks of inflammatory bowel diseases and noninfectious gastroenteritis among statin users and nonusers are similar after adjusting for other potential confounding factors.
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Singh S, Kullo IJ, Pardi DS, Loftus EV. Epidemiology, risk factors and management of cardiovascular diseases in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12:26-35. [PMID: 25446727 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IBD is an established risk factor for venous thromboembolism. In the past few years, studies have suggested that patients with IBD might also be at an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. The increased risk is thought to be similar to the level of risk seen in patients with other chronic systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The risk of developing these conditions is particularly increased in young adults with IBD, and more so in women than in men. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are not over-represented in patients with IBD, so the increased risk could be attributable to inflammation-mediated atherosclerosis. Patients with IBD often have premature atherosclerosis and have biochemical and genetic markers similar to those seen in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The role of chronic inflammation in IBD-associated cardiovascular disease merits further evaluation. Particular attention should be given to the increased risk observed during periods of increased disease activity and potential modification of the risk by immunosuppressive and biologic therapies for IBD that can modify the disease activity. In addition, preclinical studies suggest that cardiovascular medications such as statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors might also favourably modify IBD disease activity, which warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Darrell S Pardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Edward V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Oishi M, Tokuhara K, Miki H, Tanaka Y, Yamaki S, Kaibori M, Yoshizawa K, Yuri T, Yoshigai E, Nishizawa M, Okumura T, Kwon AH. Temporal and spatial dependence of inflammatory biomarkers and suppression by fluvastatin in dextran sodium sulfate-induced rat colitis model. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2126-35. [PMID: 24781162 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in rats is widely used as an experimental model for elucidating the etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and developing its novel remedy. We investigated the temporal and spatial changes in inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the regions of rectum and distal colon and examined whether statins, which were designed to lower plasma cholesterol levels, influenced those mediators. METHODS Colitis was induced in rats by oral administration of 5 % DSS for 5 days, followed by 2 % DSS for 10 days. 5 % DSS rats were treated with fluvastatin (20 mg/kg) concomitantly for 5 days. The expression of inflammatory mediators of a sequence of four regions in rectum (R) and distal colon (D0, D1, and D2) was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The peak of colitic damage, which was confirmed clinically and histopathologically, was found on days 4-6. The expression of TNF-α, iNOS, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 mRNA increased in R time dependently, showing the peak on days 4-6, and then decreased thereafter. The levels of mRNAs reduced from R to D0, D1, and D2 region dependently. Fluvastatin decreased the expression of these markers in addition to the prevention of DSS-induced damage. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that the expression of inflammatory biomarkers had time and region specificity and was markedly inhibited by fluvastatin. To obtain a precise drug effect for UC, it is important to elucidate the temporal and spatial dependence of inflammatory biomarkers in DSS colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Oishi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan,
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Chun J, Lee C, Hwang SW, Im JP, Kim JS. Ursolic acid inhibits nuclear factor-κB signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and attenuates experimental colitis in mice. Life Sci 2014; 110:23-34. [PMID: 24992474 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid acid, has been reported to show immunomodulatory activity. This study investigated the effects of UA on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in cells and experimental murine colitis. MAIN METHODS Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) COLO 205 and peritoneal macrophages from IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice were pretreated with UA and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The effect of UA on NF-κB signaling was examined by immunoblot analysis to detect IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay to assess the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. For in vivo studies, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 wild-type mice and chronic colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice were treated with or without UA. Colitis was quantified by histopathologic evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated IκBα was performed in the colonic tissue. KEY FINDINGS UA significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and NF-κB DNA binding activity in both IEC and IL-10(-/-) peritoneal macrophages stimulated with TNF-α and LPS, respectively. UA significantly reduced the severity of DSS-induced murine colitis, as assessed by the disease activity index, colon length, and histopathology. UA also significantly ameliorated the severity of colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice. Furthermore, UA suppressed IκBα phosphorylation in the colonic tissue. SIGNIFICANCE UA inhibits NF-κB activation in both IECs and macrophages, and attenuates experimental murine colitis. These results suggest that UA is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Al-Ghoul WM, Kim MS, Fazal N, Azim AC, Ali A. Evidence for simvastatin anti-inflammatory actions based on quantitative analyses of NETosis and other inflammation/oxidation markers. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 4:14-22. [PMID: 24809006 PMCID: PMC4009405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SMV) has been shown to exhibit promising anti-inflammatory properties alongside its classic cholesterol lowering action. We tested these emerging effects in a major thermal injury mouse model (3rd degree scald, ~20% TBSA) with previously documented, inflammation-mediated intestinal defects. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) inflammation measurement methods were used alongside classic gut mucosa inflammation and leakiness measurements with exogenous melatonin treatment as a positive control. Our hypothesis is that simvastatin has protective therapeutic effects against early postburn gut mucosa inflammation and leakiness. To test this hypothesis, we compared untreated thermal injury (TI) adult male mice with TI littermates treated with simvastatin (0.2 mg/kg i.p., TI + SMV) immediately following burn injury and two hours before being sacrificed the day after; melatonin-treated (Mel) (1.86 mg/kg i.p., TI + Mel) mice were compared as a positive control. Mice were assessed for the following: (1) tissue oxidation and neutrophil infiltration in terminal ileum mucosa using classic carbonyl, Gr-1, and myeloperoxidase immunohistochemical or biochemical assays, (2) NETosis in terminal ileum and colon mucosa homogenates and peritoneal and fluid blood samples utilizing flow cytometric analyses of the surrogate NETosis biomarkers, picogreen and Gr-1, and (3) transepithelial gut leakiness as measured in terminal ileum and colon with FITC-dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Our results reveal that simvastatin and melatonin exhibit consistently comparable therapeutic protective effects against the following: (1) gut mucosa oxidative stress as revealed in the terminal ileum by markers of protein carbonylation as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Gr-1 infiltration, (2) NETosis as revealed in the gut milieu, peritoneal lavage and plasma utilizing picogreen and Gr-1 flow cytometry and microscopy, and (3) transepithelial gut leakiness as assessed in the ileum and colon by FITC-dextran leakiness and TEER. Thus, simvastatin exhibits strong acute anti-inflammatory actions associated with marked decreases in gut tissue and systemic NETosis and decreased gut mucosa leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M. Al-Ghoul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Margarita S. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nadeem Fazal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anser C. Azim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashraf Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
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The impact of anti-inflammatory agents on the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xiao HT, Lin CY, Ho DHH, Peng J, Chen Y, Tsang SW, Wong M, Zhang XJ, Zhang M, Bian ZX. Inhibitory effect of the gallotannin corilagin on dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2120-2125. [PMID: 24200352 DOI: 10.1021/np4006772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of corilagin (1) was evaluated in an acute colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice, and the mechanism of action was investigated in this study. Animals were challenged with 2% DSS drinking water for 5 consecutive days and then intraperitoneally treated with 1 (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. It was found that 1 significantly decreased the disease activity index, inhibited the shortening of colon length, reduced colon tissue damage, and suppressed myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, 1 greatly suppressed the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, inhibited the degradation of IκB α, and down-regulated expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 in colon tissues of DSS-treated mice. These findings demonstrated that 1 exerts a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis, and its underlying mechanisms are associated with inhibition of the NF-κB pathway that mitigates colon inflammatory responses and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Xiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Lee C, Chun J, Hwang SW, Kang SJ, Im JP, Kim JS. Enalapril inhibits nuclear factor-κB signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and peritoneal macrophages and attenuates experimental colitis in mice. Life Sci 2013; 95:29-39. [PMID: 24239644 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, has pleiotropic effects such as anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the effect of enalapril on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and on experimental colitis. MAIN METHODS The human intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line COLO 205 and peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 wild-type mice and IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice were prepared and subsequently stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or LPS plus enalapril. The effect of enalapril on NF-κB signaling was examined by western blotting to detect IκBα phosphorylation/degradation; an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to assess the DNA binding activity of NF-κB; and ELISAs to qualify IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 production. In in vivo studies, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis in wild-type mice and chronic colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice were treated with or without enalapril. Colitis was quantified by histologic scoring, and the phosphorylation of IκBα in the colonic mucosa was assessed using immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Enalapril significantly inhibited LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation/degradation, NF-κB binding activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in both IEC and peritoneal macrophages. The administration of enalapril significantly reduced the severity of colitis, as assessed based on histology in both murine colitis models. Furthermore, in colon tissue, the up-regulation of IκBα phosphorylation with colitis induction was attenuated in enalapril-treated mice. SIGNIFICANCE Enalapril may block the NF-κB signaling pathway, inhibit the activation of IECs and macrophages, and attenuate experimental murine colitis by down-regulating IκBα phosphorylation. These findings suggest that enalapril is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Statins directly suppress cytokine production in murine intraepithelial lymphocytes. Cytokine 2013; 61:540-5. [PMID: 23290865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are known not only as cholesterol-lowering agents but also as anti-inflammatory mediators. However, their regulatory effect on intestinal mucosal immunity remains unclear. The present study examined the possible direct effects of statin on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), the front line cells of the intestinal mucosal immune system. Murine IELs were isolated from the small intestines of C57BL/6 mice. IELs activated with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies produced interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-4 in significant numbers; however, they did not produce IL-5. Both simvastatin and lovastatin suppressed IEL production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-4 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 48-h treatment with high concentrations (5 × 10(-5)M) of simvastatin and lovastatin did not affect the number of IELs. The suppressive effect of the simvastatin was significantly restored by the addition of mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt, which are downstream metabolites of HMG-CoA. These findings suggest that statins have direct suppressive effects on the production of T helper 1-cytokines and IL-4 in IELs; these effects are associated with inhibition of the mevalonate pathway to some extent.
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Mekhail GM, Kamel AO, Awad GA, Mortada ND. Anticancer effect of atorvastatin nanostructured polymeric micelles based on stearyl-grafted chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:351-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kang HW, Kim JM, Cha MY, Jung HC, Song IS, Kim JS. Deguelin, an Akt inhibitor, down-regulates NF-κB signaling and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in mice. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2873-82. [PMID: 22623043 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, is known to be an Akt inhibitor and to have an anti-tumor effect on several cancers. AIMS This study was performed to elucidate the effect of deguelin on apoptotic pathways related to NF-κB signaling in colon cancer cells and on the anti-tumor effect in colon cancer xenograft mice. METHODS We studied COLO 205 and HCT116 cells in the presence or absence of deguelin. NF-κB signaling was examined by real-time RT-PCR for interleukin (IL)-8, by Western blotting for IκB phosphorylation/degradation, and by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cell death was determined by the MTT assay, and apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC staining and caspase-3 activity. We also assessed the expression of antiapoptotic and proapoptotic factors by use of RT-PCR. In colon cancer xenograft mice, we evaluated the effect of deguelin on inoculated tumor growth, and apoptotic index was measured by the in vivo TUNEL assay. RESULTS Deguelin significantly inhibited IL-8 gene expression, IκB phosphorylation/degradation, and DNA binding activity of NF-κB in colon cancer cells. Deguelin induced cell death and apoptosis in colon cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Deguelin down-regulated expression of NF-κB-mediated antiapoptotic factors such as cFLIP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X(L). In the colon cancer xenograft model, the volume of the tumor treated with deguelin was significantly lower than that of the control, and the apoptotic index for deguelin-treated mice was much higher. CONCLUSION Deguelin might be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Basraon SK, Menon R, Makhlouf M, Longo M, Hankins GD, Saade GR, Costantine MM. Can statins reduce the inflammatory response associated with preterm birth in an animal model? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:224.e1-7. [PMID: 22939729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effect of statins on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in a mouse model of preterm birth (PTB). STUDY DESIGN Day 15 CD1 mice were randomly allocated to intraperitoneal LPS injection (100 μg) or control. Mice in the LPS group were pretreated, 16 and 2 hours prior, with pravastatin (10 μg/g), simvastatin (10 μg/g), or vehicle control. Animals were sacrificed 6 hours after LPS. Cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the uterus and cervix, and concentrations in the maternal serum and amniotic fluid (AF) were determined. RESULTS Pravastatin reduced interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression in the uterus and cervix, respectively, and serum IL-1β and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) concentrations. Simvastatin reduced IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expressions in the uterus, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the cervix, and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and interferon-γ concentrations in the serum and IL-6 in AF. CONCLUSION Statins reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in a mouse model of PTB.
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Crockett SD, Hansen RA, Stürmer T, Schectman R, Darter J, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Statins are associated with reduced use of steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1048-56. [PMID: 21826766 PMCID: PMC3213287 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin medications have antiinflammatory effects. We sought to determine whether statin use in persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was associated with reduced rates of steroid use or other markers of disease activity. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using administrative data. Statin users with IBD were compared to statin-unexposed IBD subjects. The primary outcome was an oral steroid prescription; secondary outcomes included anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) initiation, hospitalization, or abdominal surgery. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The study cohort included 1986 statin-exposed and 9871 unexposed subjects. Statin use was associated with an 18% reduction in the rate of steroid initiation (HR 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71, 0.94). A statistically significant result was seen with atorvastatin only (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60, 0.96). Statins were associated with a reduced rate of steroids in ulcerative colitis (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62, 0.91), but not in Crohn's disease (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.74, 1.12). Statin use was associated with reduced hazard of anti-TNF use (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.46, 1.11), abdominal surgery (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.63, 1.02), and hospitalization (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74, 1.05), but these results did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS In this large retrospective cohort study, statin use among persons with IBD was associated with reduced use of oral steroids, particularly for ulcerative colitis. Prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm whether adjuvant treatment of IBD with statin drugs may spare immunosuppressant therapy or ameliorate flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Crockett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Kwak JH, Jung JK, Lee H. Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors; a patent review (2006-2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1897-910. [PMID: 22098320 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.638285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, as transcription factor, is linked to the expression of various genes and plays an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal NF-κB signaling results in human diseases, such as immune disorders, inflammation and various cancers. Therefore, regulation of NF-κB may treat or improve the symptoms in human disorders. AREAS COVERED This review provides information on recent NF-κB inhibitor-related patents from 2006 to 2010. The patents are explained and categorized by mechanism. The reader will gain an understanding of NF-κB function and the structure and biological activity of recently developed NF-κB inhibitors that may be new drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION NF-κB plays an essential role in the human body and thus regulation of NF-κB is very important for the treatment of diseases. Furthermore, patented compounds and peptides are available as lead compounds in drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kwak
- Chungbuk National University, College of Pharmacy, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Abe Y, Murano M, Murano N, Morita E, Inoue T, Kawakami K, Ishida K, Kuramoto T, Kakimoto K, Okada T, Narabayashi K, Umegaki E, Higuchi K. Simvastatin attenuates intestinal fibrosis independent of the anti-inflammatory effect by promoting fibroblast/myofibroblast apoptosis in the regeneration/healing process from TNBS-induced colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:335-44. [PMID: 21909991 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal deformity and stenosis are induced by fibrosis during the process healing of intestinal chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Potent anti-inflammatory treatment of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) may induce fibrous stenosis, and this is often difficult to treat in clinical practice. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a treatment strategy that concomitantly exhibits repair/regenerative and anti-fibrotic effects, in addition to the current anti-inflammatory effect, for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the relationship between the course of inflammatory activity and the healing process and fibrogenesis has not been elucidated; although the complex involvement of various factors in the mechanism of biological fibrosis has been investigated. Simvastatin (SIMV), an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. The current study established a model of the regeneration/healing process from TNBS-induced colitis and investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of SIMV. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Four groups of TNBS-induced colitis model were prepared using male SJL/J mice: A: Normal control group, B: control group, and C and D: treatment groups. The mucosal healing process was classified into three phases (an early phase: inflammation period, a mid-phase: regeneration promoting period, and a late phase: regeneration-converging period), and inflammation, the expression of fibrosis-related growth factors, and induction of apoptosis of fibrosis-related cells were compared in each period. RESULTS (1) The clinical findings showed that SIMV showed anti-inflammatory effects with body weight gain and improvement of epithelial injury in the late phase. Histological (macroscopic/microscopic) improvement was noted in the mid- and late phases. The inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) level significantly decreased in the mid- and late phases in the high-dose treatment group. (2) SIMV also had anti-fibrotic effects characterized by a dose-dependent decrease in the level of a fibrosis-related growth factor (CTGF) in the early and mid-phases, irrespective of inflammation or changes in the TGF-β(1) level. Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis was noted in both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from a relatively early stage. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that SIMV induces anti-fibrotic activity that is not directly involved in the anti-inflammatory effect from a relatively early stage the healing process of TNBS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Abe
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
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Lokhandwala T, West-Strum D, Banahan BF, Bentley JP, Yang Y. Do statins improve outcomes in patients with asthma on inhaled corticosteroid therapy? A retrospective cohort analysis. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001279. [PMID: 22619271 PMCID: PMC3364455 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Animal studies and clinical trials have examined the potential benefits of statins in asthma management with contradictory results. The objective of this study was to determine if asthma patients on concurrent statins are less likely to have asthma-related hospitalisations. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study using Mississippi Medicaid data for 2002-2004. PARTICIPANTS Asthma patients ≥18 years were identified using the ICD9 code 493.xx from 1 July 2002 through 31 December 2003. The index date for an exposed subject was any date within the identification period, 180 days prior to which the subject had at least one inhaled corticosteroid prescription and at least an 80% adherence rate to statins. Asthma patients on inhaled corticosteroids, but not on statins, were selected as the unexposed population. The two groups were matched and followed for 1 year beginning the index date. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Patient outcomes in terms of hospitalisations and ER visits were compared using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS After matching, there were 479 exposed subjects and 958 corresponding unexposed subjects. The odds of asthma-related hospitalisation and/or emergency room (ER) visits for asthma patients on concurrent statins were almost half the odds for patients not on statins (OR=0.55; 95% CI (0.37 to 0.84); p=0.0059). Similarly, the odds of asthma-related ER visits were significantly lower for patients on statins (OR=0.48; 95% CI (0.28 to 0.82); p=0.0069). CONCLUSION The findings suggest beneficial effects of statins in asthma management. Further prospective investigations are required to provide more conclusive evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Lokhandwala
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Donna West-Strum
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Benjamin F Banahan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, Center for Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - John P Bentley
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Liu X, Wang JM. Iridoid glycosides fraction of Folium syringae leaves modulates NF-κB signal pathway and intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in experimental colitis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24740. [PMID: 21931839 PMCID: PMC3172289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Iridoid glycosides (IG), the major active fraction of F. syringae leaves has been demonstrated to have strong anti-inflammatory properties to ulcerative colitis (UC) in our previous study. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IG modulates the inflammatory response in experimental colitis at the level of NF-κB signal pathway and epithelial cell apoptosis. METHODS UC in rats was induced by administration with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. The inflammatory damage was assessed by disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic findings, histology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The effect of IG on pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8, COX-2 and regulatory peptide TGF-β1 was measured. Epithelial cell apoptosis and the protein and mRNA expressions of Fas/FasL, Bcl-2/Bax, caspase-3, NF-κB p65, IκBα, p-IκBα and IKKβ were detected by TUNEL method, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS IG significantly ameliorated macroscopic damage and histological changes, reduced the activity of MPO, and strongly inhibited epithelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, IG markedly depressed TNF-α, IL-8, COX-2 and TGF-β1 levels in the colon tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, IG significantly blocked of NF-κB signaling by inhibiting IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and IKKβ activity, down-regulated the protein and mRNA expressions of Fas/FasL, Bax and caspase-3, and activated Bcl-2 in intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated for the first time that IG possessed marked protective effects on experimental colitis through inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis and blockade of NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Im JP, Ye BD, Kim JM, Jung HC, Song IS, Kim JS. Rectal administration of lipopolysaccharide and ovalbumin ameliorates acute murine colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2292-8. [PMID: 21359540 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated challenges of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, and oral administration of ovalbumin (OVA) induces mucosal tolerance in vivo. However, the effect of local administration of LPS and OVA on experimental colitis in vivo remains unknown. AIMS This study was performed to elucidate the effect of rectal administration of LPS and OVA on an acute murine colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). METHODS BALB/c mice were rectally administered LPS with or without OVA followed by 3% DSS. Colitis was assessed by disease activity index (DAI) including weight loss, stool consistency and rectal bleeding, and histopathology. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined using the Western blot analysis. IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA levels in colonic tissue were assessed using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS LPS administration significantly attenuated the severity of acute DSS-induced colitis as assessed by DAI and histopathologic scoring compared with the control group. Combined treatment of LPS and OVA restored body weight loss and further ameliorated the severity of acute DSS colitis. LPS pretreatment regardless of OVA administration decreased TLR4 expression. LPS and OVA pretreatment reduced IL-6 and IFN-γ mRNA expression and increased IL-10 mRNA expression compared with controls. CONCLUSION Rectal administration of LPS attenuated acute murine colitis, possibly through TLR4 down-regulation, and combined treatment of OVA additionally ameliorated colonic inflammation associated with up-regulation of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
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Koh SJ, Kim JM, Kim IK, Kim N, Jung HC, Song IS, Kim JS. Fluoxetine inhibits NF-κB signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and ameliorates experimental colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G9-19. [PMID: 21436313 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00267.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is known to demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity, little information is available on the effect of fluoxetine regarding intestinal inflammation. This study investigates the role of fluoxetine in the attenuation of acute murine colitis by suppression of the NF-κB pathway in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Fluoxetine significantly inhibited activated NF-κB signals and the upregulated expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in COLO 205 colon epithelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Pretreatment with fluoxetine attenuated the increased IκB kinase (IKK) and IκBα phosphorylation induced by TNF-α. In a murine model, administration of fluoxetine significantly reduced the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, as assessed by the disease activity index, colon length, and histology. In addition, the DSS-induced phospho-IKK activation, myeloperoxidase activity, a parameter of neutrophil accumulation, and the secretion of macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, a mouse homolog of IL-8, were significantly decreased in fluoxetine-pretreated mice. Moreover, fluoxetine significantly attenuated the development of colon cancer in mice inoculated with azoxymethane and DSS. These results indicate that fluoxetine inhibits NF-κB activation in IEC and that it ameliorates DSS-induced acute murine colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis, suggesting that fluoxetine is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Korea
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Gálvez-Llompart M, Recio MC, García-Domenech R. Topological virtual screening: a way to find new compounds active in ulcerative colitis by inhibiting NF-κB. Mol Divers 2011; 15:917-26. [PMID: 21717125 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-011-9323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating expression of multiple inflammatory and immune genes. In this study, a Topological Virtual Screening study has been carried out to achieve a model capable of finding new compounds active in ulcerative colitis by inhibiting NF-κB. Different topological indices were used as structural descriptors, and their relation to biological activity was determined using linear discriminant analysis. A topological model consisting of two discriminant functions was built up. The first function focused in the discrimination between NF-κB active and inactive compounds, and the second one in distinguishing between compounds active and inactive on ulcerative colitis. The model was then applied sequentially to a large database of compounds with unknown activity. Twenty-eight of such compounds were predicted to be active and selected for in vitro and in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gálvez-Llompart
- Molecular Connectivity and Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. VA Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Goel GA, Kandiel A, Achkar JP, Lashner B. Molecular pathways underlying IBD-associated colorectal neoplasia: therapeutic implications. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:719-30. [PMID: 21386829 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, depending upon the duration and severity, are frequently associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. A classic paradigm is the enhanced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process that involves accumulation of genetic defects, protein modification, and cell-matrix interaction. In this review, we discuss aspects of chronic inflammation in IBD that influence the development of CRC and highlight the key molecular mediators involved in this process. Also, we identify potential targets that could facilitate earlier detection of dysplasia. The targeted manipulation of specific molecules or pathways could provide opportunities for the development of therapeutic and chemopreventive interventions, which may prove effective in arresting the progression of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), with clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gati A Goel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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