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Yoon JY, Park S, Lee D, Park OJ, Lee W, Han SH. Lipoteichoic Acid from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG as a Novel Intracanal Medicament Targeting Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00165-6. [PMID: 39347874 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The demand for safe and effective endodontic medicaments to control Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, a contributor to apical periodontitis, is increasing. Recently, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of family Lactobacillaceae has been shown to have anti-biofilm effects against various oral pathogens. Preliminary experiments showed that LTA purified from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (Lgg.LTA) was the most effective against E. faecalis biofilms among LTAs from three Lactobacillaceae including L. rhamnosus GG, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential of Lgg.LTA as an intracanal medicament in human root canals infected with E. faecalis. Twenty eight dentinal cylinders were prepared from extracted human teeth, where two-week-old E. faecalis biofilms were formed followed by intracanal treatment with sterile distilled water (SDW), N-2 methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), calcium hydroxide (CH), or Lgg.LTA. Bacteria and biofilms that formed in the root canals were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The remaining E. faecalis cells in the root canals after intracanal medicament treatment were enumerated by culturing and counting. When applied to intracanal biofilms, Lgg.LTA effectively inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation as much as CH, while SDW and NMP had little effect. Furthermore, Lgg.LTA reduced both live and dead bacteria within the dentinal tubules, indicating the possibility of minimal re-infection in the root canals. Collectively, intracanal application of Lgg.LTA effectively inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation, implying that Lgg.LTA can be used as a novel endodontic medicament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Yoon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Somin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - WooCheol Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang S, Li P, Zhang X, Ding Y, Wang T, Lee S, Xu Y, Lim C, Shang N. Lipoteichoic Acid from Heyndrickxia coagulans HOM5301 Modulates the Immune Response of RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Nutrients 2024; 16:3014. [PMID: 39275329 PMCID: PMC11396992 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Heyndrickxia coagulans (formerly Bacillus coagulans) has been increasingly utilized as an immunomodulatory probiotics. Oral administration of H. coagulans HOM5301 significantly boosted both innate and adaptive immunity in mice, particularly by increasing the phagocytic capacity of monocytes/macrophages. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) in Gram-positive bacteria, exhibits differential immunomodulatory effects due to its structural heterogeneity. We extracted, purified, and characterized LTA from H. coagulans HOM5301. The results showed that HOM5301 LTA consists of a glycerophosphate backbone. Its molecular weight is in the range of 10-16 kDa. HOM5301 LTA induced greater productions of nitric oxide, TNFα, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to Staphylococcus aureus LTA. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses identified the differentially expressed genes and proteins triggered by HOM5301 LTA. KEGG analyses revealed that HOM5301 LTA transcriptionally and translationally activated macrophages through two immune-related pathways: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and phagosome formation. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that the pro-inflammatory response elicited by HOM5301 LTA was TLR2-dependent, possibly requiring the coreceptor CD14, and is mediated via the MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways. Our results demonstrate that LTA is an important MAMP of H. coagulans HOM5301 that boosts immune responses, suggesting that HOM5301 LTA may be a promising immunoadjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Healthy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pinglan Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
| | - Suwon Lee
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
| | - Chongyoon Lim
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
| | - Nan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Healthy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Shiraishi T, Matsuzaki C, Chiou TY, Kumeta H, Kawada M, Yamamoto K, Takahashi T, Yokota SI. Lipoteichoic acid composed of poly-glycerolphosphate containing l-lysine and involved in immunoglobulin A-inducing activity in Apilactobacillus genus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132540. [PMID: 38782319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the gram-positive bacterial cell wall acts as an immunomodulatory factor in host cells. The chemical structures vary among bacterial species and strains, and may be related to biological activities. In our previous work, much higher immunoglobulin A (IgA)-inducing activity was observed in cells of the Apilactobacillus genus (Apilactobacillus kosoi 10HT, Apilactobacillus apinorum JCM 30765T, and Apilactobacillus kunkeei JCM 16173T) than other lactic acid bacteria, and their LTA was responsible for the activity. In the present study, we elucidated the chemical structures of LTA from these Apilactobacillus strains to explore the structure-function relationship of the IgA-inducing activity. The 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggested that their LTA structures were similar. All have a poly-glycerolphosphate main chain, which comprised 12 to 20 average number of the repeating units, with partial substitutions of glucose(α1-, glucosyl(α1-2)glucose(α1- (α-linked-kojibiose), and l-lysine at the C-2 hydroxy group of the glycerol residue. l-Lysine is a substituent never seen before in LTA, and is a probable characteristic of the Apilactobacillus genus. Removal of l-lysine residue from LTA by mild alkaline treatment decreased IgA induction in murine Peyer's patch experiments. The novel l-lysine residue in Apilactobacillus LTA plays a crucial role in the remarkably high IgA-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Shiraishi
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Matsuzaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tai-Ying Chiou
- School of Regional Innovation and Social Design Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumeta
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Manami Kawada
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Center for Innovative and Joint Research, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takahashi
- ARSOA Research & Development Center, Arsoa Keioh Group Corporation, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-8522, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
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Mahdizade Ari M, Mirkalantari S, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Darbandi A, Razavi S, Talebi M. Investigating the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. on cariogenic and periodontitis pathogens. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1383959. [PMID: 38881669 PMCID: PMC11177620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1383959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The use of probiotics is emerging as an innovative approach to managing oral health issues and mediating the immune system. The current study assessed the in vitro impacts of non-orally isolated probiotics on periodontitis and tooth decay pathogens. Methods Briefly, the persistence of probiotics in exposure to oral cavity enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, and saliva samples was examined. It was also investigated the biofilm formation and aggregation ability of probiotics, the adherence of probiotics in human gingival fibroblast cell (HGFC) lines and molar teeth samples, and the potential of probiotics to co-aggregate with oral pathogens. Additionally, the current study evaluated the effects of live probiotics on virulence gene expression, biofilm production of main oral pathogens, and changes in inflammation markers. Results The probiotics remained alive when exposed to enzymes in the oral cavity, hydrogen peroxide, and saliva at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 h after incubation at 37°C (p-value <0.05). Probiotics demonstrated to produce biofilm and aggregation, as well as adherence to HGFCs and maxillary molars (p-value >0.05). They showed significant co-aggregation with oral pathogens, which were recorded as 65.57% for B. bifidum 1001 with S. mutans, 50.06% for B. bifidum 1005 with P. gingivalis, 35.6% for L. plantarum 156 with F. nucleatum, and 18.7% for B. longum 1044 with A. actinomycetemcomitans after 8 h of incubation. A balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, along with inhibition of biofilm formation and changes in virulence gene transcripts, were observed. However, most of these changes were not statistically significant (p-value >0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated the direct link between adhesiveness, aggregation, and biofilm formation with probiotic antibacterial activity. In addition to the careful selection of suitable probiotic strains, the concentration and origin of probiotic isolates should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Mirkalantari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Razavi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Leser T, Baker A. Molecular Mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, LGG ® Probiotic Function. Microorganisms 2024; 12:794. [PMID: 38674738 PMCID: PMC11051730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To advance probiotic research, a comprehensive understanding of bacterial interactions with human physiology at the molecular and cellular levels is fundamental. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG® is a bacterial strain that has long been recognized for its beneficial effects on human health. Probiotic effector molecules derived from LGG®, including secreted proteins, surface-anchored proteins, polysaccharides, and lipoteichoic acids, which interact with host physiological processes have been identified. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that specific LGG® effector molecules stimulate epithelial cell survival, preserve intestinal barrier integrity, reduce oxidative stress, mitigate excessive mucosal inflammation, enhance IgA secretion, and provide long-term protection through epigenetic imprinting. Pili on the cell surface of LGG® promote adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and ensure close contact to host cells. Extracellular vesicles produced by LGG® recapitulate many of these effects through their cargo of effector molecules. Collectively, the effector molecules of LGG® exert a significant influence on both the gut mucosa and immune system, which promotes intestinal homeostasis and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leser
- Future Labs, Human Health Biosolutions, Novonesis, Kogle Alle 6, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark;
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Zheng Z, Guo Y, Zheng Y, Wu H. miR-92b ameliorates lipoteichoic acid induced endometritis by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. Theriogenology 2024; 214:307-313. [PMID: 37956579 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Endometritis is one of the important reasons for the low fecundity of dairy cows, which has brought huge economic losses to the dairy industry. Emerging evidence suggests that miR-92b is a novel therapeutic molecule that plays a crucial role in many inflammatory diseases. However, its mechanism in lipoteichoic acid (LTA) induced endometritis remains unclear. In the present study, we explored the mechanism of miR-92b on LTA-induced endometritis in vivo and in vitro. The result displayed that the expression of miR-92b was reduced in LTA induced mouse endometritis and bovine endometrial epithelial cell lines (BEND). Overexpression miR-92b significantly alleviated mouse uterine injury and reduced the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and the MPO activity. The reporter assay of luciferase showed that miR-92b directly targeted the transmembrane receptor Frizzled-10 (FZD10), a transmembrane-type Wnt receptor. Molecular experiments were further performed to explore the mechanism of miR-92b in protecting LTA induced endometritis. The results of in vitro suggested that miR-92b mimic decreased the protein levels of Wnt3a and β-catenin in LTA stimulated BEND, which were abolished by overexpression of FZD10. As expected, miR-92b mimic decreased the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, while overexpression of FZD10 promoted the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, the above findings indicated that miR-92b might be an effective strategy for treatment of LTA induced endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yingfang Guo
- School of Physical Education and International Equestrianism, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haichong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Han J, Zhao X, Zhao X, Li P, Gu Q. Insight into the structure, biosynthesis, isolation method and biological function of teichoic acid in different gram-positive microorganisms: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126825. [PMID: 37696369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Teichoic acid (TA) is a weakly anionic polymer present in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. It can be classified into wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) based on its localization in the cell wall. The structure and biosynthetic pathway of TAs are strain-specific and have a significant role in maintaining cell wall stability. TAs have various beneficial functions, such as immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant activities. However, the purity and yield of TAs are generally not high, and different isolation methods may even affect their structural integrity, which limits the research progress on the probiotic functions of TA. This paper reviews an overview of the structure and biosynthetic pathway of TAs in different strains, as well as the research progress of the isolation and purification methods of TAs. Furthermore, this review also highlights the current research status on the biological functions of TAs. Through a comprehensive understanding of this review, it is expected to pave the way for advancements in isolating and purifying high-quality TAs and, in turn, lay a foundation for contributing to the development of targeted probiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarun Han
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China.
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Elashiry MM, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Enterococcus faecalis in secondary apical periodontitis: Mechanisms of bacterial survival and disease persistence. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106337. [PMID: 37683835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. However, in individuals with compromised immune systems, the pathogen can lead to severe illness. This opportunistic pathogen is associated with secondary apical diseases and is adept at resisting antibiotics and other forms of treatment because of its numerous virulence factors. Enterococcus faecalis is capable of disrupting the normal functions of immune cells, thereby hindering the body's ability to eradicate the infection. However, intensive research is needed in further understanding the adverse immunomodulatory effects of E. faecalis. Potential strategies specific for eradicating E. faecalis have proven beneficial in the treatment of persistent secondary apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
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Kwon Y, Yang J, Park OJ, Park C, Kim J, Lee D, Yun CH, Han SH. Lipoteichoic acid inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via interruption of gelsolin-actin dissociation. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2425-2439. [PMID: 37642258 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Bone resorption can be caused by excessive differentiation and/or activation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. While microbe-associated molecular patterns can influence the differentiation and activation of bone cells, little is known about the role of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, in the regulation of bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of LTA on bone metabolism using wild-type Staphylococcus aureus and the LTA-deficient mutant strain. LTA-deficient S. aureus induced higher bone loss and osteoclast differentiation than wild-type S. aureus. LTA isolated from S. aureus (SaLTA) inhibited osteoclast differentiation from committed osteoclast precursors in the presence of various osteoclastogenic factors by downregulating the expression of NFATc1. Remarkably, SaLTA attenuated the osteoclast differentiation from committed osteoclast precursors of TLR2-/- or MyD88-/- mice and from the committed osteoclast precursors transfected with paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B-targeting siRNA. SaLTA directly interacted with gelsolin, interrupting the gelsolin-actin dissociation which is a critical process for osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, SaLTA suppressed the mRNA expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein, ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit D2, and Integrin, which encode proteins involved in cell-cell fusion of osteoclasts. Notably, LTAs purified from probiotics, including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus species, also suppressed Pam2CSK4- or RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that LTAs have anti-resorptive activity through the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by interfering with the gelsolin-actin dissociation and may be used as effective therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Radiation Fusion Technology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeon Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gu Y, Zhang B, Tian J, Li L, He Y. Physiology, quorum sensing, and proteomics of lactic acid bacteria were affected by Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE4. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112612. [PMID: 36914328 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction mode between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast in a fermentation system directly determines the quality of the products, thus understanding their mode of interaction can improve product quality. The present study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE4 on LAB from the perspectives of physiology, quorum sensing (QS), and proteomics. The presence of S. cerevisiae YE4 slowed down the growth of Enterococcus faecium 8-3 but had no significant effect on acid production or biofilm formation. S. cerevisiae YE4 significantly reduced the activity of autoinducer-2 at 19 h in E. faecium 8-3 and at 7-13 h in Lactobacillus fermentum 2-1. Expression of the QS-related genes luxS and pfs was also inhibited at 7 h. Moreover, a total of 107 E. faecium 8-3 proteins differed significantly in coculture with S. cerevisiae YE4-these proteins are involved in metabolic pathways including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites; biosynthesis of amino acids; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; fatty acid metabolism; and fatty acid biosynthesis. Among them, proteins involved in cell adhesion, cell wall formation, two-component systems, and ABC transporters were detected. Therefore, S. cerevisiae YE4 might affect the physiological metabolism of E. faecium 8-3 by affecting cell adhesion, cell wall formation, and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Jianjun Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Lijie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China.
| | - Yinfeng He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China.
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Kim SK, Im J, Ko EB, Lee D, Seo HS, Yun CH, Han SH. Lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus gordonii as a negative regulator of human dendritic cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1056949. [PMID: 37056772 PMCID: PMC10086370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1056949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, an opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium, causes an infective endocarditis that could be fatal to human health. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to be involved in disease progression and immune responses in S. gordonii infection. Since lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a representative virulence factor of S. gordonii, we here investigated its role in the activation of human DCs stimulated with LTA-deficient (ΔltaS) S. gordonii or S. gordonii LTA. DCs were differentiated from human blood-derived monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 6 days. DCs treated with heat-killed ΔltaS S. gordonii (ΔltaS HKSG) showed relatively higher binding and phagocytic activities than those treated with heat-killed wild-type S. gordonii (wild-type HKSG). Furthermore, ΔltaS HKSG was superior to wild-type HKSG in inducing phenotypic maturation markers including CD80, CD83, CD86, PD-L1, and PD-L2, antigen-presenting molecule MHC class II, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Concomitantly, DCs treated with the ΔltaS HKSG induced better T cell activities, including proliferation and activation marker (CD25) expression, than those treated with the wild-type. LTA, but not lipoproteins, isolated from S. gordonii weakly activated TLR2 and barely affected the expression of phenotypic maturation markers or cytokines in DCs. Collectively, these results demonstrated that LTA is not a major immuno-stimulating agent of S. gordonii but rather it interferes with bacteria-induced DC maturation, suggesting its potential role in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Byeol Ko
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Programs in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Seung Hyun Han,
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Park OJ, Ha YE, Sim JR, Lee D, Lee EH, Kim SY, Yun CH, Han SH. Butyrate potentiates Enterococcus faecalis lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammasome activation via histone deacetylase inhibition. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:107. [PMID: 36977666 PMCID: PMC10050190 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen having lipoteichoic acid (LTA) as a major virulence factor, is closely associated with refractory apical periodontitis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are found in the apical lesion and may affect inflammatory responses induced by E. faecalis. In the current study, we investigated inflammasome activation by E. faecalis LTA (Ef.LTA) and SCFAs in THP-1 cells. Among SCFAs, butyrate in combination with Ef.LTA markedly enhanced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion whereas these were not induced by Ef.LTA or butyrate alone. Notably, LTAs from Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis also showed these effects. Activation of TLR2/GPCR, K+ efflux, and NF-κB were necessary for the IL-1β secretion induced by Ef.LTA/butyrate. The inflammasome complex comprising NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 was activated by Ef.LTA/butyrate. In addition, caspase-4 inhibitor diminished IL-1β cleavage and release, indicating that non-canonical activation of the inflammasome is also involved. Ef.LTA/butyrate induced Gasdermin D cleavage, but not the release of the pyroptosis marker, lactate dehydrogenase. This indicated that Ef.LTA/butyrate induces IL-1β production without cell death. Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, enhanced Ef.LTA/butyrate-induced IL-1β production, indicating that HDAC is engaged in the inflammasome activation. Furthermore, Ef.LTA and butyrate synergistically induced the pulp necrosis that accompanies IL-1β expression in the rat apical periodontitis model. Taken all these results together, Ef.LTA in the presence of butyrate is suggested to facilitate both canonical- and non-canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages via HDAC inhibition. This potentially contributes to dental inflammatory diseases such as apical periodontitis, particularly associated with Gram-positive bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Ha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ri Sim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Park MY, Park SY, Hartog A, van Hoffen E, Kardinaal A, Kim J, Choi HJ, Kwon O, Kim JY. Study protocol for cholera vaccination as a model to measure the inflammatory response in the gut: A case of modulation with a Lactobacillus plantarum K8 lysate. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281817. [PMID: 36809275 PMCID: PMC9942990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is crucial for human health that the immune system of the gastrointestinal tract works effectively. Dietary modulation is one of the factors that regulate the immune response in the gut. This study aims to develop a safe human challenge model to study gastrointestinal inflammation and immune function. This study focuses on evaluating gut stimulation induced by the oral cholera vaccine in healthy people. In addition, this paper describes the study design for assessing the efficacy and safety of a probiotic lysate, identifying whether functional ingredients in food can modulate inflammatory response induced by oral cholera vaccine. Forty-six males aged 20 to 50 with healthy bowel habits will be randomly allocated to the placebo or intervention group. Participants will consume 1 capsule of probiotic lysate or placebo twice daily for 6 weeks, take oral cholera vaccines on visit 2 (day 15) and visit 5 (day 29). The level of fecal calprotectin, a marker of gut inflammation, will be the primary outcome. The changes of cholera toxin-specific antibody levels and local/systemic inflammatory responses will be evaluated in blood. The purpose of this study is to evaluate gut stimulation of the oral cholera vaccine and investigate the effect of a probiotic lysate on improving the mild inflammatory response induced by the vaccine or supporting the immune response in healthy subjects. Trial registration: * This trial is registered in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of WHO (ICTRP, registration number: KCT0002589).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Health, NIZO, Ede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joohee Kim
- BiofoodCRO Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Office of Infection Control, Ewha Woman’s University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (OK); (JYK)
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (OK); (JYK)
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Cerdó T, García-Santos JA, Rodríguez-Pöhnlein A, García-Ricobaraza M, Nieto-Ruíz A, G. Bermúdez M, Campoy C. Impact of Total Parenteral Nutrition on Gut Microbiota in Pediatric Population Suffering Intestinal Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:4691. [PMID: 36364953 PMCID: PMC9658482 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-saving therapy providing nutritional support in patients with digestive tract complications, particularly in preterm neonates due to their gut immaturity during the first postnatal weeks. Despite this, PN can also result in several gastrointestinal complications that are the cause or consequence of gut mucosal atrophy and gut microbiota dysbiosis, which may further aggravate gastrointestinal disorders. Consequently, the use of PN presents many unique challenges, notably in terms of the potential role of the gut microbiota on the functional and clinical outcomes associated with the long-term use of PN. In this review, we synthesize the current evidence on the effects of PN on gut microbiome in infants and children suffering from diverse gastrointestinal diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), short bowel syndrome (SBS) and subsequent intestinal failure, liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, we discuss the potential use of pre-, pro- and/or synbiotics as promising therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of severe gastrointestinal disorders and mortality. The findings discussed here highlight the need for more well-designed studies, and harmonize the methods and its interpretation, which are critical to better understand the role of the gut microbiota in PN-related diseases and the development of efficient and personalized approaches based on pro- and/or prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Cerdó
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs-GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Anna Rodríguez-Pöhnlein
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs-GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - María García-Ricobaraza
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs-GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Nieto-Ruíz
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs-GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes G. Bermúdez
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs-GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs-GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada’s Node, Carlos III Health Institute, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28028 Madrid, Spain
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15
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de Oliveira LD, de Oliveira FE, Hatje BA, Valera MC, Carvalho CAT, Hasna AA. Detoxification of LTA by intracanal medication: analysis by macrophages proinflammatory cytokines production. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:36-43. [PMID: 36477963 PMCID: PMC9733371 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202205195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) on macrophages (RAW 264.7) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide after pretreatment with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis. Forty-eight human single-rooted teeth were instrumented with R25.08 (RECIPROC) and sterilized by gamma irradiation. LTA was inoculated in the root canal of each specimen for 96 hours. Specimens were instrumented with 40.06 and 50.05 (RECIPROC) and medicated with: I) Pyrogen-free saline solution (SS); II) 2% CHX gel; III) Ca(OH)2 + SS; or IV) Ca(OH)2 + CHX for 14 days. Three samples (S) were performed of the root canal of each specimen at: S1) immediately after instrumentation; S2) after Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); S3) after intracanal medication removal. Subsequent quantification of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IP-10, G-CSF and IL-6) by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide by the Griess method was carried-out. Data were submitted to a normality test and then analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test with a significance level of 5% using GraphPad Prism 6. Ca(OH)2 + SS and Ca(OH)2 + CHX presented lower levels of TNF-α, TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide. Ca(OH)2 + SS was the most effective in reducing MIP-1α. CHX was effective in reducing IL-6 and G-CSF. Therefore, the combined intracanal medication of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine is effective in reducing the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Eduardo de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Araujo Hatje
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amjad Abu Hasna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Nikolopoulos N, Matos RC, Courtin P, Ayala I, Akherraz H, Simorre JP, Chapot-Chartier MP, Leulier F, Ravaud S, Grangeasse C. DltC acts as an interaction hub for AcpS, DltA and DltB in the teichoic acid D-alanylation pathway of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13133. [PMID: 35907949 PMCID: PMC9338922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Teichoic acids (TA) are crucial for the homeostasis of the bacterial cell wall as well as their developmental behavior and interplay with the environment. TA can be decorated by different modifications, modulating thus their biochemical properties. One major modification consists in the esterification of TA by d-alanine, a process known as d-alanylation. TA d-alanylation is performed by the Dlt pathway, which starts in the cytoplasm and continues extracellularly after d-Ala transportation through the membrane. In this study, we combined structural biology and in vivo approaches to dissect the cytoplasmic steps of this pathway in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a bacterial species conferring health benefits to its animal host. After establishing that AcpS, DltB, DltC1 and DltA are required for the promotion of Drosophila juvenile growth under chronic undernutrition, we solved their crystal structure and/or used NMR and molecular modeling to study their interactions. Our work demonstrates that the suite of interactions between these proteins is ordered with a conserved surface of DltC1 docking sequentially AcpS, DltA and eventually DltB. Altogether, we conclude that DltC1 acts as an interaction hub for all the successive cytoplasmic steps of the TA d-alanylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Nikolopoulos
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Renata C Matos
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Courtin
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Isabel Ayala
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, CNRS UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, 3800, Grenoble, France
| | - Houssam Akherraz
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, CNRS UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, 3800, Grenoble, France
| | | | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Ravaud
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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Lu Q, Guo Y, Yang G, Cui L, Wu Z, Zeng X, Pan D, Cai Z. Structure and Anti-Inflammation Potential of Lipoteichoic Acids Isolated from Lactobacillus Strains. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111610. [PMID: 35681360 PMCID: PMC9180668 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract and confer a variety of health effects. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), an amphiphilic substance located in the cell membrane, is a key molecule in probiotic–host crosstalk. Through the characterization of structural characteristics of LTA molecules derived from Lactobacillus plantarum A3, Lactobacillus reuteri DMSZ 8533, and Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074, there exists some heterogeneity in LTA molecules, which perhaps contributes to the distinguishable adhesion properties of Lactobacillus strains based on fluorescence microscopy observations. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, LTAs derived from three Lactobacillus strains obviously alleviated inflammatory responses as evidenced by the altered inflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Western blotting demonstrated that L. reuteri LTA blocked LPS-triggered expression of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. The findings further validated that LTA is an important effector molecule and deserves further consideration as an alternative therapeutic for ulcerative colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Yingqi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhendong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (G.Y.); (L.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (D.P.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence:
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Meruvu H, Harsa ST. Lactic acid bacteria: isolation-characterization approaches and industrial applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8337-8356. [PMID: 35348017 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2054936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The current state-of-art research pertaining to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) calls for the screening and isolation of robust LAB strains to achieve holistic exploitation of LAB and their metabolites of marketable importance. Hence it is imperative to comprehend LAB sources, growth requisites, isolation and characterization strategies necessary for featured cataloging and appropriate culturing. This review comprehensively describes various growth media and biomasses used for supporting LAB sustenance, assay procedures needed for the isolation and characterization of LAB strains, and their application in diverse sectors. The various industrial patents and their summarized claims about novel LAB strains isolated and identified, methods and media (used for detection/screening, isolation, adaptation, culturing, preservation, growth improvement), the techniques and/or methodologies supporting LAB fermentation, and applications of produced industrial metabolites in various market scenarios are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Meruvu
- CEO, Revathi Hospital, Revathi Firm, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sebnem Tellioglu Harsa
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahçe Campus, Urla, İzmir, Turkey
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Lipoteichoic Acid from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Modulates Dendritic Cells and T Cells in the Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030723. [PMID: 35277082 PMCID: PMC8839024 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria exerts different immune effects depending on the bacterial source from which it is isolated. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG LTA (LGG-LTA) oral administration reduces UVB-induced immunosuppression and skin tumor development in mice. In the present work, we evaluate the immunomodulatory effect exerted by LGG-LTA in dendritic cells (DC) and T cells, both in vitro and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). During cell culture, LTA-stimulated BMDC increased CD86 and MHC-II expression and secreted low levels of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, LTA-treated BMDC increased T cell priming capacity, promoting the secretion of IL-17A. On the other hand, in orally LTA-treated mice, a decrease in mature DC (lamina propria and Peyer’s patches) was observed. Concomitantly, an increase in IL-12p35 and IFN-γ transcription was presented (lamina propria and Peyer’s Patches). Finally, an increase in the number of CD103+ DC was observed in Peyer’s patches. Together, our data demonstrate that LGG-LTA activates DC and T cells. Moreover, we show that a Th1-biased immune response is triggered in vivo after oral LTA administration. These effects justify the oral LTA activity previously observed.
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Differential Immunostimulatory Effects of Lipoteichoic Acids Isolated from Four Strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12030954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal health and immune modulatory effects of probiotics are well known. As with live bacteria, several studies demonstrating the ability of dead cells to improve gut health and immunity have suggested varying potentials for microbes to affect the human gut. The effect of dead microbes most likely derives from the cell wall of the microorganism. In this study, the functionality of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component, isolated from four stains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, K8, K88, K5-5, and K55-5, and the relationship between LTAs and their receptors were investigated. The four strains of L. plantarum have different LTA structures, which contributed to different immune activities in the immune cells. We confirmed that the different binding abilities with the host cell surface receptors, along with the differences in signal pathway, were due to the structural differences of the LTAs. LTA is an important postbiotic that induces various immunomodulatory actions.
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Martyniak A, Medyńska-Przęczek A, Wędrychowicz A, Skoczeń S, Tomasik PJ. Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121903. [PMID: 34944546 PMCID: PMC8699341 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the increasing severity of the course of these diseases create the need for developing new methods of therapy. The gut microbiome is extensively studied as a factor influencing the development and course of IBD. The composition of intestinal microbiota can be relatively easily modified by diet (i.e., prebiotics, mainly dietary fibers) and bacterial supplementation using beneficial bacteria strains called probiotics. Additionally, the effects of the improved microbiome could be enhanced or gained by using paraprobiotics (non-viable, inactivated bacteria or their components) and/or postbiotics (products of bacterial metabolism or equal synthetic products that beneficially modulate immunological response and inflammation). This study summarizes the recent works on prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics (products merging pre- and probiotics), paraprobiotics and postbiotics in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Martyniak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Medyńska-Przęczek
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrzej Wędrychowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (A.W.)
| | - Szymon Skoczeń
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław J. Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Interplay between Candida albicans and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Impact on Colonization Resistance, Microbial Carriage, Opportunistic Infection, and Host Immunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032320. [PMID: 34259567 PMCID: PMC8404691 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00323-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have highlighted the disproportionate role of Candida albicans in influencing both early community assembly of the bacterial microbiome and dysbiosis during allergic diseases and intestinal inflammation. Nonpathogenic colonization of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract by C. albicans is common, and the role of this single fungal species in modulating bacterial community reassembly after broad-spectrum antibiotics can be readily recapitulated in mouse studies. One of the most notable features of C. albicans-associated dysbiotic states is a marked change in the levels of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). C. albicans and LAB share metabolic niches throughout the GI tract, and in vitro studies have identified various interactions between these microbes. The two predominant LAB affected are Lactobacillus species and Enterococcus species. Lactobacilli can antagonize enterococci and C. albicans, while Enterococcus faecalis and C. albicans have been reported to exhibit a mutualistic relationship. E. faecalis and C. albicans are also causative agents of a variety of life-threatening infections, are frequently isolated together from mixed-species infections, and share certain similarities in clinical presentation-most notably their emergence as opportunistic pathogens following disruption of the microbiota. In this review, we discuss and model the mechanisms used by Lactobacillus species, E. faecalis, and C. albicans to modulate each other's growth and virulence in the GI tract. With multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and C. albicans strains becoming increasingly common in hospital settings, examining the interplay between these three microbes may provide novel insights for enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobial therapies.
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Lee D, Im J, Park DH, Jeong S, Park M, Yoon S, Park J, Han SH. Lactobacillus plantarum Lipoteichoic Acids Possess Strain-Specific Regulatory Effects on the Biofilm Formation of Dental Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758161. [PMID: 34867884 PMCID: PMC8636137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm residing in the oral cavity is closely related to the initiation and persistence of various dental diseases. Previously, we reported the anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (Lp.LTA) on a representative dental cariogenic pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. Since LTA structure varies in a bacterial strain-specific manner, LTAs from various L. plantarum strains may have differential anti-biofilm activity due to their distinct molecular structures. In the present study, we isolated Lp.LTAs from four different strains of L. plantarum (LRCC 5193, 5194, 5195, and 5310) and compared their anti-biofilm effects on the dental pathogens, including S. mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus gordonii. All Lp.LTAs similarly inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. However, their effects on S. gordonii and S. mutans biofilm formation were different: LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA most effectively suppressed the biofilm formation of all strains of dental pathogens, while Lp.LTAs from LRCC 5193 and 5194 hardly inhibited or even enhanced the biofilm formation. Furthermore, LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA dramatically reduced the biofilm formation of the dental pathogens on the human dentin slice infection model. Collectively, these results suggest that Lp.LTAs have strain-specific regulatory effects on biofilm formation of dental pathogens and LRCC 5310 Lp.LTA can be used as an effective anti-biofilm agent for the prevention of dental infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miri Park
- Bio Research Team, Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokmin Yoon
- Bio Research Team, Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaewoong Park
- Bio Research Team, Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Oligosaccharide Metabolism and Lipoteichoic Acid Production in Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus paragasseri. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081590. [PMID: 34442669 PMCID: PMC8401598 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus paragasseri are human commensal lactobacilli that are candidates for probiotic application. Knowledge of their oligosaccharide metabolic properties is valuable for synbiotic application. The present study characterized oligosaccharide metabolic systems and their impact on lipoteichoic acid (LTA) production in the two organisms, i.e., L. gasseri JCM 1131T and L. paragasseri JCM 11657. The two strains grew well in medium with glucose but poorly in medium with raffinose, and growth rates in medium with kestose differed between the strains. Oligosaccharide metabolism markedly influenced their LTA production, and apparent molecular size of LTA in electrophoresis recovered from cells cultured with glucose and kestose differed from that from cells cultured with raffinose in the strains. On the other hand, more than 15-fold more LTA was observed in the L. gasseri cells cultured with raffinose when compared with glucose or kestose after incubation for 15 h. Transcriptome analysis identified glycoside hydrolase family 32 enzyme as a potential kestose hydrolysis enzyme in the two strains. Transcriptomic levels of multiple genes in the dlt operon, involved in D-alanine substitution of LTA, were lower in cells cultured with raffinose than in those cultured with kestose or glucose. This suggested that the different sizes of LTA observed among the carbohydrates tested were partly due to different levels of alanylation of LTA. The present study indicates that available oligosaccharide has the impact on the LTA production of the industrially important lactobacilli, which might influence their probiotic properties.
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Tominari T, Sanada A, Ichimaru R, Matsumoto C, Hirata M, Itoh Y, Numabe Y, Miyaura C, Inada M. Gram-positive bacteria cell wall-derived lipoteichoic acid induces inflammatory alveolar bone loss through prostaglandin E production in osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13353. [PMID: 34172796 PMCID: PMC8233430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with severe alveolar bone loss and is dominantly induced by lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria; however, the role of Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal bone resorption remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell-wall factor of Gram-positive bacteria, on the progression of inflammatory alveolar bone loss in a model of periodontitis. In coculture of mouse primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, LTA induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. LTA enhanced the production of PGE2 accompanying the upregulation of the mRNA expression of mPGES-1, COX-2 and RANKL in osteoblasts. The addition of indomethacin effectively blocked the LTA-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the production of PGE2. Using ex vivo organ cultures of mouse alveolar bone, we found that LTA induced alveolar bone resorption and that this was suppressed by indomethacin. In an experimental model of periodontitis, LTA was locally injected into the mouse lower gingiva, and we clearly detected alveolar bone destruction using 3D-μCT. We herein demonstrate a new concept indicating that Gram-positive bacteria in addition to Gram-negative bacteria are associated with the progression of periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Tominari
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sanada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryota Ichimaru
- Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chiho Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Michiko Hirata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Yukihiro Numabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0071, Japan
| | - Chisato Miyaura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masaki Inada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan. .,Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan. .,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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Inhibitory Effect of Lipoteichoic Acid Derived from Three Lactobacilli on Flagellin-Induced IL-8 Production in Porcine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:72-79. [PMID: 32607729 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics in livestock feed supplements are considered to be an alternative to antibiotics. However, effector molecules responsible for the beneficial roles of probiotics in pigs are in general not well known. Thus, this study demonstrated that a well-known virulence factor, flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium, significantly induced IL-8 production in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus GG, effectively inhibited flagellin-induced IL-8 production at mRNA and protein levels. However, the lipoproteins of L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus GG did not suppress flagellin-induced IL-8 production. While D-alanine-deficient L. plantarum LTA inhibited flagellin-induced IL-8 production, L. plantarum LTA deficient in both D-alanine and acyl chains failed to inhibit it; this suggests that the acyl moieties of L. plantarum LTA are essential for inhibiting flagellin-induced IL-8 production. Taken together, L. plantarum LTA plays an important role in improving anti-inflammatory responses of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Gram Positive Bacterial Lipoteichoic Acid Role in a Root Canal Infection – A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and its by-products are found to be the main cause of pulpal and periapical infection of tooth. Infected root canals of tooth harbours a wide variation of microbial flora that includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial components such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) of gram positive bacteria have the potential to enter the peri-apical tissue of tooth and initiate the inflammatory process. After microbial death that occurs either due to body’s defence cells or by antibiotic action, bacterial cell wall components such as LTA are released which can persist inside macrophages for prolonged periods causing chronic inflammation. Once these cell-wall components are recognized by the body immune surveillance cells, numerous inflammatory mediators are released leading to inflammation and subsequent pathological consequences. The purpose of this review is intend to summarize the role of gram positive bacterial component LTA in causing endodontic infection and use of potential therapeutic agents against LTA.
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Kim G, Choi KH, Kim H, Chung DK. Alleviation of LPS-Induced Inflammation and Septic Shock by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8 Lysates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115921. [PMID: 34072918 PMCID: PMC8197946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8 and its cell wall components have immunoregulatory effects. In this study, we demonstrate that pre-treatment of L. plantarum K8 lysates reduced LPS-induced TNF-α production in THP-1 cells by down-regulating the early signals of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The down-regulation of signals may be caused by the induction of negative regulators involved in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling. However, co-treatment with high concentrations of L. plantarum K8 lysates and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated the late signaling of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and NF-κB pathways and resulted in the induction of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β secretion. Intraperitoneal injection of L. plantarum K8 lysates in LPS-induced endotoxin shock mice alleviated mortality and reduced serum tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In addition, the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 decreased in livers from mice injected with L. plantarum K8 followed by LPS. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver showed that the cell size was enlarged by LPS injection and slightly reduced by L. plantarum K8 lysate pre-injection followed by LPS injection. Macrophage infiltration of the liver also decreased in response to the combination injection compared with mice injected with only LPS. Taken together, our results show that although L. plantarum K8 lysates differentially regulated the production of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells, the lysates inhibited overall inflammation in mice. Thus, this study suggests that L. plantarum K8 lysates could be developed as a substance that modulates immune homeostasis by regulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayoung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (G.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Kyeong-Hun Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (G.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Research and Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2465 (H.K.); +82-31-888-6170 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-31-888-6173 (D.-K.C.)
| | - Dae-Kyun Chung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (G.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Research and Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin 17104, Korea
- Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2465 (H.K.); +82-31-888-6170 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-31-888-6173 (D.-K.C.)
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Modulation of Bovine Endometrial Cell Receptors and Signaling Pathways as a Nanotherapeutic Exploration against Dairy Cow Postpartum Endometritis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061516. [PMID: 34071093 PMCID: PMC8224678 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The provision of updated information on the molecular pathogenesis of bovine endometritis with host-pathogen interactions and the possibility of exploring the cellular sensors mechanism in a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system against persistent endometritis were reported in this review. The mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria and their ligands has been vividly explored, with the paucity of research detail on Gram-positive bacteria in bovine endometritis. The function of cell receptors, biomolecules proteins, and sensors were reportedly essential in transferring signals into cell signaling pathways to induce immuno-inflammatory responses by elevating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, understanding endometrial cellular components and signaling mechanisms across pathogenesis are essential for nanotherapeutic exploration against bovine endometritis. The nanotherapeutic discovery that could inhibit infectious signals at the various cell receptors and signal transduction levels, interfering with transcription factors activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression, significantly halts endometritis. Abstract In order to control and prevent bovine endometritis, there is a need to understand the molecular pathogenesis of the infectious disease. Bovine endometrium is usually invaded by a massive mobilization of microorganisms, especially bacteria, during postpartum dairy cows. Several reports have implicated the Gram-negative bacteria in the pathogenesis of bovine endometritis, with information dearth on the potentials of Gram-positive bacteria and their endotoxins. The invasive bacteria and their ligands pass through cellular receptors such as TLRs, NLRs, and biomolecular proteins of cells activate the specific receptors, which spontaneously stimulates cellular signaling pathways like MAPK, NF-kB and sequentially triggers upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The cascade of inflammatory induction involves a dual signaling pathway; the transcription factor NF-κB is released from its inhibitory molecule and can bind to various inflammatory genes promoter. The MAPK pathways are concomitantly activated, leading to specific phosphorylation of the NF-κB. The provision of detailed information on the molecular pathomechanism of bovine endometritis with the interaction between host endometrial cells and invasive bacteria in this review would widen the gap of exploring the potential of receptors and signal transduction pathways in nanotechnology-based drug delivery system. The nanotherapeutic discovery of endometrial cell receptors, signal transduction pathway, and cell biomolecules inhibitors could be developed for strategic inhibition of infectious signals at the various cell receptors and signal transduction levels, interfering on transcription factors activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines and genes expression, which may significantly protect endometrium against postpartum microbial invasion.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. mitis, and S. oralis Produce a Phosphatidylglycerol-Dependent, ltaS-Independent Glycerophosphate-Linked Glycolipid. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e01099-20. [PMID: 33627509 PMCID: PMC8544892 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a Gram-positive bacterial cell surface polymer that participates in host-microbe interactions. It was previously reported that the major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae and the closely related oral commensals S. mitis and S. oralis produce type IV LTAs. Herein, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis, we found that in addition to type IV LTA biosynthetic precursors, S. mitis, S. oralis, and S. pneumoniae also produce glycerophosphate (Gro-P)-linked dihexosyl (DH)-diacylglycerol (DAG), which is a biosynthetic precursor of type I LTA. cdsA and pgsA mutants produce DHDAG but lack (Gro-P)-DHDAG, indicating that the Gro-P moiety is derived from phosphatidylglycerol (PG), whose biosynthesis requires these genes. S. mitis, but not S. pneumoniae or S. oralis, encodes an ortholog of the PG-dependent type I LTA synthase, ltaS. By heterologous expression analyses, we confirmed that S. mitisltaS confers poly(Gro-P) synthesis in both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and that S. mitisltaS can rescue the growth defect of an S. aureusltaS mutant. However, we do not detect a poly(Gro-P) polymer in S. mitis using an anti-type I LTA antibody. Moreover, Gro-P-linked DHDAG is still synthesized by an S. mitisltaS mutant, demonstrating that S. mitis LtaS does not catalyze Gro-P transfer to DHDAG. Finally, an S. mitisltaS mutant has increased sensitivity to human serum, demonstrating that ltaS confers a beneficial but currently undefined function in S. mitis. Overall, our results demonstrate that S. mitis, S. pneumoniae, and S. oralis produce a Gro-P-linked glycolipid via a PG-dependent, ltaS-independent mechanism. IMPORTANCE The cell wall is a critical structural component of bacterial cells that confers important physiological functions. For pathogens, it is a site of host-pathogen interactions. In this work, we analyze the glycolipids synthesized by the mitis group streptococcal species, S. pneumoniae, S. oralis, and S. mitis. We find that all produce the glycolipid, glycerophosphate (Gro-P)-linked dihexosyl (DH)-diacylglycerol (DAG), which is a precursor for the cell wall polymer type I lipoteichoic acid in other bacteria. We investigate whether the known enzyme for type I LTA synthesis, LtaS, plays a role in synthesizing this molecule in S. mitis. Our results indicate that a novel mechanism is responsible. Our results are significant because they identify a novel feature of S. pneumoniae, S. oralis, and S. mitis glycolipid biology.
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Effects of different pulp-capping materials on cell death signaling pathways of lipoteichoic acid-stimulated human dental pulp stem cells. Odontology 2020; 109:547-559. [PMID: 33206337 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the response of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured with and without lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to different pulp-capping materials. METHODS The cells were cultured and seeded in 6-well plates and exposed to 1% LTA solution. Dycal, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine materials were applied on cells and all groups were evaluated by cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle and cell death signaling pathways for 24 and 72 h. RESULTS LTA + Dycal treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of DPSCs and increased the apoptosis rate of cells more than the other groups at 72 h. Compared to other groups, LTA + Dycal treatment significantly increased the levels of Caspase-3 and AKT and decreased the levels of p-AKT. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study revealed that all tested materials caused apoptosis in DPSCs via an extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The DPSCs showed an early apoptosis response to the Dycal and a late apoptosis response to the ProRoot MTA and Biodentine treatments. LTA led autophagy and inhibited the proliferation of DPSCs. ProRoot MTA and Biodentin eliminated the LTA's bioactivity with higher efficiency than Dycal.
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Im J, Baik JE, Lee D, Park OJ, Park DH, Yun CH, Han SH. Bacterial Lipoproteins Induce BAFF Production via TLR2/MyD88/JNK Signaling Pathways in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564699. [PMID: 33123136 PMCID: PMC7566273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays a crucial role in survival, differentiation, and antibody secretion of B cells. Microbial products with B-cell mitogenic properties can indirectly promote expansion and activation of B cells by stimulating accessory cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), to induce BAFF. Although bacterial lipoproteins are potent B-cell mitogen like lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), it is uncertain whether they can stimulate DCs to induce BAFF expression. Here, we evaluated the effect of bacterial lipoproteins on BAFF expression in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs. Lipoprotein-deficient Staphylococcus aureus mutant induced relatively low expression level of membrane-bound BAFF (mBAFF) and the mRNA compared with its wild-type strain, implying that bacterial lipoproteins can positively regulate BAFF induction. The synthetic lipopeptides Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, which mimic bacterial lipoproteins, dose-dependently induced BAFF expression, and their BAFF-inducing capacities were comparable to those of LPS in DCs. Induction of BAFF by the lipopeptide was higher than the induction by other microbe-associated molecular patterns, including peptidoglycan, flagellin, zymosan, lipoteichoic acid, and poly(I:C). Pam3CSK4 induced both mBAFF and soluble BAFF expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BAFF expression by Pam3CSK4 was completely absent in DCs from TLR2- or MyD88-deficient mice. Among various MAP kinase inhibitors, only JNK inhibitors blocked Pam3CSK4-induced BAFF mRNA expression, while inhibitors blocking ERK or p38 kinase had no such effect. Furthermore, Pam3CSK4 increased the DNA-binding activities of NF-κB and Sp1, but not that of C/EBP. Pam3CSK4-induced BAFF promoter activity via TLR2/1 was blocked by NF-κB or Sp1 inhibitor. Collectively, these results suggest that bacterial lipoproteins induce expression of BAFF through TLR2/MyD88/JNK signaling pathways leading to NF-κB and Sp1 activation in DCs, and BAFF derived from bacterial lipoprotein-stimulated DCs induces B-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Nowak B, Śróttek M, Ciszek-Lenda M, Skałkowska A, Gamian A, Górska S, Marcinkiewicz J. Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL37 Inhibits T Cell-dependent Immune Response in Mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:17. [PMID: 32448979 PMCID: PMC7246254 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), major components of the bacterial biofilm, display strong strain-specific immunomodulatory properties. Previously, we have shown that crude EPS derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL37 depresses the production of arthritogenic anti-collagen IgG and ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice, when lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as adjuvant. In this study, we used highly purified EPS from L. rhamnosus KL37 (EPS-37) to verify its anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to suppress T cell-dependent humoral response. We have employed the model of active CIA, in which mice immunized with type II collagen (CII) along with LPS were treated with pure EPS-37. Intravenous administration of purified EPS-37 markedly ameliorated arthritis and reduced CII-specific antibody production. EPS-37 injected subcutaneously reduced the clinical symptoms of CIA but without the reduction of arthritogenic antibodies. In addition, the effect of EPS-37 on T-cell functions was tested ex vivo and in vitro. EPS-37 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of T cells activated both in vivo (CII immunization) and in vitro (antigen/mitogen), and markedly reduced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ. These results together with other reports suggest that anti-inflammatory potential of EPS-37 depends on its ability to inhibit either one or the other or both possible inflammatory signaling pathways. Namely, Th1 → IFN-γ → M1 inflammatory macrophages → arthritis and/or Th1 → IFN-γ → B cells → arthritogenic antibodies → arthritis. We suggest that L. rhamnosus KL37 EPS might be utilized to control T cell-dependent immune responses in various inflammatory diseases. However, the most effective route of EPS-37 administration needs to be tailored for a given disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Śróttek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Ciszek-Lenda
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Skałkowska
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
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Sousa MGDC, Xavier PD, Lima SMDF, Almeida JAD, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus stimulate nitric oxide production in macrophages and fibroblasts in vitro. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8657039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator related to damage of the pulp tissue and at the same time to regenerative pulp processes. However, it is not clear how common endodontic microorganisms can regulate this mediator. This study aimed to investigate NO production by macrophages and fibroblasts against Enterococcus faecalis- and Staphylococcus aureus-antigens. Methods: RAW 264.7 macrophages and L929 fibroblast cell lines were stimulated with different heat-killed (HK) antigen concentrations (105-108 colony forming units - CFU) from E. faecalis and S. aureus with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Cell viability by MTT colorimetric assay and NO production from the culture supernatants were evaluated after 72 h. Results: Data here reported demonstrated that none of the antigen concentrations decreased cell viability in macrophages and fibroblasts. The presence of HK-S. aureus and HK-E. faecalis antigen- stimulated NO production with or without IFN-γ on RAW 264.7. The HK-S. aureus antigen stimulated NO production in L929 fibroblasts with or without IFN-γ, and the highest concentration of HK-E. faecalis with IFN-γ also stimulated NO production by these cells. Conclusion: The amount of NO produced by macrophages and fibroblasts may be involved in the concentration and type of prevalent endodontic microorganisms, generating new answers for the understanding of pulpal revascularization/regeneration processes.
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Akter S, Park JH, Jung HK. Potential Health-Promoting Benefits of Paraprobiotics, Inactivated Probiotic Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:477-481. [PMID: 31986247 PMCID: PMC9728361 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viability plays an important role in the beneficial microbes (probiotics) to produce health benefits. However, this idea has been changed after the invention of the term "paraprobiotics," indicating that non-viable microbes could produce health benefits similar to those produced by live probiotics. Occasionally, it might be dangerous to administer live probiotics to people with weak immunity. In such cases, ingestion of paraprobiotics could be a potential alternative. The definition of paraprobiotics refers to the use of inactivated (non-viable) microbial cells or cell fractions to provide health benefits to the consumer. Paraprobiotics have attracted much attention because of their long shelf life, safety, and beneficial effects, such as modulation of immunity, modification of biological responses, reduction of cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. These features indicate that paraprobiotics may play a vital role in improving the health of the consumer by enhancing particular physiological functions, even though the exact underlying mechanisms have not yet been completely elucidated. In this mini-review, we briefly discuss the historical backgrounds of paraprobiotics and evidence of their health-promoting effects, prophylactic, and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahina Akter
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.H.P. Phone: +82-31-750-5523 Fax:+82-31-750-5283 E-mail : H.K.J. E-mail:
| | - Hoo Kil Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.H.P. Phone: +82-31-750-5523 Fax:+82-31-750-5283 E-mail : H.K.J. E-mail:
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Im J, Baik JE, Lee D, Kum KY, Yun CH, Park OJ, Han SH. Lipoteichoic acid of Enterococcus faecalis interferes with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide signaling via IRAK-M upregulation in human periodontal ligament cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:146-157. [PMID: 32311229 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gum caused by infection with multispecies oral bacteria. Since the periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis together with Enterococcus faecalis are frequently detected in patients with a severe form of periodontitis, interactions between their virulence factors might play an important role in progression of the disease. P. gingivalis and E. faecalis possess lipopolysaccharide (Pg.LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (Ef.LTA), respectively, as the major virulence factors inducing inflammatory responses. However, the combinatorial effect of these virulence factors on chemokine expression was poorly understood. Here, we examined the interaction between Ef.LTA and Pg.LPS on IL-8 induction in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Pg.LPS, but not Ef.LTA, induced IL-8 expression at both mRNA and protein levels, which was suppressed in the presence of Ef.LTA. Although Ef.LTA and Pg.LPS could stimulate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Ef.LTA did not interfere with Pg.LPS induced-TLR2 activation. However, Ef.LTA decreased Pg.LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 kinase. Furthermore, Ef.LTA suppressed Pg.LPS-induced IL-8 promoter activity as well as AP-1, NF-IL6 and NF-κB transcription factors, which are indispensable for IL-8 expression. Interestingly, Ef.LTA enhanced only IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) expression among the tested negative regulators of TLR intracellular signaling cascades in the presence of Pg.LPS. In addition, silencing IRAK-M restored the decreased IL-8 expression by Ef.LTA in the presence of Pg.LPS. Collectively, these results suggest that Ef.LTA inhibits Pg.LPS-induced IL-8 expression in human PDL cells via inducing the expression of a negative regulator of TLR signaling cascades, IRAK-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mizuno H, Arce L, Tomotsune K, Albarracin L, Funabashi R, Vera D, Islam MA, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Takahashi H, Sasaki Y, Kitazawa H, Villena J. Lipoteichoic Acid Is Involved in the Ability of the Immunobiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506 to Modulate the Intestinal Antiviral Innate Immunity Triggered by TLR3 Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571. [PMID: 32328062 PMCID: PMC7161159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is involved in the immunomodulatory properties of some immunobiotic lactobacilli. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether LTA contributes to the capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506 in modulating the intestinal innate antiviral immune response. A D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis protein (dltD) knockout CRL1506 strain (L. plantarumΔdltD) was obtained, and its ability to modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3-mediated immune response was evaluated in vitro in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and in vivo in Balb/c mice. Wild-type (WT) CRL1506 (L. plantarum WT) was used as positive control. The challenge of PIE cells with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) significantly increased interferon (IFN)-β, interleukin (IL)-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expressions. PIE cells pretreated with L. plantarumΔdltD or L. plantarum WT showed higher levels of IFN-β while only L. plantarum WT significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 when compared with poly(I:C)-treated control cells. The oral administration of L. plantarum WT to mice prior the intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) significantly increased IFN-β and IL-10 and reduced intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD3+NK1.1+CD8αα+) and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-15) in the intestinal mucosa. Similar to the WT strain, L. plantarumΔdltD-treated mice showed enhanced levels of IFN-β after poly(I:C) challenge. However, treatment of mice with L. plantarumΔdltD was not able to increase IL-10 or reduce CD3+NK1.1+CD8αα+ cells, TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-15 in the intestine. These results indicate that LTA would be a key molecule in the anti-inflammatory effect induced by the CRL1506 strain in the context of TLR3-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Mizuno
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lorena Arce
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Kae Tomotsune
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Leonardo Albarracin
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Ryutaro Funabashi
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daniela Vera
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
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Abstract
Industrial biotechnology is a continuously expanding field focused on the application of microorganisms to produce chemicals using renewable sources as substrates. Currently, an increasing interest in new versatile processes, able to utilize a variety of substrates to obtain diverse products, can be observed. A robust microbial strain is critical in the creation of such processes. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used to produce a wide variety of chemicals with high commercial interest. Lactic acid (LA) is the most predominant industrial product obtained from LAB fermentations, and its production is forecasted to rise as the result of the increasing demand of polylactic acid. Hence, the creation of new ways to revalorize LA production processes is of high interest and could further enhance its economic value. Therefore, this review explores some co-products of LA fermentations, derived from LAB, with special focus on bacteriocins, lipoteichoic acid, and probiotics. Finally, a multi-product process involving LA and the other compounds of interest is proposed.
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Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid disrupts mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Microbiol 2020; 58:314-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Resinous adhesive systems differentially affect the expression of cytokines by human monocytes stimulated or not with Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 111:104641. [PMID: 31927406 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The polymerization of adhesive systems is incomplete and the residual monomers that have been released have a cytotoxic capacity. Some teeth develop into pulp necrosis after composite resin restorations. Considering frequent pulpal inflammation in response to cariogenic bacteria, substances released from the patches could affect the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate and interfere with the mechanisms of defense against microorganisms and protection of pulpal tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of substances released by different resinous adhesive systems on cell viability and cytokine expression by human monocytes stimulated in vitro with Streptococcus mutans. DESIGN Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy subjects were stimulated with S. mutans and then incubated with supernatants obtained from the Single Bond Universal (SBU) or Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB) adhesive systems for eight hours. Staining with Annexin V and 7AAD for analysis of apoptosis were performed and detection of monocytes expressing cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α were performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS No treatment significantly affected apoptosis in monocytes. SBU supernatant increased the frequency of monocytes expressing IL-8 and decreased the monocytes expressing IL-10. Considering S. mutans-stimulated cells, while SBU increased the frequency of IL-8+ monocytes, CSEB reduced the frequency of IL-6 and TNF-α positive monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Products released from SBU seem to induce proinflammatory effects on monocytes while those from CSEB show an anti-inflammatory outcome. These effects may interfere in the control of cytokine-mediated immunoinflammatory pulp reactions, both in the presence and absence of stimulation by cariogenic bacteria.
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41
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Wang W, Qu Q, Chen J. Identification, expression analysis, and antibacterial activity of Apolipoprotein A-I from amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 238:110329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Swain J, El Khoury M, Flament A, Dezanet C, Briée F, Van Der Smissen P, Décout JL, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Antimicrobial activity of amphiphilic neamine derivatives: Understanding the mechanism of action on Gram-positive bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:182998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang Q, Sun Q, Qi R, Wang J, Qiu X, Liu Z, Huang J. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on the intestinal morphology, intestinal barrier function and microbiota composition of suckling piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1908-1918. [PMID: 31498508 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strain 299v on gut health in suckling piglets. Sixty newborn piglets were assigned to control and probiotic treatments, with three litters per treatment (ten piglets/litter). From days 1 to 20 of life, piglets were orally administered a placebo of 0.1% peptone or 1.0 × 1010 CFU L. plantarum 299v daily. Six piglets per treatment were sacrificed on day 20, and intestinal tissues (including duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) and the intestinal contents from colon segments were collected. The results demonstrated that piglets treated with L. plantarum 299v had a lower diarrhoea incidence than the controls. L. plantarum 299v administration significantly increased the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum, as well as the mRNA expression of jejunal occludin and ileal zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1). The L. plantarum treatment also increased the mRNA abundance of porcine β-defensin 2 (pBD2) and pBD3 in the jejunum and ileum and of toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR9 in the ileum, and significantly upregulated the mRNA abundances of ileal pBD1 and colonic TLR4. Additionally, the L. plantarum 299v treatment significantly changed the structure of the colonic microbiota, as evidenced by the obvious increases in the relative abundances of the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and of the genus Lactobacillus. Our findings indicate that L. plantarum 299v facilitates the gut health of suckling piglets, probably by improving the intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function and by modifying the structure of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China.,College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renli Qi
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinxiu Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
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Friedrich AD, Campo VE, Cela EM, Morelli AE, Shufesky WJ, Tckacheva OA, Leoni J, Paz ML, Larregina AT, González Maglio DH. Oral administration of lipoteichoic acid from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG overcomes UVB-induced immunosuppression and impairs skin tumor growth in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:2095-2102. [PMID: 31334839 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the relevant connection and regulation between the gut and skin immune axis. In fact, oral administration of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) prevents the development of UV-induced skin tumors in chronically exposed mice. Here we aim to evaluate whether this LTA is able to revert UV-induced immunosuppression as a mechanism involved in its anti-tumor effect and whether it has an immunotherapeutic effect against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Using a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity, we demonstrate that LTA overcomes UV-induced skin immunosuppression. This effect was in part achieved by modulating the phenotype of lymph node resident dendritic cells (DC) and the homing of skin migratory DC. Importantly, oral LTA reduced significantly the growth of established skin tumors once UV radiation was discontinued, demonstrating that it has a therapeutic, besides the already demonstrated preventive antitumor effect. The data presented here strongly indicates that oral administration of LTA represents a promising immunotherapeutic approach for different conditions in which the skin immune system is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián D Friedrich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Campo
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana M Cela
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Department of Surgery and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Shufesky
- Department of Surgery and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olga A Tckacheva
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliana Leoni
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela L Paz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana T Larregina
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel H González Maglio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kim AR, Ahn KB, Yun CH, Park OJ, Perinpanayagam H, Yoo YJ, Kum KY, Han SH. Lactobacillus plantarum Lipoteichoic Acid Inhibits Oral Multispecies Biofilm. J Endod 2019; 45:310-315. [PMID: 30803538 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease in the periradicular region of teeth that results from infection by multispecies bacterial biofilm residing in the root canal system. In this study, we investigated whether Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (Lp.LTA) could inhibit multispecies oral pathogenic bacterial biofilm formation. METHODS Highly pure and structurally intact Lp.LTA was purified from L. plantarum. Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis were co-cultured to form oral multispecies biofilm in the presence or absence of Lp.LTA on culture plates or human dentin slices. Preformed biofilm was treated with or without Lp.LTA, followed by additional treatment with intracanal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide or chlorhexidine digluconate. Confocal microscopy and crystal violet assay were performed to determine biofilm formation. Biofilm on human dentin slices was visualized with a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS Biofilm formation of multispecies bacteria on the culture dishes was dose-dependently reduced by Lp.LTA compared with the nontreatment control group. Lp.LTA also inhibited multispecies biofilm formation on the dentin slices in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, Lp.LTA was shown to reduce preformed multispecies biofilm compared with the nontreatment group. Moreover, Lp.LTA potentiated the effectiveness of the intracanal medicaments in the removal of preformed multispecies biofilm. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Lp.LTA is a potential anti-biofilm agent for treatment or prevention of oral infectious disease, including apical periodontitis, which is mainly caused by multispecies bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Park JW, Kim HY, Kim MG, Jeong S, Yun CH, Han SH. Short-chain Fatty Acids Inhibit Staphylococcal Lipoprotein-induced Nitric Oxide Production in Murine Macrophages. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e9. [PMID: 31089436 PMCID: PMC6494764 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive pathogen, can cause severe inflammation in humans, leading to various life-threatening diseases. The lipoprotein is a major virulence factor in S. aureus-induced infectious diseases and is responsible for excessive inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, propionate, and acetate are microbial metabolites in the gut that are known to have anti-inflammatory effects in the host. In this study, we investigated the effects of SCFAs on S. aureus lipoprotein (Sa.LPP)-induced NO production in mouse macrophages. Butyrate and propionate, but not acetate, inhibited Sa.LPP-induced production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Butyrate and propionate inhibited Sa.LPP-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). However, acetate did not show such effects under the same conditions. Furthermore, butyrate and propionate, but not acetate, inhibited Sa.LPP-induced activation of NF-κB, expression of IFN-β, and phosphorylation of STAT1, which are essential for inducing transcription of iNOS in macrophages. In addition, butyrate and propionate induced histone acetylation at lysine residues in the presence of Sa.LPP in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, Sa.LPP-induced NO production was decreased by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Collectively, these results suggest that butyrate and propionate ameliorate the inflammatory responses caused by S. aureus through the inhibition of NF-κB, IFN-β/STAT1, and HDAC, resulting in attenuated NO production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Geun Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soyoung Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Leng Y, Chen C, Zhang Y, Luo C, Liu B. Ability of serum procalcitonin to distinguish focus of infection and pathogen types in patients with bloodstream infection. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:135. [PMID: 31157256 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Serum procalcitonin (PCT) is a widely recognized inflammatory marker which can distinguish systemic bacterial infection from other types of infections. The ability of PCT levels to distinguish different pathogens from different focus of infection is contradictory. Methods This study included 551 patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) diagnosed with positive blood culture (BC) during Jan 2013 and May 2018. The patients were divided into two groups with or without definite focus of infection. In this study, we analyzed PCT levels induced by Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal infection. Relationship of time between PCT peak and BC collection, and the impact of antibiotics usage on PCT peak distribution were examined. Results For patients without definite focus of infection, the serum PCT values of Gram-negative bacteria were higher than that of Gram-positive bacteria (P<0.05). A cut-off value of 7.54 ng/mL for PCT showed a sensitivity of 88.3%. For patients with definite focus of infection, the serum PCT values of Gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher than Gram-positive bacteria in patients with lower respiratory tract (P=0.003), abdominal (P=0.039), urinary tract infection (P=0.025), but not in patients with upper respiratory tract infection (P=0.664). The PCT values between multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) and sensitive bacteria were not statistically significant (P>0.05) among all patients. Moreover, among patients who use antibiotics before BC collection, the longer antibiotics used, the higher trend of the proportion for PCT peak distribution after BC collection. The higher proportion of antibiotics combined before BC collection, the lower proportion of PCT peak distribution appeared before BC collection, and the higher the proportion of PCT peak distribution appeared after BC collection. Conclusions PCT value is determined by many factors. PCT value is related to not only Gram-positive bacteria or Gram-negative bacteria, but also related to specific pathogens, and specific of infection sites etc. The use of Antibiotics is also an important factor of PCT value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Leng
- Department of Infection Management Office, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China.,Department of Infection Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Caiyun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Department of Infection Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Can Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Infection Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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MyD88 hypermethylation mediated by DNMT1 is associated with LTA-induced inflammatory response in human odontoblast-like cells. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:413-423. [PMID: 30707290 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-02993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic, infectious, and destructive disease that allows bacteria to break into the dental pulp tissue. As caries-related bacteria invade the human dentinal tubules, odontoblasts are the first line of dental pulp that trigger the initial inflammatory and immune responses. DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification that plays a fundamental role in gene transcription, and its role in inflammation-related diseases has recently attracted attention. However, whether DNA methylation regulates the inflammatory response of human odontoblasts is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1 in lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated human odontoblast-like cells (hOBs) and found that DNMT1 expression showed a decline that is contrary to the transcription of inflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of the DNMT1 gene increased the expression of several cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8, in the LTA-induced inflammatory response. DNMT1 knockdown increased the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, IκBα, and p65 in the NF-κB pathway and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK in the MAPK pathway; however, only the NF-κB pathway inhibitor PDTC suppressed both IL-6 and IL-8 expression, whereas inhibitors of the MAPK pathway (U0126, SB2035580, and SP600125) did not. Furthermore, DNMT1 knockdown upregulated the expression of MyD88 and TRAF6 but only attenuated the MyD88 gene promoter methylation in LTA-treated hOBs. Taken together, these results demonstrated that DNMT1 depletion caused hypomethylation and upregulation of MyD88, which resulted in activation of the NF-κB pathway and the subsequent release of LTA-induced inflammatory cytokines in hOBs. This study emphasizes the critical role of DNA methylation in the immune defense of odontoblasts when dental pulp reacted to caries.
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Lipoteichoic acids of lactobacilli inhibit Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and disrupt the preformed biofilm. J Microbiol 2019; 57:310-315. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Xiong R, Pan D, Wu Z, Guo Y, Zeng X, Lian L. Structure and immunomodulatory activity of a recombinant mucus-binding protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1731-1743. [PMID: 30526068 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The role of mucus-binding protein (MUB) on the adhesion activity and immunomodulatory effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus. MATERIALS & METHODS The current research mainly focuses on the adhesion and immune function of MUB from L. acidophilus. The structural characteristics and adhesion properties of MUB were analyzed in the intestinal cell models. RESULTS MUB can promote the aggregation and formation of a membrane-like morphology in L. acidophilus, which could increase the survival rate of L. acidophilus in gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Furthermore, MUB could trigger immune regulation and intestinal protection through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway and inhibit the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. CONCLUSION MUB of L. acidophilus is an important component involved in bacterial-mucus interactions and immunomodulatory effect in gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Liwei Lian
- Ningbo Dairy Group, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, PR China
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