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Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
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Fiyouzi T, Pelaez-Prestel HF, Reyes-Manzanas R, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097797. [PMID: 37175505 PMCID: PMC10177847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune responses and are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Hence, it is no coincidence that autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders are associated with defects in Tregs. These diseases have currently no cure and are treated with palliative drugs such as immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory agents. Thereby, there is a great interest in developing medical interventions against these diseases based on enhancing Treg cell function and numbers. Here, we give an overview of Treg cell ontogeny and function, paying particular attention to mucosal Tregs. We review some notable approaches to enhance immunomodulation by Tregs with therapeutic purposes including adoptive Treg cell transfer therapy and discuss relevant clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease. We next introduce ways to expand mucosal Tregs in vivo using microbiota and dietary products that have been the focus of clinical trials in various autoimmune and chronic-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Fiyouzi
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector F Pelaez-Prestel
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Reyes-Manzanas
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Sun P, Zhang H, Shi J, Xu M, Cheng T, Lu B, Yang L, Zhang X, Huang J. KRTCAP2 as an immunological and prognostic biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113124. [PMID: 36634487 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in protein glycosylation affect tumor progression and immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Keratinocyte-associated protein 2 (KRTCAP2) encodes the corresponding proteins involved in N-glycosylation. The clinical predictive significance and immune role of KRTCAP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) largely remain elusive. Combining bioinformatics tools and multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis, we evaluated the KRTCAP2 expression in the HCC tumor microenvironment. The results showed that KRTCAP2 mRNA and protein expression were markedly increased in HCC tissues. Furthermore, high KRTCAP2 expression was an independent predictive factor of unfavorable prognosis in HCC. Moreover, high KRTCAP2 protein expression was associated with a lower proportion of CD8+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages in the stroma region. There was also a lower proportion of CD8+ T cells in the tumor region with high KRTCAP2 protein expression. Specifically, KRTCAP2 expression showed an inverse relationship with programmed cell death ligand-1 in HCC. Analysis of immunophenoscore showed that the low KRTCAP2 expression group had a stronger ability to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In conclusion, KRTCAP2 had a significant prognostic value for HCC and was correlated with the immune microenvironment. Our findings suggest that KRTCAP2 is a prognostic marker for HCC patients with potential clinical implications for predicting immunotherapeutic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Sun
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jiawen Shi
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Manyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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Sayın Ekinci N, Darbaş Ş, Uçar F. CXCR5+CD8+ Follicular Cytotoxic T Cell Biology and Its Relationship with Diseases. TURKISH JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/tji.galenos.2022.04796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Circulating and Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Checkpoint-Expressing CD8+ Treg/T Cell Subsets and Their Associations with Disease-Free Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133194. [PMID: 35804964 PMCID: PMC9265020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of global cancer-related mortality. Tumor-infiltrating effector immune cells play critical roles in tumor control, and their activity can dictate disease outcomes. In this study, we provide evidence of the associations between different CD8+ T cell subpopulations with disease-free survival (DFS) in CRC patients. We report associations between higher levels of certain circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell subsets and improved clinical outcomes in CRC patients. Abstract T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have diverse roles in anti-tumor immunity, including orchestration of immune responses and anti-tumor cytotoxic attack. However, different T cell subsets may have opposing roles in tumor progression, especially in inflammation-related cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we phenotypically characterized CD3+CD4- (CD8+) T cells in colorectal tumor tissues (TT), normal colon tissues (NT) and in circulation of CRC patients. We investigated the expression levels of key immune checkpoints (ICs) and Treg-related markers in CD8+ T cells. Importantly, we investigated associations between different tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell subpopulations and disease-free survival (DFS) in CRC patients. We found that FoxP3 expression and ICs including PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and LAG-3 were significantly increased in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells compared with NT and peripheral blood. In the TME, we found that TIM-3 expression was significantly increased in patients with early stages and absent lymphovascular invasion (LVI) compared to patients with advanced stages and LVI. Importantly, we report that high levels of certain circulating CD8+ T cell subsets (TIM-3-expressing, FoxP3−Helios−TIM-3+ and FoxP3−Helios+TIM-3+ cells) in CRC patients were associated with better DFS. Moreover, in the TME, we report that elevated levels of CD25+ and TIM-3+ T cells, and FoxP3+Helios−TIM-3+ Tregs were associated with better DFS.
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Oral immunization of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing fiber-2 of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 induces protective immunity against homologous infection. Vet Microbiol 2022; 271:109490. [PMID: 35709627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) caused by fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 4 strains is a highly contagious disease that causes significant economic loss to the global poultry industry. However, subunit vaccine against FAdV-4 infection is not yet commercially available to date. This study aims to explore the potential for oral immunization of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Fiber-2 of FAdV-4 as a subunit vaccine. Here, we constructed recombinant S. cerevisiae (ST1814G/Fiber-2) expressing recombinant Fiber-2 (rFiber-2), which was displayed on the cell surface. To evaluate the immune response and protective effect of live recombinant S. cerevisiae, chickens were orally immunized with the constructed live ST1814G/Fiber-2, three times at 5-day intervals, and then challenged with FAdV-4. The results showed that oral administration of live ST1814G/Fiber-2 could stimulate the production of humoral immunity, enhance the body's antiviral activity and immune regulation ability, improve the composition of gut microbiota, provide protection against FAdV-4 challenge, reduce viral load in the liver, and alleviate the pathological damage of heart, liver, and spleen for chicken. In addition, we found the synergistic effect in combining the ST1814G/Fiber-2 yeast and inactivated vaccine to trigger stronger humoral immunity and mucosal immunity. Our results suggest that oral live ST1814G/Fiber-2 is a potentially safer auxiliary preparation strategy in controlling FAdV-4 infection.
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7
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Gupta S, Demirdag Y, Gupta AA. Members of the Regulatory Lymphocyte Club in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864307. [PMID: 35669770 PMCID: PMC9164302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD4 T regulatory cells is well established in peripheral tolerance and the pathogenesis of the murine model and human autoimmune diseases. CD4 T regulatory cells (CD4 Tregs) have been investigated in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Recently, additional members have been added to the club of regulatory lymphocytes. These include CD8 T regulatory (CD8 Tregs), B regulatory (Bregs), and T follicular helper regulatory (TFR) cells. There are accumulating data to suggest their roles in both human and experimental models of autoimmune disease. Their phenotypic characterization and mechanisms of immunoregulation are evolving. Patients with CVID may present or are associated with an increased frequency of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we have primarily focused on the characteristics of CD4 Tregs and new players of the regulatory club and their changes in patients with CVID in relation to autoimmunity and emphasized the complexity of interplay among various regulatory lymphocytes. We suggest future careful investigations of phenotypic and functional regulatory lymphocytes in a large cohort of phenotypic and genotypically defined CVID patients to define their role in the pathogenesis of CVID and autoimmunity associated with CVID.
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Distinct CD8 T Cell Populations with Differential Exhaustion Profiles Associate with Secondary Complications in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1254-1269. [PMID: 35589883 PMCID: PMC9537220 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency, with heterogeneous clinical presentation. Our goal was to analyze CD8 T cell homeostasis in patients with infection only CVID, compared to those additionally affected by dysregulatory and autoimmune phenomena. Methods We used flow and mass cytometry evaluation of peripheral blood of 40 patients with CVID and 17 healthy donors. Results CD8 T cells are skewed in patients with CVID, with loss of naïve and increase of effector memory stages, expansion of cell clusters with high functional exhaustion scores, and a highly activated population of cells with immunoregulatory features, producing IL-10. These findings correlate to clinically widely used B cell-based EURO classification. Features of exhaustion, including loss of CD127 and CD28, and expression of TIGIT and PD-1 in CD8 T cells are strongly associated with interstitial lung disease and autoimmune cytopenias, whereas CD8 T cell activation with elevated HLA-DR and CD38 expression predict non-infectious diarrhea. Conclusion We demonstrate features of advanced differentiation, exhaustion, activation, and immunoregulatory capabilities within CD8 T cells of CVID patients. Assessment of CD8 T cell phenotype may allow risk assessment of CVID patients and provide new insights into CVID pathogenesis, including a better understanding of mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion and regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-022-01291-9.
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9
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Dynamic changes in regulatory T cells during normal pregnancy, recurrent pregnancy loss, and gestational diabetes. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 150:103492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dasgupta S, Maricic I, Tang J, Wandro S, Weldon K, Carpenter CS, Eckmann L, Rivera-Nieves J, Sandborn W, Knight R, Dorrestein P, Swafford AD, Kumar V. Class Ib MHC-Mediated Immune Interactions Play a Critical Role in Maintaining Mucosal Homeostasis in the Mammalian Large Intestine. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:953-971. [PMID: 34911745 PMCID: PMC10026853 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes within the intestinal epithelial layer (IEL) in mammals have unique composition compared with their counterparts in the lamina propria. Little is known about the role of some of the key colonic IEL subsets, such as TCRαβ+CD8+ T cells, in inflammation. We have recently described liver-enriched innate-like TCRαβ+CD8αα regulatory T cells, partly controlled by the non-classical MHC molecule, Qa-1b, that upon adoptive transfer protect from T cell-induced colitis. In this study, we found that TCRαβ+CD8αα T cells are reduced among the colonic IEL during inflammation, and that their activation with an agonistic peptide leads to significant Qa-1b-dependent protection in an acute model of colitis. Cellular expression of Qa-1b during inflammation and corresponding dependency in peptide-mediated protection suggest that Batf3-dependent CD103+CD11b- type 1 conventional dendritic cells control the protective function of TCRαβ+CD8αα T cells in the colonic epithelium. In the colitis model, expression of the potential barrier-protective gene, Muc2, is enhanced upon administration of a Qa-1b agonistic peptide. Notably, in steady state, the mucin metabolizing Akkermansia muciniphila was found in significantly lower abundance amid a dramatic change in overall microbiome and metabolome, increased IL-6 in explant culture, and enhanced sensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium in Qa-1b deficiency. Finally, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, we found upregulation of HLA-E, a Qa-1b analog with inflammation and biologic non-response, in silico, suggesting the importance of this regulatory mechanism across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Maricic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jay Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen Wandro
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kelly Weldon
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Carolina S Carpenter
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - William Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter Dorrestein
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Austin D Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Hardardottir L, Bazzano MV, Glau L, Gattinoni L, Köninger A, Tolosa E, Solano ME. The New Old CD8+ T Cells in the Immune Paradox of Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765730. [PMID: 34868016 PMCID: PMC8635142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the most frequent T cell population in the immune cell compartment at the feto-maternal interface. Due to their cytotoxic potential, the presence of CD8+ T cells in the immune privileged pregnant uterus has raised considerable interest. Here, we review our current understanding of CD8+ T cell biology in the uterus of pregnant women and discuss this knowledge in relation to a recently published immune cell Atlas of human decidua. We describe how the expansion of CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype often presenting markers of exhaustion is critical for a successful pregnancy, and host defense towards pathogens. Moreover, we review new evidence on the presence of long-lasting immunological memory to former pregnancies and discuss its impact on prospective pregnancy outcomes. The formation of fetal-specific memory CD8+ T cell subests in the uterus, in particular of tissue resident, and stem cell memory cells requires further investigation, but promises interesting results to come. Advancing the knowledge of CD8+ T cell biology in the pregnant uterus will be pivotal for understanding not only tissue-specific immune tolerance but also the etiology of complications during pregnancy, thus enabling preventive or therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilja Hardardottir
- Laboratory for Translational Perinatology- Focus: Immunology, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Victoria Bazzano
- Laboratory for Translational Perinatology- Focus: Immunology, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Department of Functional Immune Cell Modulation, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Regensburg at the St. Hedwig Hospital of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Emilia Solano
- Laboratory for Translational Perinatology- Focus: Immunology, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Casalegno Garduño R, Däbritz J. New Insights on CD8 + T Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738762. [PMID: 34707610 PMCID: PMC8542854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a complex multifactorial chronic disease. Here, we present an overview of the current research with the controversial findings of CD8+ T cell subsets and discuss some possible perspectives on their therapeutic value in IBD. Studies on the role of CD8+ T cells in IBD have contradictory outcomes, which might be related to the heterogeneity of the cells. Recent data suggest that cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (Tc1) and interleukin (IL) 17-producing CD8+ (Tc17) cells contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. Moreover, subsets of regulatory CD8+ T cells are abundant at sites of inflammation and can exhibit pro-inflammatory features. Some subsets of tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) might be immunosuppressant, whereas others might be pro-inflammatory. Lastly, exhausted T cells might indicate a positive outcome for patients. The function and plasticity of different subsets of CD8+ T cells in health and IBD remain to be further investigated in a challenging field due to the limited availability of mucosal samples and adequate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaely Casalegno Garduño
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Däbritz
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, The Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
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Ross SH, Rollings CM, Cantrell DA. Quantitative Analyses Reveal How Hypoxia Reconfigures the Proteome of Primary Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712402. [PMID: 34603285 PMCID: PMC8484760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and nutrient-sensing pathways play an important role in controlling the efficacy of effector T cells. Oxygen is a critical regulator of cellular metabolism. However, during immune responses T cells must function in oxygen-deficient, or hypoxic, environments. Here, we used high resolution mass spectrometry to investigate how the proteome of primary murine CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is reconfigured in response to hypoxia in vitro. We identified and quantified over 7,600 proteins and discovered that hypoxia increased the abundance of a selected number of proteins in CTLs. This included glucose transporters, metabolic enzymes, transcription factors, cytolytic effector molecules, checkpoint receptors and adhesion molecules. While some of these proteins may augment the effector functions of CTLs, others may limit their cytotoxicity. Moreover, we determined that hypoxia could inhibit IL-2-induced proliferation cues and antigen-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in CTLs. These data provide a comprehensive resource for understanding the magnitude of the CTL response to hypoxia and emphasise the importance of oxygen-sensing pathways for controlling CD8+ T cells. Additionally, this study provides new understanding about how hypoxia may promote the effector function of CTLs, while contributing to their dysfunction in some contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Ross
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Rollings
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Singh RP, Bischoff DS, Hahn BH. CD8 + T regulatory cells in lupus. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:147-156. [PMID: 35880241 PMCID: PMC9242525 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) have a key role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and the regulation of immune tolerance by preventing the inflammation and suppressing the autoimmune responses. Numerical and functional deficits of these cells have been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and mouse models of SLE, where their imbalance and dysregulated activities have been reported to significantly influence the disease pathogenesis, progression and outcomes. Most studies in SLE have focused on CD4+ Tregs and it has become clear that a critical role in the control of immune tolerance after the breakdown of self-tolerance is provided by CD8+ Tregs. Here we review the role, cellular and molecular phenotypes, and mechanisms of action of CD8+ Tregs in SLE, including ways to induce these cells for immunotherapeutic modulation in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P. Singh
- Research Service, Veteran Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- E-mail:
| | - David S. Bischoff
- Research Service, Veteran Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bevra H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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GŁaczynska M, Machcinska M, Donskow-Lysoniewska K. Effects of Different Media on Human T Regulatory Cells Phenotype. In Vivo 2021; 35:283-289. [PMID: 33402475 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Functional and quantitative Treg cell defects have been identified in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, Tregs are a major pharmaceutical target for these disorders. In the last decades, studies have been mainly focused on the identification and experimental understanding of the activity of Tregs and their mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study describes how overnight storage of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in different media (PBS pH 7.3, PBS pH 7.3 containing 0.5% BSA, RPMI 1640 and RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS) affects the viability and expression of the commonly used markers for Tregs identification: CD25, CD127, CTLA-4, GITR, PD-1, FoxP3 and Helios. RESULTS Incorrectly selected storage conditions (temperature, time, medium) may affect the expression of surface and intracellular markers, thus, compromising the quality of the obtained results. CONCLUSION Appropriate protocols of cell isolation and storage are important for providing appropriate conditions for cell growth. This is crucial when analyzing small cell populations like Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena GŁaczynska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maja Machcinska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Thiele D, La Gruta NL, Nguyen A, Hussain T. Hiding in Plain Sight: Virtually Unrecognizable Memory Phenotype CD8 + T cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228626. [PMID: 33207648 PMCID: PMC7698292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual memory T (TVM) cells are a recently described population of conventional CD8+ T cells that, in spite of their antigen inexperience, express markers of T cell activation. TVM cells exhibit rapid responsiveness to both antigen-specific and innate stimuli in youth but acquire intrinsic antigen-specific response defects in the elderly. In this article, we review how the identification of TVM cells necessitates a re-evaluation of accepted paradigms for conventional memory T (TMEM) cells, the potential for heterogeneity within the TVM population, and the defining characteristics of TVM cells. Further, we highlight recent literature documenting the development of TVM cells as a distinct CD8+ T cell lineage as well their biological significance in the context of disease.
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17
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Xie L, He C, Chen J, Tang L, Zhou Z, Zhong G. Suppression of Chlamydial Pathogenicity by Nonspecific CD8 + T Lymphocytes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00315-20. [PMID: 32747602 PMCID: PMC7504968 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00315-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, a leading infectious cause of tubal infertility, induces upper genital tract pathology, such as hydrosalpinx, which can be modeled with Chlamydia muridarum infection in mice. Following C. muridarum inoculation, wild-type mice develop robust hydrosalpinx, but OT1 mice fail to do so because their T cell receptors are engineered to recognize a single ovalbumin epitope (OVA457-462). These observations have demonstrated a critical role of Chlamydia-specific T cells in chlamydial pathogenicity. In the current study, we have also found that OT1 mice can actively inhibit chlamydial pathogenicity. First, depletion of CD8+ T cells from OT1 mice led to the induction of significant hydrosalpinx by Chlamydia, indicating that CD8+ T cells are necessary to inhibit chlamydial pathogenicity. Second, adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from OT1 mice to CD8 knockout mice significantly reduced chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx, demonstrating that OT1 CD8+ T cells are sufficient for attenuating chlamydial pathogenicity in CD8 knockout mice. Finally, CD8+ T cells from OT1 mice also significantly inhibited hydrosalpinx development in wild-type mice following an intravaginal inoculation with Chlamydia Since T cells in OT1 mice are engineered to recognize only the OVA457-462 epitope, the above observations have demonstrated a chlamydial antigen-independent immune mechanism for regulating chlamydial pathogenicity. Further characterization of this mechanism may provide information for developing strategies to reduce infertility-causing pathology induced by infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Conghui He
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jianlin Chen
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingli Tang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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18
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Liu M, Silva-Sanchez A, Randall TD, Meza-Perez S. Specialized immune responses in the peritoneal cavity and omentum. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:717-729. [PMID: 32881077 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mir0720-271rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or clusters of leukocytes that are organized similar to those in conventional lymphoid tissues. A unique assortment of leukocytes patrol the peritoneal cavity and migrate in and out of the milky spots, where they encounter Ags or pathogens from the peritoneal fluid and respond accordingly. The principal role of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity is to preserve tissue homeostasis and secure tissue repair. However, when peritoneal homeostasis is disturbed by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, specialized fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells in the omentum regulate the recruitment of peritoneal leukocytes and steer their activation in unique ways. In this review, the types of cells that reside in the peritoneal cavity, the role of the omentum in their maintenance and activation, and how these processes function in response to pathogens and malignancy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Selene Meza-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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19
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Zavvar M, Assadiasl S, Zargaran S, Akhtari M, Poopak B, Dinarvand R, Fatahi Y, Tayebi L, Soleimanifar N, Nicknam MH. Adoptive Treg cell-based immunotherapy: Frontier therapeutic aspects in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:933-946. [PMID: 32635779 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The major current focus on treating rheumatoid arthritis is to put an end to long-term treatments and instead, specifically block widespread immunosuppression by developing antigen-specific tolerance, while also permitting an intact immune response toward other antigens to occur. There have been promising preclinical findings regarding adoptive Treg cells immunotherapy with a critically responsible function in the prevention of autoimmunity, tissue repair and regeneration, which make them an attractive candidate to develop effective therapeutic approaches to achieve this interesting concept in many human immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Ex vivo or invivo manipulation protocols are not only utilized to correct Treg cells defect, but also to benefit from their specific immunosuppressive properties by identifying specific antigens that are expressed in the inflamedjoint. The methods able to address these deficiencies can be considered as a target for immunity interventions to restore appropriate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Zargaran
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhtari
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Poopak
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Narjes Soleimanifar
- Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Baruch EN, Ortenberg R, Avivi C, Anafi L, Dick-Necula D, Stossel C, Moshkovits Y, Itzhaki O, Besser MJ, Schachter J, Barshack I, Markel G. Immune co-culture cell microarray - a feasible tool for high-throughput functional investigation of lymphocyte-cancer interactions. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1741267. [PMID: 32373399 PMCID: PMC7194292 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1741267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Omics analyses often result in dozens to hundreds of potential targets, requiring validation for their biological relevance. Current high-throughput functional investigation methods are frequently labor-intensive, expensive, and display low reproducibility. The Immune Co-Culture Cell Microarray (ICCM) is a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell block microarray based on co-cultures of patient-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their autologous melanoma cells. Each ICCM slide represents the same experiment and can be stained using standard immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Functional dynamics assessment of both proteins and microRNAs using ICCM stained slides demonstrated similar findings to flow cytometry assays and to previously published patient-derived biopsy reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Nissim Baruch
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Rona Ortenberg
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Camila Avivi
- Pathological Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Anafi
- Pathological Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniela Dick-Necula
- Pathological Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chani Stossel
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Yonatan Moshkovits
- School of Of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Michal Judith Besser
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
- School of Of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Pathological Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School of Of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
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21
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Whangbo JS, Antin JH, Koreth J. The role of regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease management. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:141-154. [PMID: 31874061 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1709436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite improvements in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching algorithms and supportive care, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the leading cause of non-relapse morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Acute GVHD, typically occurring in the first 100 days post-HSCT, is mediated by mature effector T cells from the donor (graft) that become activated after encountering alloantigens in the recipient (host). Chronic GVHD, characterized by aberrant immune responses to both autoantigens and alloantigens, occurs later and arises from a failure to develop tolerance after HSCT. CD4+ CD25+ CD127- FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) function to suppress auto- and alloreactive immune responses and are key mediators of immune tolerance.Areas covered: In this review, authors discuss the biologic and therapeutic roles of Tregs in acute and chronic GVHD, including in vivo and ex vivo strategies for Treg expansion and adoptive Treg cellular therapy.Expert opinion: Although they comprise only a small subset of circulating CD4 + T cells, Tregs play an important role in establishing and maintaining immune tolerance following allogeneic HSCT. The development of GVHD has been associated with reduced Treg frequency or numbers. Consequently, the immunosuppressive properties of Tregs are being harnessed in clinical trials for GVHD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Whangbo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph H Antin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Koreth
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Wasnik S, Baylink DJ, Leavenworth J, Liu C, Bi H, Tang X. Towards Clinical Translation of CD8 + Regulatory T Cells Restricted by Non-Classical Major Histocompatibility Complex Ib Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4829. [PMID: 31569411 PMCID: PMC6801908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In central lymphoid tissues, mature lymphocytes are generated and pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes are deleted. However, it is currently known that a significant number of potentially pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes escape the deletion and populate peripheral lymphoid tissues. Therefore, peripheral mechanisms are present to prevent these potentially pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes from harming one's own tissues. One such mechanism is dictated by regulatory T (Treg) cells. So far, the most extensively studied Treg cells are CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. However, recent clinical trials for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases using CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells met with limited success. Accordingly, it is necessary to explore the potential importance of other Treg cells such as CD8+ Treg cells. In this regard, one extensively studied CD8+ Treg cell subset is Qa-1(HLA-E in human)-restricted CD8+ Treg cells, in which Qa-1(HLA-E) molecules belong to a group of non-classical major histocompatibility complex Ib molecules. This review will first summarize the evidence for the presence of Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Treg cells and their regulatory mechanisms. Major discussions will then focus on the potential clinical translation of Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Treg cells. At the end, we will briefly discuss the current status of human studies on HLA-E-restricted CD8+ Treg cells as well as potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Wasnik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - David J Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Jianmei Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Chenfan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Hongzheng Bi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA.
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23
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Yang X, Zeng Q, Göktas E, Gopal K, Al-Aswad L, Blumberg DM, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM, Tezel G. T-Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Activity in Patients With Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:877-888. [PMID: 30821813 PMCID: PMC6397017 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Besides glia-driven neuroinflammation, growing evidence from analysis of human blood samples, isolated autoantibodies, and postmortem tissues also support systemic immune responses during neurodegeneration in glaucoma patients. To explore the T-cell–mediated component of systemic immunity, this study analyzed T lymphocytes in patients' blood. Methods Blood samples were collected from 32 patients with glaucoma and 21 nonglaucomatous controls, and mononuclear cells were isolated by Histopaque density gradient centrifugation. T-cell subset distribution was analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry after helper (Th) and cytotoxic fractions, and Th subpopulations, were stained with antibodies to CD4, CD8, or distinctive markers, such as IFN-γ (for Th1), IL-4 (for Th2), IL-17A (for Th17), and CD25/FoxP3 (for T regulatory cells [Tregs]). In addition, proliferative activity and cytokine secretion of T cells were analyzed after in vitro stimulation. Results Analysis of T-cell subset distribution detected a glaucoma-related shift. Despite similar frequencies of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, or Th1, Th2, or Th17 subsets in glaucoma and control groups, glaucomatous samples exhibited a trend toward decreased frequency of CD4+ (or CD8+)/CD25+/FoxP3+ Tregs within the entire CD4+ (or CD8+) population (P < 0.001). Furthermore, CD4+ T cells in glaucomatous samples presented a greater stimulation response (∼3-fold) as characterized by increased proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion (P < 0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that the immunity activated in glaucoma may not be counterbalanced by an efficient immune suppression. More work is encouraged to determine whether shifted T-cell homeostasis may contribute to neurodegeneration in glaucoma, and/or whether T-cell subset imbalance may serve as a biomarker of autoimmune susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Qun Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Emre Göktas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kalashree Gopal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lama Al-Aswad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dana M Blumberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - George A Cioffi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Liebmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
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24
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Pannu N, Singh R, Sharma S, Chopra S, Bhatnagar A. Altered Tregs and oxidative stress in pregnancy associated lupus. Adv Rheumatol 2019; 59:38. [PMID: 31412940 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-019-0082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM SLE is a systemic autoimmune disease generally affecting woman in the reproductive age. It is associated with an altered level of Tregs and oxidative stress while an increase in Tregs, and different antioxidant mechanisms to combat oxidative stress are essential for successful pregnancy. Hence, this study aims to determine the level of CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs and oxidative stress in pregnant lupus patients. METHODS Ten healthy and 10 pregnant lupus volunteers from the North Indian population, within the age group of 20-30 years were enrolled in the study. All the patients were non-smokers, non-alcoholics and were not associated or undergoing therapy for any other disease. They had a SLEDAI of 37.4 ± 7.32 with 5.2 ± 1.93 years of disease duration. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring the enzyme activity of anti-oxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and the level of reduced glutathione and lipids peroxidised, spectrophotometrically. Flowcytometry was performed for immunophenotyping to determine CD8+ and CD4+ Tregs. RESULTS Elevated CD8+ Tregs and diminished CD4+ Tregs were observed in pregnant lupus patients. Oxidative stress was significantly increased as the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes and level of reduced glutathione was considerably diminished. There was a substantial increase in the amount of lipids peroxidised. CONCLUSION Pregnant lupus patients undergo considerable level of oxidative stress in comparison to healthy pregnant woman. The decreased level of CD4+ Tregs and an increase in CD8+ Tregs might be another important factor responsible for pregnancy associated complications. Hence, lupus leads to alterations in the necessary conditions for a successful pregnancy, which might eventually cause higher mortality, morbidity and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveet Pannu
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sukriti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Seema Chopra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Archana Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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25
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Di Paola R, Fusco R, Gugliandolo E, D'Amico R, Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Perretti M, Cuzzocrea S. Formyl peptide receptor 1 signalling promotes experimental colitis in mice. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:591-601. [PMID: 30711419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by intricate immune cell interactions with tissue cells and such cross-talks can become deregulated. The formyl peptide receptor 1 (Fpr1) is expressed by both immune and stromal cells including epithelial cells. We evaluated the development of the physiopathology of the DNBS induced colitis in Fpr1 KO mice on the C57BL/6 genetic background compared to C57BL/6 genetic background animals. We have assessed both macroscopic and histological markers of the diseased, together with the immunohistochemical and molecular changes. DNBS-treated Fpr1 KO mice showed a i) reduction in weight loss, ii) lower extent of colon injury and iii) an increase in MPO activity. Molecular analyses indicated that in absence of Fpr1 there was reduced NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, cytokines levels, FOXP3 and GATA3, CD4, CD8 and CD45 expression as well as a dysregulation of TGF-β signalling. In addition, the colon of DNBS-injected Fpr1 KO mice displayed a lower degree of expression of Bax and higher expression of Bcl-2 compared correspondent WT mice. Finally, intravital microscopy investigation of the microcirculation post-DNBS instillation revealed a lower degree of neutrophil-endothelial cell rolling and adhesion - mediated by P-selectin and ICAM-1 - in Fpr1 KO mice. All the main outcome in the study have a P-value, statistical significance of evidence, less than 0.05. We provide evidence for an important pathogenic role of mouse Fpr1 in experimental colitis, an outcome effected through modulation of immune cell recruitment together with a modulation of local cellular activation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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26
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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27
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Bernaldo de Quiros E, Seoane-Reula E, Alonso-Lebrero E, Pion M, Correa-Rocha R. The role of regulatory T cells in the acquisition of tolerance to food allergens in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:612-618. [PMID: 29739687 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a pathological immune reaction that identifies certain harmless food proteins, usually tolerated by the majority of the people, as a threat. The prevalence of these food allergies is increasing worldwide and currently affects 8% of children. Exacerbated reactions to milk, egg and peanut are the most frequent in the pediatric population. It is well known that allergic diseases are a type 2 T-helper (Th2) immune response, characterized by the elevated production of IgE antibodies. However, little is known about the immune mechanisms responsible for the development of clinical tolerance toward food allergens. Recent studies have suggested the key role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in controlling allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the importance of Tregs in the pathogenesis of food allergy and the acquisition of oral tolerance in children. Further investigation in this area will be crucial for the identification of predictive markers and the development of new therapies, which will represent a clinical and social benefit for these allergic diseases.
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28
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Chakraborty S, Bhattacharjee P, Panda AK, Kajal K, Bose S, Sa G. Providence of the CD25 + KIR + CD127 - FOXP3 - CD8 + T-cell subset determines the dynamics of tumor immune surveillance. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:1035-1048. [PMID: 29768737 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells are emerging as crucial components of immune system. Previous studies have reported the presence of FOXP3+ CD8+ Treg cells, similar to CD4+ Tregs, in cancer patients which produce high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines, IL10 and TGFβ. At an early stage of tumor development, we have identified a subset of FOXP3- CD8+ CD25+ KIR+ CD127- Treg-like cells, which are IFNγ+ . However, this early-induced CD8+ CD25+ CD127- T-cell subset is certainly distinct from the IFNγ+ CD8+ T-effector cells. These CD8+ CD25+ CD127- T cells express other FOXP3- CD8+ Treg cell signature markers, and can selectively suppress autoreactive HLA-E+ TFH cells as well as tumor-induced CD4+ Treg cells. In contrast to FOXP3+ CD8+ Tregs, this subset does not inhibit effector T-cell proliferation or their functions as they are HLA-E- . Adoptive transfer of this early-CD8+ Treg-like subset restrained tumor growth and inhibited CD4+ Treg generation that impedes the immune surveillance and impairs cancer immunotherapy. At the late stage of tumor development, when CD4+ Treg cells dominate the tumor-microenvironment, CD4+ Tregs mediate the clonal deletion of these tumor-suppressive FOXP3- IFNγ+ CD8+ CD25+ CD127- T cells and ensure tumor immune evasion. Our findings suggest that at an early stage of the tumor, this tumor-induced IFNγ-producing FOXP3- CD8+ CD25+ CD127- T-cell subset can potentiate immune surveillance by targeting HLA-E-restricted CD4+ Treg cells while leaving the effector T-cell population unaffected. Hence, manipulating their profile can open up a new avenue in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Abir K Panda
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Kirti Kajal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Sayantan Bose
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
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29
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Wang W, Tong Z, Zhong J, Zhang L, Zhang H, Su Y, Gao B, Zhang C. Identification of IL-10-secreting CD8 +CD28 -PD-1 + regulatory T cells associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Immunol Lett 2018; 202:16-22. [PMID: 30055200 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8+CD28- regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in chronic viral infections. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is highly expressed on hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CTLs. However, little is known regarding the role of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells in hepatitis C. Herein, we found that the frequency of CD8+CD28-PD1+, but not CD8+CD28-PD1- T cells, correlated with markers of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the response to treatment. Our results showed that CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells were significantly elevated in chronic HCV-infected patients and there was a distinct correlation between the frequency of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells and serum levels of HCV RNA. During a 48-week course of treatment with peg-IFN-a2a plus ribavirin, dynamic changes in the frequencies of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells were observed, associated with the virologic response. IL-10 secretion may explain the suppressive function of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells in chronic HCV-infected patients. Overall, our study demonstrates that PD-1 is an important marker of CD8+CD28- Tregs in chronic HCV infection. Thus, the frequency and regulatory function of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells play vital roles in HCV infection and the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Zhaowei Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Longqi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yanguang Su
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
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30
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Ossart J, Moreau A, Autrusseau E, Ménoret S, Martin JC, Besnard M, Ouisse LH, Tesson L, Flippe L, Kisand K, Peterson P, Hubert FX, Anegon I, Josien R, Guillonneau C. Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in AIRE-Deficient Rats Induces a Severe Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy-like Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:874-887. [PMID: 29959280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) deficiency in humans induces a life-threatening generalized autoimmune disease called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), and no curative treatments are available. Several models of AIRE-deficient mice have been generated, and although they have been useful in understanding the role of AIRE in central tolerance, they do not reproduce accurately the APECED symptoms, and thus there is still a need for an animal model displaying APECED-like disease. We assessed, in this study, the potential of the rat as an accurate model for APECED. In this study, we demonstrate that in rat, AIRE is expressed by MHC class II (MCH-II)+ and MHC-II- medullary thymic epithelial cells in thymus and by CD4int conventional dendritic cells in periphery. To our knowledge, we generated the first AIRE-deficient rat model using zinc-finger nucleases and demonstrated that they display several of the key symptoms of APECED disease, including alopecia, skin depigmentation, and nail dystrophy, independently of the genetic background. We observed severe autoimmune lesions in a large spectrum of organs, in particular in the pancreas, and identified several autoantibodies in organs and cytokines such as type I IFNs and IL-17 at levels similar to APECED. Finally, we demonstrated a biased Ab response to IgG1, IgM, and IgA isotypes. Altogether, our data demonstrate that AIRE-deficient rat is a relevant APECED animal model, opening new opportunity to test curative therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ossart
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Anne Moreau
- Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Autrusseau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Transgenesis Rat Immunophenomic Platform, INSERM 1064 and SFR Francois Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme C Martin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Marine Besnard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Transgenesis Rat Immunophenomic Platform, INSERM 1064 and SFR Francois Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Transgenesis Rat Immunophenomic Platform, INSERM 1064 and SFR Francois Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Léa Flippe
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Kai Kisand
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia; and
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia; and
| | - François-Xavier Hubert
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Transgenesis Rat Immunophenomic Platform, INSERM 1064 and SFR Francois Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Régis Josien
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; .,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
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31
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Yu Y, Ma X, Gong R, Zhu J, Wei L, Yao J. Recent advances in CD8 + regulatory T cell research. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8187-8194. [PMID: 29805553 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Various subgroups of CD8+ T lymphocytes do not only demonstrate cytotoxic effects, but also serve important regulatory roles in the body's immune response. In particular, CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+ Tregs), which possess important immunosuppressive functions, are able to effectively block the overreacting immune response and maintain the body's immune homeostasis. In recent years, studies have identified a small set of special CD8+ Tregs that can recognize major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules, more specifically Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans, and target the self-reactive CD4+ T ce lls. These findings have generated broad implications in the scientific community and attracted general interest to CD8+ Tregs. The present study reviews the recent research progress on CD8+ Tregs, including their origin, functional classification, molecular markers and underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yu
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xinbo Ma
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Rufei Gong
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jianmeng Zhu
- Department of Chunan First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Wei
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
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32
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Karkhah A, Javanian M, Ebrahimpour S. The role of regulatory T cells in immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of viral infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:32-37. [PMID: 29413883 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two hepatotropic viruses hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been considered as the main cause of chronic viral infections. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system by eradication of some white blood cell (T-helper cell). The role of Tregs in HCV, HBV and HIV infections ranges from suppressing antiviral T cell responses to protecting tissues as liver and immune cells from immune mediated injury. In this review, we discuss the influence of regulatory T cells in immunopathology of specific viral infections including HCV, HBV and HIV by focusing on targeting Tregs as novel approach in vaccinology against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol I.R., Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol I.R., Iran.
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33
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The molecular basis of immune regulation in autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:43-67. [PMID: 29305419 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be triggered and modulated by various molecular and cellular characteristics. The mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have been investigated for several decades. It is well accepted that autoimmunity is caused by dysregulated/dysfunctional immune susceptible genes and environmental factors. There are multiple physiological mechanisms that regulate and control self-reactivity, but which can also lead to tolerance breakdown when in defect. The majority of autoreactive T or B cells are eliminated during the development of central tolerance by negative selection. Regulatory cells such as Tregs (regulatory T) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), and molecules such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4) and IL (interleukin) 10 (IL-10), help to eliminate autoreactive cells that escaped to the periphery in order to prevent development of autoimmunity. Knowledge of the molecular basis of immune regulation is needed to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases and pave the way for the development of more effective, specific, and safer therapeutic interventions.
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34
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Ying G, Wang J, Kumar V, Zajonc DM. Crystal structure of Qa-1a with bound Qa-1 determinant modifier peptide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182296. [PMID: 28767728 PMCID: PMC5540586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Qa-1 is a non-classical Major Histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecule that generally presents hydrophobic peptides including Qdm derived from the leader sequence of classical MHC I molecules for immune surveillance by NK cells. Qa-1 bound peptides derived from the TCR Vβ8.2 of activated T cells also activates CD8+ regulatory T cells to control autoimmunity and maintain self-tolerance. Four allotypes of Qa-1 (Qa-1a-d) are expressed that are highly conserved in sequence but have several variations that could affect peptide binding to Qa-1 or TCR recognition. Here, we determined the structure of Qa-1a with bound Qdm peptide. While the overall structure is very similar to that of Qa-1b, there are several amino acid differences around the peptide binding platform that could affect TCR recognition. Most notably, two amino acid substitutions are found in the pocket P2, which binds the anchor residue Met2 of the Qdm peptide. These residues affect both the size and shape of the binding pocket, as well as affect the charge at physiologic pH, suggesting Qa-1a and Qa-1b could present slightly distinct peptide reservoirs, which could presumably be recognized by different populations of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ying
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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35
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Vandeven N, Nghiem P. Rationale for immune-based therapies in Merkel polyomavirus-positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:907-21. [PMID: 27381685 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but often deadly skin cancer that is typically caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Polyomavirus T-antigen oncoproteins are persistently expressed in virus-positive MCCs (˜80% of cases), while remarkably high numbers of tumor-associated neoantigens are detected in virus-negative MCCs, suggesting that both MCC subsets may be immunogenic. Here we review mechanisms by which these immunogenic tumors evade multiple levels of host immunity. Additionally, we summarize the exciting potential of diverse immune-based approaches to treat MCC. In particular, agents blocking the PD-1 axis have yielded strikingly high response rates in MCC as compared with other solid tumors, highlighting the potential for immune-mediated treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Vandeven
- Department of Medicine (Pathology & Dermatology), University of Washington, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine (Pathology & Dermatology), University of Washington, USA
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36
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an increasingly successful strategy for the treatment of patients who have advanced or conventional therapy-resistant cancers. T cells are key mediators of tumor destruction and their specificity for tumor-expressed antigens is of paramount importance, but other T cell-intrinsic qualities, such as durability, longevity, and functionality also play important roles in determining the efficacy of immunotherapy. The cellular energetic pathways that are utilized by T cells play a key role in regulating each of these qualities. Metabolic activity, which both regulates and is regulated by cellular signaling pathways and epigenetics, also profoundly influences the trajectories of T cell differentiation and fate. In this Review, we discuss how cell metabolism influences T cell anti-tumor activity, the metabolic qualities of highly-functional T cells, and strategies to modulate metabolism for improving the immune response to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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37
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Chakraborty S, Panda AK, Bose S, Roy D, Kajal K, Guha D, Sa G. Transcriptional regulation of FOXP3 requires integrated activation of both promoter and CNS regions in tumor-induced CD8 + Treg cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1628. [PMID: 28487507 PMCID: PMC5431671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-regulatory cells are an upsurge in the tumor microenvironment and induce immune-evasion. CD4+ Treg cells are well characterized whereas the role of CD8+ Tregs in cancer has recently started to crease attention. Here, we report an augmentation CD8+FOXP3+ Tregs in breast tumor microenvironment. FOXP3, the lineage-specific transcription factor, is a dominant regulator of Treg cell development and function. FOXP3 is induced preferentially by divergent signaling in CD4+ Treg cells. But how FOXP3 is induced and maintained in tumor-CD8+ Tregs is the Cinderella of the investigation. We observed that RUNX3, a CD8+ lineage-specific transcription factor, binds at the FOXP3-promoter to induce its transcription. In addition to promoter activation, involvement of cis-elements CNS1 and CNS2 in the transcriptional regulation of FOXP3 was also evident in these cells. SMAD3 binds to CNS1 region and acts as transcription inducer, whereas GATA3 plays a temporal role in the FOXP3 transcription by differential chromatin modification in CNS regions. In CNS1 region, GATA3 acts as a repressor for FOXP3 in naïve CD8+ T cells. Whereas in CD8+ Tregs, GATA3 binds directly at CNS2 region and persuaded the maintenance of FOXP3. Therefore, the intervention of these concerted transcriptional machinery may have a therapeutic potential in immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Abir K Panda
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sayantan Bose
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Dia Roy
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Kirti Kajal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Deblina Guha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review is to provide a coherent framework for understanding dendritic cells (DCs). It has seven sections. The introduction provides an overview of the immune system and essential concepts, particularly for the nonspecialist reader. Next, the “History” section outlines the early evolution of ideas about DCs and highlights some sources of confusion that still exist today. The “Lineages” section then focuses on five different populations of DCs: two subsets of “classical” DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. It highlights some cellular and molecular specializations of each, and also notes other DC subsets that have been proposed. The following “Tissues” section discusses the distribution and behavior of different DC subsets within nonlymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissues that are connected by DC migration pathways between them. In the “Tolerance” section, the role of DCs in central and peripheral tolerance is considered, including their ability to drive the differentiation of different populations of regulatory T cells. In contrast, the “Immunity” section considers the roles of DCs in sensing of infection and tissue damage, the initiation of primary responses, the T-cell effector phase, and the induction of immunological memory. The concluding section provides some speculative ideas about the evolution of DCs. It also revisits earlier concepts of generation of diversity and clonal selection in terms of DCs driving the evolution of T-cell responses. Throughout, this review highlights certain areas of uncertainty and suggests some avenues for future investigation.
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Xu Z, Ho S, Chang CC, Zhang QY, Vasilescu ER, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Human CD8 T Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:549. [PMID: 27965674 PMCID: PMC5127796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional interactions between dendritic cells and Ag-experienced T cells initiate either a tolerogenic or immunogenic pathway. The outcome of these interactions is of crucial importance in malignancy, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. Blockade of costimulation results in the induction of T helper cell anergy and subsequent differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T suppressor/regulatory cells (Ts). Ts, primed in the presence of inhibitory signals, exert their inhibitory function in an antigen-specific manner, a feature with tremendous clinical potential. In transplantation or autoimmunity, antigen-specific Ts can enforce tolerance to auto- or allo-antigens, while otherwise leaving the immune response to pathogens uninhibited. Alternatively, blockade of inhibitory receptors results in the generation of cytolytic CD8+ T cells, which is vital toward defense against tumors and viral diseases. Because CD8+ T cells are MHC Class I restricted, they are able to recognize HLA-bound antigenic peptides presented not only by APC but also on parenchymal cells, thus eliciting or suppressing auto- or allo-immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sophey Ho
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Chih-Chao Chang
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Qing-Yin Zhang
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Elena-Rodica Vasilescu
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - George Vlad
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
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Wang X, Zhang J, Baylink DJ, Li CH, Watts DM, Xu Y, Qin X, Walter MH, Tang X. Targeting Non-classical Myelin Epitopes to Treat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36064. [PMID: 27796368 PMCID: PMC5086895 DOI: 10.1038/srep36064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Qa-1 epitopes, the peptides that bind to non-classical major histocompatibility complex Ib Qa-1 molecules and are recognized by Qa-1-restricted CD8+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, have been identified in pathogenic autoimmune cells that attack myelin sheath in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model for multiple sclerosis [MS]). Additionally, immunization with such epitopes ameliorates the EAE. However, identification of such epitopes requires knowledge of the pathogenic autoimmune cells which are largely unknown in MS patients. Hence, we asked whether the CD8+ Treg cells could directly target the myelin sheath to ameliorate EAE. To address this question, we analyzed Qa-1 epitopes in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG that is a protein in myelin sheath). Here, we report identification of a MOG-specific Qa-1 epitope. Immunization with this epitope suppressed ongoing EAE, which was abrogated by CD8+ T cell depletion. Additionally, the epitope immunization activated the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells which specifically accumulated in the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes. Finally, CD8+ T cells primed by the epitope immunization transferred EAE suppression. Hence, this study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism mediated by the CD8+ Treg cells. We propose that immunization with myelin-specific HLA-E epitopes (human homologues of Qa-1 epitopes) is a promising therapy for MS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/therapeutic use
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/chemistry
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, 22029 Jing-Shi Road, Jinan, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - David J. Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung university, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Douglas M. Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xuezhong Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Michael H. Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Vianna P, Mondadori AG, Bauer ME, Dornfeld D, Chies JAB. HLA-G and CD8+ regulatory T cells in the inflammatory environment of pre-eclampsia. Reproduction 2016; 152:741-751. [PMID: 27651521 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system is tolerant to foetal antigens via the engagement of immune regulatory mechanisms. Failure in regulating the maternal immunity to foetal antigens may lead to pre-eclampsia (PE). We addressed the role of HLA-G gene polymorphisms and protein expression as well as regulatory T cells and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Blood samples from 26 pregnant women with PE, 25 non-PE and 7 strictly healthy pregnant women were assessed. PBMCs were phenotyped for early activation markers (CD25 and CD69), regulatory T-cell markers (CD8+CD28- and CD4+CD25highFoxp3+), ILT-2 (HLA-G receptor) and HLA-G. Lymphocyte proliferation was estimated and levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 were measured. HLA-G polymorphisms (rs66554220 and rs1063320) were genotyped by PCR. PE women exhibited low levels of HLA-G in PBMCs and low frequency of regulatory CD8+CD28- T cells. High amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-2 and TNF-α as well as IL-4 and IL-10 and an increased proliferative cell activation profile were observed in PE. The allelic and genotypic frequencies of the HLA-G gene polymorphisms and the frequency of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells did not vary among the groups. Our data suggest that the cytokine imbalance presented in PE is associated with a deficient immune regulatory profile, contributing to an impaired immune tolerance between mother and foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Vianna
- Laboratory of ImmunogeneticsDepartment of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa G Mondadori
- Laboratory of ImmunogeneticsDepartment of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moisés E Bauer
- Laboratory of ImmunosenescenceInstitute of Biomedical Research, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dinara Dornfeld
- Neo-Natal UnitNossa Senhora Conceição Hospital, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José A B Chies
- Laboratory of ImmunogeneticsDepartment of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Marrero I, Aguilera C, Hamm DE, Quinn A, Kumar V. High-throughput sequencing reveals restricted TCR Vβ usage and public TCRβ clonotypes among pancreatic lymph node memory CD4(+) T cells and their involvement in autoimmune diabetes. Mol Immunol 2016; 74:82-95. [PMID: 27161799 PMCID: PMC6301078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Islet-reactive memory CD4(+) T cells are an essential feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D) as they are involved in both spontaneous disease and in its recurrence after islet transplantation. Expansion and enrichment of memory T cells have also been shown in the peripheral blood of diabetic patients. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the clonal diversity of the TCRβ repertoire of memory CD4(+) T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PaLN) of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and examined their clonal overlap with islet-infiltrating memory CD4T cells. Both prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice exhibited a restricted TCRβ repertoire dominated by clones expressing TRBV13-2, TRBV13-1 or TRBV5 gene segments. There is a limited degree of TCRβ overlap between the memory CD4 repertoire of PaLN and pancreas as well as between the prediabetic and diabetic group. However, public TCRβ clonotypes were identified across several individual animals, some of them with sequences similar to the TCRs from the islet-reactive T cells suggesting their antigen-driven expansion. Moreover, the majority of the public clonotypes expressed TRBV13-2 (Vβ8.2) gene segment. Nasal vaccination with an immunodominat peptide derived from the TCR Vβ8.2 chain led to protection from diabetes, suggesting a critical role for Vβ8.2(+) CD4(+) memory T cells in T1D. These results suggest that memory CD4(+) T cells bearing limited dominant TRBV genes contribute to the autoimmune diabetes and can be potentially targeted for intervention in diabetes. Furthermore, our results have important implications for the identification of public T cell clonotypes as potential novel targets for immune manipulation in human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Marrero
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Carlos Aguilera
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David E Hamm
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, 1551 Eastlake Ave E #200, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Anthony Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Eomesodermin(lo) CTLA4(hi) Alloreactive CD8+ Memory T Cells Are Associated With Prolonged Renal Transplant Survival Induced by Regulatory Dendritic Cell Infusion in CTLA4 Immunoglobulin-Treated Nonhuman Primates. Transplantation 2016; 100:91-102. [PMID: 26680373 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory T cells (Tmem), particularly those resistant to costimulation blockade (CB), are a major barrier to transplant tolerance. The transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) is critical for Tmem development and maintenance, but its expression by alloactivated T cells has not been examined in nonhuman primates. METHODS We evaluated Eomes and coinhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) expression by alloactivated rhesus monkey T cells in the presence of CTLA4 immunoglobulin, both in vitro and in renal allograft recipients treated with CTLA4Ig, with or without regulatory dendritic cell (DCreg) infusion. RESULTS In normal monkeys, CD8+ T cells expressed significantly more Eomes than CD4+ T cells. By contrast, CD8+ T cells displayed minimal CTLA4. Among T cell subsets, central Tmem (Tcm) expressed the highest levels of Eomes. Notably, Eomes(lo)CTLA4(hi) cells displayed higher levels of CD25 and Foxp3 than Eomes(hi)CTLA4(lo) CD8+ T cells. After allostimulation, distinct proliferating Eomes(lo)CTLA4(hi) and Eomes(hi)CTLA4(lo) CD8+ T cell populations were identified, with a high proportion of Tcm being Eomes(lo)CTLA4(hi). CB with CTLA4Ig during allostimulation of CD8+ T cells reduced CTLA4 but not Eomes expression, significantly reducing Eomes(lo)CTLA4(hi) cells. After transplantation with CB and rapamycin, donor-reactive Eomes(lo)CTLA4(hi) CD8+ T cells were reduced. However, in monkeys also given DCreg, absolute numbers of these cells were elevated significantly. CONCLUSIONS Low Eomes and high CTLA4 expression by donor-reactive CD8+ Tmem is associated with prolonged renal allograft survival induced by DCreg infusion in CTLA4Ig-treated monkeys. Prolonged allograft survival associated with DCreg infusion may be related to maintenance of donor-reactive Eomes(lo)CTLA4(hi) Tcm.
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Wen Z, Shimojima Y, Shirai T, Li Y, Ju J, Yang Z, Tian L, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. NADPH oxidase deficiency underlies dysfunction of aged CD8+ Tregs. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1953-67. [PMID: 27088800 DOI: 10.1172/jci84181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune aging results in progressive loss of both protective immunity and T cell-mediated suppression, thereby conferring susceptibility to a combination of immunodeficiency and chronic inflammatory disease. Here, we determined that older individuals fail to generate immunosuppressive CD8+CCR7+ Tregs, a defect that is even more pronounced in the age-related vasculitic syndrome giant cell arteritis. In young, healthy individuals, CD8+CCR7+ Tregs are localized in T cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs, suppress activation and expansion of CD4 T cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of membrane-proximal signaling molecules, and effectively inhibit proliferative expansion of CD4 T cells in vitro and in vivo. We identified deficiency of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) as the molecular underpinning of CD8 Treg failure in the older individuals and in patients with giant cell arteritis. CD8 Tregs suppress by releasing exosomes that carry preassembled NOX2 membrane clusters and are taken up by CD4 T cells. Overexpression of NOX2 in aged CD8 Tregs promptly restored suppressive function. Together, our data support NOX2 as a critical component of the suppressive machinery of CD8 Tregs and suggest that repairing NOX2 deficiency in these cells may protect older individuals from tissue-destructive inflammatory disease, such as large-vessel vasculitis.
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CD8+CD122+CD49dlow regulatory T cells maintain T-cell homeostasis by killing activated T cells via Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2460-5. [PMID: 26869716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525098113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas/FasL (CD95/CD178) system is required for immune regulation; however, it is unclear in which cells, when, and where Fas/FasL molecules act in the immune system. We found that CD8(+)CD122(+) cells, which are mostly composed of memory T cells in comparison with naïve cells in the CD8(+)CD122(-) population, were previously shown to include cells with regulatory activity and could be separated into CD49d(low) cells and CD49d(high) cells. We established in vitro and in vivo experimental systems to evaluate the regulatory activity of CD122(+) cells. Regulatory activity was observed in CD8(+)CD122(+)CD49d(low) but not in CD8(+)CD122(+)CD49d(high) cells, indicating that the regulatory cells in the CD8(+)CD122(+) population could be narrowed down to CD49d(low) cells. CD8(+)CD122(-) cells taken from lymphoproliferation (lpr) mice were resistant to regulation by normal CD122(+) Tregs. CD122(+) Tregs taken from generalized lymphoproliferative disease (gld) mice did not regulate wild-type CD8(+)CD122(-) cells, indicating that the regulation by CD122(+) Tregs is Fas/FasL-dependent. CD122(+) Tregs taken from IL-10-deficient mice could regulate CD8(+)CD122(-) cells as equally as wild-type CD122(+) Tregs both in vitro and in vivo. MHC class I-missing T cells were not regulated by CD122(+) Tregs in vitro. CD122(+) Tregs also regulated CD4(+) cells in a Fas/FasL-dependent manner in vitro. These results suggest an essential role of Fas/FasL as a terminal effector of the CD122(+) Tregs that kill activated T cells to maintain immune homeostasis.
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47
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Arellano G, Ottum PA, Reyes LI, Burgos PI, Naves R. Stage-Specific Role of Interferon-Gamma in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:492. [PMID: 26483787 PMCID: PMC4586507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of interferon (IFN)-γ in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has remained as an enigmatic paradox for more than 30 years. Several studies attribute this cytokine a prominent proinflammatory and pathogenic function in these pathologies. However, accumulating evidence shows that IFN-γ also plays a protective role inducing regulatory cell activity and modulating the effector T cell response. Several innate and adaptive immune cells also develop opposite functions strongly associated with the production of IFN-γ in EAE. Even the suppressive activity of different types of regulatory cells is dependent on IFN-γ. Interestingly, recent data supports a stage-specific participation of IFN-γ in EAE providing a plausible explanation for previous conflicting results. In this review, we will summarize and discuss such literature, emphasizing the protective role of IFN-γ on immune cells. These findings are fundamental to understand the complex role of IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of these diseases and can provide basis for potential stage-specific therapy for MS targeting IFN-γ-signaling or IFN-γ-producing immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Arellano
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Payton A Ottum
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lilian I Reyes
- Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián , Santiago , Chile
| | - Paula I Burgos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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The Attenuated Live Yellow Fever Virus 17D Infects the Thymus and Induces Thymic Transcriptional Modifications of Immunomodulatory Genes in C57BL/6 and BALB/C Mice. Autoimmune Dis 2015; 2015:503087. [PMID: 26457200 PMCID: PMC4589579 DOI: 10.1155/2015/503087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus is involved in induction of self-tolerance in T lymphocytes, particularly due to Aire activity. In peripheral tissues, Treg cells and immunomodulatory molecules, like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecules, are essential for maintenance of autotolerance during immune responses. Viral infections can trigger autoimmunity and modify thymic function, and YFV17D immunization has been associated with the onset of autoimmunity, being contraindicated in patients with thymic disorders. Aiming to study the influence of YFV17D immunization on the transcriptional profiles of immunomodulatory genes in thymus, we evaluated the gene expression of AIRE, FOXP3, H2-Q7 (Qa-2/HLA-G), H2-T23 (Qa-1/HLA-E), H2-Q10, and H2-K1 following immunization with 10,000 LD50 of YFV17D in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. The YFV17D virus replicated in thymus and induced the expression of H2-Q7 (Qa-2/HLA-G) and H2-T23 (Qa-1/HLA-E) transcripts and repressed the expression of AIRE and FOXP3. Transcriptional expression varied according to tissue and mouse strain analyzed. Expression of H2-T23 (Qa-1/HLA-E) and FOXP3 was induced in thymus and liver of C57BL/6 mice, which exhibited defective control of viral load, suggesting a higher susceptibility to YFV17D infection. Since the immunization with YFV17D modulated thymus gene expression in genetically predisposed individuals, the vaccine may be related to the onset of autoimmunity disorders.
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49
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Huang X, Wu H, Lu Q. The mechanisms and applications of T cell vaccination for autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:219-33. [PMID: 25096807 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a spectrum of diseases originating from loss of immunologic self-tolerance and T cell abnormal autoreactivity, causing organ damage and death. However, the pathogenic mechanism of ADs remains unclear. The current treatments of ADs include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antimalarials, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and biological therapies. With the need to prevent side effects resulting from current treatments and acquire better clinical remission, developing a novel pharmaceutical treatment is extremely urgent. The concept of T cell vaccination (TCV) has been raised as the finding that immunization with attenuated autoreactive T cells is capable of inducing T cell-dependent inhibition of autoimmune responses. TCV may act as an approach to control unwanted adaptive immune response through eliminating the autoreactive T cells. Over the past decades, the effect of TCV has been justified in several animal models of autoimmune diseases including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), murine autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and so on. Meanwhile, clinical trials of TCV have confirmed the safety and efficacy in corresponding autoimmune diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis (MS) to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review aims to summarize the ongoing experimental and clinical trials and elucidate possible molecule mechanisms of TCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Ellwardt E, Zipp F. Molecular mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt A:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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