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Milanesi F, Burrini N, Corti G, Roelens S, Francesconi O. A Macrocyclic Tweezers-Shaped Receptor for the Biomimetic Recognition of the Gal(α1-3)Gal Disaccharide of the α-Gal Antigen. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401771. [PMID: 38818641 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The Gal(α1-3)Gal is the terminal disaccharide unit of the α-Gal epitope [Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc], an exogenous antigenic determinant with several clinical implications, found in all non-primate mammals and in several dangerous pathogens, including certain protozoa and mycobacteria. Its absence in humans makes the α-Gal epitope an interesting target for several infectious diseases. Here we present the development of a macrocyclic tweezers-shaped receptor, resulting from the combination of the structural features of two predecessors belonging to the family of diaminocarbazole receptors, which exhibits binding properties in the low millimolar range toward the Gal(α1-3)Gal disaccharide of the α-Gal antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nastassja Burrini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giona Corti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS, Campus Sesto, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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2
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Cagnoni AJ, Massaro M, Cutine AM, Gimeno A, Pérez-Sáez JM, Manselle Cocco MN, Maller SM, Di Lella S, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ardá A, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Exploring galectin interactions with human milk oligosaccharides and blood group antigens identifies BGA6 as a functional galectin-4 ligand. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107573. [PMID: 39009340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins (Gals), a family of multifunctional glycan-binding proteins, have been traditionally defined as β-galactoside binding lectins. However, certain members of this family have shown selective affinity toward specific glycan structures including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and blood group antigens. In this work, we explored the affinity of human galectins (particularly Gal-1, -3, -4, -7, and -12) toward a panel of oligosaccharides including HMOs and blood group antigens using a complementary approach based on both experimental and computational techniques. While prototype Gal-1 and Gal-7 exhibited differential affinity for type I versus type II Lac/LacNAc residues and recognized fucosylated neutral glycans, chimera-type Gal-3 showed high binding affinity toward poly-LacNAc structures including LNnH and LNnO. Notably, the tandem-repeat human Gal-12 showed preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans, a unique feature among members of the galectin family. Finally, Gal-4 presented a distinctive glycan-binding activity characterized by preferential recognition of specific blood group antigens, also validated by saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Particularly, we identified oligosaccharide blood group A antigen tetraose 6 (BGA6) as a biologically relevant Gal-4 ligand, which specifically inhibited interleukin-6 secretion induced by this lectin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These findings highlight unique determinants underlying specific recognition of HMOs and blood group antigens by human galectins, emphasizing the biological relevance of Gal-4-BGA6 interactions, with critical implications in the development and regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Massaro
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabela M Cutine
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan M Pérez-Sáez
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Montana N Manselle Cocco
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián M Maller
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Organic & Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, Leioa, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Instituto de Tecnología (INTEC), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Milanesi F, Roelens S, Francesconi O. Towards Biomimetic Recognition of Glycans by Synthetic Receptors. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300598. [PMID: 37942862 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are abundant in Nature, where they are mostly assembled within glycans as free polysaccharides or conjugated to a variety of biological molecules such as proteins and lipids. Glycans exert several functions, including protein folding, stability, solubility, resistance to proteolysis, intracellular traffic, antigenicity, and recognition by carbohydrate-binding proteins. Interestingly, misregulation of their biosynthesis that leads to changes in glycan structures is frequently recognized as a mark of a disease state. Because of glycan ubiquity, carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) targeting glycans can lead to a deeper understanding of their function and to the development of new diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Synthetic receptors selectively recognizing specific carbohydrates of biological interest have been developed over the past three decades. In addition to the success obtained in the effective recognition of monosaccharides, synthetic receptors recognizing more complex guests have also been developed, including di- and oligosaccharide fragments of glycans, shedding light on the structural and functional requirements necessary for an effective receptor. In this review, the most relevant achievements in molecular recognition of glycans and their fragments will be summarized, highlighting potentials and future perspectives of glycan-targeting synthetic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Helali Y, Bourez A, Marchant A, Vander Heyden Y, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. Development and validation of online SPE purification coupled to HILIC-fluorescence-MS analysis for the characterization of N-glycans. Talanta 2024; 270:125541. [PMID: 38101031 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans of therapeutic glycoproteins is a critical quality attribute to be addressed. We developed a sensitive method for N-glycan characterization using procainamide (ProcA) labelling and online solid phase extraction (online SPE). N-glycans were enzymatically released, then labeled with ProcA and cleaned up via the online SPE using HILIC chemistry (online HILIC SPE). Two preparation protocols were optimized: a short one (1 h 30) and a long one (18 h). Furthermore, the developed approach was compared to RapiFluor-MS (RFMS) kit (from Waters) and to InstantPC kit (from Agilent) which both include a classical HILIC μElution plate SPE purification. Samples were analyzed using HILIC separation coupled to fluorescence and MS detection (HILIC-FLD-MS) with or without the online HILIC SPE. During the validation, repeatability, intermediate precision, stability, response function and injection volume were tested. Human IgG mix (Multigam®) and NIST mAb standard were used as references as their glycoprofiles are well described. A comparison of three batches of a rituximab biosimilar (Truxima®) and one batch of its originator (MabThera®) was also performed. Online HILIC SPE sample cleanup shows a higher sensitivity and repeatability compared to the classical HILIC μElution SPE. Our online HILIC SPE approach also offers the highest MS signal compared to both commercial kits. However, InstantPC shows the highest FLD signal. The analyses of rituximab samples were in line with the literature showing the efficiency of the method for N-glycan monitoring of biotherapeutics. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the usefulness and ease of application of the developed protocol with the online HILIC SPE purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Helali
- RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bld Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Axelle Bourez
- RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bld Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, Unversité libre de Bruxelles, 900 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bld Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cedric Delporte
- RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bld Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abdeldaim DT, Schindowski K. Fc-Engineered Therapeutic Antibodies: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2402. [PMID: 37896162 PMCID: PMC10610324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal therapeutic antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Fc engineering aims to enhance the effector functions or half-life of therapeutic antibodies by modifying their Fc regions. Recent advances in the Fc engineering of modern therapeutic antibodies can be considered the next generation of antibody therapy. Various strategies are employed, including altering glycosylation patterns via glycoengineering and introducing mutations to the Fc region, thereby enhancing Fc receptor or complement interactions. Further, Fc engineering strategies enable the generation of bispecific IgG-based heterodimeric antibodies. As Fc engineering techniques continue to evolve, an expanding portfolio of Fc-engineered antibodies is advancing through clinical development, with several already approved for medical use. Despite the plethora of Fc-based mutations that have been analyzed in in vitro and in vivo models, we focus here in this review on the relevant Fc engineering strategies of approved therapeutic antibodies to finetune effector functions, to modify half-life and to stabilize asymmetric bispecific IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia T. Abdeldaim
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
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Cai H, Xiong W, Zhu H, Wang Q, Liu S, Lu Z. Protein O-GlcNAcylation in multiple immune cells and its therapeutic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209970. [PMID: 37675125 PMCID: PMC10477433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that involves the addition of O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins, catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). This modification is highly dynamic and can be reversed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation is widespread in the immune system, which engages in multiple physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. There is substantial evidence indicating that both the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and O-GlcNAcylation are critically involved in regulating immune cell function. However, the precise role of O-GlcNAcylation in the immune system needs to be adequately elucidated. This review offers a thorough synopsis of the present research on protein O-GlcNAcylation, accentuating the molecular mechanisms that control immune cells' growth, maturation, and performance via this PTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongxin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Alvarez CA, Qian E, Glendenning LM, Reynero KM, Kukan EN, Cobb BA. Acute and chronic lung inflammation drives changes in epithelial glycans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167908. [PMID: 37283757 PMCID: PMC10239862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory disease and it is characterized by leukocyte infiltration and tissue remodeling, with the latter generally referring to collagen deposition and epithelial hyperplasia. Changes in hyaluronin production have also been demonstrated, while mutations in fucosyltransferases reportedly limit asthmatic inflammation. Methods Given the importance of glycans in cellular communication and to better characterize tissue glycosylation changes associated with asthma, we performed a comparative glycan analysis of normal and inflamed lungs from a selection of murine asthma models. Results We found that among other changes, the most consistent was an increase in fucose-α1,3-N-acetylglucosamine (Fuc-α1,3-GlcNAc) and fucose-α1,2-galactose (Fuc-α1,2-Gal) motifs. Increases in terminal galactose and N-glycan branching were also seen in some cases, whereas no overall change in O-GalNAc glycans was observed. Increased Muc5AC was found in acute but not chronic models, and only the more human-like triple antigen model yielded increased sulfated galactose motifs. We also found that human A549 airway epithelial cells stimulated in culture showed similar increases in Fuc-α1,2-Gal, terminal galactose (Gal), and sulfated Gal, and this matched transcriptional upregulation of the α1,2-fucosyltransferase Fut2 and the α1,3-fucosyltransferases Fut4 and Fut7. Conclusions These data suggest that airway epithelial cells directly respond to allergens by increasing glycan fucosylation, a known modification important for the recruitment of eosinophils and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emily Qian
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Hathaway Brown High School, Beachwood, OH, United States
| | - Leandre M. Glendenning
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kalob M. Reynero
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emily N. Kukan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Bangarh R, Khatana C, Kaur S, Sharma A, Kaushal A, Siwal SS, Tuli HS, Dhama K, Thakur VK, Saini RV, Saini AK. Aberrant protein glycosylation: Implications on diagnosis and Immunotherapy. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108149. [PMID: 37030554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation-mediated post-translational modification is critical for regulating many fundamental processes like cell division, differentiation, immune response, and cell-to-cell interaction. Alterations in the N-linked or O-linked glycosylation pattern of regulatory proteins like transcription factors or cellular receptors lead to many diseases, including cancer. These alterations give rise to micro- and macro-heterogeneity in tumor cells. Here, we review the role of O- and N-linked glycosylation and its regulatory function in autoimmunity and aberrant glycosylation in cancer. The change in cellular glycome could result from a change in the expression of glycosidases or glycosyltransferases like N-acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase V, FUT8, ST6Gal-I, DPAGT1, etc., impact the glycosylation of target proteins leading to transformation. Moreover, the mutations in glycogenes affect glycosylation patterns on immune cells leading to other related manifestations like pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. In recent years, understanding the glycome to cancer indicates that it can be utilized for both diagnosis/prognosis as well as immunotherapy. Studies involving mass spectrometry of proteome, site- and structure-specific glycoproteomics, or transcriptomics/genomics of patient samples and cancer models revealed the importance of glycosylation homeostasis in cancer biology. The development of emerging technologies, such as the lectin microarray, has facilitated research on the structure and function of glycans and glycosylation. Newly developed devices allow for high-throughput, high-speed, and precise research on aberrant glycosylation. This paper also discusses emerging technologies and clinical applications of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Bangarh
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Chainika Khatana
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Anchita Sharma
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517641, India
| | - Ankur Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Reena V Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Adesh K Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
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9
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In silico modelling of the function of disease-related CAZymes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:355-372. [PMID: 36912236 PMCID: PMC10154626 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In silico modelling of proteins comprises a diversity of computational tools aimed to obtain structural, electronic, and/or dynamic information about these biomolecules, capturing mechanistic details that are challenging to experimental approaches, such as elusive enzyme-substrate complexes, short-lived intermediates, and reaction transition states (TS). The present article gives the reader insight on the use of in silico modelling techniques to understand complex catalytic reaction mechanisms of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), along with the underlying theory and concepts that are important in this field. We start by introducing the significance of carbohydrates in nature and the enzymes that process them, CAZymes, highlighting the conformational flexibility of their carbohydrate substrates. Three commonly used in silico methods (classical molecular dynamics (MD), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and enhanced sampling techniques) are described for nonexpert readers. Finally, we provide three examples of the application of these methods to unravel the catalytic mechanisms of three disease-related CAZymes: β-galactocerebrosidase (GALC), responsible for Krabbe disease; α-mannoside β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5), involved in cancer; and O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), involved in several human diseases such as leukemia and the Dowling-Degos disease.
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Huang Q, Chen C, Chen W, Cai C, Xing H, Li J, Li M, Ma S. Cell type- and region-specific translatomes in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106105. [PMID: 36977454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (DANs), involving the dysregulation of both neurons and glial cells. Cell type- and region-specific gene expression profiles can provide an effective source for revealing the mechanisms of PD. In this study, we adopted the RiboTag approach to obtain cell type (DAN, microglia, astrocytes)- and brain region (substantia nigra, caudate-putamen)-specific translatomes at an early stage in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. Through DAN-specific translatome analysis, the glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process was identified as a significantly downregulated pathway in the MPTP-treated mice. ST8Sia6, a key downregulated gene related to glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, was confirmed to be downregulated in nigral DANs from postmortem brains of patients with PD. Specific expression of ST8Sia6 in DANs exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in MPTP-treated mice. Through cell type (microglia vs. astrocyte) and brain region (substantia nigra vs. caudate-putamen) comparisons, nigral microglia showed the most intense immune responses. Microglia and astrocytes in the substantia nigra showed similar levels of activation in interferon-related pathways and interferon gamma (IFNG) was identified as the top upstream regulator in both cell types. This work highlights that the glycosphingolipid metabolism pathway in the DAN is involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in an MPTP mouse model of PD and provides a new data source for elucidating the pathogenesis of PD.
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Lee SB, Mota C, Thak EJ, Kim J, Son YJ, Oh DB, Kang HA. Effects of altered N-glycan structures of Cryptococcus neoformans mannoproteins, MP98 (Cda2) and MP84 (Cda3), on interaction with host cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1175. [PMID: 36670130 PMCID: PMC9859814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen causing lethal meningoencephalitis. It has several cell wall mannoproteins (MPs) identified as immunoreactive antigens. To investigate the structure and function of N-glycans assembled on cryptococcal cell wall MPs in host cell interactions, we purified MP98 (Cda2) and MP84 (Cda3) expressed in wild-type (WT) and N-glycosylation-defective alg3 mutant (alg3Δ) strains. HPLC and MALDI-TOF analysis of the MP proteins from the WT revealed protein-specific glycan structures with different extents of hypermannosylation and xylose/xylose phosphate addition. In alg3Δ, MP98 and MP84 had truncated core N-glycans, containing mostly five and seven mannoses (M5 and M7 forms), respectively. In vitro adhesion and uptake assays indicated that the altered core N-glycans did not affect adhesion affinities to host cells although the capacity to induce the immune response of bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) decreased. Intriguingly, the removal of all N-glycosylation sites on MP84 increased adhesion to host cells and enhanced the induction of cytokine secretion from BMDCs compared with that on MP84 carrying WT N-glycans. Therefore, the structure-dependent effects of N-glycans suggested their complex roles in modulating the interaction of MPs with host cells to avoid nonspecific adherence to host cells and host immune response hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bin Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Catia Mota
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Thak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Ye Ji Son
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea.
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12
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Radovani B, Gudelj I. N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893365. [PMID: 35833138 PMCID: PMC9272703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the main feature of many long-term inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. There is a growing number of studies in which alterations of N-glycosylation have been observed in many pathophysiological conditions, yet studies of the underlying mechanisms that precede N-glycome changes are still sparse. Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to alter the substrate synthesis pathways as well as the expression of glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of N-glycans. The resulting N-glycosylation changes can further contribute to disease pathogenesis through modulation of various aspects of immune cell processes, including those relevant to pathogen recognition and fine-tuning the inflammatory response. This review summarizes our current knowledge of inflammation-induced N-glycosylation changes, with a particular focus on specific subsets of immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity and how these changes affect their effector functions, cell interactions, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Radovani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Ivan Gudelj,
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13
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Cancer Malignancy Is Correlated with Upregulation of PCYT2-Mediated Glycerol Phosphate Modification of α-Dystroglycan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126662. [PMID: 35743105 PMCID: PMC9223686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin–glycoprotein complex connects the cytoskeleton with base membrane components such as laminin through unique O-glycans displayed on α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Genetic impairment of elongation of these glycans causes congenital muscular dystrophies. We previously identified that glycerol phosphate (GroP) can cap the core part of the α-DG O-glycans and terminate their further elongation. This study examined the possible roles of the GroP modification in cancer malignancy, focusing on colorectal cancer. We found that the GroP modification critically depends on PCYT2, which serves as cytidine 5′-diphosphate-glycerol (CDP-Gro) synthase. Furthermore, we identified a significant positive correlation between cancer progression and GroP modification, which also correlated positively with PCYT2 expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that GroP modification promotes the migration of cancer cells. Based on these findings, we propose that the GroP modification by PCYT2 disrupts the glycan-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and thereby enhances cancer metastasis. Thus, the present study suggests the possibility of novel approaches for cancer treatment by targeting the PCYT2-mediated GroP modification.
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14
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Galleguillos D, Wang Q, Steinberg N, Zaidi A, Shrivastava G, Dhami K, Daskhan GC, Schmidt EN, Dworsky-Fried Z, Giuliani F, Churchward M, Power C, Todd K, Taylor A, Macauley MS, Sipione S. Anti-inflammatory role of GM1 and other gangliosides on microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:9. [PMID: 34991625 PMCID: PMC8739653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly enriched in the brain, with important roles in cell signaling, cell-to-cell communication, and immunomodulation. Genetic defects in the ganglioside biosynthetic pathway result in severe neurodegenerative diseases, while a partial decrease in the levels of specific gangliosides was reported in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. In models of both diseases and other conditions, administration of GM1—one of the most abundant gangliosides in the brain—provides neuroprotection. Most studies have focused on the direct neuroprotective effects of gangliosides on neurons, but their role in other brain cells, in particular microglia, is not known. In this study we investigated the effects of exogenous ganglioside administration and modulation of endogenous ganglioside levels on the response of microglia to inflammatory stimuli, which often contributes to initiation or exacerbation of neurodegeneration. Methods In vitro studies were performed using BV2 cells, mouse, rat, and human primary microglia cultures. Modulation of microglial ganglioside levels was achieved by administration of exogenous gangliosides, or by treatment with GENZ-123346 and L–t-PDMP, an inhibitor and an activator of glycolipid biosynthesis, respectively. Response of microglia to inflammatory stimuli (LPS, IL-1β, phagocytosis of latex beads) was measured by analysis of gene expression and/or secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effects of GM1 administration on microglia activation were also assessed in vivo in C57Bl/6 mice, following intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Results GM1 decreased inflammatory microglia responses in vitro and in vivo, even when administered after microglia activation. These anti-inflammatory effects depended on the presence of the sialic acid residue in the GM1 glycan headgroup and the presence of a lipid tail. Other gangliosides shared similar anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro models, including GD3, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. Conversely, GM3 and GQ1b displayed pro-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effects of GM1 and other gangliosides were partially reproduced by increasing endogenous ganglioside levels with L–t-PDMP, whereas inhibition of glycolipid biosynthesis exacerbated microglial activation in response to LPS stimulation. Conclusions Our data suggest that gangliosides are important modulators of microglia inflammatory responses and reveal that administration of GM1 and other complex gangliosides exerts anti-inflammatory effects on microglia that could be exploited therapeutically. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02374-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Galleguillos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Noam Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Asifa Zaidi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Kamaldeep Dhami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gour C Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zoë Dworsky-Fried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew Churchward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anna Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-21 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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15
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Yu L, Peng J, Mineo C. Lipoprotein sialylation in atherosclerosis: Lessons from mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:953165. [PMID: 36157440 PMCID: PMC9498574 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.953165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation is a dynamically regulated modification, which commonly occurs at the terminal of glycan chains in glycoproteins and glycolipids in eukaryotic cells. Sialylation plays a key role in a wide array of biological processes through the regulation of protein-protein interactions, intracellular localization, vesicular trafficking, and signal transduction. A majority of the proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis, such as apolipoproteins and lipoprotein receptors, are sialylated in their glycan structures. Earlier studies in humans and in preclinical models found a positive correlation between low sialylation of lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. More recent works using loss- and gain-of-function approaches in mice have revealed molecular and cellular mechanisms by which protein sialylation modulates causally the process of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this concise review is to summarize these findings in mouse models and to provide mechanistic insights into lipoprotein sialylation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jun Peng
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Chieko Mineo,
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16
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Esmail S, Manolson MF. Advances in understanding N-glycosylation structure, function, and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151186. [PMID: 34839178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification crucial for membrane protein folding, stability and other cellular functions. Alteration of membrane protein N-glycans is implicated in wide range of pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, chronic inflammatory diseases, and viral pathogenesis. Even though the roles of N-glycans have been studied extensively, our knowledge of their mechanisms remains unclear due to the lack of detailed structural analysis of the N-glycome. Mapping the N-glycome landscape will open new avenues to explore disease mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets. This review discusses the diverse structure of N-linked glycans, the function and regulation of N-glycosylation in health and disease, and ends with a focus on recent approaches to target N-glycans in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Esmail
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Morris F Manolson
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
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17
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Kawanishi K, Coker JK, Grunddal KV, Dhar C, Hsiao J, Zengler K, Varki N, Varki A, Gordts PL. Dietary Neu5Ac Intervention Protects Against Atherosclerosis Associated With Human-Like Neu5Gc Loss-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2730-2739. [PMID: 34587757 PMCID: PMC8551057 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Species-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene during human evolution eliminated common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) biosynthesis from its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). With metabolic nonhuman Neu5Gc incorporation into endothelia from red meat, the major dietary source, anti-Neu5Gc antibodies appeared. Human-like Ldlr-/-Cmah-/- mice on a high-fat diet supplemented with a Neu5Gc-enriched mucin, to mimic human red meat consumption, suffered increased atherosclerosis if human-like anti-Neu5Gc antibodies were elicited. Approach and Results We now ask whether interventional Neu5Ac feeding attenuates metabolically incorporated Neu5Gc-mediated inflammatory acceleration of atherogenesis in this Cmah-/-Ldlr-/- model system. Switching to a Neu5Gc-free high-fat diet or adding a 5-fold excess of Collocalia mucoid-derived Neu5Ac in high-fat diet protects against accelerated atherosclerosis. Switching completely from a Neu5Gc-rich to a Neu5Ac-rich diet further reduces severity. Remarkably, feeding Neu5Ac-enriched high-fat diet alone has a substantial intrinsic protective effect against atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice even in the absence of dietary Neu5Gc but only in the human-like Cmah-null background. Conclusions Interventional Neu5Ac feeding can mitigate or prevent the red meat/Neu5Gc-mediated increased risk for atherosclerosis, and has an intrinsic protective effect, even in the absence of Neu5Gc feeding. These findings suggest that similar interventions should be tried in humans and that Neu5Ac-enriched diets alone should also be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kawanishi
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Joanna K Coker
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Kaare V. Grunddal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Chirag Dhar
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jason Hsiao
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nissi Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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18
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Olejnik B, Kozioł A, Brzozowska E, Ferens-Sieczkowska M. Application of selected biosensor techniques in clinical diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:925-937. [PMID: 34289786 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1957833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Examination of disease biomarkers mostly performed on crude materials, such as serum, meets some obstacles, resulting from sample complexity and the wide range of concentrations and sizes of the components. Techniques currently used in clinical diagnostics are usually time-consuming and expensive. The more sensitive and portable devices are needed for early diagnostics. Chemical sensors are devices that convert chemical information into parameters suitable for fast and precise processing and measurement. AREA COVERED We review the use of biosensors and their possible application in early diagnostics of some diseases like cancer or viral infections. We focus on different types of biorecognition and some technical modifications, lowering the limit of detection potentially attractive to medical practitioners. EXPERT OPINION Among the new diagnostic strategies, the use of biosensors is of increasing interest. In these techniques, the capture ligand interacts with the analyte of interest. Measuring interactions between partners in real time by surface plasmon resonance yields valuable information about kinetics and affinity in a short time and without labels. Importantly, the tendency in such techniques is to make biosensor devices smaller and the test results apparent with the naked eye, so they can be used in point-of-care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olejnik
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Kozioł
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Kurhade SE, Weiner JD, Gao FP, Farrell MP. Functionalized High Mannose-Specific Lectins for the Discovery of Type I Mannosidase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12313-12318. [PMID: 33728787 PMCID: PMC8131250 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An engineered cyanovirin-N homologue that exhibits specificity for high mannose N-glycans has been constructed to aid type I α 1,2-mannosidase inhibitor discovery and development. Engineering the lectins C-terminus permitted facile functionalization with fluorophores via a sortase and click strategy. The resulting lectin constructs exhibit specificity for cells presenting high mannose N-glycans. Importantly, these lectin constructs can also be applied to specifically assess changes in cell surface glycosylation induced by type I mannosidase inhibitors. Testing the utility of these lectin constructs led to the discovery of type I mannosidase inhibitors with nanomolar potency. Cumulatively, these findings reveal the specificity and utility of the functionalized cyanovirin-N homologue constructs, and highlight their potential in analytical contexts that require high mannose-specific lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh E Kurhade
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Jack D Weiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Fei Philip Gao
- Protein Production Group, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Mark P Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
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20
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Kurhade SE, Weiner JD, Gao FP, Farrell MP. Functionalized High Mannose‐Specific Lectins for the Discovery of Type I Mannosidase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh E. Kurhade
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry The University of Kansas 2034 Becker Drive Lawrence KS 66047 USA
| | - Jack D. Weiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry The University of Kansas 2034 Becker Drive Lawrence KS 66047 USA
| | - Fei Philip Gao
- Protein Production Group The University of Kansas 2034 Becker Drive Lawrence KS 66047 USA
| | - Mark P. Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry The University of Kansas 2034 Becker Drive Lawrence KS 66047 USA
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21
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Nguyen K, Chakraborty S, Mansbach RA, Korber B, Gnanakaran S. Exploring the Role of Glycans in the Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Human Receptor ACE2. Viruses 2021; 13:927. [PMID: 34067878 PMCID: PMC8156887 DOI: 10.3390/v13050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It has become a global pandemic and its frequent mutations may pose new challenges for vaccine design. During viral infection, the Spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2 binds the human host cell receptor ACE2, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. Both the Spike and ACE2 are densely glycosylated, and it is unclear how distinctive glycan types may modulate the interaction of RBD and ACE2. Detailed understanding of these determinants is key for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. To this end, we perform extensive all-atom simulations of the (i) RBD-ACE2 complex without glycans, (ii) RBD-ACE2 with oligomannose MAN9 glycans in ACE2, and (iii) RBD-ACE2 with complex FA2 glycans in ACE2. These simulations identify the key residues at the RBD-ACE2 interface that form contacts with higher probabilities, thus providing a quantitative evaluation that complements recent structural studies. Notably, we find that this RBD-ACE2 contact signature is not altered by the presence of different glycoforms, suggesting that RBD-ACE2 interaction is robust. Applying our simulated results, we illustrate how the recently prevalent N501Y mutation may alter specific interactions with host ACE2 that facilitate the virus-host binding. Furthermore, our simulations reveal how the glycan on Asn90 of ACE2 can play a distinct role in the binding and unbinding of RBD. Finally, an energetics analysis shows that MAN9 glycans on ACE2 decrease RBD-ACE2 affinity, while FA2 glycans lead to enhanced binding of the complex. Together, our results provide a more comprehensive picture of the detailed interplay between virus and human receptor, which is much needed for the discovery of effective treatments that aim at modulating the physical-chemical properties of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Nguyen
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (K.N.); (S.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Srirupa Chakraborty
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (K.N.); (S.C.); (B.K.)
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (K.N.); (S.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (K.N.); (S.C.); (B.K.)
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22
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Differential expression of HIV envelope epitopes on the surface of HIV-Infected macrophages and CD4 + T cells. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105085. [PMID: 33961905 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected macrophages contribute to persistence of HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. A potential strategy to eliminate reservoirs is the use of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against infected cells expressing the HIV envelope (Env) protein on their surface. Designing ADCC strategies requires knowledge of exposed Env epitopes on the cell surface and identifying antibodies capable of opsonising infected cells, yet little is known regarding the ability of HIV-infected macrophages to be targeted with such strategies. Using a panel of neutralising and poorly-neutralising anti-Env antibodies we compared Env epitopes expressed on infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and autologous T cells. Our results reveal potential differences in epitope expression on macrophage- and T cell-expressed Env. Notably, HIVBaL-infected macrophages were more susceptible to opsonisation by NIH45-46 (median = 40.4%) compared to infected T cells (13.6%; p = 0.002), which were more susceptible to opsonisation by 17b and 447.52D (88.6% and 45.6% respectively) compared to MDM (30% and 6.7%, p = 0.002 and 0.004 respectively). Furthermore, neutralising antibodies 10E8 and PGT145 were relatively ineffective at opsonising Env expressed on the surface of infected T cells or macrophages, indicating that the context in which Env is presented on infected cells may differ to that of cell-free virions.
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23
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The Immunomodulatory Properties of β-2,6 Fructans: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041309. [PMID: 33921025 PMCID: PMC8071392 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides such as β-2,1-linked fructans including inulin or fructose oligosaccharides are well-known prebiotics with recognised immunomodulatory properties. In recent years, other fructan types covering β-2,6-linked fructans, particularly microbial levans, have gained increasing interest in the field. β-2,6-linked fructans of different degrees of polymerisation can be synthesised by plants or microbes including those that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for these β-2,6 fructans in modulating immune function. Here, we provide an overview of the sources and structures of β-2,6 fructans from plants and microbes and describe their ability to modulate immune function in vitro and in vivo along with the suggested mechanisms underpinning their immunomodulatory properties. Further, we discuss the limitations and perspectives pertinent to current studies and the potential applications of β-2,6 fructans including in gut health.
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24
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Kawanishi K, Saha S, Diaz S, Vaill M, Sasmal A, Siddiqui SS, Choudhury B, Sharma K, Chen X, Schoenhofen IC, Sato C, Kitajima K, Freeze HH, Münster-Kühnel A, Varki A. Evolutionary conservation of human ketodeoxynonulosonic acid production is independent of sialoglycan biosynthesis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:137681. [PMID: 33373330 DOI: 10.1172/jci137681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metabolic incorporation of nonhuman sialic acid (Sia) N-glycolylneuraminic acid into endogenous glycans generates inflammation via preexisting antibodies, which likely contributes to red meat-induced atherosclerosis acceleration. Exploring whether this mechanism affects atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), we instead found serum accumulation of 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid (Kdn), a Sia prominently expressed in cold-blooded vertebrates. In patients with ESRD, levels of the Kdn precursor mannose also increased, but within a normal range. Mannose ingestion by healthy volunteers raised the levels of urinary mannose and Kdn. Kdn production pathways remained conserved in mammals but were diminished by an M42T substitution in a key biosynthetic enzyme, N-acetylneuraminate synthase. Remarkably, reversion to the ancestral methionine then occurred independently in 2 lineages, including humans. However, mammalian glycan databases contain no Kdn-glycans. We hypothesize that the potential toxicity of excess mannose in mammals is partly buffered by conversion to free Kdn. Thus, mammals probably conserve Kdn biosynthesis and modulate it in a lineage-specific manner, not for glycosylation, but to control physiological mannose intermediates and metabolites. However, human cells can be forced to express Kdn-glycans via genetic mutations enhancing Kdn utilization, or by transfection with fish enzymes producing cytidine monophosphate-Kdn (CMP-Kdn). Antibodies against Kdn-glycans occur in pooled human immunoglobulins. Pathological conditions that elevate Kdn levels could therefore result in antibody-mediated inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kawanishi
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Michael Vaill
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Shoib S Siddiqui
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis (UCD), Davis, California, USA
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Specht CA, Homan EJ, Lee CK, Mou Z, Gomez CL, Hester MM, Abraham A, Rus F, Ostroff GR, Levitz SM. Protection of Mice against Experimental Cryptococcosis by Synthesized Peptides Delivered in Glucan Particles. mBio 2021; 13:e0336721. [PMID: 35089095 PMCID: PMC8725579 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03367-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high global burden of cryptococcosis has made development of a protective vaccine a public health priority. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine composed of recombinant Cryptococcus neoformans chitin deacetylase 2 (Cda2) delivered in glucan particles (GPs) protects BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice from an otherwise lethal challenge with a highly virulent C. neoformans strain. An immunoinformatic analysis of Cda2 revealed a peptide sequence predicted to have strong binding to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) H2-IAd allele found in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice vaccinated with GPs containing a 32-amino-acid peptide (Cda2-Pep1) that included this strong binding region were protected from cryptococcosis. Protection was lost with GP-based vaccines containing versions of recombinant Cda2 protein and Cda2-Pep1 with mutations predicted to greatly diminish MHC II binding. Cda2 has homology to the three other C. neoformans chitin deacetylases, Cda1, Cda3, and Fpd1, in the high-MHC II-binding region. GPs loaded with homologous peptides of Cda1, Cda3, and Fpd1 protected BALB/c mice from experimental cryptococcosis, albeit not as robustly as the Cda2-Pep1 vaccine. Finally, seven other peptides were synthesized based on regions in Cda2 predicted to contain promising CD4+ T cell epitopes in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. While five peptide vaccines significantly protected BALB/c mice, only one protected C57BL/6 mice. Thus, GP-based vaccines containing a single peptide can protect mice against cryptococcosis. However, given the diversity of human MHC II alleles, a peptide-based Cryptococcus vaccine for use in humans would be challenging and likely need to contain multiple peptide sequences. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcosis, due to infection by fungi of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised persons, particularly those with AIDS. Cryptococcal vaccines are a public health priority yet are not available for human use. We previously demonstrated mice could be protected from experimental cryptococcosis with vaccines composed of recombinant cryptococcal proteins encased in hollow highly purified yeast cell walls (glucan particles). In this study, we examined one such protective protein, Cda2, and using bioinformatics, we identified a region predicted to stimulate strong T cell responses. A peptide containing this region formulated in glucan particle-based vaccines protected mice as well as the recombinant protein. Other peptide vaccines also protected, including peptides containing sequences from proteins homologous to Cda2. These preclinical mouse studies provide a proof of principle that peptides can be effective as vaccines to protect against cryptococcosis and that bioinformatic approaches can guide peptide selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chrono K. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhongming Mou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina L. Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen M. Hester
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florentina Rus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary R. Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Abstract
The surfaces of all living organisms and most secreted proteins share a common feature: They are glycosylated. As the outermost-facing molecules, glycans participate in nearly all immunological processes, including driving host-pathogen interactions, immunological recognition and activation, and differentiation between self and nonself through a complex array of pathways and mechanisms. These fundamental immunologic roles are further cast into sharp relief in inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancer disease states in which immune regulation goes awry. Here, we review the broad impact of glycans on the immune system and discuss the changes and clinical opportunities associated with the onset of immunologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7288, USA;
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7288, USA;
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27
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McDonald ND, Boyd EF. Structural and Biosynthetic Diversity of Nonulosonic Acids (NulOs) That Decorate Surface Structures in Bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:142-157. [PMID: 32950378 PMCID: PMC7855311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonulosonic acids (NulOs) are a diverse family of 9-carbon α-keto acid sugars that are involved in a wide range of functions across all branches of life. The family of NulOs includes the sialic acids as well as the prokaryote-specific NulOs. Select bacteria biosynthesize the sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), and the ability to produce this sugar and its subsequent incorporation into cell-surface structures is implicated in a variety of bacteria-host interactions. Furthermore, scavenging of sialic acid from the environment for energy has been characterized across a diverse group of bacteria, mainly human commensals and pathogens. In addition to sialic acid, bacteria have the ability to biosynthesize prokaryote-specific NulOs, of which there are several known isomers characterized. These prokaryotic NulOs are similar in structure to Neu5Ac but little is known regarding their role in bacterial physiology. Here, we discuss the diversity in structure, the biosynthesis pathways, and the functions of bacteria-specific NulOs. These carbohydrates are phylogenetically widespread among bacteria, with numerous structurally unique modifications recognized. Despite the diversity in structure, the NulOs are involved in similar functions such as motility, biofilm formation, host colonization, and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - E Fidelma Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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28
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Lee FK, Lee WL, Wang PH. Sialylated autoantibodies involved in disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:123-124. [PMID: 33350650 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Kung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Ling Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Nursing, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Peng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Female Cancer Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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A mass spectrometry-based glycotope-centric cellular glycomics is the more fruitful way forward to see the forest for the trees. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:55-69. [PMID: 33492355 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of protein glycosylation renders cellular glycomics a very challenging task in having to deal with all the disparate glycans carried on membrane glycoproteins. Rapid mapping by mass spectrometry analysis provides only a coarse sketch of the glycomic complexity based primarily on glycosyl compositions, whereby the missing high-resolution structural details require a combination of multi-mode separations and multi-stages of induced fragmentation to gain sufficiently discriminative precision, often at the expenses of throughput and sensitivity. Given the available technology and foreseeable advances in the near future, homing in on resolving the terminal fucosylated, sialylated and/or sulfated structural units, or glycotopes, maybe a more pragmatic and ultimately more rewarding approach to gain insights into myriad biological processes mediated by these terminal coding units carried on important glycoproteins, to be decoded by a host of endogenous glycan-binding proteins and antibodies. A broad overview of recent technical advances and limitations in cellular glycomics is first provided as a backdrop to the propounded glycotope-centric approach based on advanced nanoLC-MS2/MS3 analysis of permethylated glycans. To prioritize analytical focus on the more tangible glycotopes is akin to first identifying the eye-catching and characteristic-defining flowers and fruits of the glyco-forest, to see the forest for the trees. It has the best prospects of attaining the much-needed balance in sensitivity, structural precision and analytical throughput to match advances in other omics.
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30
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Delaveris CS, Chiu SH, Riley NM, Bertozzi CR. Modulation of immune cell reactivity with cis-binding Siglec agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012408118. [PMID: 33431669 PMCID: PMC7826350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012408118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pathologies caused by phagocytes lead to numerous debilitating conditions, including chronic pain and blindness due to age-related macular degeneration. Many members of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) family are immunoinhibitory receptors whose agonism is an attractive approach for antiinflammatory therapy. Here, we show that synthetic lipid-conjugated glycopolypeptides can insert into cell membranes and engage Siglec receptors in cis, leading to inhibitory signaling. Specifically, we construct a cis-binding agonist of Siglec-9 and show that it modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in reporter cell lines, immortalized macrophage and microglial cell lines, and primary human macrophages. Thus, these cis-binding agonists of Siglecs present a method for therapeutic suppression of immune cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corleone S Delaveris
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shannon H Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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31
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Oswald DM, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Modulation of hepatocyte sialylation drives spontaneous fatty liver disease and inflammation. Glycobiology 2020; 30:346-359. [PMID: 31742330 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulatory protein glycosylation is a biomarker of multiple disease and inflammatory states and has been applied in the clinic for liver dysfunction, heart disease and diabetes. With the notable exception of antibodies, the liver produces most of the circulatory glycoproteins, including the acute phase proteins released as a function of the inflammatory response. Among these proteins is β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal1), an enzyme required for α2,6-linked sialylation of glycoproteins. Here, we describe a hepatocyte-specific conditional knockout of ST6Gal1 (H-cKO) using albumin promoter-driven Cre-lox recombination. We confirm the loss of circulatory glycoprotein α2,6 sialylation and note no obvious dysfunction or pathology in young H-cKO mice, yet these mice show robust changes in plasma glycoprotein fucosylation, branching and the abundance of bisecting GlcNAc and marked changes in a number of metabolic pathways. As H-cKO mice aged, they spontaneously developed fatty liver disease characterized by the buildup of fat droplets in the liver, inflammatory cytokine production and a shift in liver leukocyte phenotype away from anti-inflammatory Kupffer cells and towards proinflammatory M1 macrophages. These findings connect hepatocyte and circulatory glycoprotein sialylation to the regulation of metabolism and inflammation, potentially identifying the glycome as a new target for liver-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Oswald
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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32
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Siddiqui SS, Vaill M, Do R, Khan N, Verhagen AL, Zhang W, Lenz HJ, Johnson-Pais TL, Leach RJ, Fraser G, Wang C, Feng GS, Varki N, Varki A. Human-specific polymorphic pseudogenization of SIGLEC12 protects against advanced cancer progression. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 3:69-82. [PMID: 33615152 PMCID: PMC7876704 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with our closest living evolutionary cousins, humans appear unusually prone to develop carcinomas (cancers arising from epithelia). The SIGLEC12 gene, which encodes the Siglec-XII protein expressed on epithelial cells, has several uniquely human features: a fixed homozygous missense mutation inactivating its natural ligand recognition property; a polymorphic frameshift mutation eliminating full-length protein expression in ~60%-70% of worldwide human populations; and, genomic features suggesting a negative selective sweep favoring the pseudogene state. Despite the loss of canonical sialic acid binding, Siglec-XII still recruits Shp2 and accelerates tumor growth in a mouse model. We hypothesized that dysfunctional Siglec-XII facilitates human carcinoma progression, correlating with known tumorigenic signatures of Shp2-dependent cancers. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Siglec-XII expression on tissue microarrays. PC-3 prostate cancer cells were transfected with Siglec-XII and transcription of genes enriched with Siglec-XII was determined. Genomic SIGLEC12 status was determined for four different cancer cohorts. Finally, a dot blot analysis of human urinary epithelial cells was established to determine the Siglec-XII expressors versus non-expressors. Forced expression in a SIGLEC12 null carcinoma cell line enriched transcription of genes associated with cancer progression. While Siglec-XII was detected as expected in ~30%-40% of normal epithelia, ~80% of advanced carcinomas showed strong expression. Notably, >80% of late-stage colorectal cancers had a functional SIGLEC12 allele, correlating with overall increased mortality. Thus, advanced carcinomas are much more likely to occur in individuals whose genomes have an intact SIGLEC12 gene, likely because the encoded Siglec-XII protein recruits Shp2-related oncogenic pathways. The finding has prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib S Siddiqui
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA.,Present address: Department of Biotechnology American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK American University of Ras Al Khaimah Road Al Burairat Area Ras Al Khaimah UAE
| | - Michael Vaill
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Raymond Do
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Andrea L Verhagen
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Wu Zhang
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology University of TX Health Science Center San Antonio TX USA.,Departments of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of TX Health Science Center San Antonio TX USA
| | - Gary Fraser
- School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Charles Wang
- School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Cente and Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny University of California San Diego CA USA
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33
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Bao Z, Yao L, Zhang X, Lin S. Isolation, purification, characterization, and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula on RAW264.7 macrophages. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13516. [PMID: 33051900 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Auricularia auricula polysaccharide (AAP) was isolated by hot-water extraction and purified to evaluate its structural and immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. The results show that three kinds of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (c-AAP) were obtained and named as AAP-I, AAP-II, and AAP-III Their further purification found that AAP-I and AAP-II were glycoproteins, and only AAP-III was a pure polysaccharide, which we named AAP for further experiments. Structural characteristics revealed that AAP was a homogeneous galactan comprising mannose, rhamnose, gluconic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 5.02:0.9:0.12:4.48:0.37:1.0:0.36, and the average molecular weight is approximately 23.51 kDa. Methylation analysis revealed that AAP mainly consisted of 1,4-linked-Glcp, 1,4,6-linked-Glcp, terminal Glcp, 1,4-linked-Manp, 1,2,6-linked-Manp, and terminal Arap. Furthermore, the in vitro immunomodulatory activities of AAP were evaluated by cell proliferation, NO production, and phagocytic ability using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results show that AAP not only promoted the activation of macrophages but also provided a scientific basis for the further use of AAP. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Three water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from Auricularia auricula of Changbai Mountain, two of which contained binding proteins. Determination of molecular weight, structure, and immunoreactivity of pure polysaccharide components. The result clearly demonstrated the benefits of this plant as a healthy functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Liqun Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Songyi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
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34
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Cornelissen LAM, Blanas A, Zaal A, van der Horst JC, Kruijssen LJW, O'Toole T, van Kooyk Y, van Vliet SJ. Tn Antigen Expression Contributes to an Immune Suppressive Microenvironment and Drives Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1622. [PMID: 33014816 PMCID: PMC7461972 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the tumor-associated glycan Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr) has been correlated to poor prognosis and metastasis in multiple cancer types. However, the exact mechanisms exerted by Tn antigen to support tumor growth are still lacking. One emerging hallmark of cancer is evasion of immune destruction. Although tumor cells often exploit the glycosylation machinery to interact with the immune system, the contribution of Tn antigen to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has scarcely been studied. Here, we explored how Tn antigen influences the tumor immune cell composition in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of the C1galt1c1 gene resulted in elevated Tn antigen levels on the cell surface of the CRC cell line MC38 (MC38-Tnhigh). RNA sequencing and subsequent GO term enrichment analysis of our Tnhigh glycovariant not only revealed differences in MAPK signaling and cell migration, but also in antigen processing and presentation as well as in cytotoxic T cell responses. Indeed, MC38-Tnhigh tumors displayed increased tumor growth in vivo, which was correlated with an altered tumor immune cell infiltration, characterized by reduced levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and enhanced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Interestingly, no systemic differences in T cell subsets were observed. Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Tn antigen expression in the CRC tumor microenvironment affects the tumor-associated immune cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenneke A M Cornelissen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Blanas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Zaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost C van der Horst
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura J W Kruijssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Macauley MS, Rademacher C, Mariño KV. Editorial: Addressing Roles for Glycans in Immunology Using Chemical Biology. Front Chem 2020; 8:471. [PMID: 32596206 PMCID: PMC7300201 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Macauley
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wielgat P, Rogowski K, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Car H. Sialic Acid-Siglec Axis as Molecular Checkpoints Targeting of Immune System: Smart Players in Pathology and Conventional Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124361. [PMID: 32575400 PMCID: PMC7352527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sialic acid-based molecular mimicry in pathogens and malignant cells is a regulatory mechanism that leads to cross-reactivity with host antigens resulting in suppression and tolerance in the immune system. The interplay between sialoglycans and immunoregulatory Siglec receptors promotes foreign antigens hiding and immunosurveillance impairment. Therefore, molecular targeting of immune checkpoints, including sialic acid-Siglec axis, is a promising new field of inflammatory disorders and cancer therapy. However, the conventional drugs used in regular management can interfere with glycome machinery and exert a divergent effect on immune controlling systems. Here, we focus on the known effects of standard therapies on the sialoglycan-Siglec checkpoint and their importance in diagnosis, prediction, and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Wielgat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-7450-647
| | - Karol Rogowski
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (K.R.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (K.R.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (K.R.); (K.N.-L.)
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Meril S, Harush O, Reboh Y, Matikhina T, Barliya T, Cohen CJ. Targeting glycosylated antigens on cancer cells using siglec‐7/9‐based CAR T‐cells. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:713-723. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meril
- Division of Molecular, Cellular and Medical BiologyThe Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ortal Harush
- Division of Molecular, Cellular and Medical BiologyThe Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Yishai Reboh
- Division of Molecular, Cellular and Medical BiologyThe Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Tatyana Matikhina
- Division of Molecular, Cellular and Medical BiologyThe Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Tilda Barliya
- Division of Molecular, Cellular and Medical BiologyThe Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Cyrille J. Cohen
- Division of Molecular, Cellular and Medical BiologyThe Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
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Kang FB, Chen W, Wang L, Zhang YZ. The diverse functions of Siglec-15 in bone remodeling and antitumor responses. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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New Therapeutic Strategies for Osteoarthritis by Targeting Sialic Acid Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040637. [PMID: 32326143 PMCID: PMC7226619 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation and joint degeneration. The articular cartilage is mainly formed by chondrocytes and a collagen-proteoglycan extracellular matrix that contains high levels of glycosylated proteins. It was reported that the shift from glycoproteins containing α-2,6-linked sialic acids to those that contain α-2,3 was associated with the onset of common types of arthritis. However, the pathophysiology of α-2,3-sialylation in cartilage has not been yet elucidated. We show that cartilage from osteoarthritic patients expresses high levels of the α-2,3-sialylated transmembrane mucin receptor, known as podoplanin (PDPN). Additionally, the Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL), that can be utilized to target PDPN, attenuates the inflammatory response mediated by NF-kB activation in primary chondrocytes and protects human cartilage breakdown ex vivo and in an animal model of arthritis. These findings reveal that specific lectins targeting α-2,3-sialylated receptors on chondrocytes might effectively inhibit cartilage breakdown. We also present a computational 3D molecular model for this interaction. These findings provide mechanistic information on how a specific lectin could be used as a novel therapy to treat degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Oswald DM, Zhou JY, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Disruption of hepatocyte Sialylation drives a T cell-dependent pro-inflammatory immune tone. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:395-407. [PMID: 32222873 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Through the catalysis of α2,6-linked sialylation, the enzyme ST6Gal1 is thought to play key roles in immune cell communication and homeostasis. Of particular importance, glycans with terminal α2,6-sialic acids are known to negatively regulate B cell receptor signaling and are associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that promotes T cell anergy, suggesting that α2,6-sialic acids are a key immune inhibitory signal. Consistent with this model, mice harboring a hepatocyte-specific ablation of ST6Gal1 (H-cKO) develop a progressive and severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease characterized by steatohepatitis. Using this H-cKO mouse, we have further discovered that loss of hepatocyte α2,6-sialylation not only increases the inflammatory state of the local tissue microenvironment, but also systemic T cell-dependent immune responses. H-cKO mice responded normally to innate and passively induced inflammation, but showed significantly increased morbidity in T cell-dependent house dust mite-antigen (HDM)-induced asthma and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We further discovered that H-cKO mice have a profound shift toward effector/memory T cells even among unchallenged mice, and that macrophages from both the liver and spleen expressed the inhibitory and α2,6-sialic acid-specific glycan binding molecule CD22. These findings align with previously reported pro-inflammatory changes in liver macrophages, and support a model in which the liver microenvironment sets a systemic immune tone that is regulated by tissue α2,6-sialylation and mediated by liver macrophages and systemic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Oswald
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44160, USA
| | - Julie Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44160, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44160, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44160, USA.
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Hinneburg H, Pedersen JL, Bokil NJ, Pralow A, Schirmeister F, Kawahara R, Rapp E, Saunders BM, Thaysen-Andersen M. High-resolution longitudinal N- and O-glycoprofiling of human monocyte-to-macrophage transition. Glycobiology 2020; 30:679-694. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Protein glycosylation impacts the development and function of innate immune cells. The glycophenotypes and the glycan remodelling associated with the maturation of macrophages from monocytic precursor populations remain incompletely described. Herein, label-free porous graphitised carbon–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (PGC-LC-MS/MS) was employed to profile with high resolution the N- and O-glycome associated with human monocyte-to-macrophage transition. Primary blood-derived CD14+ monocytes were differentiated ex vivo in the absence of strong anti- and proinflammatory stimuli using a conventional 7-day granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor differentiation protocol with longitudinal sampling. Morphology and protein expression monitored by light microscopy and proteomics validated the maturation process. Glycomics demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages display similar N-glycome profiles, comprising predominantly paucimannosidic (Man1-3GlcNAc2Fuc0–1, 22.1–30.8%), oligomannosidic (Man5-9GlcNAc2, 29.8–35.7%) and α2,3/6-sialylated complex-type N-glycans with variable core fucosylation (27.6–39.1%). Glycopeptide analysis validated conjugation of these glycans to human proteins, while quantitative proteomics monitored the glycoenzyme expression levels during macrophage differentiation. Significant interperson glycome variations were observed suggesting a considerable physiology-dependent or heritable heterogeneity of CD14+ monocytes. Only few N-glycome changes correlated with the monocyte-to-macrophage transition across donors including decreased core fucosylation and reduced expression of mannose-terminating (paucimannosidic-/oligomannosidic-type) N-glycans in macrophages, while lectin flow cytometry indicated that more dramatic cell surface glycan remodelling occurs during maturation. The less heterogeneous core 1-rich O-glycome showed a minor decrease in core 2-type O-glycosylation but otherwise remained unchanged with macrophage maturation. This high-resolution glycome map underpinning normal monocyte-to-macrophage transition, the most detailed to date, aids our understanding of the molecular makeup pertaining to two vital innate immune cell types and forms an important reference for future glycoimmunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Hinneburg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
| | - Jessica L Pedersen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia
| | - Nilesh J Bokil
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems (Bioprocess Engineering), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Rebeca Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems (Bioprocess Engineering), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- GlyXera GmbH, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernadette M Saunders
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
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42
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de Haas P, Hendriks WJAJ, Lefeber DJ, Cambi A. Biological and Technical Challenges in Unraveling the Role of N-Glycans in Immune Receptor Regulation. Front Chem 2020; 8:55. [PMID: 32117881 PMCID: PMC7013033 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation of membrane receptors is important for a wide variety of cellular processes. In the immune system, loss or alteration of receptor glycosylation can affect pathogen recognition, cell-cell interaction, and activation as well as migration. This is not only due to aberrant folding of the receptor, but also to altered lateral mobility or aggregation capacity. Despite increasing evidence of their biological relevance, glycosylation-dependent mechanisms of receptor regulation are hard to dissect at the molecular level. This is due to the intrinsic complexity of the glycosylation process and high diversity of glycan structures combined with the technical limitations of the current experimental tools. It is still challenging to precisely determine the localization and site-occupancy of glycosylation sites, glycan micro- and macro-heterogeneity at the individual receptor level as well as the biological function and specific interactome of receptor glycoforms. In addition, the tools available to manipulate N-glycans of a specific receptor are limited. Significant progress has however been made thanks to innovative approaches such as glycoproteomics, metabolic engineering, or chemoenzymatic labeling. By discussing examples of immune receptors involved in pathogen recognition, migration, antigen presentation, and cell signaling, this Mini Review will focus on the biological importance of N-glycosylation for receptor functions and highlight the technical challenges for examination and manipulation of receptor N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Haas
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Glioblastomas exploit truncated O -linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3693-3703. [PMID: 32019882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907921117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain malignancy, for which immunotherapy has failed to prolong survival. Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. These tumor-associated glycans trigger inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors. We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation.
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Campetella O, Buscaglia CA, Mucci J, Leguizamón MS. Parasite-host glycan interactions during Trypanosoma cruzi infection: trans-Sialidase rides the show. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165692. [PMID: 31972227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many important pathogen-host interactions rely on highly specific carbohydrate binding events. In the case of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, glycointeractions involving sialic acid (SA) residues are pivotal for parasite infectivity, escape from immune surveillance and pathogenesis. Though unable to synthesize SA de novo, T. cruzi displays a unique trans-Sialidase (TS) enzyme, which is able to cleave terminal SA residues from host donor glycoconjugates and transfer them onto parasite surface mucins, thus generating protective/adhesive structures. In addition, this parasite sheds TS into the bloodstream, as a way of modifying the surface SA signature, and thereby the signaling/functional properties of mammalian host target cells on its own advantage. Here, we discuss the pathogenic aspects of T. cruzi TS: its molecular adaptations, the multiplicity of interactions in which it is involved during infections, and the array of novel and appealing targets for intervention in Chagas disease provided by TS-remodeled sialoglycophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Campetella
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carlos A Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Mucci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Leguizamón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1280-1282. [PMID: 31907319 PMCID: PMC6983373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916131117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host’s glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. Our study indicates that host glycosylation of the vaccine target can impede its antigenicity and immunogenicity. Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines.
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Cancer-derived sialylated IgG promotes tumor immune escape by binding to Siglecs on effector T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:1148-1162. [PMID: 31754235 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, IgG in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been considered a product of B cells and serves as an antitumor antibody. However, in this study, using a monoclonal antibody against cancer-derived IgG (Cancer-IgG), we found that cancer cells could secrete IgG into the TME. Furthermore, Cancer-IgG, which carries an abnormal sialic acid modification in the CH1 domain, directly inhibited effector T-cell proliferation and significantly promoted tumor growth by reducing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration into tumor tissues. Mechanistic studies showed that the immunosuppressive effect of sialylated Cancer-IgG is dependent on its sialylation and binding to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) on effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Importantly, we show that several Siglecs are overexpressed on effector T cells from cancer patients, but not those from healthy donors. These findings suggest that sialylated Cancer-IgG may be a ligand for Siglecs, which may serve as potential checkpoint proteins and mediate tumor immune evasion.
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Marqvorsen MHS, Araman C, van Kasteren SI. Going Native: Synthesis of Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides via Native Linkages To Study Glycan-Specific Roles in the Immune System. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2715-2726. [PMID: 31580646 PMCID: PMC6873266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a myriad of roles in the immune system: Certain glycans can interact with specific immune receptors to kickstart a pro-inflammatory response, whereas other glycans can do precisely the opposite and ameliorate the immune response. Specific glycans and glycoforms can themselves become the targets of the adaptive immune system, leading to potent antiglycan responses that can lead to the killing of altered self- or pathogenic species. This hydra-like set of roles glycans play is of particular importance in cancer immunity, where it influences the anticancer immune response, likely playing pivotal roles in tumor survival or clearance. The complexity of carbohydrate biology requires synthetic access to glycoproteins and glycopeptides that harbor homogeneous glycans allowing the probing of these systems with high precision. One particular complicating factor in this is that these synthetic structures are required to be as close to the native structures as possible, as non-native linkages can themselves elicit immune responses. In this Review, we discuss examples and current strategies for the synthesis of natively linked single glycoforms of peptides and proteins that have enabled researchers to gain new insights into glycoimmunology, with a particular focus on the application of these reagents in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H. S. Marqvorsen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Hester MM, Lee CK, Abraham A, Khoshkenar P, Ostroff GR, Levitz SM, Specht CA. Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis using glucan particle-based vaccines containing novel recombinant antigens. Vaccine 2019; 38:620-626. [PMID: 31699504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans is responsible for upwards of 180,000 deaths worldwide annually, mostly in immunocompromised individuals. Currently there are no licensed fungal vaccines, and even with anti-fungal drug treatment, cryptococcal meningitis is often fatal. Our lab previously demonstrated vaccination with recombinant cryptococcal proteins delivered in glucan particles (GPs) protects mice against an otherwise lethal infection. The aim of the present study was to discover additional cryptococcal antigens affording vaccine-mediated protection. Sixteen proteins, each with evidence of extracellularity, were selected for in vivo testing based on their abundance in protective alkaline extracts of an acapsular C. neoformans strain, their known immunogenicity, and/or their high transcript level during human infection. Candidate antigens were recombinantly expressed in E. coli, purified and loaded into GPs. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice received three subcutaneous injections of GP-based vaccine, and survival was assessed for 84 days following a lethal orotracheal challenge with strain KN99. As with our six published GP-vaccines, we saw differences in overall protection between mouse strains such that BALB/c mice typically demonstrated better survival than C57BL/6 mice. From these studies, we identified seven new proteins which, when administered as GP-vaccines, protect BALB/c and/or C57BL/6 mice against cryptococcal infection. With these results, we expand the pool of novel protective antigens to eleven proteins and demonstrate the potential for selection of highly transcribed extracellular proteins as vaccine targets. These screens highlight the efficacy of GP-subunit vaccines and identify promising antigens for further testing in anti-cryptococcal, multi-epitope vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M Hester
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chrono K Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Payam Khoshkenar
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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49
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Cobb BA, Jones MB. Special Issue: The role of glycans in immunity and disease. Cell Immunol 2019; 333:1. [PMID: 30554675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, Ohio, USA.
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
The glycome describes the complete repertoire of glycoconjugates composed of carbohydrate chains, or glycans, that are covalently linked to lipid or protein molecules. Glycoconjugates are formed through a process called glycosylation and can differ in their glycan sequences, the connections between them and their length. Glycoconjugate synthesis is a dynamic process that depends on the local milieu of enzymes, sugar precursors and organelle structures as well as the cell types involved and cellular signals. Studies of rare genetic disorders that affect glycosylation first highlighted the biological importance of the glycome, and technological advances have improved our understanding of its heterogeneity and complexity. Researchers can now routinely assess how the secreted and cell-surface glycomes reflect overall cellular status in health and disease. In fact, changes in glycosylation can modulate inflammatory responses, enable viral immune escape, promote cancer cell metastasis or regulate apoptosis; the composition of the glycome also affects kidney function in health and disease. New insights into the structure and function of the glycome can now be applied to therapy development and could improve our ability to fine-tune immunological responses and inflammation, optimize the performance of therapeutic antibodies and boost immune responses to cancer. These examples illustrate the potential of the emerging field of 'glycomedicine'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reily
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tyler J Stewart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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