1
|
Schonfeld DJ, Demaria T. Mental Health Impact of Pandemics and Other Public Health Emergencies in Children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2024; 71:455-468. [PMID: 38754935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric health care providers can provide universal support to children and families to mitigate potential risk factors to adjustment while fostering protective factors to promote resiliency in children and families. They can educate caregivers about ways to enhance recovery of their children by modifying expectations and addressing the special emotional and social needs of their children. Most public health emergencies evolve through stages across an extended time period, often taxing the personal resources of health care providers. This underscores the need for pediatric health care providers to integrate self-care strategies in their personal and professional practice routines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Schonfeld
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement at Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
| | - Thomas Demaria
- National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement at Children's Hospital Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cihanoğlu M, Vatansever M, Erden G. School-based psychosocial and educational interventions for children and adolescents after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes in Turkey: A review on lessons learned. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2024; 103:102403. [PMID: 38237313 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2024.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The massive earthquakes experienced in August and November 1999 affected thousands of people in the Marmara region, the most densely populated and industrialized part of Turkey. The humanitarian and economic cost was so enormous, and these earthquakes have changed the Turkish disaster management system and the Turkish people's approach to disasters. Marmara earthquakes are also considered as a milestone in the provision of psychosocial services for disaster victims. This paper aims to review the psychosocial interventions targeting children, adolescents, and their families after the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. The progression from initial responses to more organized psychosocial interventions is outlined. Conducting the interventions at schools has ensured that thousands of children, teachers, and parents are reached in the most efficient and effective way possible. The significance of the school context in designing psychosocial interventions is highlighted and implications of the lessons learned for traumatic experiences of children and parents are also explored. It is evaluated that these inferences obtained from the Marmara earthquake in Turkey can be used in disasters around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mine Cihanoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Vatansever
- Department of Psychology, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Gülsen Erden
- Department of Psychology, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chachar AS, Younus S, Ali W. Developmental Understanding of Death and Grief Among Children During COVID-19 Pandemic: Application of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:654584. [PMID: 34658940 PMCID: PMC8511419 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.654584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 Pandemic has influenced death-related attitudes and understanding during the childhood development leading to a life-long impact. Factors like pandemic-related movement restrictions, school closures, and parents' stay-at-home have exposed children to the phenomenon of grief and death. In that case, children anticipate adverse outcomes and fear while they struggle with unanswered questions. Children may not have coping skills needed to manage their grief in constructive ways to identify, normalize, and express their responses to the loss in their lives. Naming and validating these responses as distinctive aspects of grief process and providing safe space to express their feelings are essential components of a child's coping with loss and grief. This is crucial to consider, as different children react to and are influenced by their environments differently. This article aims to explore the developmental understanding of the process of death and grief by applying the conceptual framework of Bronfenbrenner's theory. Understanding mutual interaction between a child and various ecological systems determines how children perceive death and process grief can facilitate effective communication that has significant implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Younus
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wamiq Ali
- Synapse, Pakistan Neuroscience Institute, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hardayati YA, Mustikasari, Panjaitan RU. The effects of thought stopping on anxiety levels in adolescents living in earthquake-prone areas. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2021. [PMID: 33849208 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to determine the effect of thought-stopping therapy on anxiety levels in adolescents living in earthquake-prone areas. This study used quasi-experiment pre-post test with control group, conducted in one of the earthquake-prone areas city in East Java. 112 respondents (the control and the intervention group) were included in the research. Both groups received nursing intervention. In addition to the nursing intervention, the intervention group was asked to use thought-stopping techniques. The HAM-A questionnaire was used to determine anxiety levels. A significant decrease in anxiety in both the control and intervention groups was demonstrated in the present study after the intervention. The intervention group experienced a decrease in the anxiety rating of 5.54, compared to the corresponding decrease in the control group of 2.79. Nursing intervention and thought-stopping are recommended as effective in reducing anxiety in adolescents living in earthquake-prone areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunita Astriani Hardayati
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia; Sint Carolus School of Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustikasari
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Whaley GL, Varma V, Hawks EM, Cowperthwaite R, Arlee L, Pfefferbaum B. Risk and Resilience in Children in the Context of Mass Trauma. Psychiatr Ann 2020. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20200812-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Estrada CA, Usami M, Satake N, Gregorio E, Leynes C, Balderrama N, Fernandez de Leon J, Concepcion RA, Tuazon Timbalopez C, Tsujii N, Harada I, Masuya J, Kihara H, Kawahara K, Yoshimura Y, Hakoshima Y, Kobayashi J. Current situation and challenges for mental health focused on treatment and care in Japan and the Philippines - highlights of the training program by the National Center for Global Health and Medicine. BMC Proc 2020; 14:11. [PMID: 32774453 PMCID: PMC7398056 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-020-00194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Mental health has emerged as an important public health concern in recent years. With a high proportion of children and adolescents affected by mental disorders, it is important to ensure that they are provided with proper care and treatment. With the goal of sharing the activities and good practices on child and adolescent mental health promotion, care, and treatment in Japan and the Philippines, the National Center for Global Health and Medicine conducted a training program on the promotion of mental health focused on treatment and care in Japan and the Philippines in September and November 2019. Key highlights The training program comprised of a series of lectures, site visits, and round table discussions in Japan and the Philippines. The lectures and site visits focused on the current situation of child and adolescent psychiatry, diagnosis of childhood mental disorders, abuse, health financing for mental disorders, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and disaster child psychiatry in both countries. Round table discussions provided an opportunity to explore the similarities and differences between the two countries in terms of the themes discussed during the lectures.The training program identified the need to collaborate with other professionals to improve the diagnosis of mental disorders in children and adolescents and to increase the workforce capable of addressing mental health issues among children and adolescents. It also emphasized the importance of cooperation between government efforts during and after disasters to ensure that affected children and their families are provided with the care and support that they need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Amiel Estrada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health University of the Philippines Manila SEAMEO TROPMED Philippines Regional Centre for Public Health, Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Masahide Usami
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Satake
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Ernesto Gregorio
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Public Health University of the Philippines Manila, SEAMEO TROPMED Philippines Regional Centre for Public Health, Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cynthia Leynes
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norieta Balderrama
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Noa Tsujii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Harada
- Office of Social Work Service, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Masuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawahara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshimura
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hakoshima
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pfefferbaum B, Nitiéma P, Newman E. The Effect of Interventions on Functional Impairment in Youth Exposed to Mass Trauma: a Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2020; 13:127-140. [PMID: 32549925 PMCID: PMC7290018 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-019-00266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the benefit of psychosocial interventions on functional impairment in youth exposed to mass trauma. A random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the overall effect in 15 intervention trials identified through a literature review. The moderator analysis examined how the effect of intervention differed across types of populations receiving the intervention (targeted or non-targeted samples), characteristics of intervention delivery (individual or group application and number of sessions), and the context of intervention administration (country income level). The results revealed a significant small effect on functional impairment (Hedges' g = 0.33; 95%CI = (0.16; 0.50); p = 0.0011). None of the moderators explained the heterogeneity in intervention effect, perhaps due to the small number of trials. The effect of the interventions on functional impairment and on posttraumatic stress were positively correlated. The current analysis provides preliminary evidence that interventions can improve functioning in youth exposed to mass trauma, but the mechanisms, moderators, and duration of benefit are yet unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, WP3217, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901 USA
| | - Pascal Nitiéma
- Department of Management Information Systems, Price College of Business, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Elana Newman
- Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Liu J, Liu S. The management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Med Virol 2020; 92:1484-1490. [PMID: 32369222 PMCID: PMC7267323 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory disease occurred in Wuhan, China. It is an emerging infectious disease with widespread and rapid infectiousness. The World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern on 31 January 2020. Severe COVID-19 patients should be managed and treated in a critical care unit. Performing a chest X-ray/CT can judge the severity of the disease. The management of COVID-19 patients includes epidemiological risk and patient isolation; treatment entails general supportive care, respiratory support, symptomatic treatment, nutritional support, psychological intervention, etc. The prognosis of the patients depends upon the severity of the disease, the patient's age, the underlying diseases of the patients, and the patient's overall medical condition. The management of COVID-19 should focus on early diagnosis, immediate isolation, general and optimized supportive care, and infection prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversitySichuanChina
- Department of Medical InformaticsWest China Medical SchoolSichuanChina
| | - Siru Liu
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of UtahSalt LakeUtah
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Danese A, Smith P, Chitsabesan P, Dubicka B. Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 216:159-162. [PMID: 31718718 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mental health of children and young people can be disproportionally affected and easily overlooked in the context of emergencies and disasters. Child and adolescent mental health services can contribute greatly to emergency preparedness, resilience and response and, ultimately, mitigate harmful effects on the most vulnerable members of society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Danese
- Professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre and the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; and Consultant Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist, National and Specialist CAMHS Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Patrick Smith
- Reader in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; and Consultant Clinical Psychologist, National and Specialist CAMHS Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Prathiba Chitsabesan
- Consultant Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust; and Visiting Chair, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Bernadka Dubicka
- Chair, Faculty of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Royal College of Psychiatrists; Consultant Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust; and Honorary Reader, University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bae SM, Lee MS, Kim E, Kim J, Lee J, Hwang JW, Chang HY, Lee CS, Park J, Bhang SY. Mental Health Interventions Provided by Volunteer Psychiatrists after the Sewol Ferry Disaster: April 16-November 30, 2014. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:513-523. [PMID: 31352733 PMCID: PMC6664212 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.04.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the experience of volunteer psychiatrists who provided mental health interventions to adolescents and teachers of Danwon High School from April 16, 2014, to November 30, 2014. METHODS Data for this study were collected from 72 volunteer psychiatrists about their intervention experiences for 212 adolescents and 32 teachers during the eight months following the disaster. Developmental survey themes were identified, and coding was used to analyze the data. In addition, qualitative data analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti (version 8.2, 2018, ATLAS.ti GmbH). RESULTS A volunteer prepared with appropriate mental health interventions may facilitate the emergency response to a disaster. Intervention services included psychological first aid, psychoeducation, screening, anxiety reduction techniques, and group therapy. CONCLUSION In the acute aftermath of the Sewol Ferry disaster of April 16, 2014, volunteer psychiatrists were able to provide mental health interventions in a disaster response setting. The outcomes from this study have important policy and mental health system implications for volunteer psychiatrists. The results of this study constitute the basis of a better understanding of the essential mechanisms of crisis interventions after a disaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Meditation Psychology, Nungin University, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Maumtodak Psychiatry Clinic, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Goodmind Psychiatry Clinic, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Inarae Psychiatry Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Yoon Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Sunflower Center of Southern Gyeonggi for Women and Children Victims of Violence, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Soon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Bhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pfefferbaum B, Nitiéma P, Newman E. A Meta-analysis of Intervention Effects on Depression and/or Anxiety in Youth Exposed to Political Violence or Natural Disasters. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Trentini C, Lauriola M, Giuliani A, Maslovaric G, Tambelli R, Fernandez I, Pagani M. Dealing With the Aftermath of Mass Disasters: A Field Study on the Application of EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol With Child Survivors of the 2016 Italy Earthquakes. Front Psychol 2018; 9:862. [PMID: 29915550 PMCID: PMC5994476 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of the EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) on child survivors of the earthquakes that struck Umbria, a region of central Italy, on August 24th and on October 26th 2016. Three hundred and thirty-two children from the town of Norcia and nearby severely disrupted villages received 3 cycles of EMDR-IGTP. The Emotion Thermometers (ET-5) and the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) were administered before (T0) and about 1 week after the conclusion of the third cycle (T3) of EMDR-IGTP. At T3, older children showed a reduction of distress and anger, whereas younger children reported an increase on these domains; moreover, older children reported a greater reduction of anxiety than younger ones. A greater reduction of distress, anxiety, and need for help was evidenced in females, whereas a greater improvement in depressive symptoms was evidenced in males. The effects of the EMDR-IGTP treatment on post-traumatic symptoms were particularly evident in older children, compared to younger ones, and marginally greater in females than in males; moreover, a greater improvement was found in children who had received a timelier intervention, than in those who received delayed treatment. These results provide further evidence for the utility of EMDR-IGTP in dealing with the extensive need for mental health services in mass disaster contexts. Also, these data highlight the importance of providing EMDR-IGTP in the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster, to contribute significantly in restoring adaptive psychological functioning in children, especially in older ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trentini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lauriola
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pagani
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fulton AE, Drolet J. Responding to Disaster-Related Loss and Grief: Recovering From the 2013 Flood in Southern Alberta, Canada. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2018.1423873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Fulton
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Social Work, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julie Drolet
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Social Work, Central and Northern Region, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Midtbust LGH, Dyregrov A, Djup HW. Communicating with children and adolescents about the risk of natural disasters. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1429771. [PMID: 29441156 PMCID: PMC5804782 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1429771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast number of people annually are affected by natural disasters. Children are at risk of losing their lives and suffer mentally or physically after such events. The fostering of resilience and preparedness ahead of disasters can reduce untoward effects of disastrous events. Risk communication and disaster education are considered important aspects of disaster preparedness, but little is known about whether such strategies influence children's behaviour when natural disasters occur or how they cope in the aftermath. This paper presents and discusses various strategies that promote preparedness activities to save lives. To a minor extent, it also includes strategies that can promote coping in the aftermath. Strategies such as informational campaigns, educational activities, psychoeducation and parental guidance are addressed. The literature to date indicates that schools are a suitable arena for risk communication, and that adolescents themselves should be involved and engaged in the communication strategies. However, the relationship between knowledge of preparedness strategies and the resulting preparedness actions is largely unknown. It is unknown whether changes in awareness and attitudes have resulted in actual behaviour change. It is advocated that preparedness activities and parental involvement should supplement information-based strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atle Dyregrov
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Wittrup Djup
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Early Child Disaster Mental Health Interventions: A Review of the Empirical Evidence. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-017-9397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Houston JB, First J, Spialek ML, Sorenson ME, Koch M. Public Disaster Communication and Child and Family Disaster Mental Health: a Review of Theoretical Frameworks and Empirical Evidence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:54. [PMID: 27086315 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Children have been identified as particularly vulnerable to psychological and behavioral difficulties following disaster. Public child and family disaster communication is one public health tool that can be utilized to promote coping/resilience and ameliorate maladaptive child reactions following an event. We conducted a review of the public disaster communication literature and identified three main functions of child and family disaster communication: fostering preparedness, providing psychoeducation, and conducting outreach. Our review also indicates that schools are a promising system for child and family disaster communication. We complete our review with three conclusions. First, theoretically, there appears to be a great opportunity for public disaster communication focused on child disaster reactions. Second, empirical research assessing the effects of public child and family disaster communication is essentially nonexistent. Third, despite the lack of empirical evidence in this area, there is opportunity for public child and family disaster communication efforts that address new domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Brian Houston
- Disaster and Community Crisis Center, Department of Communication, University of Missouri, 115 Switzler Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211-2310, USA.
| | - Jennifer First
- Disaster and Community Crisis Center, School of Social Work, University of Missouri, 206 Switzler Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Matthew L Spialek
- Disaster and Community Crisis Center, Department of Communication, University of Missouri, 207 Switzler Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211-2310, USA
| | - Mary E Sorenson
- Disaster and Community Crisis Center, Department of Communication, University of Missouri, 007 Switzler Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211-2310, USA
| | - Megan Koch
- Disaster and Community Crisis Center, Department of Communication, University of Missouri, 006A Switzler Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211-2310, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
There is widespread support for the hypothesis that, post-disaster, children's mental health is impacted--at least in part--via the impact on parents, parenting, parent-child interactions, and the family environment. To some degree, the enthusiasm with which this hypothesis is held outstrips the evidence examining it. The current paper critically evaluates the empirical evidence for this hypothesis and concludes that although limited (both in terms of number of existing studies and methodological flaws), the extant literature indicates some parent-related variables, as well as some aspects of the family environment are likely to constitute risk or protective factors for children. Given that parenting is modifiable, it is proposed that the identified parent- and family-related factors represent important therapeutic targets, and a universal post-disaster parenting intervention (Disaster Recovery Triple P) is described.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vernberg EM, Hambrick EP, Cho B, Hendrickson ML. Positive Psychology and Disaster Mental Health: Strategies for Working with Children and Adolescents. J Clin Psychol 2016; 72:1333-1347. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin P. Hambrick
- Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Bridget Cho
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Child Disaster Mental Health Services: a Review of the System of Care, Assessment Approaches, and Evidence Base for Intervention. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:5. [PMID: 26719308 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several decades of research have informed our knowledge of children's reactions to disasters and the factors that influence their reactions. This article describes the system of care for child disaster mental health services using population risk to determine needed services and a stepped care approach built on assessment and monitoring to advance children to appropriate services. To assess the evidence base for disaster interventions, recent reviews of numerous child disaster mental health interventions are summarized.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ronan KR, Alisic E, Towers B, Johnson VA, Johnston DM. Disaster preparedness for children and families: a critical review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:58. [PMID: 25986782 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Preparedness for disasters is universally low; children and families are particularly vulnerable groups. Against this backdrop, research on disaster preparedness for children and families is reviewed, with a focus on disaster preparedness and prevention education programs. Following definitions and theory/rationale, research is critically analyzed. While findings indicate a large growth in research in the past 15 years and largely positive findings, significant challenges remain. These challenges include issues related to methodological rigor, long-term effectiveness, and implementation. Recent research reflecting these important challenges is reviewed. At the same time, other recent research documents real potential for these programs, including findings which suggest that increased attention to incorporating theory- and evidence-supported components can enhance outcomes. Thus, despite some important limitations and challenges, research done to date signals promise for these programs in reducing risk and increasing resilience to disasters for children, families, and the households and communities in which they live.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Ronan
- School of Human, Health and Social Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Bruce Hwy, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionDebriefing, a controversial crisis intervention delivered in the early aftermath of a disaster, has not been well evaluated for use with children and adolescents. This report constitutes a review of the child debriefing evidence base.MethodsA systematic search of selected bibliographic databases (EBM Reviews, EMBASE, ERIC, Medline, Ovid, PILOTS, PubMed, and PsycINFO) was conducted in the spring of 2014 using search terms related to psychological debriefing. The search was limited to English language sources and studies of youth, aged 0 to 18 years. No time limit was placed on date of publication. The search yielded 713 references. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to select publications describing scientific studies and clinical reports. Reference sections of these publications, and of other literature known to the authors that was not generated by the search, were used to locate additional materials. Review of these materials generated 187 publications for more thorough examination; this assessment yielded a total of 91 references on debriefing in children and adolescents. Only 15 publications on debriefing in children and adolescents described empirical studies. Due to a lack of statistical analysis of effectiveness data with youth, and some articles describing the same study, only seven empirical studies described in nine papers were identified for analysis for this review. These studies were evaluated using criteria for assessment of methodological rigor in debriefing studies.ResultsChildren and adolescents included in the seven empirical debriefing studies were survivors of motor-vehicle accidents, a maritime disaster, hostage taking, war, or peer suicides. The nine papers describing the seven studies were characterized by inconsistency in describing the interventions and populations and by a lack of information on intervention fidelity. Few of the studies used randomized design or blinded assessment. The results described in the reviewed studies were mixed in regard to debriefing’s effect on posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and other outcomes. Even in studies in which debriefing appeared promising, the research was compromised by potentially confounding interventions.ConclusionThe results highlight the small empirical evidence base for drawing conclusions about the use of debriefing with children and adolescents, and they call for further dialogue regarding challenges in evaluating debriefing and other crisis interventions in children.PfefferbaumB, JacobsAK, NitiémaP, EverlyGSJr.Child debriefing: a review of the evidence base. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):110.
Collapse
|
23
|
From Postimpact to Reconstruction: Considerations When Treating Traumatized Child and Adolescent Clients. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10879-015-9299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
24
|
Abstract
Children face innumerable challenges following exposure to disasters. To address trauma sequelae, researchers and clinicians have developed a variety of mental health interventions. While the overall effectiveness of multiple interventions has been examined, few studies have focused on the individual components of these interventions. As a preliminary step to advancing intervention development and research, this literature review identifies and describes nine common components that comprise child disaster mental health interventions. This review concluded that future research should clearly define the constituent components included in available interventions. This will require that future studies dismantle interventions to examine the effectiveness of specific components and identify common therapeutic elements. Issues related to populations studied (eg, disaster exposure, demographic and cultural influences) and to intervention delivery (eg, timing and optimal sequencing of components) also warrant attention.
Collapse
|
25
|
Turunen T, Haravuori H, Pihlajamäki JJ, Marttunen M, Punamäki RL. Framework of the outreach after a school shooting and the students perceptions of the provided support. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2014; 5:23079. [PMID: 25018862 PMCID: PMC4082198 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of bereaved family members, surviving students, and their relatives as well as school staff and the wider community were in need of psychosocial support as a result of a school shooting in Kauhajoki, Finland, 2008. A multilevel outreach project provided psychosocial care to the trauma-affected families, students, schools staff, and wider community for 2 years and 4 months. OBJECTIVE This article is twofold. First, it presents the theoretical rationale behind the psychosocial support and describes the multimodal elements of the services. Second, it analyzes the trauma-exposed students' help-seeking behavior and perceptions of the usefulness of the support they were offered in different phases of recovery. METHOD Information of students' help-seeking and perceptions of support is based on a follow-up data from 4 months (T1, N=236), 16 months (T2, N=180), and 28 months (T3, N=137) after the shootings. Mean age of students was 24.9 (SD=10.2; 95% women). Their perceptions of the offered psychosocial support were collected with structured and open questions constructed for the study. RESULTS The results confirmed the importance of enhancing the natural networks after a major trauma and offering additional professional support for those in greatest need. The students' perceptions of the provided care confirmed that the model of the acute and long-term outreach can be used after major tragedies in diverse situations and in other countries as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Turunen
- Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henna Haravuori
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mauri Marttunen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija-Leena Punamäki
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Disasters, war, and terrorism expose millions of children globally to mass trauma with increasing frequency and severity. The clinical impact of such exposure is influenced by a child's social ecology, which is understood in a risk and resilience framework. Research findings informed by developmental systems theory and the related core principles of contemporary developmental psychopathology are reviewed. Their application to the recent recommendations for interventions based on evolving public health models of community resilience are discussed along with practical clinical tools for individual response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan K Chrisman
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Child and Family Study Center, 2608 Erwin Road Lakeview Pavilion, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Mental Health Service Line, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Joseph G Dougherty
- National Capital Consortium Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellowship, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| |
Collapse
|