1
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Qiu Y, Bai L, Zhao H, Mei X. Homoharringtonine enhances cytarabine-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukaemia by regulating the p38 MAPK/H2AX/Mcl-1 axis. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:520. [PMID: 38658865 PMCID: PMC11044605 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a fatal haematopoietic malignancy and is treated with the conventional combination of cytarabine (Ara-C) and daunorubicin (Dau). The survival rate of AML patients is lower due to the cardiotoxicity of daunorubicin. Clinically, homoharringtonine (HHT) plus Ara-C has been reported to be equally effective as Dau plus Ara-C in some types of AML patients with less toxic effects. We utilized the clinical use of homoharringtonine in combination with Ara-C to test its combination mechanism. We found that the insensitivity of AML cells to cytarabine-induced apoptosis is associated with increased Mcl-1 stability and p38 inactivation. HHT downregulates Mcl-1, phosphorylates H2AX and induces apoptosis by activating p38 MAPK. Inactivation of p38 through inhibitors and siRNA blocks apoptosis, H2AX phosphorylation and Mcl-1 reduction. HHT enhances Ara-C activation of the p38 MAPK signalling pathway, overcoming Ara-C tolerance to cell apoptosis by regulating the p38/H2AX/Mcl-1 axis. The optimal ratio of HHT to Ara-C for synergistic lethality in AML cells is 1:4 (M/M). HHT synergistically induces apoptosis in combination with Ara-C in vitro and prolongs the survival of xenografts. We provide a new mechanism for AML treatment by regulating the p38 MAPK/H2AX/Mcl-1 axis to improve cytarabine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
- Technological Innovation Center of Liaoning Pharmaceutical Action and Quality Evaluation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lu Bai
- Affiliated Third Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Haosen Zhao
- Affiliated Third Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Hu C. Leptin and Asthma: What Are the Interactive Correlations? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121780. [PMID: 36551211 PMCID: PMC9775505 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine directly correlated with the proinflammatory obese-associated phenotype. Leptin has been demonstrated to inhibit adipogenesis, promote fat demarcation, promote a chronic inflammatory state, increase insulin sensitivity, and promote angiogenesis. Leptin, a regulator of the immune response, is implicated in the pathology of asthma. Studies involved in the key cell reaction and animal models of asthma have provided vital insights into the proinflammatory role of leptin in asthma. Many studies described the immune cell and related cellular pathways activated by leptin, which are beneficial in asthma development and increasing exacerbations. Subsequent studies relating to animal models support the role of leptin in increasing inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammatory responses. However, the conclusive effects of leptin in asthma are not well elaborated. In the present study, we explored the general functions and the clinical cohort study supporting the association between leptin and asthma. The main objective of our review is to address the knowns and unknowns of leptin on asthma. In this perspective, the arguments about the different faces of leptin in asthma are provided to picture the potential directions, thus yielding a better understanding of asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Kinkead LC, Krysa SJ, Allen LAH. Neutrophil Survival Signaling During Francisella tularensis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:889290. [PMID: 35873156 PMCID: PMC9299441 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.889290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant and shortest-lived leukocytes in humans and tight regulation of neutrophil turnover via constitutive apoptosis is essential for control of infection and resolution of inflammation. Accordingly, aberrant neutrophil turnover is hallmark of many disease states. We have shown in previous work that the intracellular bacterial pathogen Francisella tularensis markedly prolongs human neutrophil lifespan. This is achieved, in part, by changes in neutrophil gene expression. Still unknown is the contribution of major neutrophil pro-survival signaling cascades to this process. The objective of this study was to interrogate the contributions of ERK and p38 MAP kinase, Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), AKT, and NF-κB to neutrophil survival in our system. We demonstrate that both ERK2 and p38α were activated in F. tularensis-infected neutrophils, but only p38α MAPK was required for delayed apoptosis and the rate of cell death in the absence of infection was unchanged. Apoptosis of both infected and uninfected neutrophils was markedly accelerated by the pan-PI3K inhibitor LY2094002, but AKT phosphorylation was not induced, and neutrophil death was not enhanced by AKT inhibitors. In addition, isoform specific and selective inhibitors revealed a unique role for PI3Kα in neutrophil survival after infection, whereas only simultaneous inhibition of PI3Kα and PI3kδ accelerated death of the uninfected controls. Finally, we show that inhibition of NF-κB triggered rapid death of neutrophil after infection. Thus, we defined roles for p38α, PI3Kα and NF-κB delayed apoptosis of F. tularensis-infected cells and advanced understanding of Class IA PI3K isoform activity in human neutrophil survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Kinkead
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Samantha J. Krysa
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States,Molecular Medicine Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Lee-Ann H. Allen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States,Molecular Medicine Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Lee-Ann H. Allen,
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4
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Bayless RL, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Withaferin A Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst and Promotes Timely Neutrophil Apoptosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:900453. [PMID: 35782542 PMCID: PMC9247543 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.900453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a major role in many equine conditions, including equine asthma, laminitis, and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, and therefore represent an attractive target for innovative therapeutic approaches. Novel strategies for reducing neutrophilic inflammation include modulation of neutrophil functions and lifespan. Withaferin A (WFA) is a phytochemical with well-established in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, but its direct effects on neutrophils are largely unknown. We hypothesized that WFA would inhibit adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst by equine neutrophils and promote timely apoptosis of primed equine neutrophils. Consistent with this hypothesis, our data show that WFA causes a significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in response to diverse stimuli. Further, WFA treatment increased apoptosis of equine neutrophils exposed to GM-CSF for 24 h. This pro-apoptotic effect of WFA was not observed in unprimed neutrophils, nor at the 2-h time point relevant to our functional neutrophil experiments. Our data demonstrate that WFA may reduce neutrophil-mediated inflammation through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of inflammatory responses and promotion of apoptosis. Additional research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for these effects and evaluate the potential clinical use of WFA in veterinary and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Bayless
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samuel L Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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5
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Shimba A, Ejima A, Ikuta K. Pleiotropic Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Immune System in Circadian Rhythm and Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706951. [PMID: 34691020 PMCID: PMC8531522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex. Their production is controlled by circadian rhythm and stress, the latter of which includes physical restraint, hunger, and inflammation. Importantly, GCs have various effects on immunity, metabolism, and cognition, including pleiotropic effects on the immune system. In general, GCs have strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Indeed, they suppress inflammatory cytokine expression and cell-mediated immunity, leading to increased risks of some infections. However, recent studies have shown that endogenous GCs induced by the diurnal cycle and dietary restriction enhance immune responses against some infections by promoting the survival, redistribution, and response of T and B cells via cytokine and chemokine receptors. Furthermore, although GCs are reported to reduce expression of Th2 cytokines, GCs enhance type 2 immunity and IL-17-associated immunity in some stress conditions. Taken together, GCs have both immunoenhancing and immunosuppressive effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aki Ejima
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Semaphorin3E/plexinD1 Axis in Asthma: What We Know So Far! ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:205-213. [PMID: 34019271 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin3E belongs to the large family of semaphorin proteins. Semaphorin3E was initially identified as axon guidance cues in the neural system. It is universally expressed beyond the nervous system and contributes to regulating essential cell functions such as cell migration, proliferation, and adhesion. Binding of semaphorin3E to its receptor, plexinD1, triggers diverse signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases from cancer to autoimmune and allergic disorders. Here, we highlight the novel findings on the role of semaphorin3E in airway biology. In particular, we highlight our recent findings on the function and potential mechanisms by which semaphorin3E and its receptor, plexinD1, impact airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling in the context of asthma.
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7
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Rabiee F, Lachinani L, Ghaedi S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Megraw TL, Ghaedi K. New insights into the cellular activities of Fndc5/Irisin and its signaling pathways. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:51. [PMID: 32257109 PMCID: PMC7106581 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fndc5, a well-defined myokine and also identified as an adipokine, has a critical role in modulation of metabolism and protection against obesity. These important functions are mediated by irisin, a secretory peptide produced from proteolytic processing of Fndc5. The other beneficial physiological effects of irisin are alleviation of oxidative stress, neuroprotective effects, and anti-inflammatory properties and associated anti-metastatic effects. Fndc5/irisin exerts its biological effects through several intracellular signaling pathways. The major signaling pathway is thought to be MAPK signaling pathways which are involved in neural differentiation, browning of white adipocytes, as well as osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Other essential functions of Fndc5/irisin are mediated through additional pathways including AMPK pathway, PI3K/AKT, and STAT3/Snail. Thorough understanding of the mechanisms of irisin actions are essential in order to develop Fndc5/irisin for therapeutic purposes. In the present review, we focus on the current knowledge of the signaling pathways that elicit irisin actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rabiee
- 2Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan St., Salman St, 816513-1378 Isfahan, Khorsagan Iran
| | - Liana Lachinani
- 3Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarvenaz Ghaedi
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- 2Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan St., Salman St, 816513-1378 Isfahan, Khorsagan Iran
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300 USA
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,2Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan St., Salman St, 816513-1378 Isfahan, Khorsagan Iran
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8
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How Glucocorticoids Affect the Neutrophil Life. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124090. [PMID: 30563002 PMCID: PMC6321245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are hormones that regulate several functions in living organisms and synthetic glucocorticoids are the most powerful anti-inflammatory pharmacological tool that is currently available. Although glucocorticoids have an immunosuppressive effect on immune cells, they exert multiple and sometimes contradictory effects on neutrophils. From being extremely sensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids to resisting glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis, neutrophils are proving to be more complex than they were earlier thought to be. The aim of this review is to explain these complex pathways by which neutrophils respond to endogenous or to exogenous glucocorticoids, both under physiological and pathological conditions.
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9
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Silva FMC, Oliveira EE, Gouveia ACC, Brugiolo ASS, Alves CC, Correa JOA, Gameiro J, Mattes J, Teixeira HC, Ferreira AP. Obesity promotes prolonged ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation modulating T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses in BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:47-59. [PMID: 28263381 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that obesity affects the development and phenotype of asthma by inducing inflammatory mechanisms in addition to eosinophilic inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of obesity on allergic airway inflammation and T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses using an experimental model of asthma in BALB/c mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and analyses were performed at 24 and 48 h after the last OVA challenge. Obesity induced an increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing macrophages and neutrophils which peaked at 48 h after the last OVA challenge, and was associated with higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, IL-17A, leptin and interferon (IFN)-γ in the lungs. Higher goblet cell hyperplasia was associated with elevated mast cell influx into the lungs and trachea in the obese allergic mice. In contrast, early eosinophil influx and lower levels of IL-25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), CCL11 and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (IgE) were observed in the obese allergic mice in comparison to non-obese allergic mice. Moreover, obese mice showed higher numbers of mast cells regardless of OVA challenge. These results indicate that obesity affects allergic airway inflammation through mechanisms involving mast cell influx and the release of TSLP and IL-25, which favoured a delayed immune response with an exacerbated Th1, Th2 and Th17 profile. In this scenario, an intense mixed inflammatory granulocyte influx, classically activated macrophage accumulation and intense mucus production may contribute to a refractory therapeutic response and exacerbate asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M C Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - E E Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A C C Gouveia
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A S S Brugiolo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - C C Alves
- Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Medicial School do Mucuri, FAMMUC, São Paulo, MG, Brazil
| | - J O A Correa
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - J Gameiro
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - J Mattes
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H C Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A P Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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10
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Hiemstra IH, van Hamme JL, Janssen MH, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW. Dexamethasone promotes granulocyte mobilization by prolonging the half-life of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in healthy donors for granulocyte transfusions. Transfusion 2016; 57:674-684. [PMID: 28032635 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulocyte transfusion (GTX) is a potential approach to correcting neutropenia and relieving the increased risk of infection in patients who are refractory to antibiotics. To mobilize enough granulocytes for transfusion, healthy donors are premedicated with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and dexamethasone. Granulocytes have a short circulatory half-life. Consequently, patients need to receive GTX every other day to keep circulating granulocyte counts at an acceptable level. We investigated whether plasma from premedicated donors was capable of prolonging neutrophil survival and, if so, which factor could be held responsible. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of plasma from G-CSF/dexamethasone-treated donors on neutrophil survival were assessed by annexin-V, CD16. and CXCR4 staining and nuclear morphology. We isolated an albumin-bound protein using α-chymotrypsin and albumin-depletion and further characterized it using protein analysis. The effects of dexamethasone and G-CSF were assessed using mifepristone and G-CSF-neutralizing antibody. G-CSF plasma concentrations were determined by Western blot and Luminex analyses. RESULTS G-CSF/dexamethasone plasma contained a survival-promoting factor for at least 2 days. This factor was recognized as an albumin-associated protein and was identified as G-CSF itself, which was surprising considering its reported half-life of only 4.5 hours. Compared with coadministration of dexamethasone, administration of G-CSF alone to the same GTX donors led to a faster decline in circulating G-CSF levels, whereas dexamethasone itself did not induce any G-CSF, demonstrating a role for dexamethasone in increasing G-CSF half-life. CONCLUSION Dexamethasone increases granulocyte yield upon coadministration with G-CSF by extending G-CSF half-life. This observation might also be exploited in the coadministration of dexamethasone with other recombinant proteins to modulate their half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida H Hiemstra
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - John L van Hamme
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Machiel H Janssen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC)
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Movassagh H, Saati A, Nandagopal S, Mohammed A, Tatari N, Shan L, Duke-Cohan JS, Fowke KR, Lin F, Gounni AS. Chemorepellent Semaphorin 3E Negatively Regulates Neutrophil Migration In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1023-1033. [PMID: 27913633 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration is an essential step in leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory responses. Semaphorins, originally discovered as axon guidance cues in neural development, have been shown to regulate cell migration beyond the nervous system. However, the potential contribution of semaphorins in the regulation of neutrophil migration is not well understood. This study examines the possible role of a secreted chemorepellent, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), in neutrophil migration. In this study, we demonstrated that human neutrophils constitutively express Sema3E high-affinity receptor, PlexinD1. Sema3E displayed a potent ability to inhibit CXCL8/IL-8-induced neutrophil migration as determined using a microfluidic device coupled to real-time microscopy and a transwell system in vitro. The antimigratory effect of Sema3E on human neutrophil migration was associated with suppression of CXCL8/IL-8-mediated Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 GTPase activity and actin polymerization. We further addressed the regulatory role of Sema3E in the regulation of neutrophil migration in vivo. Allergen airway exposure induced higher neutrophil recruitment into the lungs of Sema3e-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. Administration of exogenous recombinant Sema3E markedly reduced allergen-induced neutrophil recruitment into the lungs, which was associated with alleviation of allergic airway inflammation and improvement of lung function. Our data suggest that Sema3E could be considered an essential regulatory mediator involved in modulation of neutrophil migration throughout the course of neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Movassagh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Abeer Saati
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ashfaque Mohammed
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Lianyu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada;
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12
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Son KH, Park CH, Park KY, Choi CH. Which Variables Should be Considered as Confounders of p38-Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Activation Measurements? Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102:1764-1765. [PMID: 27772580 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gi l, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Chul Hyun Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gi l, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Kook Yang Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gi l, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gi l, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea.
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Grayson PC, Schauer C, Herrmann M, Kaplan MJ. Review: Neutrophils as Invigorated Targets in Rheumatic Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:2071-82. [PMID: 27159737 PMCID: PMC5001882 DOI: 10.1002/art.39745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Grayson
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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Feldman C, Anderson R. Corticosteroids in the adjunctive therapy of community-acquired pneumonia: an appraisal of recent meta-analyses of clinical trials. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E162-71. [PMID: 27076965 PMCID: PMC4805802 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.02.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Improving the outcome of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an ongoing challenge, even in the setting of significant advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and critical care. Recognition of the underlying involvement of inflammation-mediated organ dysfunction as a determinant of adverse outcomes in CAP has aroused intense interest in the protective potential of adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapies in CAP, particularly the role of corticosteroids (CS). This is the primary topic of the current review which is focused on an evaluation of the latest meta-analyses encompassing both recent and earlier clinical trials, with particular emphasis on the stringent meta-analysis undertaken by Siemieniuk and colleagues (Ann Intern Med 2015;163:519-528). The review highlights the findings and recommendations of these and related published commentaries/critiques, while providing a brief description of those sub-groups of patients who seemingly stand to benefit most from CS therapy. This is preceded by an overview of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activities of CS, the interactions of these agents with macrolide antibiotics, and the potential benefits and risks of short-term administration of CS, concluding with a succinct appraisal of priority issues for ongoing and future research.
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Agrawal A, Mabalirajan U. Rejuvenating cellular respiration for optimizing respiratory function: targeting mitochondria. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L103-13. [PMID: 26566906 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered bioenergetics with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and degradation of epithelial function are key aspects of pathogenesis in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This motif is not unique to obstructive airway disease, reported in related airway diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and parenchymal diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Similarly, mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular endothelium or skeletal muscles contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension and systemic manifestations of lung disease. In experimental models of COPD or asthma, the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ, has substantially improved mitochondrial health and restored respiratory function. Modulation of noncoding RNA or protein regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, or degradation has been found to be effective in models of fibrosis, emphysema, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. Transfer of healthy mitochondria to epithelial cells has been associated with remarkable therapeutic efficacy in models of acute lung injury and asthma. Together, these form a 3R model--repair, reprogramming, and replacement--for mitochondria-targeted therapies in lung disease. This review highlights the key role of mitochondrial function in lung health and disease, with a focus on asthma and COPD, and provides an overview of mitochondria-targeted strategies for rejuvenating cellular respiration and optimizing respiratory function in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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16
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Perez B, Henriquez C, Sarmiento J, Morales N, Folch H, Galesio JS, Uberti B, Morán G. Tamoxifen as a new therapeutic tool for neutrophilic lung inflammation. Respirology 2015; 21:112-8. [PMID: 26510482 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Neutrophilic asthma is an important disease subgroup, including patients with severe phenotypes and erratic responses to standard treatments. Tamoxifen (TX), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used as treatment of human breast cancer, has been shown to induce early apoptosis of equine blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils in vitro. Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a naturally occurring neutrophilic condition, closely related with human asthma. Our purpose was to investigate the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen in horses with neutrophilic lung inflammation. METHODS Twelve horses underwent acute lung inflammation through exposure to allergens known to cause RAO, after which they received treatment with either tamoxifen or dexamethasone. Outcome measures included evaluation of clinical signs, BALF cytology, and early apoptosis of blood and BALF neutrophils. RESULTS Tamoxifen treatment decreased BALF neutrophil counts (65.3 ± 19.38% before treatment; 7.6 ± 4.5% 2 days post-treatment,; and 13.6 ± 9.3% 5 days post-treatment). A similar decrease was observed with dexamethasone treatment (48.6 ± 5.88% before treatment; 11.5 ± 8.1% 2 days post-treatment; 14.6 ± 10.3% 5 days post-treatment). Clinical and endoscopic scores improved in both treatment groups. Tamoxifen treatment significantly increased early apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils at 5 days post-treatment (27.04 ± 15.2%), and in BALF neutrophils at 2 and 5 days post-treatment (42.11 ± 11.67% and 48.98 ± 2.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION Tamoxifen treatment in horses with induced acute pulmonary inflammation promoted early apoptosis of blood and BALF neutrophils, reduction in BALF neutrophils and improvement in the animals' clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Graduate School, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jose Sarmiento
- Department of Physiology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo Folch
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan S Galesio
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Morán
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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17
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Espinasse MA, Pépin A, Virault-Rocroy P, Szely N, Chollet-Martin S, Pallardy M, Biola-Vidamment A. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Is Expressed in Human Neutrophils and Promotes Apoptosis through Mcl-1 Down-Regulation. J Innate Immun 2015; 8:81-96. [PMID: 26384220 DOI: 10.1159/000439052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a potent anti-inflammatory protein, the expression of which is mainly induced by glucocorticoids (GCs) in haematopoietic cells. GILZ regulates signal transduction pathways of inflammation and plays a role in cell survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression and mechanisms of action of GILZ in the apoptosis of human neutrophils. GILZ expression was induced by GCs in human neutrophils, enhanced upon phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition and resulted in apoptosis amplification. We then stably transfected PLB-985 cells with the human gilz gene and differentiated both control and GILZ-overexpressing clones in neutrophil-like cells. GILZ overexpression in PLB-985 cells led to an exacerbated apoptosis, associated with caspase-3, caspase-9 and caspase-8 activations, and a loss of mitochondrial potential, suggesting that GILZ-induced apoptosis used the mitochondrial pathway. The expression of BH3 interacting domain death agonist, Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death, annexin-A1 and Bcl-2-associated X was not affected in PLB-985-GILZ clones, but phosphorylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) were observed. Noteworthy, Mcl-1 phosphorylation was related to a significant and sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in PLB-985-GILZ clones. These results reveal GILZ to be a new actor in apoptosis regulation in neutrophil-like cells involving JNK and Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Alix Espinasse
- UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Universitx00E9; Paris-Sud, Universitx00E9; Paris-Saclay, Chx00E2;tenay-Malabry, France
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18
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Sarkar A, Möller S, Bhattacharyya A, Behnen M, Rupp J, van Zandbergen G, Solbach W, Laskay T. Mechanisms of apoptosis inhibition in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected neutrophils. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:493-500. [PMID: 26005182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligatory intracellular bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) can survive and multiply in neutrophil granulocytes. Since neutrophils are short living cells, inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis appears to play a major role in the productive infection of neutrophils by C. pneumoniae. In the present study, we have investigated which survival pathways and which events of the apoptotic process are modulated in C. pneumoniae-infected neutrophils. All infection experiments were carried out using primary human neutrophils in vitro. We show that infection with C. pneumoniae activates PI3K/Akt as well as the ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases and present evidence that activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways are essential to initiate the apoptosis delay in C. pneumoniae-infected neutrophils. Both the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways are involved in the maintained expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. In addition, we also showed that the PI3K/Akt pathway leads to the activation of NF-κB-dependent release of IL-8 by infected neutrophils. Infection with C. pneumoniae activates the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 MAPK survival pathways in neutrophils, induces the NF-κB dependent release of IL-8 and leads to the maintenance of Mcl-1 expression in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Sarkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Sonja Möller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Biological Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Martina Behnen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Werner Solbach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Bellavance MA, Rivest S. The HPA - Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain. Front Immunol 2014; 5:136. [PMID: 24744759 PMCID: PMC3978367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to physiological and psychogenic stressors, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the systemic release of glucocorticoids (GCs). By virtue of nearly ubiquitous expression of the GC receptor and the multifaceted metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and immunologic functions of GCs, this system plays an essential role in the response to stress and restoration of an homeostatic state. GCs act on almost all types of immune cells and were long recognized to perform salient immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions through various genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. These renowned effects of the steroid hormone have been exploited in the clinic for the past 70 years and synthetic GC derivatives are commonly used for the therapy of various allergic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders. The role of the HPA axis and GCs in restraining immune responses across the organism is however still debated in light of accumulating evidence suggesting that GCs can also have both permissive and stimulatory effects on the immune system under specific conditions. Such paradoxical actions of GCs are particularly evident in the brain, where substantial data support either a beneficial or detrimental role of the steroid hormone. In this review, we examine the roles of GCs on the innate immune system with a particular focus on the CNS compartment. We also dissect the numerous molecular mechanisms through which GCs exert their effects and discuss the various parameters influencing the paradoxical immunomodulatory functions of GCs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Bellavance
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Québec, QC , Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Québec, QC , Canada
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20
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Mitochondria in the center of human eosinophil apoptosis and survival. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3952-69. [PMID: 24603536 PMCID: PMC3975377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are abundantly present in most phenotypes of asthma and they contribute to the maintenance and exacerbations of the disease. Regulators of eosinophil longevity play critical roles in determining whether eosinophils accumulate into the airways of asthmatics. Several cytokines enhance eosinophil survival promoting eosinophilic airway inflammation while for example glucocorticoids, the most important anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat asthma, promote the intrinsic pathway of eosinophil apoptosis and by this mechanism contribute to the resolution of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Mitochondria seem to play central roles in both intrinsic mitochondrion-centered and extrinsic receptor-mediated pathways of apoptosis in eosinophils. Mitochondria may also be important for survival signalling. In addition to glucocorticoids, another important agent that regulates human eosinophil longevity via mitochondrial route is nitric oxide, which is present in increased amounts in the airways of asthmatics. Nitric oxide seems to be able to trigger both survival and apoptosis in eosinophils. This review discusses the current evidence of the mechanisms of induced eosinophil apoptosis and survival focusing on the role of mitochondria and clinically relevant stimulants, such as glucocorticoids and nitric oxide.
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21
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Simon D, Borradori L, Simon HU. Glucocorticoids in Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: Are Neutrophils the Key Cellular Target? J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2314-2315. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Martin RA, Ather JL, Daggett R, Hoyt L, Alcorn JF, Suratt BT, Weiss DJ, Lundblad LKA, Poynter ME. The endogenous Th17 response in NO2-promoted allergic airway disease is dispensable for airway hyperresponsiveness and distinct from Th17 adoptive transfer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74730. [PMID: 24069338 PMCID: PMC3778003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe, glucocorticoid-resistant asthma comprises 5-7% of patients with asthma. IL-17 is a biomarker of severe asthma, and the adoptive transfer of Th17 cells in mice is sufficient to induce glucocorticoid-resistant allergic airway disease. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an environmental toxin that correlates with asthma severity, exacerbation, and risk of adverse outcomes. Mice that are allergically sensitized to the antigen ovalbumin by exposure to NO2 exhibit a mixed Th2/Th17 adaptive immune response and eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment to the airway following antigen challenge, a phenotype reminiscent of severe clinical asthma. Because IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling is critical in the generation of the Th17 response in vivo, we hypothesized that the IL-1R/Th17 axis contributes to pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in NO2-promoted allergic airway disease and manifests in glucocorticoid-resistant cytokine production. IL-17A neutralization at the time of antigen challenge or genetic deficiency in IL-1R resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment to the airway following antigen challenge but did not protect against the development of AHR. Instead, IL-1R-/- mice developed exacerbated AHR compared to WT mice. Lung cells from NO2-allergically inflamed mice that were treated in vitro with dexamethasone (Dex) during antigen restimulation exhibited reduced Th17 cytokine production, whereas Th17 cytokine production by lung cells from recipient mice of in vitro Th17-polarized OTII T-cells was resistant to Dex. These results demonstrate that the IL-1R/Th17 axis does not contribute to AHR development in NO2-promoted allergic airway disease, that Th17 adoptive transfer does not necessarily reflect an endogenously-generated Th17 response, and that functions of Th17 responses are contingent on the experimental conditions in which they are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Martin
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Ather
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Daggett
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Laura Hoyt
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin T. Suratt
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Lennart K. A. Lundblad
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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Marwick JA, Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Jones KO, Sheldrake TA, Fox S, Ward C, Murray J, Brittan M, Hirani N, Duffin R, Dransfield I, Haslett C, Rossi AG. Oxygen levels determine the ability of glucocorticoids to influence neutrophil survival in inflammatory environments. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1285-92. [PMID: 23964116 PMCID: PMC3855024 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids lack the capacity to further augment neutrophil survival, in severe hypoxia. GCs are highly effective in treating a wide range of inflammatory diseases but are limited in their ability to control neutrophilic lung inflammation in conditions such as COPD. Neutrophil apoptosis, a central feature of inflammation resolution, is delayed in response to microenvironmental cues, such as hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines, present at inflamed sites. GCs delay neutrophil apoptosis in vitro, and this may therefore limit the ability of GCs to control neutrophilic inflammation. This study assesses the effect GCs have on hypoxia- and inflammatory cytokine-induced neutrophil survival. Human neutrophils were treated with GCs in the presence or absence of GM-CSF or inflammatory macrophage-CM at a range of oxygen concentrations (21–1% oxygen). Neutrophil apoptosis and survival were assessed by flow cytometry and morphological analysis and neutrophil function, by stimulus-induced shape change and respiratory burst. Dexamethasone promoted neutrophil survival at 21%, 10%, and 5% oxygen but not at 1% oxygen. Interestingly, GM-CSF and inflammatory CM increased neutrophil survival significantly, even at 1% oxygen, with cells remaining functionally active at 96 h. Dexamethasone was able to reduce the prosurvival effect of GM-CSF and inflammatory CM in a hypoxic environment. In conclusion, we found that GCs do not augment neutrophil survival in the presence of severe hypoxia or proinflammatory mediators. This suggests that GCs would not promote neutrophil survival at sites of inflammation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- 1.The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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Tintinger GR, Anderson R, Feldman C. Pharmacological approaches to regulate neutrophil activity. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:395-409. [PMID: 23494251 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although indispensable in host defense against microbial pathogens, misdirected hyperacute and chronic activation of neutrophils presents the potential hazard of tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and carcinogenesis. In many clinical settings, particularly inflammatory disorders of the airways, over-reactivity of neutrophils is exacerbated by their relative resistance to conventional, pharmacological anti-inflammatory therapies, including, but not limited to, corticosteroids. Notwithstanding their sheer numbers, which can increase rapidly and dramatically during inflammatory responses, these cells are not only pre-programmed to release reactive oxygen species, proteinases, and eicosanoids/prostanoids immediately on exposure to pro-inflammatory stimuli but may also subsequently undergo the process of netosis, thereby enhancing and protracting their inflammatory potential. All of these mechanisms are likely to underpin the resistance of neutrophils to pharmacological control and have triggered the search for alternatives to corticosteroids. In addition to macrolides and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophospate-elevating agents, more recent innovations in the control of neutrophilic inflammation include activators of histone deacetylases and antagonists of chemokine receptors, as well as monoclonal antibodies which target neutrophil-activating cytokines and their receptors. These and other neutrophil-targeted strategies represent the focus of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Tintinger
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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25
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Sun Z, Dragon S, Becker A, Gounni AS. Leptin inhibits neutrophil apoptosis in children via ERK/NF-κB-dependent pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55249. [PMID: 23383125 PMCID: PMC3561393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Rationale Previous studies have shown that delayed neutrophil apoptosis is associated with chronic airway diseases. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that acts as a regulator of energy homeostasis and food intake. Emerging evidence suggests that leptin can regulate immune responses including the release of proinflammatory cytokines and protection of inflammatory cells from apoptosis. Serum leptin is increased during allergic reactions in the airways. However, the expression and function of leptin receptor in neutrophils isolated from children is not known. Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect leptin receptor expression in neutrophils isolated from allergic asthmatic (n = 14), allergic non asthmatic (n = 21), non allergic asthmatic (n = 7) and healthy children (n = 23); confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with immunofluorescence was performed to detect intracellular pool of leptin receptor; Annexin-V/PI staining and caspase 3 activity was used to determine neutrophil survival. Pharmacological inhibitors were utilized to understand the role of MAPK and NF-κB pathway in leptin-induced neutrophil survival. Results and Conclusion A heterogeneous leptin receptor expression was observed on neutrophils isolated from children. Neutrophils isolated from healthy children expressed more leptin receptor than those from allergic asthmatic (P<0.05) but not allergic non-asthmatic (P>0.05) or non-allergic asthmatic children (n = 7, P>0.05). Neutrophils isolated from children express an intracellular pool of leptin receptor that was mobilized to the cell surface upon GM-CSF stimulation. Finally, leptin exhibited anti-apoptotic properties on neutrophils via NF-κB and MEK1/2 MAPK pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that leptin may enhance airway inflammation by promoting neutrophil survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhi Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dragon
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Allan Becker
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- GREAT ICE (the Gender Related Evolution of Asthma Team Inter-disciplinary Capacity Enhancement), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S. Gounni
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- GREAT ICE (the Gender Related Evolution of Asthma Team Inter-disciplinary Capacity Enhancement), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Dyugovskaya L, Polyakov A, Cohen-Kaplan V, Lavie P, Lavie L. Bax/Mcl-1 balance affects neutrophil survival in intermittent hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnea: effects of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling. J Transl Med 2012; 10:211. [PMID: 23088735 PMCID: PMC3543281 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged neutrophil survival is evident in various cardiovascular and respiratory morbidities, in hypoxic conditions in-vitro and in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) characterized by nightly intermittent hypoxia (IH). This may lead to persistent inflammation, tissue injury and dysfunction. We therefore investigated by a translational approach the potential contribution of the intrinsic stress-induced mitochondrial pathway in extending neutrophil survival under IH conditions. Thus, neutrophils of healthy individuals treated with IH in-vitro and neutrophils of OSA patients undergoing nightly IH episodes in-vivo were investigated. Specifically, the balance between pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein expression, and the potential involvement of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in the control of Mcl-1 expression were investigated. METHODS Purified neutrophils were exposed to IH and compared to normoxia and to sustained hypoxia (SH) using a BioSpherix-OxyCycler C42 system. Bax and Mcl-1 levels, and p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were determined by western blotting. Also, Bax/Mcl-1 expression and Bax translocation to the mitochondria were assessed by confocal microscopy in pre-apoptotic neutrophils, before the appearance of apoptotic morphology. Co-localization of Bax and mitochondria was quantified by LSM 510 CarlZeiss MicroImaging using Manders Overlap Coefficient. A paired two-tailed t test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Compared to normoxia, IH and SH up-regulated the anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 by about 2-fold, down-regulated the pro-apoptotic Bax by 41% and 27%, respectively, and inhibited Bax co-localization with mitochondria before visible morphological signs of apoptosis were noted. IH induced ERK1/2 and p38MAPKs phosphorylation, whereas SH induced only p38MAPK phosphorylation. Accordingly, both ERK and p38MAPK inhibitors attenuated the IH-induced Mcl-1 increase. In SH, only p38MAPK inhibition decreased Mcl-1 expression. Similar to neutrophils of healthy subjects exposed to IH (0.97± 0.2), in OSA neutrophils, Bax/Mcl-1 ratio was significantly lower compared to normoxic controls (1.0±0.5 vs.1.99±0.3, p=0.015), and Bax did not co-localize with mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that decreased Bax/Mcl-1 balance promotes neutrophil survival in IH in-vitro as well as in OSA patients. Moreover, Bax/Mcl-1 protein function in IH and SH might be regulated by different signal transduction pathways, highlighting a novel regulatory function through ERK1/2 signaling in IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dyugovskaya
- The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrey Polyakov
- The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Victoria Cohen-Kaplan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Peretz Lavie
- The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lena Lavie
- The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, POB 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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Hirsch G, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP. Neutrophils are not less sensitive than other blood leukocytes to the genomic effects of glucocorticoids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44606. [PMID: 22984532 PMCID: PMC3440353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are generally considered less responsive to glucocorticoids compared to other inflammatory cells. The reported increase in human neutrophil survival mediated by these drugs partly supports this assertion. However, it was recently shown that dexamethasone exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects in equine peripheral blood neutrophils. Few comparative studies of glucocorticoid effects in neutrophils and other leukocytes have been reported and a relative insensitivity of neutrophils to these drugs could not be ruled out. Objective We assessed glucocorticoid-responsiveness in equine and human peripheral blood neutrophils and neutrophil-depleted leukocytes. Methods Blood neutrophils and neutrophil-depleted leukocytes were isolated from 6 healthy horses and 4 human healthy subjects. Cells were incubated for 5 h with or without LPS (100 ng/mL) alone or combined with hydrocortisone, prednisolone or dexamethasone (10−8 M and 10−6 M). IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, glutamine synthetase and GR-α mRNA expression was quantified by qPCR. Equine neutrophils were also incubated for 20 h with or without the three glucocorticoids and cell survival was assessed by flow cytometry and light microscopy on cytospin preparations. Results We found that glucocorticoids down-regulated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mRNA expression in both cell populations and species. These drugs also significantly increased glutamine synthetase gene expression in both equine cell populations. The magnitude of glucocorticoid response between cell populations was generally similar in both species. We also showed that dexamethasone had a comparable inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory gene expression in both human and equine neutrophils. As reported in other species, glucocorticoids significantly increase the survival in equine neutrophils. Conclusions Glucocorticoids exert genomic effects of similar magnitude on neutrophils and on other blood leukocytes. We speculate that the poor response to glucocorticoids observed in some chronic neutrophilic diseases such as severe asthma or COPD is not explained by a relative lack of inhibition of these drugs on pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Hirsch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anouk Lavoie-Lamoureux
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sarkar A, Aga E, Bussmeyer U, Bhattacharyya A, Möller S, Hellberg L, Behnen M, Solbach W, Laskay T. Infection of neutrophil granulocytes with Leishmania major activates ERK 1/2 and modulates multiple apoptotic pathways to inhibit apoptosis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 202:25-35. [PMID: 22661217 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes provide the first line of defense against bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. They phagocytose and kill many invading pathogens. Certain pathogenic microorganisms such as the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania major (L. major) can survive inside neutrophils. Mature neutrophils have a very short life span due to spontaneous apoptosis. Previously, we have reported that infections with L. major are able to delay spontaneous apoptosis. In the present study, we addressed the underlying mechanisms of regulation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. We show that interaction with L. major transiently activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation reversed the apoptosis delay. Moreover, infection leads to the enhanced and sustainable expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bfl-1, respectively. As downstream events, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and processing of caspase-6 were inhibited. We also confirm that infection with L. major results in reduced FAS expression on the surface of neutrophils. The presented data indicate that infection with L. major affects both intrinsic as well as extrinsic pathways of neutrophil apoptosis. Enhanced life span of host neutrophils enables the parasite to survive within neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Sarkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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29
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Saffar AS, Ashdown H, Gounni AS. The molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids-mediated neutrophil survival. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:556-62. [PMID: 21504070 PMCID: PMC3267167 DOI: 10.2174/138945011794751555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil-dominated inflammation plays an important role in many airway diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis. In cases of asthma where neutrophil-dominated inflammation is a major contributing factor to the disease, treatment with corticosteroids can be problematic as corticosteroids have been shown to promote neutrophil survival which, in turn, accentuates neutrophilic inflammation. In light of such cases, novel targeted medications must be developed that could control neutrophilic inflammation while still maintaining their antibacterial/anti-fungal properties, thus allowing individuals to maintain effective innate immune responses to invading pathogens. The aim of this review is to describe the molecular mechanisms of neutrophil apoptosis and how these pathways are modulated by glucocorticoids. These new findings are of potential clinical value and provide further insight into treatment of neutrophilic inflammation in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash S Saffar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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30
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Cowburn AS, Summers C, Dunmore BJ, Farahi N, Hayhoe RP, Print CG, Cook SJ, Chilvers ER. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor causes a paradoxical increase in the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein Bim in human neutrophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:879-87. [PMID: 20705940 PMCID: PMC4373550 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0101oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil apoptosis is essential for the resolution of inflammation but is delayed by several inflammatory mediators. In such terminally differentiated cells it has been uncertain whether these agents can inhibit apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of anti-death (Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1, Bcl2A1) or BH3-only (Bim, Bid, Puma) Bcl2-family proteins. We report that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α prevent the normal time-dependent loss of Mcl-1 and Bcl2A1 in neutrophils, and we demonstrate that they cause an NF-κB-dependent increase in Bcl-X(L) transcription/translation. We show that GM-CSF and TNF-α increase and/or maintain mRNA levels for the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bid and that GM-CSF has a similar NF-κB-dependent effect on Bim transcription and BimEL expression. The in-vivo relevance of these findings was indicated by demonstrating that GM-CSF is the dominant neutrophil survival factor in lung lavage from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, confirming an increase in lung neutrophil Bim mRNA. Finally GM-CSF caused mitochondrial location of Bim and a switch in phenotype to a cell that displays accelerated caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. This study demonstrates the capacity of neutrophil survival agents to induce a paradoxical increase in the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid and Bim and suggests that this may function to facilitate rapid apoptosis at the termination of the inflammatory cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Cowburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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31
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Kfir-Erenfeld S, Sionov RV, Spokoini R, Cohen O, Yefenof E. Protein kinase networks regulating glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of hematopoietic cancer cells: fundamental aspects and practical considerations. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1968-2005. [PMID: 20849387 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.506570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are integral components in the treatment protocols of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma owing to their ability to induce apoptosis of these malignant cells. Resistance to GC therapy is associated with poor prognosis. Although they have been used in clinics for decades, the signal transduction pathways involved in GC-induced apoptosis have only partly been resolved. Accumulating evidence shows that this cell death process is mediated by a communication between nuclear GR affecting gene transcription of pro-apoptotic genes such as Bim, mitochondrial GR affecting the physiology of the mitochondria, and the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), which interacts with Bim following exposure to GCs. Prevention of Bim up-regulation, mitochondrial GR translocation, and/or GSK3 activation are common causes leading to GC therapy failure. Various protein kinases positively regulating the pro-survival Src-PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Raf-Ras-MEK-ERK signal cascades have been shown to be activated in malignant leukemic cells and antagonize GC-induced apoptosis by inhibiting GSK3 activation and Bim expression. Targeting these protein kinases has proven effective in sensitizing GR-positive malignant lymphoid cells to GC-induced apoptosis. Thus, intervening with the pro-survival kinase network in GC-resistant cells should be a good means of improving GC therapy of hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Kfir-Erenfeld
- The Lautenberg Center of Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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32
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Akhtar S, Li X, Kovacs EJ, Gamelli RL, Choudhry MA. Interleukin-18 delays neutrophil apoptosis following alcohol intoxication and burn injury. Mol Med 2010; 17:88-94. [PMID: 20844839 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that burn patients who are intoxicated at the time of injury are more susceptible to infection and have a higher incidence of mortality. A major cause of death in burn and trauma patients regardless of their alcohol (EtOH) exposure is multiple organ dysfunction, which is driven in part by the systemic inflammatory response and activated neutrophils. Neutrophils are short lived and undergo apoptosis to maintain homeostasis and resolution of inflammation. A delay in apoptosis of neutrophils is one important mechanism which allows for their prolonged presence and the release of potentially harmful enzymes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether EtOH intoxication combined with burn injury influences neutrophil apoptosis and whether IL-18 plays any role in this setting. To accomplish this investigation, rats were gavaged with EtOH (3.2 g/kg) 4 h before being subjected to sham or burn injury of ~12.5% of the total body surface area, and then killed on d 1 after injury. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated and lysed. The lysates were analyzed for pro- and antiapoptotic proteins. We found that EtOH combined with burn injury prolonged neutrophil survival. This prolonged neutrophil survival was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of the neutrophil proapoptotic protein Bax, and an increase in antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xl. Administration of IL-18 antibody following burn injury normalized the levels of Bax, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xl. The decrease in caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation observed following EtOH and burn injury was also normalized in rats treated with anti-IL-18 antibody. These findings suggest that IL-18 delays neutrophil apoptosis following EtOH and burn injury by modulating the pro- and antiapoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Akhtar
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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33
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Langereis JD, Raaijmakers HAJA, Ulfman LH, Koenderman L. Abrogation of NF-κB signaling in human neutrophils induces neutrophil survival through sustained p38-MAPK activation. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:655-64. [PMID: 20573801 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB, an important transcription factor in the regulation of cellular inflammation, is one of the prime targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Nowadays, anti-inflammatory therapies rely mostly on steroids, which among other effects, inhibit NF-κB activity. However, steroids have only limited efficacy in the treatment on neutrophil-driven diseases, such as COPD. Human neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and clearance of these cells by apoptosis is an effective pathway for resolution of inflammation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that modulation of the NF-κB pathway in human neutrophils affects survival. Importantly, the pharmacological NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 inhibited NF-κB signaling in human neutrophils as expected. However, we found that complete inhibition of NF-κB activity with 10 μM Bay 11-7082 prolonged neutrophil survival significantly, which was not observed with inhibitors for other signaling pathways. Bay 11-7082-induced neutrophil survival was dependent on p38-MAPK kinase activity, as the p38 kinase activity inhibitor SB203580 abrogated this response completely. Bay 11-7082 induced rapid and sustained p38 activation that correlated with inhibited NF-κB signaling and prolonged neutrophil survival. The precise role of NF-κB in regulation of p38-MAPK activation remains to be established. Under these conditions of survival, the stability of Bcl-xL but not Mcl-1 was enhanced. Although inhibition of NF-κB leads to down-regulation of inflammatory genes in many cell types, our results illustrate that interference with basal NF-κB signaling in neutrophils as a drug target should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D Langereis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wasim M, Carlet M, Mansha M, Greil R, Ploner C, Trockenbacher A, Rainer J, Kofler R. PLZF/ZBTB16, a glucocorticoid response gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, interferes with glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:218-27. [PMID: 20435142 PMCID: PMC2892747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphoid cells which is exploited to treat lymphoid malignancies. The mechanisms of these anti-leukemic GC effects are, however, poorly understood. We previously defined a list of GC-regulated genes by expression profiling in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during systemic GC monotherapy and in experimental systems of GC-induced apoptosis. PLZF/ZBTB16, a transcriptional repressor, was one of the most promising candidates derived from this screen. To investigate its role in the anti-leukemic GC effects, we performed overexpression and knock-down experiments in CCRF-CEM childhood ALL cells. Transgenic PLZF/ZBTB16 alone had no detectable effect on cell proliferation or survival, but reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis but not apoptosis induced by antibodies against Fas/CD95 or 3 different chemotherapeutics. Knock-down of ZBTB16 entailed a small, but significant, increase in cell death induction by GC. Affymetrix Exon array-based whole genome expression profiling revealed that PLZF/ZBTB16 induction did not significantly alter the expression profile, however, it interfered with the regulation of numerous GC response genes, including BCL2L11/Bim, which has previously been shown to be responsible for cell death induction in CCRF-CEM cells. Thus, the protective effect of PLZF/ZBTB16 can be attributed to interference with transcriptional regulation by GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasim
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michela Carlet
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Muhammad Mansha
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- III. Medical University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Trockenbacher
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kofler
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 9003 70360; fax: +43 512 9003 73960.
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Lynch JT, Rajendran R, Xenaki G, Berrou I, Demonacos C, Krstic-Demonacos M. The role of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in Mcl-1 and NOXA gene expression. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:38. [PMID: 20156337 PMCID: PMC2834612 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediated phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) exerts opposite effects on GR transcriptional activity and affects other posttranslational modifications within this protein. The major phosphorylation site of human GR targeted by MAPK family is the serine 226 and multiple kinase complexes phosphorylate receptor at the serine 211 residue. We hypothesize that GR posttranslational modifications are involved in the determination of the cellular fate in human lymphoblastic leukemia cells. We investigated whether UV signalling through alternative GR phosphorylation determined the cell type specificity of glucocorticoids (GCs) mediated apoptosis. Results We have identified putative Glucocorticoid Response Elements (GREs) within the promoter regulatory regions of the Bcl-2 family members NOXA and Mcl-1 indicating that they are direct GR transcriptional targets. These genes were differentially regulated in CEM-C7-14, CEM-C1-15 and A549 cells by glucocorticoids and JNK pathway. In addition, our results revealed that the S211 phosphorylation was dominant in CEM-C7-14, whereas the opposite was the case in CEM-C1-15 where prevalence of S226 GR phosphorylation was observed. Furthermore, multiple GR isoforms with cell line specific patterns were identified in CEM-C7-14 cells compared to CEM-C1-15 and A549 cell lines with the same antibodies. Conclusions GR phosphorylation status kinetics, and site specificity as well as isoform variability differ in CEM-C7-14, CEM-C1-15, and A549 cells. The positive or negative response to GCs induced apoptosis in these cell lines is a consequence of the variable equilibrium of NOXA and Mcl-1 gene expression potentially mediated by alternatively phosphorylated GR, as well as the balance of MAPK/CDK pathways controlling GR phosphorylation pattern. Our results provide molecular base and valuable knowledge for improving the GC based therapies of leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lynch
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Meltser I, Tahera Y, Canlon B. Glucocorticoid Receptor and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity after Restraint Stress and Acoustic Trauma. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1835-45. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Meltser
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yeasmin Tahera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Canlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nieuwenhuis B, Lüth A, Chun J, Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B. Involvement of the ABC-transporter ABCC1 and the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype S1P(3) in the cytoprotection of human fibroblasts by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:645-57. [PMID: 19370318 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) represent the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory skin diseases. However, the topical long-term therapy of GC is limited by the occurrence of skin atrophy. Most interestingly, although GC inhibit proliferation of human fibroblasts, they exert a pronounced anti-apoptopic action. In the present study, we further elucidated the molecular mechanism of the GC dexamethasone (Dex) to protect human fibroblasts from programmed cell death. Dex not only significantly alters the expression of the cytosolic isoenzyme sphingosine kinase 1 but also initiated an enhanced intracellular formation of the sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Investigations using S1P (3) ((-/-)) -fibroblasts revealed that this S1P-receptor subtype is essential for the Dex-induced cytoprotection. Moreover, we demonstrate that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter ABCC1 is upregulated by Dex and may represent a crucial carrier to transport S1P from the cytosol to the S1P(3)-receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nieuwenhuis
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Mechanisms regulating the susceptibility of hematopoietic malignancies to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 101:127-248. [PMID: 19055945 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies owing to their ability to induce apoptosis of these cancerous cells. Whereas some types of lymphoma and leukemia respond well to this drug, others are resistant. Also, GC-resistance gradually develops upon repeated treatments ultimately leading to refractory relapsed disease. Understanding the mechanisms regulating GC-induced apoptosis is therefore uttermost important for designing novel treatment strategies that overcome GC-resistance. This review discusses updated data describing the complex regulation of the cell's susceptibility to apoptosis triggered by GCs. We address both the genomic and nongenomic effects involved in promoting the apoptotic signals as well as the resistance mechanisms opposing these signals. Eventually we address potential strategies of clinical relevance that sensitize GC-resistant lymphoma and leukemia cells to this drug. The major target is the nongenomic signal transduction machinery where the interplay between protein kinases determines the cell fate. Shifting the balance of the kinome towards a state where Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha (GSK3alpha) is kept active, favors an apoptotic response. Accumulating data show that it is possible to therapeutically modulate GC-resistance in patients, thereby improving the response to GC therapy.
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