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Green KJ, Pokorny J, Jarrell B. Dangerous liaisons: Loss of keratinocyte control over melanocytes in melanomagenesis. Bioessays 2024:e2400135. [PMID: 39233509 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Melanomas arise from transformed melanocytes, positioned at the dermal-epidermal junction in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes are completely surrounded by keratinocyte neighbors, with which they communicate through direct contact and paracrine signaling to maintain normal growth control and homeostasis. UV radiation from sunlight reshapes this communication network to drive a protective tanning response. However, repeated rounds of sun exposure result in accumulation of mutations in melanocytes that have been considered as primary drivers of melanoma initiation and progression. It is now clear that mutations in melanocytes are not sufficient to drive tumor formation-the tumor environment plays a critical role. This review focuses on changes in melanocyte-keratinocyte communication that contribute to melanoma initiation and progression, with a particular focus on recent mechanistic insights that lay a foundation for developing new ways to intercept melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Jenny Pokorny
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Brieanna Jarrell
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
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2
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Gautam R, Lal M, Carroll MC, Mrozek Z, Trachsel T, Beers J, Ruffner MA. Proton pump inhibitors modulate esophageal epithelial barrier function and crosstalk with eosinophils. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.22.609219. [PMID: 39229135 PMCID: PMC11370561 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.22.609219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction, type-2 inflammation, and esophageal eosinophilic infiltrate. While proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is commonly used for EoE management, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods Air-liquid interface culture of esophageal epithelial cells was employed to investigate the impact of the PPI omeprazole on barrier integrity in IL-13-treated cultures. Epithelial chemokine secretion was assessed following stimulation with IL-13 and omeprazole, and the migration of eosinophils from healthy human donors was evaluated using 3 μm pore-sized transwells. A co-culture system of epithelial cells and eosinophils was employed to study chemokine secretion and eosinophil adhesion and activation markers. Results Omeprazole treatment in the IL-13-treated air-liquid interface (ALI) model resulted in 186 differentially expressed genes and restored barrier integrity compared to ALI treated with IL-13 alone. Omeprazole treatment reduced STAT6 phosphorylation, downregulated calpain 14, and upregulated desmoglein-1 in the IL-13-treated air-liquid interface samples. IL-13-induced upregulation of Eotaxin-3, CXCL10, and periostin, but this was downregulated by omeprazole. Further, the expression of CD11b, CD18, and CD69 was lower on eosinophils from omeprazole-treated epithelial-eosinophil co-cultures, which also had lower levels of eotaxin-3, CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL4. Conclusion Omeprazole reduced the effects of IL-13 in both the epithelial air-liquid interface model and eosinophil-epithelial co-cultures, reducing barrier dysfunction, chemokine expression, and upregulation of eosinophil adhesion markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gautam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Megha Lal
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | | | - Zoe Mrozek
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Tina Trachsel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Division of Allergy, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jarad Beers
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Melanie A Ruffner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania
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3
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Dainese-Marque O, Garcia V, Andrieu-Abadie N, Riond J. Contribution of Keratinocytes in Skin Cancer Initiation and Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8813. [PMID: 39201498 PMCID: PMC11354502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes are major cellular components of the skin and are strongly involved in its homeostasis. Oncogenic events, starting mainly from excessive sun exposure, lead to the dysregulation of their proliferation and differentiation programs and promote the initiation and progression of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Primary melanomas, which originate from melanocytes, initiate and develop in close interaction with keratinocytes, whose role in melanoma initiation, progression, and immune escape is currently being explored. Recent studies highlighted, in particular, unexpected modes of communication between melanocytic cells and keratinocytes, which may be of interest as sources of new biomarkers in melanomagenesis or potential therapeutic targets. This review aims at reporting the various contributions of keratinocytes in skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and melanoma, with a greater focus on the latter in order to highlight some recent breakthrough findings. The readers are referred to recent reviews when contextual information is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Joëlle Riond
- Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, 31037 Toulouse, France
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Perl AL, Pokorny JL, Green KJ. Desmosomes at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261899. [PMID: 38940346 PMCID: PMC11234380 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are relatives of ancient cadherin-based junctions, which emerged late in evolution to ensure the structural integrity of vertebrate tissues by coupling the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to cell-cell junctions. Their ability to dynamically counter the contractile forces generated by actin-associated adherens junctions is particularly important in tissues under high mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. Much more than the simple cellular 'spot welds' depicted in textbooks, desmosomes are in fact dynamic structures that can sense and respond to changes in their mechanical environment and external stressors like ultraviolet light and pathogens. These environmental signals are transmitted intracellularly via desmosome-dependent mechanochemical pathways that drive the physiological processes of morphogenesis and differentiation. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster review desmosome structure and assembly, highlight recent insights into how desmosomes integrate chemical and mechanical signaling in the epidermis, and discuss desmosomes as targets in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey L. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jenny L. Pokorny
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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5
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Lei D, Ye L, Wen S, Zhang J, Zhang L, Man MQ. Preventive and Therapeutic Benefits of Natural Ingredients in Photo-Induced Epidermal Dysfunction. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38615652 DOI: 10.1159/000538832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin, particularly the epidermis, is subjected to various external stresses, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. UV irradiation, mainly UVB at wavelength of 280-315 nm, can alter several epidermal functions, including cutaneous inflammation, epidermal hyperproliferation, DNA damage, disruption of epidermal permeability barrier and reduction in stratum corneum hydration levels. Because of the negative impacts of UVB irradiation on epidermal functions, great efforts have been made to develop regimens for the protection of alterations in epidermal function induced by UV irradiation. SUMMARY While sunscreen can provide physical barrier to UV light, some natural ingredients can also effectively protect the skin from UVB irradiation-induced damages. Studies have demonstrated that either topical or oral administrations of some natural ingredients attenuate UVB irradiation-induced alterations in the epidermal function. The underlying mechanisms by which natural ingredients improve epidermal functions are attributable to antioxidation, stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation, increases in the content of epidermal natural moisturizers and inhibition of inflammation. KEY MESSAGE Some natural ingredients exhibit protective and therapeutical benefits in photo-induced epidermal dysfunctions via divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ye
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Wen
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Burks HE, Pokorny JL, Koetsier JL, Roth-Carter QR, Arnette CR, Gerami P, Seykora JT, Johnson JL, Ren Z, Green KJ. Melanoma cells repress Desmoglein 1 in keratinocytes to promote tumor cell migration. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212031. [PMID: 37733372 PMCID: PMC10512973 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cancer typically arising from transformation of melanocytes residing in the basal layer of the epidermis, where they are in direct contact with surrounding keratinocytes. The role of keratinocytes in shaping the melanoma tumor microenvironment remains understudied. We previously showed that temporary loss of the keratinocyte-specific cadherin, Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), controls paracrine signaling between normal melanocytes and keratinocytes to stimulate the protective tanning response. Here, we provide evidence that melanoma cells hijack this intercellular communication by secreting factors that keep Dsg1 expression low in the surrounding keratinocytes, which in turn generate their own paracrine signals that enhance melanoma spread through CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling. Evidence suggests a model whereby paracrine signaling from melanoma cells increases levels of the transcriptional repressor Slug, and consequently decreases expression of the Dsg1 transcriptional activator Grhl1. Together, these data support the idea that paracrine crosstalk between melanoma cells and keratinocytes resulting in chronic keratinocyte Dsg1 reduction contributes to melanoma cell movement associated with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope E. Burks
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jenny L. Pokorny
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quinn R. Roth-Carter
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher R. Arnette
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John T. Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jodi L. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Milner JD. ERBIN and phosphoglucomutase 3 deficiency. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102353. [PMID: 37369151 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ERBIN and phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) mutations both lead to rare primary atopic disorders characterized by allergic disease and connective tissue abnormalities, though each disorder has its own rather unique pattern of multisystem presentations. Pathway studies show how ERBIN mutations allow for enhanced TGFb signaling, and prevent STAT3 from negative-regulating TGFb signaling. This likely explains many elements of clinical overlap between disorders of STAT3 and TGFb signaling. The excessive TGFb signaling leading to increased IL-4 receptor expression also provides the rationale for precision-based therapy blocking the IL-4 receptor to treat the atopic disease. The mechanism by which PGM3 deficiency leads to atopic phenotypes is not well understood, nor is the broad variability in disease penetrance and expressivity, though preliminary studies suggest an overlap with IL-6 receptor signaling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, USA.
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8
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Zhu T, Yang S, Mauro TM, Man MQ. Association of Epidermal Biophysical Properties with Obesity and Its Implications. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 36:165-173. [PMID: 37640014 DOI: 10.1159/000533587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a condition defined by an excess amount of body fat, with body mass index (BMI) of 30 and higher. It is associated with a number of other medical conditions, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as dyslipidemia, and it is also associated with several cutaneous disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, intertriginous dermatitis, acanthosis nigricans and skin infections. SUMMARY Evidence suggests a link between obesity and epidermal dysfunction. Generally, individuals with obesity display higher transepidermal water loss rate and lower stratum corneum hydration levels, although no association of obesity with epidermal dysfunction has been documented. Results of skin surface pH are controversial. But study demonstrated a positive correlation of BMI with skin surface pH on both the forearm and the shin in males, suggesting that the changes in epidermal function vary with gender in individuals with obesity. KEY MESSAGES This review summarizes the association between obesity and epidermal function, and discusses possible underlying mechanisms. Individuals with obesity exhibit poor epidermal permeability barrier and lower stratum corneum hydration levels. Because of the pathogenic role of compromised epidermal function in inflammation, which is also linked to obesity, improvement in epidermal function could benefit individuals with obesity, particularly those with abnormalities in epidermal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Baoshan, Baoshan, China
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Chong AC, Visitsunthorn K, Ong PY. Genetic/Environmental Contributions and Immune Dysregulation in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:1681-1700. [PMID: 36447957 PMCID: PMC9701514 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s293900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin conditions in humans. AD affects up to 20% of children worldwide and results in morbidity for both patients and their caregivers. The basis of AD is an interplay between genetics and the environment characterized by immune dysregulation. A myriad of mutations that compromise the skin barrier and/or immune function have been linked to AD. Of these, filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations are the most evidenced. Many other mutations have been implicated in isolated studies that are often unreplicated, creating an archive of genes with potential but unconfirmed relevance to AD. Harnessing big data, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may provide a more practical strategy for identifying the genetic signatures of AD. Epigenetics may also play a role. Staphylococcus aureus is the most evidenced microbial contributor to AD. Cutaneous dysbiosis may result in over-colonization by pathogenic strains and aberrant skin immunity and inflammation. Aeroallergens, air pollution, and climate are other key environmental contributors to AD. The right climate and/or commensals may improve AD for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Chong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peck Y Ong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Green KJ, Niessen CM, Rübsam M, Perez White BE, Broussard JA. The Desmosome-Keratin Scaffold Integrates ErbB Family and Mechanical Signaling to Polarize Epidermal Structure and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903696. [PMID: 35686051 PMCID: PMC9171019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While classic cadherin-actin connections in adherens junctions (AJs) have ancient origins, intermediate filament (IF) linkages with desmosomal cadherins arose in vertebrate organisms. In this mini-review, we discuss how overlaying the IF-desmosome network onto the existing cadherin-actin network provided new opportunities to coordinate tissue mechanics with the positioning and function of chemical signaling mediators in the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. We focus in particular on the complex multi-layered outer covering of the skin, the epidermis, which serves essential barrier and stress sensing/responding functions in terrestrial vertebrates. We will review emerging data showing that desmosome-IF connections, AJ-actin interactions, ErbB family members, and membrane tension are all polarized across the multiple layers of the regenerating epidermis. Importantly, their integration generates differentiation-specific roles in each layer of the epidermis that dictate the form and function of the tissue. In the basal layer, the onset of the differentiation-specific desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) dials down EGFR signaling while working with classic cadherins to remodel cortical actin cytoskeleton and decrease membrane tension to promote cell delamination. In the upper layers, Dsg1 and E-cadherin cooperate to maintain high tension and tune EGFR and ErbB2 activity to create the essential tight junction barrier. Our final outlook discusses the emerging appreciation that the desmosome-IF scaffold not only creates the architecture required for skin's physical barrier but also creates an immune barrier that keeps inflammation in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Carien M. Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Rübsam
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bethany E. Perez White
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua A. Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Malovitski K, Sarig O, Assaf S, Mohamad J, Malki L, Bergson S, Peled A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Gat A, Pavlovsky M, Sprecher E. Loss-of-function variants in KLF4 underlie autosomal dominant palmoplantar keratoderma. Genet Med 2022; 24:1085-1095. [PMID: 35168889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) form a group of disorders characterized by thickening of palm and sole skin. Over the past 2 decades, many types of inherited PPKs have been found to result from abnormal expression, processing, or function of adhesion proteins. METHODS We used exome and direct sequencing to detect causative pathogenic variants. Functional analysis of these variants was conducted using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, immunoblotting, a promoter reporter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We identified 2 heterozygous variants (c.1226A>G and c.633_634dupGT) in KLF4 in 3 individuals from 2 different unrelated families affected by a dominant form of PPK. Immunofluorescence staining for a number of functional markers revealed reduced epidermal DSG1 expression in patients harboring heterozygous KLF4 variants. Accordingly, human keratinocytes either transfected with constructs expressing these variants or downregulated for KLF4 displayed reduced DSG1 expression, which in turn has previously been found to be associated with PPK. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed direct binding of KLF4 to the DSG1 promoter region. The ability of mutant KLF4 to transactivate the DSG1 promoter was significantly decreased when compared with wild-type KLF4. CONCLUSION Loss-of-function variants in KLF4 cause a novel form of dominant PPK and show its importance in the regulation of epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shir Bergson
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Eskin-Schwartz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Genetic Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Andrea Gat
- Institute of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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12
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Yang T, Sim KY, Ko GH, Ahn JS, Kim HJ, Park SG. FAM167A is a key molecule to induce BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance in CML via noncanonical NF-κB signaling activation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:82. [PMID: 35241148 PMCID: PMC8892744 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCR-ABL-independent drug resistance is a barrier to curative treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, the molecular pathways underlying BCR-ABL-independent tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance remain unclear. METHODS In silico bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify the most active transcription factor and its inducer that contribute to BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify the receptor for the noncanonical NF-κB activator FAM167A. In vitro and in vivo mouse experiments revealed detailed molecular insights into the functional role of the FAM167A-desmoglein-1 (DSG1) axis in BCL-ABL-independent TKI resistance. CML cells derived from CML patients were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that NF-κB had the greatest effect on differential gene expression of BCR-ABL-independent TKI-resistant CML cells. Moreover, we found that the previously uncharacterized protein FAM167A activates the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and induces BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance. Molecular analyses revealed that FAM167A activates the noncanonical NF-κB pathway by binding to the cell adhesion protein DSG1 to upregulate NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) by blocking its ubiquitination. Neutralization of FAM167A in a mouse tumor model reduced noncanonical NF-κB activity and restored sensitivity of cells to TKIs. Furthermore, FAM167A and surface DSG1 levels were highly upregulated in CD34+ CML cells from patients with BCR-ABL-independent TKI-resistant disease. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that FAM167A acts as an essential factor for BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance in CML by activating the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. In addition, FAM167A may serve as an important target and biomarker for BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Young Sim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hoon Ko
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ahn
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 58128 Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 58128 Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Hegazy M, Perl AL, Svoboda SA, Green KJ. Desmosomal Cadherins in Health and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:47-72. [PMID: 34425055 PMCID: PMC8792335 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-092912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped into desmogleins and desmocollins, are related to the classical cadherins, but their cytoplasmic domains are tailored for anchoring intermediate filaments instead of actin to sites of cell-cell adhesion. The resulting junctions are critical for resisting mechanical stress in tissues such as the skin and heart. Desmosomal cadherins also act as signaling hubs that promote differentiation and facilitate morphogenesis, creating more complex and effective tissue barriers in vertebrate tissues. Interference with desmosomal cadherin adhesive and supra-adhesive functions leads to a variety of autoimmune, hereditary, toxin-mediated, and malignant diseases. We review our current understanding of how desmosomal cadherins contribute to human health and disease, highlight gaps in our knowledge about their regulation and function, and introduce promising new directions toward combatting desmosome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abbey L. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sophia A. Svoboda
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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14
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Godsel LM, Roth-Carter QR, Koetsier JL, Tsoi LC, Huffine AL, Broussard JA, Fitz GN, Lloyd SM, Kweon J, Burks HE, Hegazy M, Amagai S, Harms PW, Xing X, Kirma J, Johnson JL, Urciuoli G, Doglio LT, Swindell WR, Awatramani R, Sprecher E, Bao X, Cohen-Barak E, Missero C, Gudjonsson JE, Green KJ. Translational implications of Th17-skewed inflammation due to genetic deficiency of a cadherin stress sensor. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:144363. [PMID: 34905516 PMCID: PMC8803337 DOI: 10.1172/jci144363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) is a cadherin restricted to stratified tissues of terrestrial vertebrates, which serve as essential physical and immune barriers. Dsg1 loss-of-function mutations in humans result in skin lesions, multiple allergies, and isolated patient keratinocytes exhibit increased pro-allergic cytokine expression. However, the mechanism by which genetic deficiency of Dsg1 causes chronic inflammation is unknown. To determine the systemic response to Dsg1 loss, we deleted the three tandem Dsg1 genes in mice. Whole transcriptome analysis of embryonic Dsg1-/- skin showed a delay in expression of adhesion/differentiation/keratinization genes at E17.5, a subset of which recovered or increased by E18.5. Comparing epidermal transcriptomes from Dsg1-deficient mice and humans revealed a shared IL-17-skewed inflammatory signature. Although the impaired intercellular adhesion observed in Dsg1-/- mice resembles that resulting from anti-Dsg1 pemphigus foliaceus antibodies, pemphigus skin lesions exhibit a weaker IL-17 signature. Consistent with the clinical importance of these findings, treatment of two Dsg1-deficient patients with an IL-12/IL-23 antagonist originally developed for psoriasis resulted in improvement of skin lesions. Thus, beyond impairing the physical barrier, loss of Dsg1 function through gene mutation results in a psoriatic-like inflammatory signature before birth and treatment with a targeted therapy markedly improved skin lesions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Quinn R Roth-Carter
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Amber L Huffine
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Gillian N Fitz
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Sarah M Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Junghun Kweon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Hope E Burks
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Saki Amagai
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Joseph Kirma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Jodi L Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | | | - Lynn T Doglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Rajeshwar Awatramani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | | | | | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
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15
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Zhuang P, Xie L, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Liu H, Bi C, Zhao H, Li Y, Zhang Y. Inhibition of desmoglein-1 by aspirin leads to synthetic lethality of keratinocytes in Shuanghuanglian-induced cutaneous eruption response. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:145-154. [PMID: 34126182 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous eruptions caused by the combination of Chinese and Western medicine have attracted widespread attention; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the potential mechanism of cutaneous eruptions in vivo and in vitro using the combination of Shuanghuanglian injection powder (SHL) and aspirin (ASA) as an example. ASA and SHL co-administration induced inflammatory responses in HaCat cells, as evidenced by marked increases in the expression of IL-4 and TNF-α, and the level of apoptosis. Additionally, histopathological investigation of mice skin tissues showed local inflammatory cell infiltration. Western boltting was used to detect the effects of ASA on desmoglein-1 (DSG1) expression; we found that DSG1 expression was down-regulated in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the key components of SHL were administered to HaCat cells with down-regulated DSG1; it was seen that neochlorogenic acid and rutin have a significant effect on HaCat cell apoptosis. These results demonstrate that DSG1 deficiency is a potential cause of cutaneous eruptions caused by the combination of SHL and ASA, and neochlorogenic acid and rutin are the main allergenic components. This study provides a new research strategy for the safety evaluation of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Chenghao Bi
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yubo Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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16
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Ichthyoses-A Clinical and Pathological Spectrum from Heterogeneous Cornification Disorders to Inflammation. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2021; 8:107-123. [PMID: 34066992 PMCID: PMC8161842 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyoses are inborn keratinization disorders affecting the skin only (non-syndromic) or are associated with diseases of internal organs (syndromic). In newborns, they can be life-threatening. The identification of the gene defects resulted in reclassification and a better understanding of the pathophysiology. Histopathologic patterns include orthohyperkeratosis with a reduced or well-developed stratum granulosum, hyperkeratosis with ortho- and parakeratosis with preserved or prominent stratum granulosum, and epidermolytic ichthyosis. Another pattern features “perinuclear vacuoles and binucleated keratinocytes”, which is associated with keratin mutations. Some ichthyoses are histologically defined by psoriasis-like features, and distinct subtypes show follicular hyperkeratosis. In addition to histological and immunohistochemical methods, these patterns allow a better histopathologic diagnosis.
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17
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Quispe Calla NE, Vicetti Miguel RD, Aceves KM, Huang H, Howitt B, Cherpes TL. Ovariectomized mice and postmenopausal women exhibit analogous loss of genital epithelial integrity. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1865760. [PMID: 33427560 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1865760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly half of all postmenopausal women are affected by the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Symptoms of GSM, including vaginal irritation and dyspareunia, occur as reduced estrogen (E) production elicits loss of elasticity and other changes in genital tract tissue. While the use of the injectable contraceptive depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) likewise lowers serum E concentrations in reproductive age women and is associated with decreased genital levels of the cell-cell adhesion molecules desmoglein-1 (DSG1) and desmocollin-1 (DSC1) and impaired genital epithelial barrier function, the relevance of these findings to women in menopause is uncertain. Exploring the impact of menopause on genital epithelial integrity herein, we detected significantly lower levels of DSG1 and DSC1 in ectocervical tissue from menopausal and postmenopausal vs premenopausal women. Using ovariectomized (OVX) mice as a menopause model, we comparably saw significantly lower vaginal tissue levels of DSG1 and DSC1 in OVX mice vs. mice in estrus. Compared to estrus-stage mice and E-treated OVX mice, DMPA-treated ovary-intact mice and OVX mice also exhibited significantly reduced genital epithelial barrier function, greater susceptibility to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, and delayed clearance of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Current studies thus identify analogous loss of genital epithelial integrity in OVX mice and menopausal and postmenopausal women. By showing that loss of genital epithelial integrity is associated with increased mouse susceptibility to bacterial and viral pathogens, our findings also prioritize the need to resolve if reduced genital epithelial integrity in postmenopausal women is a significant risk factor for genital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirk E Quispe Calla
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristen M Aceves
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huijie Huang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L Cherpes
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Michalski JE, Schwartz DA. Genetic Risk Factors for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Insights into Immunopathogenesis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 13:1305-1318. [PMID: 33447070 PMCID: PMC7801923 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s280958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an etiologically complex interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive scarring of the lungs with a subsequent decline in lung function. While much of the pathogenesis of IPF still remains unclear, it is now understood that genetic variation accounts for at least one-third of the risk of developing the disease. The single-most validated and most significant risk factor, genetic or otherwise, is a gain-of-function promoter variant in the MUC5B gene. While the functional impact of these IPF risk variants at the cellular and tissue levels are areas of active investigation, there is a growing body of evidence that these genetic variants may influence disease pathogenesis through modulation of innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Michalski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Metze D, Süßmuth K, Traupe H. [Ichthyoses: a dermatopathological spectrum from heterogeneous cornification disorders to psoriasiform dermatitis]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:326-333. [PMID: 32458048 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyoses are hereditary cornification disorders that occur in isolation (nonsyndromic) or with associated internal diseases (syndromic) and can lead to life-threatening complications. The identification of the genetic causes has led to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms, but also to reclassification. The pathological changes in skin biopsies were also more precisely characterized. Certain histological patterns could be defined, which are based on the defects of epidermal differentiation but also on the inflammatory pattern. Complementary histo- and immunohistochemical methods sometimes allow a precise diagnosis, or at least a limitation of the differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Metze
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
| | - Kira Süßmuth
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
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20
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Quispe Calla NE, Vicetti Miguel RD, Fritts L, Miller CJ, Aceves KM, Cherpes TL. Exogenous sex steroids regulate genital epithelial barrier function in female rhesus macaques. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:310-317. [PMID: 32542371 PMCID: PMC7401374 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is concern that using depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) for pregnancy prevention heightens HIV susceptibility. While no clinical data establishes causal link between HIV acquisition and use of this injectable progestin, prior work from our laboratory showed that DMPA comparably lowers genital levels of the cell-cell adhesion molecule desmoglein-1 (DSG1) and weakens genital epithelial barrier function in female mice and women. We likewise saw DMPA increase mouse susceptibility to multiple genital pathogens including HIV. Herein, we sought to confirm and extend these findings by comparing genital epithelial barrier function in untreated rhesus macaques (RM) vs. RM treated with DMPA or DMPA and estrogen (E). Compared to controls, genital tissue from RM with pharmacologically relevant serum levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate displayed significantly lower DSG1 levels and greater permeability to low molecular mass molecules. Conversely, DMPA-mediated effects on genital epithelial integrity and function were obviated in RM administered DMPA and E. These data corroborate the diminished genital epithelial barrier function observed in women initiating DMPA and identify RM as a useful preclinical model for defining effects of exogenous sex steroids on genital pathogen susceptibility. As treatment with E averted DMPA-mediated loss of genital epithelial barrier function, our results also imply that contraceptives releasing progestin and E may be less likely to promote transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens than progestin-only compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirk E Quispe Calla
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Linda Fritts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kristen M Aceves
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L Cherpes
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Rodríguez Tejero A, Tercedor Sánchez J, Montero Vilchez T, López Delgado D, Arias Santiago S, Molina Leyva A. A case report of severe dermatitis, allergies, and metabolic wasting (SAM syndrome). Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:576-578. [PMID: 32126589 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of eczema and elevated IgE in pediatric patients does not always indicate atopic dermatitis. Rare genodermatoses may share this clinical presentation and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with congenital immunodeficiency and severe refractory dermatitis. We describe a case of severe dermatitis, allergies, and metabolic wasting syndrome, due to a novel mutation in DSG1 gene, an additional example of this uncommon genetic disorder of desmosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez Tejero
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Tercedor Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Dermatología Pediátrica y Anomalías Vasculares, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero Vilchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - David López Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias Santiago
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Dermatology Department, Granada School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina Leyva
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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22
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Moran MC, Beck LA, Richardson CT. A Spectrum of Skin Disease: How Staphylococcus aureus Colonization, Barrier Dysfunction, and Cytokines Shape the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:941-944. [PMID: 32331569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key mediators of skin homeostasis and disease through their effects on keratinocytes, skin barrier integrity, immune activation, and microbial ecology. Sirobhushanam et al. (2020) suggest that the IFN signature in lupus erythematosus (LE) alters expression of epithelial barrier and adhesin genes, which, in turn, promotes Staphylococcus aureus colonization. This work highlights the need to better understand both barrier function and S. aureus colonization in LE, two new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Moran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Lisa A Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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23
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Arnette CR, Roth-Carter QR, Koetsier JL, Broussard JA, Burks HE, Cheng K, Amadi C, Gerami P, Johnson JL, Green KJ. Keratinocyte cadherin desmoglein 1 controls melanocyte behavior through paracrine signaling. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:305-317. [PMID: 31563153 PMCID: PMC7028503 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the first line of defense against ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Keratinocytes and melanocytes respond to UV exposure by eliciting a tanning response dependent in part on paracrine signaling, but how keratinocyte:melanocyte communication is regulated during this response remains understudied. Here, we uncover a surprising new function for the keratinocyte-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in regulating keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine signaling to promote the tanning response in the absence of UV exposure. Melanocytes within Dsg1-silenced human skin equivalents exhibited increased pigmentation and altered dendrite morphology, phenotypes which were confirmed in 2D culture using conditioned media from Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes. Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes increased melanocyte-stimulating hormone precursor (Pomc) and cytokine mRNA. Melanocytes cultured in media conditioned by Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes increased Mitf and Tyrp1 mRNA, TYRP1 protein, and melanin production and secretion. Melanocytes in Dsg1-silenced skin equivalents mislocalized suprabasally, reminiscent of early melanoma pagetoid behavior. Together with our previous report that UV reduces Dsg1 expression, these data support a role for Dsg1 in controlling keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine communication and raise the possibility that a Dsg1-deficient niche contributes to pagetoid behavior, such as occurs in early melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Arnette
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Quinn R. Roth-Carter
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer L. Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A. Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hope E. Burks
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Cheng
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine Amadi
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jodi L. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Green KJ, Jaiganesh A, Broussard JA. Desmosomes: Essential contributors to an integrated intercellular junction network. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31942240 PMCID: PMC6944264 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adhesive connections between cells was critical for the evolution of multicellularity and for organizing cells into complex organs with discrete compartments. Four types of intercellular junction are present in vertebrates: desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions. All are essential for the development of the embryonic layers and organs as well as adult tissue homeostasis. While each junction type is defined as a distinct entity, it is now clear that they cooperate physically and functionally to create a robust and functionally diverse system. During evolution, desmosomes first appeared in vertebrates as highly specialized regions at the plasma membrane that couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton at points of strong cell–cell adhesion. Here, we review how desmosomes conferred new mechanical and signaling properties to vertebrate cells and tissues through their interactions with the existing junctional and cytoskeletal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Rudilla F, Franco-Jarava C, Martínez-Gallo M, Garcia-Prat M, Martín-Nalda A, Rivière J, Aguiló-Cucurull A, Mongay L, Vidal F, Solanich X, Irastorza I, Santos-Pérez JL, Tercedor Sánchez J, Cuscó I, Serra C, Baz-Redón N, Fernández-Cancio M, Carreras C, Vagace JM, Garcia-Patos V, Pujol-Borrell R, Soler-Palacín P, Colobran R. Expanding the Clinical and Genetic Spectra of Primary Immunodeficiency-Related Disorders With Clinical Exome Sequencing: Expected and Unexpected Findings. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2325. [PMID: 31681265 PMCID: PMC6797824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) refer to a clinically, immunologically, and genetically heterogeneous group of over 350 disorders affecting development or function of the immune system. The increasing use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has greatly facilitated identification of genetic defects in PID patients in daily clinical practice. Several NGS approaches are available, from the unbiased whole exome sequencing (WES) to specific gene panels. Here, we report on a 3-year experience with clinical exome sequencing (CES) for genetic diagnosis of PIDs. We used the TruSight One sequencing panel, which includes 4,813 disease-associated genes, in 61 unrelated patients (pediatric and adults). The analysis was done in 2 steps: first, we focused on a virtual PID panel and then, we expanded the analysis to the remaining genes. A molecular diagnosis was achieved in 19 (31%) patients: 12 (20%) with mutations in genes included in the virtual PID panel and 7 (11%) with mutations in other genes. These latter cases provided interesting and somewhat unexpected findings that expand the clinical and genetic spectra of PID-related disorders, and are useful to consider in the differential diagnosis. We also discuss 5 patients (8%) with incomplete genotypes or variants of uncertain significance. Finally, we address the limitations of CES exemplified by 7 patients (11%) with negative results on CES who were later diagnosed by other approaches (more specific PID panels, WES, and comparative genomic hybridization array). In summary, the genetic diagnosis rate using CES was 31% (including a description of 12 novel mutations), which rose to 42% after including diagnoses achieved by later use of other techniques. The description of patients with mutations in genes not included in the PID classification illustrates the heterogeneity and complexity of PID-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Rudilla
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain.,Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Franco-Jarava
- Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Gallo
- Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Garcia-Prat
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit (UPIIP), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Martín-Nalda
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit (UPIIP), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacques Rivière
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit (UPIIP), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aina Aguiló-Cucurull
- Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mongay
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain.,Transfusional Medicine Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Solanich
- Adult Immunodeficiencies Unit (UFIPA), Internal Medicine Department, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Irastorza
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cruces University Hospital, Basque Country University, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos-Pérez
- Immunodeficiencies and Infectious Disease Unit, Universitary Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Tercedor Sánchez
- Unidad de Dermatología Pediátrica y Anomalías Vasculares, Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Genetics Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Serra
- Genetics Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Baz-Redón
- Growth and Development Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Cancio
- Growth and Development Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Carreras
- Pediatric Hematology and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Vagace
- Hematology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Vicenç Garcia-Patos
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Soler-Palacín
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit (UPIIP), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Colobran
- Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Rochman M, Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Epithelial origin of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:10-23. [PMID: 29980278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergen-driven inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized predominantly by eosinophilic inflammation, leading to esophageal dysfunction. Converging data have placed the esophageal epithelium at the center of disease pathogenesis. In particular, the main EoE disease susceptibility loci at 2p23 and 5p22 encode for gene products that are produced by the esophageal epithelium: the intracellular protease calpain 14 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, respectively. Furthermore, genetic and functional data establish a primary role for impaired epithelial barrier function in disease susceptibility and pathoetiology. Additionally, the EoE transcriptome, a set of genes dysregulated in the esophagi of patients with EoE, is enriched in genes that encode for proteins involved in esophageal epithelial cell differentiation. This transcriptome has a high proportion of esophagus-specific epithelial genes that are notable for the unexpected enrichment in genes encoding for proteases and protease inhibitors, as well as in IL-1 family genes, demonstrating a previously unappreciated role for innate immunity responses in the esophagus under homeostatic conditions. Among these pathways, basal production of the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal-type 7 (SPINK7) has been demonstrated to be part of the normal differentiation program of esophageal epithelium. Profound lost expression of SPINK7 occurs in patients with EoE and is sufficient for unleashing increased proteolytic activity (including urokinase plasminogen activator), impaired barrier function, and production of large quantities of proinflammatory and proallergic cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Collectively, we put forth a model in which the esophagus is normally equipped as an anti-inflammatory sensing organ and that defects in this pathway, mediated by epithelial protease/protease inhibitor imbalances, unleash inflammatory responses resulting in disorders, such as EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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