Rice bran oil and canola oil improve blood lipids compared to sunflower oil in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial

The impact of substituting clarified butter with canola oil on the components of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, and insulin resistance among individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome: a quasi-experimental study

Purpose

Clarified butter, contain harmful saturated and beneficial trans-fatty acids. Canola oil is a promising alternative to other oils for reducing saturated fat intake. This trial aimed to investigate the effects of replacing clarified butter with canola oil in patients with metabolic syndrome on various metabolic syndrome components, fatty liver index (FLI), and insulin resistance.

Methods

In this trial, 42 individuals with metabolic syndrome referred to the clinic in Imam Khomeini University Hospital in Urmia, Iran, were enrolled. The participants, who commonly consumed (3 to 8 serving per day) clarified butter, were instructed to follow a healthy diet and replace their consumption of clarified butter with an equivalent amount of canola oil for 3 months. To compare the differences of outcomes in the group, the paired samples T-test and cohen's d effect size were applied. To analyze the changes in dietary intakes and Metabolic equivalent of task (MET), repeated measures of ANOVA was used.

Results

There was a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (FBS) (< 0.001), triglyceride (TG) (0.003), and anthropometric measurements (< 0.001). Furthermore, significant reductions were observed in total cholesterol (TC) (< 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (0.009), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels (0.003), FLI (< 0.001), insulin levels (0.007), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (0.002), and increase in quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (< 0.001). Unfavorably, there was a significant reduction in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (< 0.001).

Conclusion

The replacement of clarified butter with canola oil demonstrated potential benefits in improving metabolic syndrome.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01453-z.

Effects of Increasing Farmed Salmon Intake to the Recommended Fish-Intake Amounts on Lipid Profile in Young Women: An 8-Week Intervention Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Habitual dietary changes that could help reduce the potential consequences of excessive body mass, such as hyperlipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease risk, are needed. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a farmed-salmon-based dietary intervention on lipid profile parameters in young women with excessive body mass.

METHODS

The 8-week intervention involved 38 pair-matched women aged 18-30 years with excessive body weight defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (200 g of smoked salmon weekly) or the control group. Lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TAG)), as well as atherogenic indices (Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Cholesterol Index (Cholindex), Castelli Risk Index 1 (CRI-1), Castelli Risk Index 2 (CRI-2) and the TAG/HDL ratio) were assessed before, during, and after the intervention.

RESULTS

At baseline, 47% of participants had at least one of the lipid profile parameters outside the recommended range. No statistically significant differences were observed in the TC, HDL, non-HDL, LDL, or TAG concentrations or in the various atherogenic indices between the intervention and the control group after the 8-week-long intervention. However, differences in the change of the LDL concentration were noted, with a decrease of 8.2 ± 20.7 mg/dL in the intervention group compared to an increase of 9.5 ± 20.0 mg/dL in the control group (p = 0.011), as well as in the change of the Cholindex for which a median decrease of 4.4 mg/dL was noted in the intervention group, while a median increase of 0.8 mg/dL in the control group was observed (p = 0.040). Additionally, across participants with a waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) greater than 0.5, an increase of 50.0 ± 68.3 mg/dL in the intervention group and a decrease of 8.6 ± 56.6 mg/dL in the control group was noted for the TAG concentration change (p = 0.040).

CONCLUSIONS

Concerning the observed beneficial influence of increasing farmed salmon intake to the recommended fish-intake amounts on decreasing LDL and Cholindex in young women with excessive body weight after 8 weeks, it seems that such a diet alteration might be recommended for this group to decrease their risk of cardiovascular disease in the future. Nonetheless, regarding the diverse influence on TAG, further studies are needed to assess the influence of increasing the intake of fatty fish available on the market at present on human health.

An open label randomized controlled trial of the effects of rice bran oil on cardiometabolic risk factors, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in overweight/obese adults with metabolic syndrome

INTRODUCTION

We previously documented the beneficial effects of rice bran oil (RBO) on cardiac function and atherogenic cardiometabolic factors in men with coronary artery disease. Therefore, the existing evidence in this area aims to be expanded by investigating the impact of adding RBO to a daily standard diet on emerging insulin resistance surrogate markers, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and metabolic disturbances in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) through an open-label controlled trial.

METHODS

A total of 50 overweight/obese adults (mean body mass index (BMI) = 31.08 kg/m2) with at least 3 MetSyn components were randomly allocated to either the control group, which received a standard diet plan, or the intervention group, which was supplemented with 30 g/d RBO for 8 weeks. BMI, MetSyn components, metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), triglyceride‒glucose‒BMI (TyG‒BMI), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and plasma polyphenol levels were measured before and after this open-label trial.

RESULTS

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline values revealed that, compared with patients who received only a standard diet, those who were supplemented with 30 g/d RBO presented significantly lower total cholesterol (P value = 0.005; effect size (ES):-0.92), LDL-cholesterol (P value = 0.048; ES:-0.62), fasting blood glucose (P value = 0.014; ES:-0.77), MDA (P value = 0.002; ES: -1.01), METS-IR (P value < 0.001; ES: -1.24), and TyG-BMI (P value = 0.007; ES:-0.85) after 8 weeks. Additionally, RBO consumption resulted in significantly higher levels of HDL-C (P value = 0.004; ES:0.94) and TAC (P value < 0.0001; ES:2.05). However, no significant changes were noted in BMI, waist circumference, serum triglycerides, plasma polyphenols, or blood pressure.

CONCLUSION

Although the current findings suggest that the hypocholesterolemic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidative effects of 30 g/d RBO seem to be promising for MetSyn patients, they should be considered preliminary. Therefore, further well-designed clinical trials with larger sample sizes and longer durations are needed to confirm these findings.

The effect of different edible oils on body weight: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a major public health issue with no definitive treatment. The first-line approach for obesity is lifestyle modification, including a healthy diet. Although the amount of fat has been considered, there is no network meta-analysis (NMA) study investigating the effect of edible oils on body weight. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effect of different edible oils on body weight using a systematic review and NMA study of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

METHOD

PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to April 2019. RCTs of different edible oils for body weight were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted to appraise the efficacy of different types of edible oils, and the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) was estimated. The GRADE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence.

RESULTS

Forty-two eligible studies were included. Most of the included trials examined the effect of olive oil compared to canola oil (n = 7 studies), followed by canola oil compared to sunflower oil (n = 6 studies), and olive oil compared to sunflower oil (n = 4 studies). Sesame oil had the highest SUCRA value for reducing weight (SUCRA value = 0.9), followed by the mixture of canola and sesame oil (0.8). Palm oil and soy oil were ranked the lowest (SUCRA value = 0.2).

CONCLUSION

There is low to moderate certainty of evidence showing that soybean, palm, and sunflower oils were associated with weight gain, while sesame oil produced beneficial anti-obesity effects.

The effects of replacing ghee with rapeseed oil on liver steatosis and enzymes, lipid profile, insulin resistance and anthropometric measurements in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised controlled clinical trial

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a prevalent hepatic condition worldwide, is expected to develop into the leading reason for end-stage fatty liver in the forthcoming decades. Incorporating rapeseed oil into a balanced diet may be beneficial in improving NAFLD. The goal of this trial was to evaluate the impact of substituting ghee with rapeseed oil on primary outcomes such as fatty liver and liver enzymes, as well as on secondary outcomes including glycaemic variables, lipid profile and anthropometric measurements in individuals with NAFLD. Over 12 weeks, 110 patients (seventy men and forty women; BMI (mean) 28·2 (sd 1·6 kg/m2); mean age 42 (sd 9·6) years), who daily consumed ghee, were assigned to the intervention or control group through random allocation. The intervention group was advised to substitute ghee with rapeseed oil in the same amount. The control group continued the consumption of ghee and was instructed to adhere to a healthy diet. Results showed a significant reduction in the steatosis in the intervention group in comparison with the control group (P < 0·001). However, a significant change in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (–14·4 μg/l), γ-glutamyl transferase (–1·8 μg/l), TAG (–39·7 mg/dl), total cholesterol (–17·2 mg/dl), LDL (–7·5 mg/dl), fasting blood glucose (–7·5 mg/dl), insulin (–3·05 mU/l), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (–0·9), Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index (+0·01), weight (–4·3 kg), BMI (–0·04 kg/m2), waist (–5·6 cm) and waist:height ratio (–0·04) was seen in the intervention group. The consumption of rapeseed oil instead of ghee caused improvements in liver steatosis and enzymes, glycaemic variables and anthropometric measurements among individuals with NAFLD.

Effects of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 40 Randomized Controlled Trials

Th aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether dietary linoleic acid (LA) supplementation affected blood lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), compared with other fatty acids. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases, updated to December 2022, were searched. The present study employed weighted mean difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) to examine the efficacy of the intervention. Out of the 3700 studies identified, a total of 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 2175 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the control group, the dietary intake of LA significantly decreased the concentrations of LDL-C (WMD: -3.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: -5.78, -0.74, I² = 68.8%, p = 0.01), and HDL-C (WMD: -0.64 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.23, -0.06, I² = 30.3%, p = 0.03). There was no significant change in the TG and TC concentrations. Subgroup analysis showed that the LA intake was significantly reduced in blood lipid profiles compared with saturated fatty acids. The effect of LA on lipids was not found to be dependent on the timing of supplementation. LA supplementation in an excess of 20 g/d could be an effective dose for lowering lipid profiles. The research results provide further evidence that LA intake may play a role in reducing LDL-C and HDL-C, but not TG and TC.

Rice Bran and Its Potential To Complement the Nutritional Needs of Children and Elderly

Rice bran is an agro-industrial by-product of low added value that can be used to complement human nutritional needs. In this work, the profile of minerals, fatty acids and amino acids in brown rice bran was determined, aiming to evaluate its potential to complement the nutritional needs of different age groups, according to recommendations of regulatory agencies. The brown rice bran was supplied by a rice processing industry located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Minerals were quantified using an emission spectrometer; the fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography and the amino acids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (HPLC-FL). The main minerals were phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) (2,933, 1,029, 211 and 56 mg / 100 g of rice bran). Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in rice bran were 22.4, 36.2 and 34.5% of lipid content, respectively. The polar, neutral and charged amino acids represented 8.8, 9.3 and 12.8% of the protein content, respectively. The composition of this co-product of rice supply chain is a good alternative to the new demand on plant-based food supplying the recommended daily intake (RDI) of national and international food polices.

Balancing functional and health benefits of food products formulated with palm oil as oil sources

Palm oil (PO) is widely utilised in the food industry and consumed in large quantities by humans. Owing to its bioactive components, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin E, and phenolic compounds, PO has been utilised for generations. However, public concern about their adverse effects on human health is growing. A literature search was conducted to identify fractionated palm oil processing techniques, proof of their health advantages, and potential food applications. Refined palm oil (RPO) is made from crude palm oil (CPO) and can be fractionated into palm olein (POl) and palm stearin (PS). Fractional crystallisation, dry fractionation, and solvent fractionation are the three basic fractionation procedures used in the PO industry. The composition of triacylglycerols and fatty acids in refined and fractionated palm oil and other vegetable oils is compared to elucidate the triacylglycerols and fatty acids that may be important in product development. It is well proven that RPO, POl, and PS extends the oil's shelf life in the food business. These oils have a more significant saturated fat content and antioxidant compounds than some vegetable oils, such as olive and coconut oils, making them more stable. Palm olein and stearin are also superior shortening agents and frying mediums for baking goods and meals. Furthermore, when ingested modestly daily, palm oils, especially RPO and POl, provide health benefits such as cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Opportunities exist for fractionated palm oil to become a fat substitute; however, nutrition aspects need to be considered in further developing the market.

The Effect of MUFA-Rich Food on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Controlled-Feeding Trials

Since the effects of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on lipid profile are still controversial, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted in the present study to assess the effect of MUFA-rich food on lipid profiles. The study was designed, conducted, and reported according to the guidelines of the 2020 preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic and comprehensive search was performed in several databases from inception up to 30 January 2022. The results showed that the intake of edible oil-derived MUFA (EDM) could increase the blood HDL-C level (mean difference = 0.08; 95%CI: -0.01, 0.17, p = 0.03), but did not affect the level of TC, TG, or LDL-C. Moreover, the consumption of other food-derived MUFA (ODM) significantly decreased TG concentration (mean difference = -0.35; 95%CI: -0.61, -0.09, p = 0.01)), but did not affect the level of TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C. Findings from this study suggest that MUFA-rich food might be beneficial to modulate the blood lipid profile.

No evidence of differential impact of sunflower and rapeseed oil on biomarkers of coronary artery disease or chronic kidney disease in healthy adults with overweight and obesity: result from a randomised control trial

Purpose

The perceived benefits and risks associated with seed oil intake remain controversial, with a limited number of studies investigating the impact of intake on a range of compounds used as cardiometabolic markers. This study aimed to explore the proteomic and cardiometabolic effects of commonly consumed seed oils in the UK, with different fatty acid profiles.

Methods

In a parallel randomised control design, healthy adults (n = 84), aged 25–72 with overweight or obesity were randomised to one of three groups: control (habitual diet, CON); 20 mL rapeseed oil per day (RO), or 20 mL sunflower oil per day (SO). Blood, spot urine and anthropometric measures were obtained at 0, 6 and 12 weeks. Proteomic biomarkers analysis was conducted for coronary arterial disease (CAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, glycative/oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were also analysed.

Results

No differences in change between time points were observed between groups for CAD or CKD peptide fingerprint scores. No change was detected within groups for CAD or CKD scores. No detectable differences were observed between groups at week 6 or 12 for the secondary outcomes, except median 8-isoprostane, ~ 50% higher in the SO group after 12-weeks compared to RO and CON groups (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

The replacement of habitual fat with either RO or SO for 12 weeks does not lead to an improvement or worsening in cardiovascular health markers in people with overweight or obesity.

Trial registration

Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT04867629, retrospectively registered 30/04/2021.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02810-5.

Rice bran oil could favorably ameliorate atherogenicity and insulin resistance indices among men with coronary artery disease: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Despite recent advances in recognizing more reliable indicators to estimate the coronary artery disease (CAD) patients' response to treatment and prognosis, less attention has been paid to evaluating them in clinical trials. Hence, the present research was conducted to study the impact of rice bran oil (RBO) versus sunflower oil (SFO) on various atherogenicity and insulin resistance markers.

METHODS

In the present 8-week randomized controlled trial, 40 CAD men with an average age of 56 years were allocated randomly into the intervention or control group to use RBO or SFO (30 g/day) plus a standardized dietary plan. As a further analysis, eight atherosclerosis-related indices were calculated before and after the study.

RESULTS

Analysis of covariance test in which potential confounders and baseline levels were considered, indicated that using RBO compared to SFO reduced Castelli's risk index I and II (adjusted means:3.29, 1.52 vs. 4.61, 2.20, respectively), atherogenic coefficient (2.29 vs. 3.61), lipoprotein combine index (6.54 vs. 17.53), and cholesterol index (0.46 vs. 1.20) after the trial (P-value ≤ 0.002). Also, the RBO group yielded significantly lower triglyceride glucose index (8.73 vs. 9.13) (P-value = 0.010). Further, marginally significant amelioration in triglyceride/HDL ratio and atherogenic index of plasma (1.48 and 0.13 vs. 1.86 and 0.24 respectively) were noted (P-value = 0.07). Spearman correlation analysis detected significant positive correlations between alterations in TNF-α serum levels (ng/L) and the majority of evaluated indices (P-value < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Taken together, incorporating 30 g of RBO into the patient's usual diet appeared effective in ameliorating atherogenicity and insulin resistance indicators among men with CAD, probably in relation to its anti-inflammatory properties.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The protocol of the current trial was retrospectively recorded in the Iranian clinical trial registration system (IRCT) with the registration number of IRCT20190313043045N1 (URL: https://en.irct.ir/trial/38346 ; Registration date: 2019-04-27).

The effects of rice bran oil on left ventricular systolic function, cardiometabolic risk factors and inflammatory mediators in men with coronary artery disease: a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

In the current study, we aimed to explore the effects of rice bran oil (RBO) in adjunct to conventional medical therapy on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiometabolic risk factors, and inflammatory mediators in male patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The present randomized controlled trial included 40 men diagnosed with CAD (mean age = 55.76 years) who were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either 30 grams per day of RBO (intervention group) or sunflower oil (control group) plus a standard diet for eight weeks. At the initial visit, demographic and anthropometric data and blood samples were collected. LVEF levels and serum concentrations of lipid profile, glucose, uric acid, hs-CRP, and TNF-α were investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 37 participants completed the study (n = 18 in the intervention group, n = 19 in the control group). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline values, age and body mass index revealed that RBO significantly improved LVEF (51.34%) and reduced triglyceride (125.01 mg dl^-1), blood sugar (110.4 mg dl^-1), total cholesterol (123.01 mg dl^-1) and low density lipoprotein (56.88 mg dl^-1) levels compared to sunflower oil ((45.56%), (155.93 mg dl^-1), (128.94 mg dl^-1), (163.93 mg dl^-1) and (83.79 mg dl^-1), respectively) following a 8-week trial (P-values < 0.05). Additionally, the test demonstrated that RBO consuming patients had significantly lower levels of serum uric acid (4.60 mg dl^-1), TNF-α (6.99 ng L^-1) and hs-CRP (2.11 mg L^-1) compared to the control group ((5.92 mg dl^-1), (15.23 ng L^-1), (4.47 mg L^-1), respectively) (P-value < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found regarding weight, blood pressure or serum HDL levels throughout the trial.

CONCLUSION

Consumption of 30 grams per day RBO within a standard diet could be considered an effective non-pharmacological approach in improving LVEF, cardiometabolic risk factors, and inflammatory state in CAD. However, future trials are recommended for more clarification.

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of dietary interventions for weight loss in adults in the Middle East and north Africa region

The prevalence and incidence of obesity, and associated complications, such as type 2 diabetes, in the Middle East and north Africa (MENA) region rank among the highest in the world. Little is known about the effectiveness of dietary weight loss interventions conducted in the MENA region. We conducted a systematic review of randomized clinical trials aiming to assess the effectiveness of dietary interventions for weight loss in the adult population originating from and residing in the MENA region. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and EMBASE were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) using dietary interventions for weight loss conducted in the MENA region. RCTs examining weight loss as an outcome in adults (≥ 18 years old) were included. The Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing risk of bias was used to ascertain the quality of the eligible RCTs and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication for population health and policy interventions (TIDieR-PHP) checklist was used to evaluate the reporting of the interventions. Twenty-nine RCTs including 2792 adults from five countries in the MENA region met the search criteria. Study participants were predominantly middle-aged females. Duration of follow up was mostly 3 months or less. Weight loss ranged from -0.7 to 16 kg across all intervention groups and the average weight loss was 4.8 kg. There was paucity of description of the weight loss interventions and variations amongst studies did not allow a meta-analysis of findings. It was not possible to draw firm conclusions on the effectiveness of dietary weight loss interventions in the region. High quality studies using more structured interventions of longer duration with standardized outcome measures are needed in the MENA region to support clinical practice with evidence-based interventions for obesity.

The impact of rice bran oil consumption on the serum lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia is recognized among the risk factors for lifestyle related diseases. A healthy diet, rich in vegetable oils such as rice bran oil (RBO), may aid to improve serum lipid levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of rice bran oil (RBO) consumption on serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in adults. The following online databases were searched for manuscripts published until October 7^th 2020: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. The effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 8 eligible trials with 14 effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. Our analysis revealed that the consumption of RBO significantly decreased serum TC (WMD: -7.29 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.32, -3.25, P = 0.000), LDL-c (WMD: -7.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.10, -4.14, P = 0.000) and TG (WMD: -9.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: -17.99, -0.38, P = 0.041) levels. So, available evidence suggests that RBO consumption can significantly decrease serum TC, LDL-c and TG levels. Hence, it may play a role in reducing dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia risk.

The effects of canola and olive oils consumption compared to sunflower oil, on lipid profile and hepatic steatosis in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies and metabolic disorders in women during their reproductive years. It is often associated with dyslipidemia and other risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study was aimed to evaluate dietary intervention effects with canola and olive oils compared to sunflower oil on lipid profile and fatty liver severity among women with PCOS.

METHOD

This study was a 10-week intervention including 72 women with PCOS. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups for receiving 25 g/day canola, olive, or sunflower oils for 10 weeks. The primary and secondary outcomes were to assess changes in lipid profile and in fatty liver severity, respectively.

RESULT

At the end of the study, 72 patients with a mean age of 29.31 were analysed. Canola oil consumption resulted in a significant reduction in serum levels of TG (P = 0.002) and TC/HDL (P = 0.021), LDL/HDL (P = 0.047), and TG/HDL (P = 0.001) ratios, however, there was no significant reduction in lipid profile following olive oil consumption. Canola (P < 0.001) and olive oils (P = 0.005) could significantly reduce the fatty liver grade. Moreover, HOMA-IR in both canola (P < 0.001) and olive (P = 0.004) groups was significantly decreased.

CONCLUSION

In total, compared to olive and sunflower oils, significant improvements in lipid profile, liver function, and HOMA-IR were observed following canola oil consumption in women with PCOS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

IR.MUI.

RESEARCH

REC.1397.315. Registered 30 JUNE 2019 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.irct.ir/trial/38684.

The effects of Canola oil on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response analysis of controlled clinical trials

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Canola oil (CO) is a plant-based oil with the potential to improve several cardiometabolic risk factors. We systematically reviewed controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of CO on lipid profiles, apo-lipoproteins, glycemic indices, inflammation, and blood pressure compared to other edible oils in adults.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Online databases were searched for articles up to January 2020. Forty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. CO significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC, -0.27 mmol/l, n = 37), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, -0.23 mmol/l, n = 35), LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL/HDL, -0.21, n = 10), TC/HDL (-0.13, n = 15), apolipoprotein B (Apo B, -0.03 g/l, n = 14), and Apo B/Apo A-1 (-0.02, n = 6) compared to other edible oils (P < 0.05). Compared to olive oil, CO decreased TC (-0.23 mmol/l, n = 9), LDL-C (-0.17 mmol/l, n = 9), LDL/HDL (-0.39, n = 2), and triglycerides in VLDL (VLDL-TG, -0.10 mmol/l, n = 2) (P < 0.05). Compared to sunflower oil, CO improved LDL-C (-0.14 mmol/l, n = 11), and LDL/HDL (-0.30, n = 3) (P < 0.05). In comparison with saturated fats, CO improved TC (-0.59 mmol/l, n = 11), TG (-0.08 mmol/l, n = 11), LDL-C (-0.49 mmol/l, n = 10), TC/HDL (-0.29, n = 5), and Apo B (-0.09 g/l, n = 4) (P < 0.05). Based on the nonlinear dose-response curve, replacing CO with ~15% of total caloric intake provided the greatest benefits.

CONCLUSION

CO significantly improved different cardiometabolic risk factors compared to other edible oils. Further well-designed clinical trials are warranted to confirm the dose-response associations.

Antidiabetic properties of rice and wheat bran-A review

In the present study, the increasing demand for the by-products of rice and wheat, especially their bran part obtained by milling has been discussed along with their properties in controlling diabetes. It is composed of macronutrients and micronutrients, including fibers, and trace elements and different phytochemicals. Previously, they were being used as animal fodder or for other compost matter. Contrarily, it can be utilized for humankind to save world hunger and to cater to the need for extra food demand and eradication of malnourishment, particularly in the developing countries. The bran part can act as a defense against different chronic diseases, particularly diabetes, which accounts for 3.2 million deaths worldwide every year. Keeping this in view, the current review discusses the nutritional composition, biological, and therapeutic properties of rice and wheat bran. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Properly processed agricultural wastes can yield resourceful and economical by-products. The bran part of rice and wheat is such an agricultural byproduct which is cheap and easily available. They contain vast amount of beneficial biochemical constituents. Properly processed bran part can be utilized for preparation of various value-added food products which can save the world hunger, extra food demand, and malnourishment and will be a boon for the developing countries. It can be also useful in combating several chronic diseases including diabetes through dietary intake.

Rice Bran Derived Bioactive Compounds Modulate Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two chronic diseases that have claimed more lives globally than any other disease. Dietary supplementation of functional foods containing bioactive compounds is recognised to result in improvements in free-radical-mediated oxidative stress. Emerging evidence indicates that bioactive compounds derived from rice bran (RB) have therapeutic potential against cellular oxidative stress. This review aims to describe the mechanistic pathways behind CVD and T2DM development and the therapeutic potential of polyphenols derived from RB against these chronic diseases.

Cold-pressed Canola Oil Reduces Hepatic Steatosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism in KM Mice Compared with Refined Bleached Deodorized Canola Oil

The quality of canola oil is affected by different extraction methods. The effect of cold-pressed canola oil (CPCO) diet and traditional refined bleached deodorized canola oil (RBDCO) diet on lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis in mice were investigated. The body weight, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α concentration, serum lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress were increased in mice fed with CPCO diet, which had higher unsaturated fatty acid, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phospholipids but lower saturated fatty acid than RBDCO, after 12 weeks,. Moreover, CPCO significantly increased tocopherols and phytosterols content in liver and reduced liver cholesterol contents and lipid vacuoles accumulation than RBDCO. Also, serum proinflammatory cytokines, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase expression level, lipogenic enzymes, and transcriptional factors such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase in the liver were also markedly downregulated from CPCO diet mice. Overall, CPCO can reduce lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis by regulating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in Kun Ming mice compared with RBDCO. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results suggested that more bioactive components were contained in cold-pressed canola oil (CPCO) rather than refined bleached deodorized canola oil (RBDCO). CPCO could lower the risk of obesity and hyperlipidemia, reduce lipid accumulation, and prevent hepatic steatosis. It could be considered as a kind of better edible oil than RBDCO.

The anti-cancer activity and potential clinical application of rice bran extracts and fermentation products

Rice bran is the main by-product of rice processing and contains approximately 64% of the nutrients in rice. Its various nutrient elements include rice bran proteins, oil, oryzanol, vitamins, polysaccharides, etc. The use of fermented technology can increase the content of bioactive peptides, promote the absorption efficiency, and further improve the functionality and added value of rice bran. In recent years, the nutritional value and function of the extracts and fermented products of rice bran have been emphatically studied. Rice bran extracts and fermentation products serve a critical role in the anti-inflammatory reaction, reducing the plasma lipid effect and increasing anti-cancer activity. Moreover, few review studies have been reported on the anti-cancer activity and potential mechanism of action of rice bran extract and its fermentation products. In this review, we focused on the anti-cancer function, mechanisms, and potential clinical usage of rice bran extracts and fermentation products in the adjuvant therapy of cancer patients.

The Effect of Canola Oil on Body Weight and Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

A number of clinical trials have examined the effect of canola oil (CO) on body composition in recent years; however, the results have been inconsistent. The present investigation aims to examine the effect of CO on body weight (BW) and body composition using a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to February, 2018 for randomized controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of CO on anthropometric measures and body composition indexes in adults. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. A random-effects model was used to evaluate the effect of CO consumption on several outcomes: BW, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, android-to-gynoid ratio, and body lean and fat mass. In total, 25 studies were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis revealed that CO consumption reduces BW [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.30 kg; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.08 kg, P = 0.007; n = 23 effect sizes], particularly in participants with type 2 diabetes (WMD = -0.63 kg; 95% CI: -1.09, -0.17 kg, P = 0.007), in studies with a parallel design (WMD = -0.49 kg; 95% CI: -0.85, -0.14 kg, P = 0.006), in nonfeeding trials (WMD = -0.32 kg; 95% CI: -0.55, -0.09 kg, P = 0.006), and when compared with saturated fat (WMD = -0.40 kg; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.06 kg, P = 0.019). CO consumption did not significantly affect any other anthropometric measures or body fat markers (P > 0.05). Although CO consumption results in a modest decrease in BW, no significant effect was observed on other adiposity indexes. Further well-constructed clinical trials that target BW and body composition as their primary outcomes are needed.

Effects of Canola Oil Consumption on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

Hyperlipidemia is a well- known risk factor of cardiovascular disease. A healthy diet containing vegetable oils such as canola oil (CO) may help to reduce serum lipids. This study aimed to quantify the effects of CO on lipid parameters using a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase were systematically searched until December 2017, with no time and design restrictions. Also, a manual search was performed to find extra relevant articles. Lipid parameters including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) were entered the meta-analysis. Weighed mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were stated as the effect size. Sensitivity analyses and prespecified subgroup were conducted to evaluate potential heterogeneity. Twenty-seven trials, comprising 1359 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Results of this study showed that CO consumption significantly reduced TC (-7.24 mg/dl, 95% CI, -12.1 to -2.7), and LDL (-6.4 mg/dl, 95% CI, -10.8 to -2), although it had no effects on HDL, TG, Apo B, and Apo A1. Effects of CO on TC and LDL significantly decreased after CO consumption in subgroups of >50 years of age participants and >30 intervention duration subgroup. Moreover, CO decreased LDL and TC compared to sunflower oil and saturated fat. This meta-analysis suggested that CO consumption improves serum TC and LDL, which could postpone heart disease progression. Key Teaching Points CO consumption could decrease serum TC and LDL, although it had no effects on other blood lipids. There was an overall significant effect of canola oil on TC and LDL compared to sunflower oil and saturated fats. CO could have beneficial effects on serum TC and LDL just when consumed longer than 30 days. CO consumption improved lipid profiles in participants older than 50 years.

Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids. Literature searches were performed until March 2018. Inclusion criteria were as follows: i) randomized trial (≥3 weeks study length) comparing at least two of the following oils/solid fats: safflower, sunflower, rapeseed, hempseed, flaxseed, corn, olive, soybean, palm, and coconut oil, and lard, beef-fat, and butter; ii) outcomes LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TGs). A random dose-response (per 10% isocaloric exchange) NMA was performed and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was estimated. Fifty-four trials were included in the NMA. Safflower oil had the highest SUCRA value for LDL-C (82%) and TC (90%), followed by rapeseed oil (76% for LDL-C, 85% for TC); whereas, palm oil (74%) had the highest SUCRA value for TG, and coconut oil (88%) for HDL-C. Safflower, sunflower, rapeseed, flaxseed, corn, olive, soybean, palm, and coconut oil as well beef fat were more effective in reducing LDL-C (−0.42 to −0.23 mmol/l) as compared with butter. Despite limitations in these data, our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils.

Ivy leaves extract based – lipid nanocarriers and their bioefficacy on antioxidant and antitumor activities

Two issues were addressed in the paper: (1) the use of medicinal herbs as functional ingredients entrapped into lipid-based nanocarriers; (2) the efficacy of phytochemical-based nanocarriers with promising antioxidant and antitumor benefits.