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Obeid S, Hemade A, Malaeb D, Sakr F, Dabbous M, Xu J, Ying Y, Jiang C, Meng R, Fekih-Romdhane F, Hallit S. Psychometric properties of the ultra-brief self-report Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) to assess anxiety and depression in Arabic-speaking adults. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:537. [PMID: 39080577 PMCID: PMC11290276 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05978-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression are psychiatric disorders that often coexist and share some features. Developing a simple and cost-effective tool to assess anxiety and depression in the Arabic-speaking population, predominantly residing in low- and middle-income nations where research can be arduous, would be immensely beneficial. The study aimed to translate the four-item composite Patient Health Questionnaire - 4 (PHQ-4) into Arabic and evaluate its psychometric properties, including internal reliability, sex invariance, composite reliability, and correlation with measures of psychological distress. METHODS 587 Arabic-speaking adults were recruited between February and March 2023. An anonymous self-administered Google Forms link was distributed via social media networks. We utilized the FACTOR software to explore the factor structure of the Arabic PHQ-4. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that fit of the two-factor model of the PHQ-4 scores was modest (χ2/df = .13/1 = .13, RMSEA = .001, SRMR = .002, CFI = 1.005, TLI = 1.000). Internal reliability was excellent (McDonald's omega = .86; Cronbach's alpha = .86). Indices suggested that configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported across sex. No significant difference was found between males and females in terms of the PHQ-4 total scores, PHQ-4 anxiety scores, and PHQ-4 depression scores. The total score of the PHQ-4 and its depression and anxiety scores were significantly and moderately-to-strongly associated with lower wellbeing and higher Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) total and subscales scores. CONCLUSION The PHQ-4 proves to be a reliable, valid, and cost-effective tool for assessing symptoms related to depression and anxiety. To evaluate the practical effectiveness of the Arabic PHQ-4 and to further enhance the data on its construct validity, future studies should assess the measure in diverse contexts and among specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon.
| | - Ali Hemade
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Dabbous
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jiale Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Yiwei Ying
- School of Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Runtang Meng
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
- Engineering Research Center of Mobile Health Management System, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Razi Hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
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Meng R, Jiang C, Dzierzewski JM, Zhu Y, Wang M, Yang N, Liu X, Guo L, Ping Y, Zhou C, Xu J, Zou W, Wang X, Lu L, Ma H, Luo Y, Spruyt K. Longitudinal measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Four in China. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:517. [PMID: 39039478 PMCID: PMC11265176 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety symptoms among medical students are often a concern. The Patient Health Questionnaire-Four (PHQ-4), an important tool for depression and anxiety screening, is commonly used and easy to administer. This study aimed to assess and update the longitudinal measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the simplified Chinese version. METHODS A three-wave longitudinal survey was conducted among healthcare students using the PHQ-4. Structural validity was based on one-factor, two-factor, and second-order factor models, construct validity was based on the Self-Rated Health Questionnaire (SRHQ), Sleep Quality Questionnaire (SQQ), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI), internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were based on structural consistency across three time points. RESULTS The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that two-factor model was the best fit, and LMI was supported at three time points. Inter-factor, factor-total, and construct validity correlations of the PHQ-4 were acceptable. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, and the intraclass correlation coefficient demonstrated acceptable/moderate to excellent reliability of the PHQ-4. CONCLUSIONS This study adds new longitudinal evidence that the Chinese version of the PHQ-4 has promising LMI and psychometric properties. Such data lends confidence to the routine and the expanded use of the PHQ-4 for routine screening of depression and anxiety in Chinese healthcare students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtang Meng
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Mobile Health Management System, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chen Jiang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Yihong Zhu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Ophthalmology Center, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nongnong Yang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Global Health Research Division, Public Health Research Center and Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yufan Ping
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caojie Zhou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Lu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Mobile Health Management System, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Nursing, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Karen Spruyt
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Paris, France
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Tan YK, Siau CS, Ibrahim N, Kõlves K, Zhang J, Chan CMH, Ho MC, Gan CH, Amit N, Mohd Ridzwan Goh NS, Chan LF. Validation of the Malay version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) among Malaysian undergraduates. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 99:104134. [PMID: 39018701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The study's objective is to validate the Malay version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) among Malaysian undergraduates. A cross-sectional survey was distributed at three universities in Malaysia (N = 500; mean age = 21.66 ± 1.57). The internal consistency of the Malay PHQ-4 was acceptable (α = .78, 95 % CI [.74, .81]), while the test-retest reliability was good (ICC = .77, 95 % CI [.34, .91], p < .001). The one-factor structure showed the best fit in confirmatory factor analysis and was similar across sexes. The Malay PHQ-4 has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used for pre-clinical screening purposes among Malaysian undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Kee Tan
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ching Sin Siau
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norhayati Ibrahim
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Caryn Mei Hsien Chan
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Meng Chuan Ho
- Centre for Pre-U Studies, UCSI University (Springhill Campus), Port Dickson, Malaysia.
| | - Chun Hong Gan
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Special Needs Studies (iCaRehab), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noh Amit
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Lai Fong Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Saracutu OI, Manfredini D, Bracci A, Ferrari Cagidiaco E, Ferrari M, Colonna A. Awake bruxism behaviors frequency in a group of healthy young adults with different psychological scores. Cranio 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38850025 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2024.2357199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of awake bruxism (AB) behaviors in a group of undergraduate dentistry students and correlate it with the status of anxiety and depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The frequency of five oral behaviors (i.e., relaxed jaw muscle, teeth contact, mandible bracing, teeth clenching, teeth grinding) was evaluated using a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approach. The anxiety and depression status was investigated with the four-item patient health questionnaire for anxiety and depression (PHQ-4). ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used to assess the difference in frequency of AB behaviors among the four PHQ-4 groups. RESULTS Among the four groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of relaxed jaw muscle, teeth contact, mandible bracing, and teeth clenching, but not for teeth grinding. CONCLUSION Based on this cross-sectional study's findings, psyche seems to have a determinant impact on AB behaviors, which is significantly higher in individuals with anxiety and depression traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Ionut Saracutu
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Manfredini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bracci
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Colonna
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Moreno X, Moreno F. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 among the Chilean population. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304623. [PMID: 38820399 PMCID: PMC11142508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PHQ-4 is an ultrabrief screening test for depression and anxiety symptoms. The psychometric properties of this test among the population in Chile are unknown. This study was aimed to determine the factor structure of the PHQ-4 in the adult population in Chile, and to assess its measurement invariance across different groups. METHODS The study considered a nationally representative sample of 10921 people aged 18 and above, in Chile in 2021. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted, and configural, metric, scalar, and strict measurement invariance were assessed. RESULTS The two-factor structure of the PHQ-4 supported the two underlying constructs of depression and anxiety. This model explained 67% of the variance and had excellent fit (CFI: 0.9999; TLI: 0.9994; RMSEA: 0.0107; SRMR: 0.0022). Strict measurement invariance held across gender, age, area of residence, household income quintile, immigrant or host population, and indigenous or non-indigenous population (ΔCFI<0.01). CONCLUSION The PHQ-4 can be used to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms in population studies, and as a screening test for depression and anxiety in public mental health programs in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Moreno
- Facultad de Psicología y Humanidades, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Moreno
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Santiago, Santiago, Chile
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Apputhurai P, Palsson OS, Bangdiwala SI, Sperber AD, Mikocka-Walus A, Knowles SR. Confirmatory validation of the patient health questionnaire - 4 (PHQ-4) for gastrointestinal disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional survey. J Psychosom Res 2024; 180:111654. [PMID: 38569449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using the large Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Survey dataset, the aim of this study was to evaluate the construct and convergent validity and internal consistency of the PHQ-4 across both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal condition cohorts. Another aim was to provide descriptive information about the PHQ-4 including means, confidence intervals and percentage of caseness using a large representative sample. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 26 countries. Confirmatory factor and internal consistency analyses were conducted across subsamples of patients with gastrointestinal conditions (i.e., disorders of gut-brain interaction [DGBI; any DGBI, individual DGBI, and DGBI region], gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), coeliac disease, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, peptic ulcer) and those without a gastrointestinal condition. Convergent validity was also assessed via a series of Pearson's correlation coefficients with PROMIS (physical and mental quality of life), and PHQ-12 (somatisation). RESULTS Based on 54,127 participants (50.9% male; mean age 44.34 years) confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable to excellent model fits for the PHQ-4 across all subsamples and individual DGBI and DGBI region (Comparative Fit Index >0.950, Tucker-Lewis Index >0.950, Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation <0.05, and Standardised Root Mean Square Residual <0.05). The PHQ-4 was found to demonstrate convergent validity (Pearson's correlation coefficients >±0.4), and good internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.75). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the PHQ-4 is a valid and reliable tool for assessing mental health symptomology in both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragalathan Apputhurai
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olafur S Palsson
- Center for Functional GI & Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ami D Sperber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Simon R Knowles
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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Caycho-Rodríguez T, Travezaño-Cabrera A, Torales J, Barrios I, Vilca LW, Samaniego-Pinho A, Moreta-Herrera R, Reyes-Bossio M, Barria-Asenjo NA, Ayala-Colqui J, Garcia-Cadena CH. Psychometric network analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in Paraguayan general population. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2024; 37:15. [PMID: 38619689 PMCID: PMC11018587 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are two of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders worldwide, both in the general population and in outpatient clinical settings. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) based on network analysis metrics. METHODS A total of 911 Paraguayans (23.71% women and 76.29% men; mean age 31.25 years, SD = 10.63), selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, participated in the study. Network analysis was used to evaluate the internal structure, reliability, and measurement invariance between men and women. RESULTS The results revealed that the PHQ-4 is a unidimensional measure through Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA). Reliability, through structural consistency, identified that 100% of the time, only a single dimension was obtained, and all items remained stable, as they were always replicated within the empirical dimension. The unidimensional structure has shown evidence of configural invariance; therefore, the network structure functioned equally among the different sex groups. CONCLUSION The PHQ-4 presented optimal preliminary evidence of validity based on its internal structure, reliability, and invariance between sexes. Therefore, it may be useful as an accurate and brief measure of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the Paraguayan context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Científica del Sur, Campus Villa II, Ctra. Panamericana S 19, Villa EL Salvador, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Julio Torales
- Cátedra de Psicología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
- Instituto Regional de Investigación en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Sudamericana, Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay
| | - Iván Barrios
- Instituto Regional de Investigación en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
- Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Santa Rosa del Aguaray Campus, Santa Rosa del Aguaray, Paraguay
| | - Lindsey W Vilca
- South American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
| | - Antonio Samaniego-Pinho
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Filosofía, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Mario Reyes-Bossio
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Caro-Fuentes S, Sanabria-Mazo JP. A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 in Clinical and Nonclinical Populations. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry 2024; 65:178-194. [PMID: 38012988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2023.11.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief instrument that measures depressive and anxiety symptoms. Although it has been frequently used in the last 15 years, no research has systematically reviewed its psychometric properties. OBJECTIVE This systematic review summarized, for the first time, the available published evidence on the psychometric properties of the PHQ-4. METHODS This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, under the identification code CRD42022381809. The search strategy was applied in Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and SCOPUS from 2009 (year of publication) to 2023 (present). Two independent reviewers performed screening, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment of the studies. The data was reported through a narrative synthesis. RESULTS In total, 26 studies involving 93,466 participants from 19 countries, with clinical and nonclinical samples, were included. The two-factor structure was the most frequent, being invariant according to gender, age, geographic location, income, educational level, and language. The internal consistency was adequate for distress (α from 0.72 to 0.88), as well as for depression (α from 0.65 to 0.81) and anxiety (α from 0.74 to 0.84). The temporal stability of the instrument was verified through test-retest reliability, reporting an acceptable connection between both measures. Correlations with related measures were significant and in the expected direction. CONCLUSIONS The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid instrument for screening depressive and anxiety symptoms, both for the clinical and nonclinical populations. Due to the brevity of its administration, the PHQ-4 could be a clinical tool that contributes to optimizing health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Caro-Fuentes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan P Sanabria-Mazo
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, St. Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Wang F, Wu Y, Wang S, Du Z, Wu Y. Development of an optimal short form of the GAD-7 scale with cross-cultural generalizability based on Riskslim. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024; 87:33-40. [PMID: 38301522 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the relatively small number of items in the GAD-7, fewer items are increasingly sought to shorten testing time in large-scale mental health screenings. As a result, short forms based on the GAD-7, the GAD-2, and GAD-mini, have become popular. However, the GAD-2 and GAD-mini have reported lower diagnostic accuracy in some cultural contexts, implying that a validated short-form version of the GAD-7 may be lacking in large-scale cross-cultural anxiety screening. Based on this, to develop an optimal short form of the GAD-7 with cross-cultural stability, we utilized seven GAD-7 datasets from six different countries, totaling 47,484 participants. Five 2 to 6 item short forms of the GAD were constructed using the Riskslim machine learning algorithm. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the GAD-7 short forms in the training and test sets based on the coefficient of determination(R2) and area under the curve(AUC) metrics, and the results showed that GAD-R2 performed poorly in some cultures, and all of the 3 to 6 item short forms of the GAD performed good in cross-cultural diagnostic rates, with the GAD-R6 showing the highest diagnostic accuracy in all cultures; GAD-R3 outperformed GAD-R2, GAD-2, and GAD-mini in all cultures; GAD-R3 had higher generalizability across cultures and special populations; Given that the GAD-R3 was shorter and nearly as accurate as the GAD-R6, we recommend the use of the GAD-R3 in clinical studies and epidemiologic investigations. And we recommend the optimal actual cutoff value of 15 for GAD-R3. Overall, we recommend GAD-R3 as the short-form version of GAD-7 in cross-cultural studies. However, the 2-item GAD scale is also optimal for the short-form version in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchou Wu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University,Chongqing, China
| | - Suqi Wang
- School of Philosophy, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuoran Du
- School of Philosophy, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Nakanishi N, Liu K, Hatakeyama J, Kawauchi A, Yoshida M, Sumita H, Miyamoto K, Nakamura K. Post-intensive care syndrome follow-up system after hospital discharge: a narrative review. J Intensive Care 2024; 12:2. [PMID: 38217059 PMCID: PMC10785368 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is the long-lasting impairment of physical functions, cognitive functions, and mental health after intensive care. Although a long-term follow-up is essential for the successful management of PICS, few reviews have summarized evidence for the efficacy and management of the PICS follow-up system. MAIN TEXT The PICS follow-up system includes a PICS follow-up clinic, home visitations, telephone or mail follow-ups, and telemedicine. The first PICS follow-up clinic was established in the U.K. in 1993 and its use spread thereafter. There are currently no consistent findings on the efficacy of PICS follow-up clinics. Under recent evidence and recommendations, attendance at a PICS follow-up clinic needs to start within three months after hospital discharge. A multidisciplinary team approach is important for the treatment of PICS from various aspects of impairments, including the nutritional status. We classified face-to-face and telephone-based assessments for a PICS follow-up from recent recommendations. Recent findings on medications, rehabilitation, and nutrition for the treatment of PICS were summarized. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review aimed to summarize the PICS follow-up system after hospital discharge and provide a comprehensive approach for the prevention and treatment of PICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Nakanishi
- Division of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki, Chuo-Ward, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keibun Liu
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, 627 Rode Rd, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
- Non-Profit Organization ICU Collaboration Network (ICON), 2-15-13 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junji Hatakeyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Akira Kawauchi
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-Machi, Maebashi-Shi, Gunma, 371-0811, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216- 8511, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sumita
- Clinic Sumita, 305-12, Minamiyamashinden, Ina-Cho, Toyokawa, Aichi, 441-0105, Japan
| | - Kyohei Miyamoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawaku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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Havnen A, Lydersen S, Mandahl A, Lara-Cabrera ML. Factor structure of the patient health questionnaire-4 in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1176298. [PMID: 37520219 PMCID: PMC10375022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1176298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently experience symptoms of anxiety and depression. In this population, there is a need for validated brief self-report screening questionnaires to assess the severity of comorbid mental health problems. The Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) is a self-report questionnaire that may contribute to this purpose as it can screen for both disorders efficiently. However, this will be the first study examining the factor structure of the PHQ-4 in samples of adults with ADHD, and also evaluating the validity of the Norwegian version of the PHQ-4. Objectives The aim of the current cross-sectional study was to examine the factor structure and validity of the Norwegian version of the PHQ-4 in a sample of adults who reported having been diagnosed with ADHD. Methods Of 496 invited, a total of 326 participants (66%) completed the PHQ-4, The World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index, the Oslo Social Support Scale and the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale electronically in a web-portal between the 9th and 30th of June 2020. Results Confirmatory factor analysis of the PHQ-4 supported a two-factor structure [RMSEA = 0.038 (90% CI 0.000-0.159), CFI = 1.00, TLI = 0.999, SRMR = 0.004], consisting of a depression factor and an anxiety factor. Standardized factor loadings were 0.79 to 0.97. The PHQ-4 was negatively correlated with well-being and social support and positively correlated with perceived level of stress. Conclusion This study indicates promising psychometric properties of the PHQ-4 as a measure of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with self-reported ADHD who are fluent in Norwegian. The questionnaire's brevity makes it a valuable resource in research and clinical settings. However, more studies are needed to test the instrument in a clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Havnen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Nidaros Division of Psychiatry, Community Mental Health Centre, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arthur Mandahl
- Vårres Regional User-Led Center Central-Norway, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Nidelv Division of Psychiatry, Community Mental Health Centre, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Huang WL, Chang SS, Wu SC, Liao SC. Population-based prevalence of somatic symptom disorder and comorbid depression and anxiety in Taiwan. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 79:103382. [PMID: 36493688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nationwide prevalence of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) has not yet been investigated in Asia. SSD is often comorbid with depression and anxiety, and the effects of these conditions on medical utilization await clarification. We hence performed a study in Taiwan to explore these issues. METHODS Using telephone-based sampling and interview, we obtained data for 3161 participants whose age, gender and living area were compatible with the Taiwan population. We gathered scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) and Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Individuals with a PHQ-15 score of at least 4 and a HAQ score of at least 17 were considered to have SSD. Descriptive statistics were used to clarify the prevalence and normative data of the questionnaires. We used multiple logistic regression analyses to investigate the relation between diagnoses and medical utilization. RESULTS The prevalence of SSD was 5.00% and women had a higher SSD prevalence than men; participants aged 40-49 years had the highest SSD prevalence. In SSD patients, 33.58% had depression or anxiety. After correcting for demographics, SSD and anxiety (but not depression) were associated with a significantly high level of outpatient/emergency department attendance. Comorbid depression or anxiety did not significantly increase the medical utilization of SSD patients. CONCLUSION The nationwide SSD prevalence in Taiwan is compatible with the description in the DSM-5. The comorbidity of SSD and depression/anxiety is common, but depression or anxiety does not significantly increase the SSD patients' medical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences and Global Health Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chi Wu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Biomedical Park Hospital, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County, Taiwan.
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Liu Y, Chen L, Zhou H, Guan H, Feng Y, Yangji B, Liu Q, Liu X, Xia J, Li J, Zhao X. Does awareness of diabetic status increase risk of depressive or anxious symptoms? Findings from the China Multi-Ethnic cohort (CMEC) study. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:218-229. [PMID: 36191641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with diabetes mellitus (DM) have increased risk of depressive symptoms (DS) or anxious symptoms (AS). This study explores whether awareness of DM will contribute to prevalence of DS or AS. METHODS The baseline data including 81,717 adults from Southwest China was analyzed. DS and AS were assessed using PHQ-2 and GAD-2. Exposures were defined as 1) having self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes (self-reported DM), 2) no prior diagnosis of diabetes but meeting diagnostic criteria (newly diagnosed DM), 3) having self-reported physician diagnosis or meeting criteria of non-diabetic diseases (non-diabetic patients), 4) healthy participants. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess impact of presence and awareness of DM on DS or AS, adjusting for regional and individual related factors. RESULTS The prevalence of DS in self-reported DM, newly diagnosed DM, non-diabetic patient and healthy participants was 7.08 %, 4.30 %, 5.37 % and 3.17 %. The prevalence of AS was 7.80 %, 5.77 %, 6.37 % and 3.91 %. After adjusting for related factors, compared with healthy participants, self-reported DM and non-diabetic patients were associated with DS [AORDS, self-reported = 1.443(1.218,1.710), AORDS, nondiabetic patients = 1.265(1.143,1.400)], while the association between newly diagnosed DM and DS was not statistically significant. The associations between self-reported DM, newly diagnosed DM, non-diabetic patients and AS were all statistically significant. LIMITATIONS DS and AS were assessed through self-report and may suffer recall or information bias. CONCLUSIONS The association between awareness of diabetes and DS/AS suggests to pay attention to distinguish between self-reported and newly diagnosed DM and screening for DS and AS in diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanwen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Guan
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuemei Feng
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Baima Yangji
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiaolan Liu
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinjie Xia
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingzhong Li
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Abstract
Importance Anxiety disorders have a lifetime prevalence of approximately 34% in the US, are often chronic, and significantly impair quality of life and functioning. Observations Anxiety disorders are characterized by symptoms that include worry, social and performance fears, unexpected and/or triggered panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. Generalized anxiety disorder (6.2% lifetime prevalence), social anxiety disorder (13% lifetime prevalence), and panic disorder (5.2% lifetime prevalence) with or without agoraphobia are common anxiety disorders seen in primary care. Anxiety disorders are associated with physical symptoms, such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Brief screening measures applied in primary care, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, can aid in diagnosis of anxiety disorders (sensitivity, 57.6% to 93.9%; specificity, 61% to 97%). Providing information about symptoms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments is a first step in helping patients with anxiety. First-line treatments include pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, eg, sertraline) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs, eg, venlafaxine extended release) remain first-line pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Meta-analyses suggest that SSRIs and SNRIs are associated with small to medium effect sizes compared with placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.55 [95% CI, -0.64 to -0.46]; social anxiety disorder: SMD, -0.67 [95% CI, -0.76 to -0.58]; panic disorder: SMD, -0.30 [95% CI, -0.37 to -0.23]). Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy with the most evidence of efficacy for anxiety disorders compared with psychological or pill placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 1.01 [large effect size] [95% CI, 0.44 to 1.57]; social anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 0.41 [small to medium effect] [95% CI, 0.25 to 0.57]; panic disorder: Hedges g = 0.39 [small to medium effect[ [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.65]), including in primary care. When selecting treatment, clinicians should consider patient preference, current and prior treatments, medical and psychiatric comorbid illnesses, age, sex, and reproductive planning, as well as cost and access to care. Conclusions and Relevance Anxiety disorders affect approximately 34% of adults during their lifetime in the US and are associated with significant distress and impairment. First-line treatments for anxiety disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs such as sertraline, and SNRIs such as venlafaxine extended release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Szuhany
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Naomi M Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
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15
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Rico-Bordera P, Falcó R, Vidal-Arenas V, Piqueras JA. Do healthy habits regulate the relationship between psychosocial dysfunction by COVID-19 and bidimensional mental health? J Health Psychol 2022; 28:462-476. [PMID: 36000211 PMCID: PMC10076176 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected mental health and well-being. Lifestyles are relevant to understand the impact of psychosocial dysfunctions. The objective was to examine the role of healthy habits in the relations between psychosocial dysfunction and psychological well-being/distress during COVID-19. Participants completed measures of psychosocial dysfunction, healthy habits, life satisfaction, well-being, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Psychosocial dysfunction was associated with distress symptoms, while health habits were associated with well-being. Healthy habits were mediators: greater psychosocial dysfunction was associated with less healthy habits, which in turn were associated with lower overall well-being, and greater depression. Programs addressing healthy habits can be of great utility.
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Martin-Key NA, Spadaro B, Funnell E, Barker EJ, Schei TS, Tomasik J, Bahn S. The Current State and Validity of Digital Assessment Tools for Psychiatry: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health 2022; 9:e32824. [PMID: 35353053 PMCID: PMC9008525 DOI: 10.2196/32824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the role digital technologies are likely to play in the future of mental health care, there is a need for a comprehensive appraisal of the current state and validity (ie, screening or diagnostic accuracy) of digital mental health assessments. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to explore the current state and validity of question-and-answer-based digital tools for diagnosing and screening psychiatric conditions in adults. METHODS This systematic review was based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome framework and was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, ASSIA, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were systematically searched for articles published between 2005 and 2021. A descriptive evaluation of the study characteristics and digital solutions and a quantitative appraisal of the screening or diagnostic accuracy of the included tools were conducted. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed using the revised tool for the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. RESULTS A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria, with the most frequently evaluated conditions encompassing generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and any depressive disorder. Most of the studies used digitized versions of existing pen-and-paper questionnaires, with findings revealing poor to excellent screening or diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity=0.32-1.00, specificity=0.37-1.00, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.57-0.98) and a high risk of bias for most of the included studies. CONCLUSIONS The field of digital mental health tools is in its early stages, and high-quality evidence is lacking. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/25382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra A Martin-Key
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Spadaro
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Funnell
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Jane Barker
- University of Cambridge Medical Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jakub Tomasik
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Psyomics Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Mendoza NB, Frondozo CE, Dizon JIWT, Buenconsejo JU. The factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-4 and the prevalence of depression and anxiety in a Southeast Asian context amid the COVID-19 pandemic. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35250246 PMCID: PMC8887801 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) as an ultra-brief screener of depression and anxiety in the Philippines during the COVID-19 outbreak. Data from 4,524 non-clinical community respondents aged 18-73 years old was collected online between March and July 2020. We evaluated the screener's factor structure, measurement invariance, and criterion-related validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup CFA, and structural equation modeling (SEM), respectively. We also evaluated the accuracy of the PHQ-4 cut-off scores by comparing the them with the screeners' full scales (i.e., PHQ-9 and GAD-7). Using the cutoff scores of the screeners, we also estimated the prevalence rates of depression and anxiety. The PHQ-4 has good internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.82). The CFA results show that the two-factor model has an excellent model fit that is superior to the one-factor model. The two-factor model held through increasingly constrained multigroup CFA models across gender, age, and geographical location groups, demonstrating measurement invariance. The SEM model supported the PHQ-4's theoretical association to stress, negative affect, and positive affect, supporting the screener's criterion-related validity. In estimating prevalence rates, among those screened by the PHQ-4 cut-off scores for depression (n = 1,905, 42.11%) and anxiety (n = 1,853, 40.96%), 81.78% and 94.06% were consequently screened by the PHQ-9 and GAD-7, respectively. This study supports the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of the PHQ-4 as an ultra-brief screener of depression and anxiety in a large community sample in Southeast Asia. The inclusion of ultra-brief screeners in COVID-19-related studies and other human disasters, especially among non-clinical samples in low- and middle-income countries, is relevant for the sustainable evaluation and monitoring of the severity mental health symptoms leading to timely and effective mental health service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B. Mendoza
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Cherry E. Frondozo
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - John Ian Wilzon T. Dizon
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines
| | - Jet U. Buenconsejo
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
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18
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Huang WL, Chang SS, Liao SC. The psychological features of distinct somatic syndromes: A cluster analysis according to population-based somatic symptom profiles in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:1813-1822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Aguilera-Martín Á, Gálvez-Lara M, Cuadrado F, Moreno E, García-Torres F, Venceslá JF, Corpas J, Jurado-González FJ, Muñoz-Navarro R, González-Blanch C, Ruiz-Rodríguez P, Barrio-Martínez S, Prieto-Vila M, Carpallo-González M, Cano-Vindel A, Moriana JA. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility evaluation of individual vs. group transdiagnostic psychological treatment for emotional disorders in primary care (PsicAP-Costs): a multicentre randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:99. [PMID: 35139809 PMCID: PMC8826705 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional disorders are common, and they have become more prevalent since the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to a high attendance burden at the specialized level, most emotional disorders in Spain are treated in primary care, where they are usually misdiagnosed and treated using psychotropic drugs. This contributes to perpetuate their illness and increase health care costs. Following the IAPT programme and the transdiagnostic approach, the PsicAP project developed a brief group transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy (tCBT) as a cost-effective alternative. However, it is not suitable for everyone; in some cases, one-on-one sessions may be more effective. The objective of the present study is to compare, in cost-benefit terms, group and individual tCBT with the treatment usually administered in Spanish primary care (TAU). METHODS A randomized, controlled, multicentre, and single-blinded trial will be performed. Adults with mild to moderate emotional disorders will be recruited and placed in one of three arms: group tCBT, individual tCBT, or TAU. Medical data and outcomes regarding emotional symptoms, disability, quality of life, and emotion regulation biases will be collected at baseline, immediately after treatment, and 6 and 12 months later. The data will be used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness and cost-utility ratios. DISCUSSION This trial aims to contribute to clinical practice research. The involvement of psychologists in primary care and the implementation of a stepped-care model for mental disorders are recommended. Group therapy and a transdiagnostic approach may help optimize health system resources and unblock waiting lists so that people can spend less time experiencing mental health problems. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04847310; Protocols.io: bx2npqde. (April 19, 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Aguilera-Martín
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mario Gálvez-Lara
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Fátima Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eliana Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Torres
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - José F Venceslá
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jorge Corpas
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Jurado-González
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Roger Muñoz-Navarro
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - César González-Blanch
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla, 25, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Castilla La Nueva Primary Care Centre, Health Service of Madrid, C/ Teruel, 4, 28941, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Sara Barrio-Martínez
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla, 25, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Maider Prieto-Vila
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carpallo-González
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano-Vindel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Moriana
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, C/ San Alberto Magno, s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
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Sanabria-Mazo JP, Useche-Aldana B, Ochoa PP, Rojas-Gualdrón DF, Mateo-Canedo C, Carmona-Cervelló M, Crespo-Puig N, Selva-Olid C, Muro A, Méndez-Ulrich JL, Feliu-Soler A, Luciano JV, Sanz A. Social Inequities in the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on the Mental Health of a Large Sample of the Colombian Population (PSY-COVID Study). J Clin Med 2021; 10:5297. [PMID: 34830579 PMCID: PMC8619612 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of general population groups particularly vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on mental health and the development of healthcare policies are priority challenges in the current and future pandemics. This study aimed to identify the personal and social determinants of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on mental health in a large sample of the Colombian population. In this cross-sectional study, an anonymous online survey was answered by 18,061 participants from the general population residing in Colombia during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak (from 20 May to 20 June 2020). The risk of depression, anxiety, and somatization disorders were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2), and Somatic Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ-5), respectively. Overall, 35% of participants showed risk of depression, 29% of anxiety, and 31% of somatization. According to the analysis of social determinants of health, the most affected groups were people with low incomes, students, and young adults (18-29 years). Specifically, low-income young females were the most at-risk population group. These findings show how the lockdown measures affected the general population's mental health in Colombia and highlight some social risk factors in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Sanabria-Mazo
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 St. Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.-C.); (M.C.-C.); (N.C.-P.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Pedro P. Ochoa
- Colombian College of Psychologists, Bogota 110221, Colombia; (B.U.-A.); (P.P.O.)
| | | | - Corel Mateo-Canedo
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.-C.); (M.C.-C.); (N.C.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Meritxell Carmona-Cervelló
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.-C.); (M.C.-C.); (N.C.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Neus Crespo-Puig
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.-C.); (M.C.-C.); (N.C.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Clara Selva-Olid
- Studies in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of Catalonia, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Anna Muro
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.-C.); (M.C.-C.); (N.C.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Jorge L. Méndez-Ulrich
- Department of Methods of Research and Diagnosis in Education, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Albert Feliu-Soler
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Juan V. Luciano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 St. Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Antoni Sanz
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.-C.); (M.C.-C.); (N.C.-P.); (A.M.)
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21
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Socio-emotional strengths against psychopathology and suicidal ideation in fear of COVID-19. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:10344-10354. [PMID: 34602801 PMCID: PMC8478370 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a global health crisis. It also leads to different types of psychosocial problems in society as a result of preventive health measures and the disease itself. Among others, psychopathological symptoms and suicide behaviors have increased. The PsicorecurSOS COVID-19 online protocol was designed. At baseline, 1020 Spanish adults were assessed, during confinement, for sociodemographics, fear of COVID-19, anxious-depressive symptoms, covitality, and suicidal ideation. Reliability, descriptive, and frequency analyses were carried out, and the computer tool SPSS PROCESS was used to carry out a conditional process analysis (model 59). A total of 595 participants were included (58.30% response rate from baseline; mean age = 37.18 [SD = 13.30]; 72.44% female). Regarding suicidal ideation, 12% responded differently to "never," 19.3% exceeded the cutoff point on the anxiety scale, and 24% on the depression scale. Moderate mediation analysis explained 27% of the variance in suicidal ideation. In addition, the indirect effect of moderate mediation was significant (b = -.004, SE = .002 with the presence of covitality; and b = .01, SE = .003 absence of covitality). Sex and age did not influence the overall outcome of the model. The data from this study can serve as a starting point for generating social and health treatment initiatives based on self-examination of anxiety-depressive symptoms and increasing socio-emotional skills in order to prevent and alleviate the psychosocial effects of the pandemic.
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22
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Wicaksana AL, Pramono RB, Irianti SR, Khusna RP, Rahayu FP, Aini FN, Noviyantini NPA, Pangastuti HS. Screening for psychological distress on Indonesian type 2 diabetes: A validation study. Int J Nurs Pract 2021; 27:e12999. [PMID: 34427380 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of a four-item patient health questionnaire as a psychological distress screening tool for patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia. METHODS This cross-cultural adaptation study was applied in five public health-care centres in Indonesia in August-October 2018 using a four-item patient health questionnaire. The content, convergent and factorial validity were assessed, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was the reliability indicator. RESULTS A total of 147 participants were involved. Content validity resulted in acceptable outcomes (item and scale content validity indexes were 0.95 and 0.75, respectively). Anxiety and depression were associated with total score and psychological distress status (P < 0.001), supporting the convergent validity outcomes. Principal component analysis using varimax rotation revealed two factors, explaining 76.14% of variance (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for anxiety, depression and total score were 0.780, 0.500 and 0.713, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated adequate validity and reliability for the Indonesian version of a four-item patient health questionnaire among patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is applicable as a screening tool for psychological distress in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anggi Lukman Wicaksana
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,The Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Raden Bowo Pramono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Fiska Nur Aini
- School of Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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23
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Garrido-Macías M, Villanueva-Moya L, Alonso-Ferres M, Sánchez-Hernández MD, Badenes-Sastre M, Beltrán-Morillas AM, Herrera A, Expósito F, Herrera MC. Sexting during confinement in Spain: prevalence, motivations and predictor variables ( Sexting durante el confinamiento en España: prevalencia, motivaciones y variables predictoras). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2021.1950460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Villanueva-Moya
- Centro de Investigación, Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada
| | - María Alonso-Ferres
- Centro de Investigación, Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada
| | | | - Marta Badenes-Sastre
- Centro de Investigación, Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada
| | | | - Antonio Herrera
- Centro de Investigación, Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada
| | - Francisca Expósito
- Centro de Investigación, Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada
| | - M. Carmen Herrera
- Centro de Investigación, Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada
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24
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Qiu Y, Huang J, Sun J, Zhao J, Chen A, Chen J, Wu R, Li S, Teng Z, Tan Y, Wang B, Wu H. Prevalence of Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the Outpatient Psychiatric Patients and Their Family Members in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:622339. [PMID: 34113277 PMCID: PMC8185154 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.622339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with mental health symptoms in psychiatric outpatients and their family members in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements for depression, anxiety and acute stress from 269 psychiatric patients and 231 family members in the Second Xiangya Hospital in China from April 27, 2020 to May 8, 2020. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with mental health outcomes. Result: The results of this survey revealed that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and acute stress were highly prevalent symptoms in the psychiatric patient group. Respondents who were female, unmarried or highly educated were significantly more likely to have the above symptoms. In the family member group, more than half of them felt that the burden of nursing had increased during the epidemic. Subjects with a high degree of burden of care were significantly more likely to exhibit the above mental health symptoms, while females were significantly more likely to have acute stress. Conclusions: The results of this survey revealed a high prevalence of mental health disorder symptoms among psychiatric patients and an increased burden of nursing among their family members after the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Understanding the risk factors in those particular groups of people help improve the public health service system for mental health problems during public health events. For further study, exploration of the needs of mental health services and dynamic change tracking will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxu Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Apian Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxi Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bolun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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25
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Gallea JI, Medrano LA, Morera LP. Work-Related Mental Health Issues in Graduate Student Population. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:593562. [PMID: 33867910 PMCID: PMC8049290 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.593562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific and educational community is becoming increasingly aware of the impact of current academic working conditions on graduate students' mental health and how this is affecting scientific progress and ultimately society as a whole. Our study aimed to shed light on the work-related mental health issues affecting graduate students, providing a comprehensive research work including psychological and biological assessment. Our findings showed that a sizeable number of graduate student present anxiety, depression, or high burnout and that the time spent in academia plays an important role. The graduate student population displayed a specific work-related mental health issues profile with an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and low levels of work engagement. Finally, graduate students were equally stressed, with less work engagement, and more anxious and depressed than general workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Gallea
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Adrián Medrano
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
- Vicerrectoria de Investigación, Pontifica Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - Luis Pedro Morera
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Pizzirusso M, Carrion-Park C, Clark US, Gonzalez J, Byrd D, Morgello S. Physical and Mental Health Screening in a New York City HIV Cohort During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Report. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:e54-e60. [PMID: 33148994 PMCID: PMC7878300 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been observed. Psychiatric symptoms in people living with HIV, and their relationship to physical symptomatology and prior psychopathology, are not yet reported. SETTING An HIV cohort sheltering-in-place in New York City. METHODS Forty-nine participants in a longitudinal study were contacted by telephone in April 2020. A structured interview queried COVID-19-associated physical symptoms, and mental health screens were performed with the generalized anxiety disorder-2 (GAD-2) and patient health questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Prior medical and neuropsychiatric data were obtained from preceding study visits. Post-hoc analyses were performed. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 62.1 years, 39% were women, and 35% African American, 37% Latinx, and 28% Caucasian. COVID-19-indicator symptoms were present in 69%; 41% had respiratory and 61% extra-pulmonary symptoms. Mental health symptoms were endorsed in 45% with PHQ-2 and 43% with GAD-2, although threshold for major depression was met in only 4% and for GAD in 14%. Higher PHQ scores were associated with respiratory symptoms, but not prior mood or anxiety disorders. GAD-2 scores were higher with past mood disorders, but not with prior anxiety disorders or respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Physical symptoms were frequent and mild psychiatric symptoms were common, but serious anxiety and depression were not often endorsed by this group of people living with HIV at the acute height of the New York City COVID-19 pandemic. Reasons for this are unclear, as this preliminary report is descriptive in nature. Short- and long-term consequences of acute mental health symptoms require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pizzirusso
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Cira Carrion-Park
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Uraina S. Clark
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jairo Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Desiree Byrd
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY; and
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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27
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Muñoz-Navarro R, Adrián Medrano L, González-Blanch C, Carpallo-González M, Olave L, Iruarrizaga I, Ruiz-Rodríguez P, Moriana JA, Cano-Vindel A. Validity of Brief Scales for Assessing Transdiagnostic Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Primary Care Patients With Emotional Disorders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies have been proposed as an explanation for transdiagnostic vulnerability to emotional disorders, which are highly prevalent in the primary care setting. The use of brief psychological instruments to detect cognitive-emotional factors – such as worry, rumination, interpretative and attentional distortions, and metacognitions – could provide valuable clinical data to better guide treatment in primary care. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of four brief scales derived from the full versions of four assessment instruments (PSWQ, RRS, IACTA, and MCQ-30). The brief scales were completed by 1,250 primary care patients with an emotional disorder diagnosed by a general practitioner. The following characteristics of the scales were assessed: (a) internal structure (assessed by confirmatory factor analysis), (b) internal consistency, (c) convergent validity, (d) metric invariance across gender and age, and (e) predictive validity. The results showed a unifactorial structure for all of the tested scales, with an acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity, and invariance across gender and age. The brief scales presented predictive validity using the PHQ-4, a 4-item scale used to detect depression and generalized anxiety disorders, suggesting that these brief scales are optimal for use in the primary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Muñoz-Navarro
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Work and Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Leonardo Adrián Medrano
- Faculty of Psychology, University Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - César González-Blanch
- Mental Health Centre, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla” – IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Leticia Olave
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Castilla La Nueva Primary Care Centre, Health Service of Madrid, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Moriana
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba/Maimónides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba-IMIBIC/Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano-Vindel
- Faculty of Psychology, University Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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28
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Byrd-Bredbenner C, Eck K, Quick V. GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-mini: Psychometric properties and norms of university students in the United States. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 69:61-66. [PMID: 33571925 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7 & GAD-2) scales are reliable and valid instruments for assessing generalized anxiety symptoms in the general and clinical populations. However, little attention has been given to the psychometric qualities of GAD-7 and reduced length versions in a diverse sample of young adult college students stratified by sex. Thus, the aims for this study are to test psychometric properties and normative values of GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-Mini scales. METHOD U.S university students (N = 4128; females n = 2527, males n = 1601) ages 18-26 years completed an online survey composed of the GAD-7, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and demographic questions. RESULTS Exploratory principal components analysis yielded a one factor solution for GAD-7 across sexes. In reducing scale length, iterative confirmatory principal components analyses stratified by sex revealed a two-item scale (GAD-Mini) with high factor loading items, internal consistency (α ≥ 0.85), and construct validity with PHQ-2 (r ≥ 0.55). Normative data indicate that regardless of whether GAD-7, GAD-2, or GAD-Mini scores were considered, about three-quarters of men and two-thirds of women scored below the reasonable cut-points in screening for GAD. CONCLUSION Findings from this study may help health care providers and researchers better understand the interpretation of these scales among university students when screening for GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Byrd-Bredbenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Eck
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Virginia Quick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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29
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Rotberg B, Wittenberg J, Orkin J, Saunders NR, Cohen E. Caring about caregivers: the role of paediatricians in supporting the mental health of parents of children with high caregiving needs. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:1028-1030. [PMID: 32376696 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Rotberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Wittenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Orkin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Ruth Saunders
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Cohen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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De Boni RB, Balanzá-Martínez V, Mota JC, Cardoso TDA, Ballester P, Atienza-Carbonell B, Bastos FI, Kapczinski F. Depression, Anxiety, and Lifestyle Among Essential Workers: A Web Survey From Brazil and Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e22835. [PMID: 33038075 PMCID: PMC7641648 DOI: 10.2196/22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential workers have been shown to present a higher prevalence of positive screenings for anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals from countries with socioeconomic inequalities may be at increased risk for mental health disorders. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and their comorbidity among essential workers in Brazil and Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A web survey was conducted between April and May 2020 in both countries. The main outcome was a positive screening for depression only, anxiety only, or both. Lifestyle was measured using a lifestyle multidimensional scale adapted for the COVID-19 pandemic (Short Multidimensional Inventory Lifestyle Evaluation-Confinement). A multinomial logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the factors associated with depression, anxiety, and the presence of both conditions. RESULTS From the 22,786 individuals included in the web survey, 3745 self-reported to be essential workers. Overall, 8.3% (n=311), 11.6% (n=434), and 27.4% (n=1027) presented positive screenings for depression, anxiety, and both, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, the multinomial model showed that an unhealthy lifestyle increased the likelihood of depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.00, 95% CI 2.72-5.87), anxiety (AOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.80-3.20), and both anxiety and depression (AOR 8.30, 95% CI 5.90-11.7). Living in Brazil was associated with increased odds of depression (AOR 2.89, 95% CI 2.07-4.06), anxiety (AOR 2.81, 95%CI 2.11-3.74), and both conditions (AOR 5.99, 95% CI 4.53-7.91). CONCLUSIONS Interventions addressing lifestyle may be useful in dealing with symptoms of common mental disorders during the strain imposed among essential workers by the COVID-19 pandemic. Essential workers who live in middle-income countries with higher rates of inequality may face additional challenges. Ensuring equitable treatment and support may be an important challenge ahead, considering the possible syndemic effect of the social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Brandini De Boni
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jurema Correa Mota
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Ballester
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Francisco I Bastos
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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31
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Rodríguez-Muñoz MDLF, Ruiz-Segovia N, Soto-Balbuena C, Le HN, Olivares-Crespo ME, Izquierdo-Méndez N. The Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 for Pregnant Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7583. [PMID: 33086483 PMCID: PMC7589845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Perinatal anxiety and depression are common complications during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the item characteristics, reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and to determine the associations between scale scores and sociodemographic factors in a sample of pregnant women from Spain. Method: A total of 845 pregnant women were recruited from two public hospitals in Spain between 2014 and 2016. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-4, including the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and scale inter-correlations between the PHQ-4 and PHQ-9 revealed that the PHQ-4 has a bivariate structure and adequately assesses the dimensions of antenatal anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for depression and anxiety during pregnancy. The PHQ-4 is an ultra-brief measure that can be used to screen for antenatal depression and anxiety to prevent the negative consequences associated with these mental health conditions among mothers and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Segovia
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Soto-Balbuena
- Deparment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Huynh-Nhu Le
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - María Eugenia Olivares-Crespo
- Deparment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Instituto de Salud de la Mujer José Botella Llusiá, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Faculty of Medicine Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.O.-C.); (N.I.-M.)
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Méndez
- Deparment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Instituto de Salud de la Mujer José Botella Llusiá, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Faculty of Medicine Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.O.-C.); (N.I.-M.)
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Byrd-Bredbenner C, Eck K, Quick V. Psychometric Properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Mini in United States University Students. Front Psychol 2020; 11:550533. [PMID: 33071867 PMCID: PMC7541941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in young adults, yet few studies have established the psychometric properties of the GAD-7 screener in college students. Methods: A secondary analysis of three studies was conducted to determine GAD-7 factor structure stability, create a GAD-Mini version using standard procedures, and evaluate the psychometric properties, validity, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of both versions in young adults. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory principal components analysis indicated the GAD-7 has a single factor structure with strong loadings, reliability, and stability across data collected in three studies. Data from all studies met criteria indicative of good to excellent model fit. Iterative confirmatory principal components analyses revealed the most parsimonious group of items that maintained scale unidimensionality, strong loadings, and high reliability was two items (not able to stop or control worrying and worried too much). Both the GAD-7 and GAD-Mini exhibited good construct and convergent validity. Specificity, sensitivity, and negative predictive value were high, and positive predictive value was moderate to high for the GAD-Mini. Conclusions: The GAD-Mini is a psychometrically sound tool that can serve as a step toward universal screening in clinical practice and contribute to early treatment and improved health outcomes for GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn Eck
- Department of Nutritional Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Nelson HD, Cantor A, Pappas M, Weeks C. Screening for Anxiety in Adolescent and Adult Women: A Systematic Review for the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:29-41. [PMID: 32510989 DOI: 10.7326/m20-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are infrequently recognized during routine health care even though they are common in adolescent girls and adult women. PURPOSE To evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of screening for anxiety disorders in primary care in improving symptoms, function, and quality of life; harms of screening; accuracy of screening instruments; and effectiveness and harms of treatments. DATA SOURCES English-language searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments (1 January 1996 to 4 November 2019); ClinicalTrials.gov (November 2019); and reference lists of studies and reviews. STUDY SELECTION Studies that enrolled adolescent girls and adult women not currently diagnosed with anxiety disorders, including pregnant or postpartum women, and compared clinical outcomes and harms between women who were and were not screened; diagnostic accuracy studies of screening instruments; and systematic reviews of randomized trials of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments. DATA EXTRACTION Dual extraction and quality assessment of individual studies. DATA SYNTHESIS No studies evaluated the overall effectiveness or harms of screening. Thirty-three studies and 2 systematic reviews (171 studies; 112 574 participants) evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of 27 screening instruments and their variations against a clinical diagnosis or other instruments. Most demonstrated moderate to high accuracy for adults (Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale: sensitivity, 70% to 97%; specificity, 50% to 89%), pregnant and postpartum women (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: sensitivity, 74%; specificity, 64%), and adolescents (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders: sensitivity, 64% to 74%; specificity, 64% to 73%). Anxiety symptoms improved with cognitive behavioral therapy (246 randomized controlled trials; 17 209 participants) and antianxiety medications (126 randomized controlled trials; 8225 participants). LIMITATION Limited data on long-term harms of treatment and no treatment trials in pregnant or postpartum women. CONCLUSION Evidence on the overall effectiveness and harms of screening for anxiety is insufficient. Most screening instruments are moderately to highly accurate. Behavioral therapies and antianxiety medications effectively improve anxiety symptoms. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Health Resources and Services Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi D Nelson
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (H.D.N., A.C., M.P., C.W.)
| | - Amy Cantor
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (H.D.N., A.C., M.P., C.W.)
| | - Miranda Pappas
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (H.D.N., A.C., M.P., C.W.)
| | - Chandler Weeks
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (H.D.N., A.C., M.P., C.W.)
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Gregory KD, Chelmow D, Nelson HD, Van Niel MS, Conry JA, Garcia F, Kendig SM, O'Reilly N, Qaseem A, Ramos D, Salganicoff A, Son S, Wood JK, Zahn C. Screening for Anxiety in Adolescent and Adult Women: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:48-56. [PMID: 32510990 DOI: 10.7326/m20-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DESCRIPTION The Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI), a national coalition of women's health professional organizations and patient representatives, developed a recommendation on screening for anxiety in adolescent and adult women to improve detection; achieve earlier diagnosis and treatment; and improve health, function, and well-being. The WPSI's recommendations are intended to guide clinical practice and coverage of services for the Health Resources and Services Administration and other stakeholders. The target audience for this recommendation includes all clinicians providing preventive health care to women, particularly in primary care settings. This recommendation applies to women and adolescent girls aged 13 years or older who are not currently diagnosed with anxiety disorders, including pregnant and postpartum women. METHODS The WPSI developed this recommendation after evaluating results of a systematic review of the effectiveness of screening, accuracy of screening instruments, and benefits and harms of treatments in adolescent girls and adult women. No studies directly evaluated the overall effectiveness or harms of screening for anxiety. Twenty-seven screening instruments and their variations were moderately to highly accurate in identifying anxiety (33 individual studies and 2 systematic reviews; 171 studies total). Symptoms improved and relapse rates decreased with psychological therapies (246 randomized controlled trials [RCTs] in 5 systematic reviews) and with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (126 RCTs in 3 systematic reviews). The WPSI also considered the effect of screening on symptom progression and identification of associated and underlying conditions, as well as implementation factors. RECOMMENDATION The WPSI recommends screening for anxiety in women and adolescent girls aged 13 years or older who are not currently diagnosed with anxiety disorders, including pregnant and postpartum women. Optimal screening intervals are unknown, and clinical judgment should be used to determine frequency. When screening suggests the presence of anxiety, further evaluation is necessary to establish the diagnosis and determine appropriate treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Chelmow
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.C.)
| | - Heidi D Nelson
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (H.D.N.)
| | | | - Jeanne A Conry
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC (J.A.C., N.O., S.S., C.Z.)
| | | | - Susan M Kendig
- National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women's Health, Washington, DC (S.M.K.)
| | - Nancy O'Reilly
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC (J.A.C., N.O., S.S., C.Z.)
| | - Amir Qaseem
- American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.Q.)
| | - Diana Ramos
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California (D.R.)
| | | | - Sarah Son
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC (J.A.C., N.O., S.S., C.Z.)
| | - Julie K Wood
- American Academy of Family Physicians, Leawood, Kansas (J.K.W.)
| | - Christopher Zahn
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC (J.A.C., N.O., S.S., C.Z.)
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Barrera AZ, Moh YS, Nichols A, Le HN. The Factor Reliability and Convergent Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 Among an International Sample of Pregnant Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 30:525-532. [PMID: 32609041 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pregnant women are at an increased risk for anxiety and depression, but a majority of women go untreated due to a high rate of undetected symptoms. The 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) is an ultrabrief screening instrument for anxiety and depression with sound psychometric properties demonstrated in the general population and primary care, but not among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to provide initial evidence of the validity and reliability of the PHQ-4 among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Data from an international sample of 1148 pregnant women who participated in an online cross-sectional survey were examined using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup analysis approaches. Average chronological and gestational ages were 27.7 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 6.5) and 16.8 weeks (SD = 10.6), respectively. Participants were from diverse cultural backgrounds and English and Spanish speaking (n = 587 and n = 561, respectively). Results: CFA reflected two distinct factors, which accounted for 59% of the proportion of variance in the two anxiety items and 50% in the two depression items. Coefficient H values of 0.74 for anxiety and 0.70 for depression suggested good factor reliability. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating initial evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the PHQ-4 in pregnant women. Should this study be replicated, a clinical interview, which is the gold standard procedure, should be included. Regardless, the PHQ-4 may be a useful ultrabrief resource for maternal mental health clinicians and health care providers who need to identify potential cases of anxiety and depression in pregnant women using efficient and evidence-based tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinne Z Barrera
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Yoon Suh Moh
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra Nichols
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Huynh-Nhu Le
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Watson SE, Spurling SE, Fieldhouse AM, Montgomery VL, Wintergerst KA. Depression and Anxiety Screening in Adolescents With Diabetes. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2020; 59:445-449. [PMID: 32066264 DOI: 10.1177/0009922820905861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with diabetes are at increased risk for depression and anxiety, which when untreated negatively affects diabetes control. During a 6-month period, the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) screening tool was utilized. Those with a positive screen then completed the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale. In this article, we report on the correlations in outcomes between the PHQ-4 and the PHQ-A and GAD-7 and its clinical utility for determining the need for standard versus acute behavioral health care. Over 6 months, 77 patients aged 10 to 18 years screened positive on the PHQ-4. Thirty-two patients had positive screening with the PHQ-A and/or the GAD-7. Thoughts of self-harm were reported by 13 (40%), with 1 experiencing current/active symptoms. The PHQ-4 as a screening tool was able to identify adolescents with symptoms of depression and/or anxiety who would benefit from further evaluation by a behavioral health provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Watson
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sarah E Spurling
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Abigail M Fieldhouse
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Kupper A Wintergerst
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
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Adaptation of the two-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-2) to Chinese rural population: A validation study and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 60:50-56. [PMID: 31326672 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The two-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-2) has been investigated in different populations, but with limited evaluation in the Chinese population. This study aimed to validate the diagnostic accuracy of GAD-2 for identifying GAD through a validation study along with an updated meta-analysis. METHODS We recruited 694 adults in 2015 from "the Henan Rural Cohort study" where the GAD-7 questionnaire was adopted as the gold standard diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and Cronbach's α were determined. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the GAD-2. RESULTS In this study, 37 patients [5.33%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.78-7.27%] met the criteria for current GAD. The GAD-2 showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.806 and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.954 (95% CI: 0.936-0.968). At a cutoff of 3, GAD-2 had highest Youden's index of 0.845, with a sensitivity of 0.865 and a specificity of 0.980. A total of 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.80, 0.82 and 17.81, respectively, at the optimal cutoff of 3. CONCLUSION GAD-2 has acceptable properties for identifying GAD at a cutoff of 3 in the Chinese rural population.
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Moreno E, Muñoz-Navarro R, Medrano LA, González-Blanch C, Ruiz-Rodríguez P, Limonero JT, Moretti LS, Cano-Vindel A, Moriana JA. Factorial invariance of a computerized version of the GAD-7 across various demographic groups and over time in primary care patients. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:114-121. [PMID: 30981054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) is commonly used by clinicians and researchers to screen for anxiety disorders and to monitor anxiety symptoms in primary care. However, findings regarding its factor structure are mixed, with most studies reporting a best-fitting for a one-factor structure, whereas others indicate a two-factor model. To be valid for comparisons, the GAD-7 should measure the same latent construct with the same structure across groups and over time. We aimed to examine the best-fit factor structure model of the GAD-7 among primary care patients and to evaluate its measurement invariance. METHODS A total of 1255 patients completed the computerized version of GAD-7 and a subsample of 238 cases was assessed at the 3-month follow-up. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed and analyses of multiple-group invariance were also conducted to determine the extent to which the factor structure was comparable across various sociodemographic groups and over time. RESULTS The results showed that both a one- and two-factor structure (representing somatic and cognitive-affective components) were invariant across sociodemographic groups and over time. The two-factor structure provided the best model fit. LIMITATIONS Results cannot be generalized to all primary care patients, as only patients whose general practitioners consider them to suffer emotional disorders were included. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the reliability and validity of the one- and two-factor model of the GAD-7, both for screening purposes and for monitoring response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Maimónides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba-IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Roger Muñoz-Navarro
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - César González-Blanch
- Mental Health Centre, University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla"- IDIVAL, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Castilla La Nueva Primary Care Centre, Health Service of Madrid, Calle Teruel, 4, 28941 Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquín T Limonero
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luciana Sofía Moretti
- Faculty of Psychology, University Siglo 21, De los Latinos 8555, 5008 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Antonio Cano-Vindel
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Moriana
- Department of Psychology, Maimónides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba-IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Thom B, Benedict C. The Impact of Financial Toxicity on Psychological Well-Being, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Cost-Coping Behaviors in Young Adults with Cancer. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2019; 8:236-242. [PMID: 30817217 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The increase in cost-sharing between patients and payers has resulted in financial toxicity in cancer patients, particularly among young adult (YA) patients and survivors (<40 years of age). This study explored financial toxicity and its impact on psychological well-being, self-efficacy for coping with cancer, and cost-coping behaviors among a sample of YA cancer patients and survivors. Methods: One hundred forty YAs completed an anonymous online survey. The Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity measured financial toxicity and the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief measured coping self-efficacy. The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 and items from the Impact of Cancer-Young Adult and the Cancer Needs Questionnaire-Young People assessed psychological well-being. A single item assessed cost-coping behaviors (i.e., skipping or delaying treatment because of its cost). Analyses included Pearson and Spearman correlation matrices and multivariate regression modeling. Results: Worse financial toxicity was associated with lower insurance satisfaction (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms (r = -0.42, p < 0.001), greater worry (p < 0.001), and lower self-efficacy in coping with cancer (i.e., maintaining independence and a positive attitude, r = 0.41, p < 0.001; coping and stress management, r = 0.43, p < 0.001; and managing negative effect, r = 0.20, p = 0.02). In multivariate modeling, financial toxicity related to skipping or delaying treatment and greater anxiety and depression symptomology, controlling for relevant covariates. Conclusion: The findings suggest financial toxicity negatively impacts many facets of the YA cancer experience. There is a need to address the cost of cancer care with patients to ensure they are informed about the financial implications of treatment decisions and to support financial planning as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Thom
- 1 Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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