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Ma Z, Dwivedi AK, Clack HL. Effects of chemically-reductive trace gas contaminants on non-thermal plasma inactivation of an airborne virus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173447. [PMID: 38788942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of airborne infectious diseases poses great risk for public health and socio-economic stability, thus, there is a need for an effective control method targeting the spread and transmission of pathogenic aerosols. The existence of chemically-reductive trace air contaminants in animal agriculture may affect the oxidation inactivation process of pathogens. In this study, we report how the presence of such gasses impacts the effectiveness of using non-thermal plasma (NTP) within a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor to inactivate MS2 bacteriophage. Inactivation of the aerosolized bacteriophage is determined by the combination of viability and polymerase chain reaction assays. Using a plasma power source with a voltage of 20 kV and frequency of 350 Hz, after differentiating and excluding the physical removal effects of viral aerosols potentially caused by plasma, the baseline inactivation of MS2 aerosol in air has been determined based on an overall air flow rate of 200 Liters per minute and plasma discharge power of 1.8 W. When either ammonia or hydrogen sulfide gas is introduced into the airstream at a concentration of 1 part per million, the NTP virus inactivation efficiency is reduced to around 0.5-log from the 1-log baseline inactivation in air alone. Higher concentrations of those gasses will not further inhibit the effectiveness of plasma inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ma
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Anubhav Kumar Dwivedi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Herek L Clack
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Chang Y, Wang Y, Li W, Wei Z, Tang S, Chen R. Mechanisms, Techniques and Devices of Airborne Virus Detection: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085471. [PMID: 37107752 PMCID: PMC10138381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne viruses, such as COVID-19, cause pandemics all over the world. Virus-containing particles produced by infected individuals are suspended in the air for extended periods, actually resulting in viral aerosols and the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol collection and detection devices are essential for limiting the spread of airborne virus diseases. This review provides an overview of the primary mechanisms and enhancement techniques for collecting and detecting airborne viruses. Indoor virus detection strategies for scenarios with varying ventilations are also summarized based on the excellent performance of existing advanced comprehensive devices. This review provides guidance for the development of future aerosol detection devices and aids in the control of airborne transmission diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza and other airborne transmission viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zewen Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Campbell SJ, Wolfer K, Gallimore PJ, Giorio C, Häussinger D, Boillat MA, Kalberer M. Characterization and Quantification of Particle-Bound Criegee Intermediates in Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12945-12954. [PMID: 36054832 PMCID: PMC9494744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ozonolysis of alkenes contributes substantially to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which are important modulators of air quality and the Earth's climate. Criegee intermediates (CIs) are abundantly formed through this reaction. However, their contributions to aerosol particle chemistry remain highly uncertain. In this work, we present the first application of a novel methodology, using spin traps, which simultaneously quantifies CIs produced from the ozonolysis of volatile organic compounds in the gas and particle phases. Only the smallest CI with one carbon atom was detected in the gas phase of a β-caryophyllene ozonolysis reaction system. However, multiple particle-bound CIs were observed in β-caryophyllene SOA. The concentration of the most abundant CI isomer in the particle phase was estimated to constitute ∼0.013% of the SOA mass under atmospherically relevant conditions. We also demonstrate that the lifetime of CIs in highly viscous SOA particles is at least on the order of minutes, substantially greater than their gas-phase lifetime. The confirmation of substantial concentrations of large CIs with elongated lifetimes in SOA raises new questions regarding their influence on the chemical evolution of viscous SOA particles, where CIs may be a previously underestimated source of reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Campbell
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Kate Wolfer
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Gallimore
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PS, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Aurèle Boillat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Lu F, Gecgel O, Ramanujam A, Botte GG. SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance in Indoor Air Using Electrochemical Sensor for Continuous Monitoring and Real-Time Alerts. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:523. [PMID: 35884326 PMCID: PMC9312472 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and there is still a lack of rapid detection techniques for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in indoor air. In this work, two test rigs were developed that enable continuous air monitoring for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by sample collection and testing. The collected samples from simulated SARS-CoV-2 contaminated air were analyzed using an ultra-fast COVID-19 diagnostic sensor (UFC-19). The test rigs utilized two air sampling methods: cyclone-based collection and internal impaction. The former achieved a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.004 cp/L in the air (which translates to 0.5 cp/mL when tested in aqueous solution), lower than the latter with a limit of 0.029 cp/L in the air. The LoD of 0.5 cp/mL using the UFC-19 sensor in aqueous solution is significantly lower than the best-in-class assays (100 cp/mL) and FDA EUA RT-PCR test (6250 cp/mL). In addition, the developed test rig provides an ultra-fast method to detect airborne SARS-CoV-2. The required time to test 250 L air is less than 5 min. While most of the time is consumed by the air collection process, the sensing is completed in less than 2 s using the UFC-19 sensor. This method is much faster than both the rapid antigen (<20 min) and RT-PCR test (<90 min).
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Wang IJ, Chen YC, Su C, Tsai MH, Shen WT, Bai CH, Yu KP. Effectiveness of the Nanosilver/TiO 2-Chitosan Antiviral Filter on the Removal of Viral Aerosols. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2021; 34:293-302. [PMID: 33761275 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The precaution of airborne transmission of viruses, such as influenza, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, is essential for reducing infection. In this study, we applied a zero-valent nanosilver/titania-chitosan (nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS) filter bed, whose broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy has been proven previously, for the removal of viral aerosols to minimize the risk of airborne transmission. Methods: The photochemical deposition method was used to synthesize the nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS antiviral material. The surface morphology, elemental composition, and microstructure of the nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS were analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and a transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The MS2 bacteriophages were used as surrogate viral aerosols. The antiviral efficacy of nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS was evaluated by the MS2 plaque reduction assay (PRA) and filtration experiments. In the filtration experiments, the MS2 aerosols passed through the nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS filter, and the MS2 aerosol removal efficiency was evaluated by an optical particle counter and culture method. Results and Conclusions: In the MS2 PRA, 3 g of nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS inactivated 97% of MS2 bacteriophages in 20 mL liquid culture (2 ± 0.5 × 1016 PFU/mL) within 2 hours. The removal efficiency of nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS filter (thickness: 6 cm) for MS2 aerosols reached up to 93%. Over 95% of MS2 bacteriophages on the surface of the nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS filter were inactivated within 20 minutes. The Wells-Riley model predicted that when the nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS filter was used in the ventilation system, airborne infection probability would reduce from 99% to 34.6%. The nano-Ag0/TiO2-CS filter could remain at 50% of its original antiviral efficiency after continuous operation for 1 week, indicating its feasibility for the control of the airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jen Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC).,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC).,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chi Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chien Su
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Ming-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wan-Tien Shen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chun-Hsuan Bai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Kuo-Pin Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)
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Ossola R, Jönsson OM, Moor K, McNeill K. Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yields in Environmental Waters. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4100-4146. [PMID: 33683861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a reactive oxygen species produced in sunlit waters via energy transfer from the triplet states of natural sensitizers. There has been an increasing interest in measuring apparent 1O2 quantum yields (ΦΔ) of aquatic and atmospheric organic matter samples, driven in part by the fact that this parameter can be used for environmental fate modeling of organic contaminants and to advance our understanding of dissolved organic matter photophysics. However, the lack of reproducibility across research groups and publications remains a challenge that significantly limits the usability of literature data. In the first part of this review, we critically evaluate the experimental techniques that have been used to determine ΦΔ values of natural organic matter, we identify and quantify sources of errors that potentially explain the large variability in the literature, and we provide general experimental recommendations for future studies. In the second part, we provide a qualitative overview of known ΦΔ trends as a function of organic matter type, isolation and extraction procedures, bulk water chemistry parameters, molecular and spectroscopic organic matter features, chemical treatments, wavelength, season, and location. This review is supplemented with a comprehensive database of ΦΔ values of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar Martin Jönsson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Moor
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, 84322 Logan, Utah, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Chen YC, Wang IJ, Cheng CC, Wu YC, Bai CH, Yu KP. Effect of selected sampling media, flow rate, and time on the sampling efficiency of a liquid impinger packed with glass beads for the collection of airborne viruses. AEROBIOLOGIA 2021; 37:243-252. [PMID: 33462522 PMCID: PMC7805564 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-020-09683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The liquid impingers can be used for sampling of viral aerosols, such as COVID-19 virus, influenza, and measles. However, the lowest cutoff diameter of commercially available liquid impingers was about 0.3 μm, and the physical collection efficiency for nano-bioaerosol is only about 10-20%. Here, we enhanced the impinger's collection efficiency and recovery of viable viral aerosols by using packed glass beads and selected sampling media (1% peptone and lysogeny broth, LB). Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) MS2 bacteriophage with uranine (as a physical tracer) was used as model viral aerosols. The effects of different sampling flow rates (4, 6, and 12.5 L per minute) and different sampling time (10, 20, and 30 min) on the collection efficiency and recovery of MS2 aerosols were also tested. Collection efficiency and recovery of viable viral aerosols were analyzed as a function of sampling media, flow rate, and sampling time and packed glass beads by using a general linear model. Although the packed glass beads considerably enhanced the collection efficiency of the liquid impinger for MS2 aerosols, the recovery of viable MS2 becomes lower due to the higher pressure drop across the impinger. Using peptone or LB as sampling media, reducing sampling flow rate, and decreasing sampling time was proven to improve the recovery of viable MS2. Conclusively, this study provides some practical methods to improve the collection efficiency of liquid impinger for viral aerosols and preserve their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chi Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei City, 11221 Taiwan (ROC)
| | - I-Jen Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei City, 11221 Taiwan (ROC)
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.127, Su-Yuan Road, New Taipei City, 24213 Taiwan (ROC)
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Cheng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei City, 11221 Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Chiao Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei City, 11221 Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chun-Hsuan Bai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei City, 11221 Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Kuo-Pin Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei City, 11221 Taiwan (ROC)
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Hauser CD, Mailig R, Stadtler H, Reed J, Chen S, Uffman E, Bernd K. Waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicity: the impact of waterpipe size. Tob Control 2020; 29:s90-s94. [PMID: 31492721 PMCID: PMC7839942 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waterpipe tobacco smoking continues to show increasing popularity, especially among individuals between 18 and 22 years old. Waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) is a mixture of particulates and gases formed from the combustion of the charcoal and volatilisation and humidification of the tobacco+humectant+flavouring substrate known as shisha or mu'assel. As such, variation in the configuration of the waterpipe may affect the particles produced. Our study focuses on the effects of waterpipe size on the physical properties and cytotoxicity of the smoke produced. METHODS Shisha type and headspace volume were held constant and a modified Beirut puff protocol was followed while the size of the waterpipe was varied. Particle concentrations and size distributions were measured using a TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer. Type II alveolar cells were exposed to smoke at the air-liquid interface and two metrics of cell health analysed. RESULTS In a 30 min session, we observed a decrease in total particle concentration (1014-1013) and mass (10 000-2800 mg/m3) and an increase in particle size (125-170 nm) as pipe height increases from 22 to 55 cm and bowl size from 300 to 1250 mL. Smoke from all pipe sizes caused decreases in lysosomal function (>40%) and membrane integrity (>60%) 24 hours post 57 min exposure, and meet the National Institutes of Health definition of a cytotoxic agent (≥30% decrease in cell viability). CONCLUSION Smoke from waterpipes of all sizes causes significant alveolar cellular harm, indicating that this device needs regulation as a hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronnae Mailig
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah Stadtler
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenna Reed
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emilie Uffman
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Bernd
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
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Haddrell AE, Thomas RJ. Aerobiology: Experimental Considerations, Observations, and Future Tools. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00809-17. [PMID: 28667111 PMCID: PMC5561278 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00809-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding airborne survival and decay of microorganisms is important for a range of public health and biodefense applications, including epidemiological and risk analysis modeling. Techniques for experimental aerosol generation, retention in the aerosol phase, and sampling require careful consideration and understanding so that they are representative of the conditions the bioaerosol would experience in the environment. This review explores the current understanding of atmospheric transport in relation to advances and limitations of aerosol generation, maintenance in the aerosol phase, and sampling techniques. Potential tools for the future are examined at the interface between atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics, and molecular microbiology where the heterogeneity and variability of aerosols can be explored at the single-droplet and single-microorganism levels within a bioaerosol. The review highlights the importance of method comparison and validation in bioaerosol research and the benefits that the application of novel techniques could bring to increasing the understanding of aerobiological phenomena in diverse research fields, particularly during the progression of atmospheric transport, where complex interdependent physicochemical and biological processes occur within bioaerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen E Haddrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Thomas
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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