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Asaaga FA, Tomude ES, Rahman M, Shakeer I, Ghotge NS, Burthe SJ, Schäfer SM, Vanak AT, Purse BV, Hoti SL. What is the state of the art on traditional medicine interventions for zoonotic diseases in the Indian subcontinent? A scoping review of the peer-reviewed evidence base. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:249. [PMID: 38951780 PMCID: PMC11218393 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional medicine (TM) interventions are plausible therapeutic alternatives to conventional medical interventions against emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases, particularly in low-and middle-income countries that may lack resources and infrastructure. Despite the growing popularity in the usage of TM interventions, their clinical safety and effectiveness are still contested within conventional healthcare in many countries. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature that synthesises and maps the evidence on TM interventions for the treatment and prevention of zoonoses on the Indian subcontinent. The region, a global hotspot of biodiversity and emerging infections, is characterised by high prevalence of TM use. Based on the scientific literature (mostly case study research, n=l06 studies), our review (1) maps the scope of the literature, (2) synthesises the evidence on the application of TM interventions for zoonoses, and (3) critically reflects on the state of TM and identifies areas for future research focus. RESULTS The evidence synthesis confirmed widespread usage of TM interventions for zoonoses on the subcontinent, with the majority of research reported from India (n=99 studies, 93.4%), followed by Pakistan (n=3 studies, 2.8%), Bangladesh (n=2 studies, 1.9%), and Sri Lanka (n=1, 0.9%). Most of the reviewed studies reported on ethno-medicinal uses of plant species, primarily for treating dengue (n=20 studies), tuberculosis (n=18 studies), Escherichia coli infection (n=16 studies), lymphatic filariasis and cholera (n=9 apiece). However, the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of these reported TM interventions is limited, indicating that these data are rarely collected and/or shared within the peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSION This review thus highlights that, whilst TMs are already being used and could offer more widely accessible interventions against emerging and endemic zoonoses and ectoparasites, there is an urgent need for rigorous clinical testing and validation of the safety and effectiveness of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festus A Asaaga
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom, OX10 8BB.
| | - Emmanuel S Tomude
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom, OX10 8BB
| | - Mujeeb Rahman
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
| | - Irfan Shakeer
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nitya S Ghotge
- , Anthra, Lantana Gardens NDA Road, Bavdhan, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah J Burthe
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH26 0QB
| | - Stefanie M Schäfer
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom, OX10 8BB
| | - Abi T Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bethan V Purse
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom, OX10 8BB
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Sudhan A, Prabhu K, Jones S, Balakrishnan D, Muttevi HK, Kalaivannan J. The GC-MS Analysis of Kabasura Kudineer: A Vital Siddha Drug in COVID-19 Therapy. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1821-S1823. [PMID: 38882785 PMCID: PMC11174244 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study focuses on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Kabasura Kudineer, a Siddha formulation renowned for its properties against cold and exclusively utilized during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods The medication was obtained from a reputable Siddha vendor in Chennai, India, and subsequently extracted and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results The GC-MS profiling revealed the presence of several molecules, including benzoic acid, eugenol, alpha-ylangeneol, trans-2,4-dimethylthiane, S, S-dioxide, humulene, methyl 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoate, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-hexadecyn-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl, sulfurous acid, butyl heptadecyl ester, chloroacetic acid, tetradecyl ester, n-propyl cinnamate, oleyl alcohol, trifluoroacetate, 1-heptatriacotanol, and fenretinide. These compounds exhibit expansive medicinal roles. Conclusion Kabasura Kudineer emerges as a highly effective remedy for cold-related ailments, particularly owing to the presence of bioactive compounds such as eugenol and humulene. These constituents play pivotal roles in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations into the individual medicinal efficacy of each identified molecule are warranted to substantiate the therapeutic potential of Kabasura Kudineer, providing valuable insights for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Sudhan
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, BIHER Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Prabhu
- Department of Anatomy Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, BIHER Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumathi Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, BIHER. Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepalakkshmi Balakrishnan
- Department of Research and Development, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, BIHER Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - J Kalaivannan
- Department of Anatomy, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College, Karaikal; Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Almutleb ES, Ramachandran S, Khan AA, El-Hiti GA, Alanazi SA. Synergistic Effect of Nilavembu Choornam-Gold Nanoparticles on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Susceptibility and Contact Lens Contamination-Associated Infectious Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2115. [PMID: 38396792 PMCID: PMC10889799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacterial colonies mitigate rapid biofilm formation and have complex cell wall fabrications, making it challenging to penetrate drugs across their biofilm barriers. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and contact lens barrenness. Nilavembu Choornam-Gold Nanoparticles (NC-GNPs) were synthesized using NC polyherbal extract and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, SEM-EDX, XRD, Zeta sizer, FTIR, and TEM analysis. Contact lenses with overnight cultures of antibiotic-resistant bacteria K. pneumoniae and S. aureus showed significant differences in growth, biofilm formation, and infection pathogenicity. The NC-GNPs were observed in terms of size (average size is 57.6 nm) and surface chemistry. A zone of inhibition was calculated for K. pneumoniae 18.8 ± 1.06, S. aureus 23.6 ± 1.15, P. aeruginosa 24.16 ± 0.87, and E. faecalis 24.5 ± 1.54 mm at 24 h of NC-GNPs alone treatment. In electron microscopy studies, NC-GNP-treated groups showed nuclear shrinkage, nuclear disintegration, degeneration of cell walls, and inhibited chromosomal division. In contrast, normal bacterial colonies had a higher number of cell divisions and routinely migrated toward cell multiplications. NC-GNPs exhibited antibacterial efficacy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria when compared to NC extract alone. We suggest that NC-GNPs are highly valuable to the population of hospitalized patients and other people to reduce the primary complications of contact lens contamination-oriented microbial infection and the therapeutic efficiency of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samivel Ramachandran
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.K.); (G.A.E.-H.); (S.A.A.)
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Siridechakorn I, Bhattarakosol P, Sasivimolrattana T, Anoma S, Wongwad E, Nuengchamnong N, Kowitdamrong E, Boonyasuppayakorn S, Waranuch N. Inhibitory efficiency of Andrographis paniculata extract on viral multiplication and nitric oxide production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19738. [PMID: 37957171 PMCID: PMC10643440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees is a medicinal plant previously reported with broad-spectrum antivirals but the mode of inhibition remains elusive. The objective of this study was to identify the most active fraction from A. paniculata ethanol extract (APE, APE-2A, APE-2B and APE-2C) and dry powder extract (APSP) against influenza A (H3N2), representing RNA viruses, and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), representing DNA viruses. The results showed that the fractions APSP, APE, APE-2B, and APE-2C directly neutralized the HSV-1 and influenza A (H3N2) when incubated at room temperature for 60 min before infecting the cells. The results also showed that the additional APE-2A fraction also directly neutralized the influenza A (H3N2), but not the HSV-1. The APE, APE-2B and APE-2C inhibited the HSV-1 by more than 0.5 log when the fractions were introduced after infection. Similarly, the APSP and APE inhibited the influenza A (H3N2) more than 0.5 log after infection. Only 50 μg/mL APE-2C inhibited the viruses greater than 0.5 log. In addition, A. paniculata extracts were also evaluated for their interfering capacities against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As well, APE-2C potently inhibited NO production at the IC50 of 6.08 μg/mL. HPLC and LC-MS analysis indicated that the most actively antiviral fractions did not contain any andrographolide derivatives, whereas the andrographolide-rich fractions showed moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ittipon Siridechakorn
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanayod Sasivimolrattana
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sasiprapa Anoma
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Eakkaluk Wongwad
- Department of Cosmetic Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Faculty of Science, Science Laboratory Centre, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Ekasit Kowitdamrong
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Mohanty SS, Sahoo CR, Paidesetty SK, Padhy RN. Role of phytocompounds as the potential anti-viral agent: an overview. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2311-2329. [PMID: 37160482 PMCID: PMC10169142 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are the most notorious infective agent(s) causing morbidity and mortality in every nook and corner for ages; viruses are active in host cells, and specific anti-virus medicines' developments remain uncanny. In this century of the biological era, human viruses act predominantly as versatile spreaders. The infection of the present COVID-19 virus is up in the air; blithely, the integument of medicinal chemistry approaches, particularly bioactive derived phytocompounds could be helpful to control those human viruses, recognized in the last 100 years. Indeed, natural products are being used for various therapeutic purposes. The major bioactive phytocompounds are chemically containing coumarin, thiosulfonate, steroid, polysaccharide, tannin, lignin, proanthocyanidin, terpene, quinone, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, and polyphenol, that are documented for inhibitory action against several viral infections. Mostly, about 20-30% of plants from tropical or temperate regions are known to have some antiviral activity. This comprehensive analysis of bioactive-derived phytocompounds would represent a significant impact and might be helpful for antiviral research and the current state of viral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sucharita Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology, IMS & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003 Odisha India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, IMS & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003 Odisha India
- Present Address: Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, 751023 Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Paidesetty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003 Odisha India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, IMS & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003 Odisha India
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Ojastha BL, Jeevitha M. An Evaluation of the Tensile Strength of Polyglactin Sutures After Immersion in Different Herbal Mouthwashes: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e43407. [PMID: 37706141 PMCID: PMC10496728 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The process of suturing is essential to the healing of surgical wounds. Sutures on surgical wounds from fabric approximate ligament tissues, control haemorrhage, and assist the primary healing process in oral surgical procedures. The oral environment may cause the suture to lose its tensile strength, which causes tissue to open and spread infection. Different mouthwashes are recommended for effective oral hygiene maintenance postoperatively. Ideally, the use of mouthwashes should not alter the mechanical properties of suture materials. A suture material's tensile strength or ability to endure tension during knotting and long-term wound protection is measured. Aim The aim of the current study is to assess the tensile strength of polyglactin sutures following immersion in herbal mouthwashes. Methods Two commercially available synthetic braided polyglactin 910 absorbable sutures (Vicryl and Seamcryl) were chosen to assess their tensile strength following immersion in two kinds of herbal mouthwashes: nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata) silver nanoparticle mouthwash and clove-uni stevia mouthwash. The tensile strength of the sutures was evaluated using an ElectroPuls® E3000 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) universal testing machine. The data were transferred to IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), wherein the tensile strength values of Vicryl and Seamcryl after immersion in two different mouthwashes compared with control were statistically analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results The tensile strength of Vicryl suture material was found to be higher in the clove-uni stevia mouthwash group than in the nilavembu silver nanoparticle mouthwash and control (p-value=0.000, which is statistically significant). The tensile strength of Seamcryl suture material was found to be higher in the clove-uni stevia mouthwash group than in the nilavembu silver nanoparticles mouthwash and control (p-value=0.001, which is statistically significant). Conclusion Nilavembu silver nanoparticle mouthwashes analysed in the present study decreased the tensile strength property of Vicryl suture material after immersion for 24 hours, whereas clove-uni stevia mouthwash was shown to increase the tensile strength of both Vicryl and Seamcryl suture materials. Therefore, the selection of suture material and the postoperative prescription of mouthwash should be considered for a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Ojastha
- Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - M Jeevitha
- Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Khapre M, Pathania M, Saxena V, Omar BJ, Goyal B, Sinha S, Bahurupi Y, Dhamija P. Effectiveness of Kabasura Kudineer tablets in the management of asymptomatic and mild cases of COVID-19: A pilot double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100777. [PMID: 37536025 PMCID: PMC10410514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in 2020. It has had a devastating effect on human life and the global economy. To date, there is no proven therapy for COVID-19, even though rigorous research is ongoing to test multiple compounds across all systems of medicine. A need was felt to systematically explore the Indian system of medicine to assess its efficacy against COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of Kabasura Kudineer as a standalone therapy on the following: time required to achieve symptom relief & resolution, virological clearance, and levels of IL6, CRP and IgG, and compare it to the standard therapy available for treatment of COVID-19. METHODOLOGY A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in 110 participants. 55 participants were enrolled in the Kabasura Kudineer arm and 55 in the control (standard therapy + Kabasura Kudineer placebo) arm. Study participants were randomly allocated into the two study arms. They were assessed for symptoms at baseline, and on Day 5 and Day 10. RT PCR, CRP, IL6 and IgG levels were measured at baseline, Day 5 and Day 10. On day 28, participants were interviewed telephonically for symptom assessment alone. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A per-protocol approach was used. Significant difference between two groups was assessed at baseline, day 5 and day 10 using the Chi-square and Mann Whitney test. RESULT A total of 110 patients participated in study. Four patients in the Kabasura Kudineer arm and 9 in the Standard therapy arm were lost to follow-up. Baseline characteristics for both the groups were matched at baseline. 83.9% and 93.9% patients were relieved of all symptoms by the 10th day in Kabasura and standard therapy groups respectively. Decrease in CRP level was more pronounced in the Kabasura group compared to standard therapy viz. 3 mg/l and 1.26 mg/l. No significant difference was found in IgG level and IL6 levels in both the study groups. However, it was noticed that among the unvaccinated group, the surge in IgG levels was much higher in Kabasura Kudineer group than the standard therapy group. CONCLUSION Kabasura Kudineer as a standalone therapy was as effective and safe as the standard therapy among patients with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bela Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Rishikesh India
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Varikkodan MM, Kunnathodi F, Azmi S, Wu TY. An Overview of Indian Biomedical Research on the Chikungunya Virus with Particular Reference to Its Vaccine, an Unmet Medical Need. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1102. [PMID: 37376491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it primarily affects areas with limited resources, like developing nations. Due to its high transmission rate and lack of a preventive vaccine or effective treatments, this virus poses a serious threat to humanity. After a 32-year hiatus, CHIKV reemerged as the most significant epidemic ever reported, in India in 2006. Since then, CHIKV-related research was begun in India, and up to now, more than 800 peer-reviewed research papers have been published by Indian researchers and medical practitioners. This review gives an overview of the outbreak history and CHIKV-related research in India, to favor novel high-quality research works intending to promote effective treatment and preventive strategies, including vaccine development, against CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfuddin Azmi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
- R&D Center of Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
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Kumar R, Mehta D, Nayak D, Sunil S. Characterization of an Aedes ADP-Ribosylation Protein Domain and Role of Post-Translational Modification during Chikungunya Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050718. [PMID: 37242388 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) catalyze ADP-ribosylation, a subclass of post-translational modification (PTM). Mono-ADP-ribose (MAR) moieties bind to target molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, and are added as part of the process which also leads to formation of polymer chains of ADP-ribose. ADP-ribosylation is reversible; its removal is carried out by ribosyl hydrolases such as PARG (poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase), TARG (terminal ADP-ribose protein glycohydrolase), macrodomain, etc. In this study, the catalytic domain of Aedes aegypti tankyrase was expressed in bacteria and purified. The tankyrase PARP catalytic domain was found to be enzymatically active, as demonstrated by an in vitro poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) experiment. Using in vitro ADP-ribosylation assay, we further demonstrate that the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsp3 (non-structural protein 3) macrodomain inhibits ADP-ribosylation in a time-dependent way. We have also demonstrated that transfection of the CHIKV nsP3 macrodomain increases the CHIKV viral titer in mosquito cells, suggesting that ADP-ribosylation may play a significant role in viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453252, India
| | - Divya Mehta
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453252, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Behera J, Pitchiah Kumar M, Ireen Femela A, Senguttuvan G, Ramasamy MS. miRNA-15/IL-10Rα axis promotes Kabasura Kudineer (Indian traditional Siddha formulation) induced immunomodulation by suppressing oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116032. [PMID: 36587882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kabasura Kudineer (KK), the traditional Indian medicine of Siddha, effectively manages common respiratory symptoms such as flu, cold, and fever. However, there is no evidence of the immunomodulatory capacity of KK in the cultured Jurkat T-lymphocytes under the LPS insult studied. AIM OF THE STUDY Assess the effect of the traditional Indian medicine of Siddha, Kabasura Kudineer (KK) on immunomodulation by suppressing oxidative damage in cultured Jurkat T cells in vitro. The miRNA activity on anti-inflammatory gene receptors and cellular nitric oxide levels also was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Jurkat T cells were exposed to LPS treatment in the presence or absence of KK. Cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) were measured with MTT and Griess assay. Cellular antioxidant systems (glutathione and SOD) were determined using glutathione and SOD assay. Lipid peroxidation was measured using an MDA assay. MiRNA-15a-5p expression was performed using microRNA qPCR Assays. Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, IL-13) were performed using a qPCR and ELISA assay. RESULTS The data showed that reduced cell proliferation and exaggerated NO production was observed in LPS treated condition compared to the control condition. Further, LPS treatment increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and glutathione) in cultured Jurkat T cells. However, treatment with KK or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; antioxidant) treatment mitigates the above effect. Mechanistically, LPS-induced oxidative stress upregulated miR- 15-5p expression and suppressed IL-10 Receptor alpha (IL-10Rα) by binding to its 3'-UTR region. The deregulated expression of IL-10Rα expression leads to increased IL-6 and IL-1β expression in LPS-induced Jurkat T cells; however, treatment with KK or NAC reversed the above effects. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study revealed the previously undefined mechanistic role of Kabasura Kudineer (KK) that alleviates the LPS-induced oxidative damage associated with inflammation by inhibiting the miRNA-15-5p/IL-10Rα axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmaya Behera
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sanjeev Biomedical Research Centre, 1/15, Kumaran Nagar, Keelkattalai, Chennai, 600117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Pitchiah Kumar
- State Licensing Authority, Directorate of Indian Medicine (Govt. of Tamilnadu), State Licensing Authority (IM), Chennai, 600106, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Ireen Femela
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sanjeev Biomedical Research Centre, 1/15, Kumaran Nagar, Keelkattalai, Chennai, 600117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Govindan Senguttuvan
- Department of Physics, University College of Engineering BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M S Ramasamy
- Head, Research & Development, Sanjeev Biomedical Research Centre, 1/15, Kumaran Nagar, Keelkattalai, Chennai, 600117, Tamilnadu, India.
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Lingwan M, Shagun S, Pahwa F, Kumar A, Verma DK, Pant Y, Kamatam LVK, Kumari B, Nanda RK, Sunil S, Masakapalli SK. Phytochemical rich Himalayan Rhododendron arboreum petals inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1403-1413. [PMID: 34961411 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2021287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals with potential to competitively bind to the host receptors or inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, may prove to be useful as adjunct therapeutics for COVID-19. We profiled and investigated the phytochemicals of Rhododendron arboreum petals sourced from Himalayan flora, undertook in vitro studies and found it as a promising candidate against SARS-CoV-2. The phytochemicals were reported in various scientific investigations to act against a range of virus in vitro and in vivo, which prompted us to test against SARS-CoV-2. In vitro assays of R. arboreum petals hot aqueous extract confirmed dose dependent reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load in infected Vero E6 cells (80% inhibition at 1 mg/ml; IC50 = 173 µg/ml) and phytochemicals profiled were subjected to molecular docking studies against SARS CoV-2 target proteins. The molecules 5-O-Feruloyl-quinic acid, 3-Caffeoyl-quinic acid, 5-O-Coumaroyl-D-quinic acid, Epicatechin and Catechin showed promising binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 Main protease (MPro; PDB ID: 6LU7; responsible for viral replication) and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2; PDB ID: 1R4L; mediate viral entry in the host). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of 5-O-Feruloyl-quinic acid, an abundant molecule in the extract complexed with the target proteins showed stable interactions. Taken together, the phytochemical profiling, in silico analysis and in vitro anti-viral assay revealed that the petals extract act upon MPro and may be inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication. This is the first report highlighting R. arboreum petals as a reservoir of antiviral phytochemicals with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity using an in vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Lingwan
- BioX Centre, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shagun Shagun
- BioX Centre, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Falak Pahwa
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dileep Kumar Verma
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Pant
- BioX Centre, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lingarao V K Kamatam
- BioX Centre, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bandna Kumari
- BioX Centre, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Kumar Masakapalli
- BioX Centre, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
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12
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Millsapps EM, Underwood EC, Barr KL. Development and Application of Treatment for Chikungunya Fever. Res Rep Trop Med 2022; 13:55-66. [PMID: 36561535 PMCID: PMC9767026 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s370046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and application of treatment for Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) remains complicated as there is no current standard treatment and many barriers to research exist. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes serious global health implications due to its socioeconomic impact and high morbidity rates. In research, treatment through natural and pharmaceutical techniques is being evaluated for their efficacy and effectiveness. Natural treatment options, such as homeopathy and physiotherapy, give patients a variety of options for how to best manage acute and chronic symptoms. Some of the most used pharmaceutical therapies for CHIKV include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), methotrexate (MTX), chloroquine, and ribavirin. Currently, there is no commercially available vaccine for chikungunya, but vaccine development is crucial for this virus. Potential treatments need further research until they can become a standard part of treatment. The barriers to research for this complicated virus create challenges in the efficacy and equitability of its research. The rising need for increased research to fully understand chikungunya in order to develop more effective treatment options is vital in protecting endemic populations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Millsapps
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Emma C Underwood
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kelli L Barr
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA,Correspondence: Kelli L Barr, Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd. Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA, Tel +1 813 974 4480, Fax +1 813 974 4962, Email
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13
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Kumar R, Mehta D, Chaudhary S, Nayak D, Sunil S. Impact of CHIKV Replication on the Global Proteome of Aedes albopictus Cells. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040038. [PMID: 36412637 PMCID: PMC9680348 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are some of the important causative agents of mosquito-mediated viral diseases. These viruses are transmitted between vector and host during the blood meal. Upon viral entry, host replication machinery is hijacked, supporting new virus particle production and thereby allowing viral survival in the host. In this process, host proteins interact with viral proteins to either facilitate viral replication, or they may provide antiviral defense mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the impact of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on the global proteome of Dicer active Aedes albopictus cells during the early and late time points of infection. We utilized a bottom-up approach of global proteomics analysis, and we used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to identify the global protein signatures of Ae. albopictus at two different time points upon CHIKV infection. The mass spectrometry data analysis of the early time point revealed that proteins belonging to pathways such as translation, RNA processing, and cellular metabolic processes were less in abundance, whereas those belonging to pathways such as cellular catabolic process and organic substance transport were significantly abundant. At later time points, proteins belonging to pathways such as cellular metabolic processes, primary metabolic process, organonitrogen compound metabolic process, and organic substance metabolic process were found to be decreased in their presence, whereas those belonging to pathways such as RNA processing, gene expression, macromolecule metabolic processing, and nitrogen compound metabolic processing were found to be abundant during CHIKV infection, indicating that modulation in gene expression favoring cell survival occurs at a later time point, suggesting a survival strategy of Aedes cells to counter prolonged CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Divya Mehta
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sakshi Chaudhary
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sujatha V, Payyappallimana U. Public Health and the Politics of Knowledge: The Role of Traditional Medicine in the Management of COVID-19 in Two South Indian States. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09720634221121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Public health discourse about COVID-19 pandemic has mostly been framed around biomedical interventions, although there is evidence of the effective use of traditional medicine (TM) to manage the pandemic by some Asian countries such as China, Thailand, Vietnam and India. This article aims to place on record the policy of medical pluralism in the two South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in their respective deployment of Siddha and Ayurveda in the management of COVID-19. Based on interviews with physicians of TM and health administrators, press reports, social media posts and published research, this article reconstructs the crucial yet undocumented process of incorporating TM in the biomedicine-based health bureaucracy in Tamil Nadu and Kerala to deal with infectious fevers such as dengue and chikungunya in the past and COVID-19 in the present. It is our argument that those methods of TM which are safe and in long recent use could provide low-cost and accessible means of prevention and early treatment of infectious fevers. They have to be identified and subjected to further investigation as innovations in social medicine brought forth by the state and its officials and are different from the highly expensive projects of the corporate pharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sujatha
- Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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15
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Kuriakose A, Nair B, Abdelgawad MA, Adewum AT, Soliman MES, Mathew B, Nath LR. Evaluation of the active constituents of Nilavembu Kudineer for viral replication inhibition against SARS-CoV-2: An approach to targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14367. [PMID: 35994404 PMCID: PMC9539176 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic and emerging threat to people in the 21st century. SARS-CoV-2 constitutes RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) viral proteins, a critical target in the viral replication process. No FDA-approved drug is currently available, and there is a high demand for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. In search of the anti-COVID-19 compound from traditional medicine, we evaluated the active moieties from Nilavembu Kudineer (NK), a poly-herbal Siddha formulation recommended by AYUSH against COVID-19. We conducted a preliminary docking analysis of 355 phytochemicals (retrieved from PubChem and IMPPAT databases) present in NK against RdRp viral protein (PDB ID: 7B3B) using COVID-19 Docking Server and further with AutoDockTool-1.5.6. MD simulation studies confirmed that Orientin (L1), Vitexin (L2), and Kasuagamycin (L3) revealed better binding activity against RdRp (PDB ID: 7B3B) in comparison with Remdesivir. The study suggests a potential scaffold for developing drug candidates against COVID-19. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nilavembu Kudineer is a poly-herbal Siddha formulation effective against various diseases like cough, fever, breathing problems, etc. This study shows that different phytoconstituents identified from Nilavembu Kudineer were subjected to in silico and ADME analyses. Out of the former 355 phytochemical molecules, Orientin (L1), Vitexin (L2), and Kasuagamycin (L3) showed better binding activity against RdRp viral protein (PDB ID: 7B3B) in comparison with the synthetic repurposed drug. Our work explores the search for an anti-COVID-19 compound from traditional medicine like Nilavembu Kudineer, which can be a potential scaffold for developing drug candidates against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Kuriakose
- Department of PharmacognosyAmrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochiIndia,Department of PharmacologyAmrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochiIndia
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of PharmacognosyAmrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochiIndia,Department of PharmacologyAmrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochiIndia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryCollege of Pharmacy, Jouf UniversitySakakaAl JoufSaudi Arabia
| | - Adeniyi T. Adewum
- Molecular Bio‐Computation and Drug Design LaboratorySchool of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu‐Natal, Westville CampusDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Bio‐Computation and Drug Design LaboratorySchool of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu‐Natal, Westville CampusDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAmrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochiIndia
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of PharmacognosyAmrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochiIndia
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16
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Neethi B, Shanmugapriya P, Janaranjani G, Gokila S, Prathisha B, Jayasree JK. A case report of moderate COVID 19 patient managed through integrative approach (Siddha and conventional medicine). J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100623. [PMID: 35813975 PMCID: PMC9250905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID 19 is a rapidly spreading disease with high mortality and morbidity all over the world which is caused by SARS-COV-2. Siddha system has various formulations with antiviral properties. The study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Siddha integrated with conventional medicine for effective management of COVID 19. Case summary A 61 year old male patient diagnosed with COVID was brought in with the complaints of fever, cough, loss of smell, taste, tiredness and breathlessness after 7 days of infection. History revealed that he has not taken any treatment for the past 7 days and therefore presented with pneumonia at the time of consultation. Laboratory investigations showed Neutrophilia, Lymphocytopenia, raised NLR ratio, elevated CRP and D-Dimer. CT chest revealed CORADS-5 and severity score was 10/25. The patient was treated with Siddha medicine from 8 th Day. The patient had taken conventional treatment on 12 th day for 3 days only. Patient showed good improvement on 23 rd day and no adverse effect observed during the course of treatment. Conclusion This case report demonstrates that moderate COVID 19 can be managed with integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Neethi
- Dept. of Nanju Maruthuvam, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, India.
| | - P Shanmugapriya
- Dept. of Nanju Maruthuvam, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, India
| | - G Janaranjani
- Dept. of Nanju Maruthuvam, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, India
| | - S Gokila
- Dept. of Nanju Maruthuvam, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, India
| | - B Prathisha
- Dept. of Nanju Maruthuvam, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, India
| | - J K Jayasree
- Dept. of Nanju Maruthuvam, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, India
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17
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Kanagavalli P, Pandey GR, Murugan P, Veerapandian M. Electrochemical and DFT studies of andrographolide on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide for anti-viral herbaceutical sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Jayaraj JM, Jothimani M, Palanisamy CP, Pentikäinen OT, Pannipara M, Al-Sehemi AG, Muthusamy K, Gopinath K. Computational Study on the Inhibitory Effect of Natural Compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 Proteins. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:8635054. [PMID: 35340421 PMCID: PMC8948605 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8635054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is more virulent and challenging to human life. In India, the Ministry of AYUSH recommended some strategies through Siddha, homeopathy, and other methods to effectively manage COVID-19 (Guidelines for AYUSH Clinical Studies in COVID-19, 2020). Kabasura Kudineer and homeopathy medicines are in use for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection; however, the mechanism of action is less explored. This study aims to understand the antagonist activity of natural compounds found in Kabasura Kudineer and homeopathy medicines against the SARS-CoV-2 using computational methods. Potential compounds were screened against NSP-12, NSP-13, NSP-14, NSP-15, main protease, and spike proteins. Structure-based virtual screening results shows that, out of 14,682 Kabasura Kudineer compounds, the 250395, 129677029, 44259583, 44259584, and 88583189 compounds and, out of 3,112 homeopathy compounds, the 3802778, 320361, 5315832, 14590080, and 74029795 compounds have good scoring function against the SARS-CoV-2 structural and nonstructural proteins. As a result of docking, homeopathy compounds have a docking score ranging from -5.636 to 13.631 kcal/mol, while Kabasura Kudineer compounds have a docking score varying from -8.290 to -13.759 kcal/mol. It has been found that the selected compounds bind well to the active site of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and form hydrogen bonds. The molecular dynamics simulation study shows that the selected compounds have maintained stable conformation in the simulation period and interact with the target. This study supports the antagonist activity of natural compounds from Kabasura Kudineer and homeopathy against SARS-CoV-2's structural and nonstructural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Marshal Jayaraj
- Pharmacogenomics and CADD Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muralidharan Jothimani
- Pharmacogenomics and CADD Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Paper Making, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Olli T. Pentikäinen
- Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Karthikeyan Muthusamy
- Pharmacogenomics and CADD Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gopinath
- Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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19
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Jose SP, M R, S S, Rajan S, Saji S, Narayanan V, S S. Anti-inflammatory effect of Kaba Sura Kudineer (AYUSH approved COVID-19 drug)-A Siddha poly-herbal formulation against lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in RAW-264.7 macrophages cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114738. [PMID: 34653521 PMCID: PMC8507575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal importance and potential activity of Siddha herbal formulations have proved over several centuries against a wide range of causative agents as Influenza, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Tuberculosis. The traditional medicine system of Siddha is a valuable therapeutic approach for treating viral respiratory infections like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and can be effectively employed to target the host response and preventive care to boost the immune system. Kaba Sura Kudineer (KSK), an official polyherbal formulation has been used in Siddha traditional medicine for centuries. However, the role of KSK in regulating inflammation and the underlying molecular mechanisms has remained elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY The goal of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of KSK using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Raw 264.7 murine macrophage cells were used for this study. The Inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The NF-κB nulcear translocation and protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 was analyzed with westernblot. RESULTS KSK supplementation decreased LPS mediated TLR-4 production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2 and PGE-2. Moreover, it inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and thereby inhibited the expression of iNOS in the cell. The Western blot analysis further confirmed that KSK strongly prevented the LPS-induced degradation of IκB which is normally required for the activation of NF-κB and hereby suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 was significantly decreased with the presence of KSK treatment. Results suggested that KSK manipulates its anti-inflammatory effects mainly through blocking the TLR mediated NF-κB signal transduction pathways. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study has proven that KSK could be a potential therapeutic drug for alleviating excessive inflammation in many inflammation-associated diseases like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenia P Jose
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Ratheesh M
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India.
| | - Sheethal S
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Sony Rajan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Sangeeth Saji
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Vimal Narayanan
- Siddha Clinical Research Unit SRCU, Safdarjung Hospital, A Unit of Central Council for Research in Siddha, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandya S
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science IISc, Bangalore, India
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20
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Ranjitsingh AJA, Devanesan S, AlSalhi MS, Paul P, Padmalatha C. Antiviral and cytotoxic effects of a traditional drug KanthaRasaVillai with a cocktail of metallic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2022; 34:101693. [PMID: 34785874 PMCID: PMC8588738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective Alternative medicine plays an important role today in searching for therapeutics for cancer and viral infection. So, a scientific validation to characterize constituents in the alternative medicines and therapeutic testing is warranted using modern instrumentation. Methods In the present study, an old herbomineral formulation, KanthaRasavillai [KRV], was characterized using UV-vis spectrometry, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM study. Also, In vitro and in vivo studies were done to evaluate their antiviral and anticancer activity. FT-IR and XRD studies revealed a cocktail of nanoparticles of mercury, magnetic oxide, cinnabar, and arsenic.Results.Based on SEM, TEM, and XRD report, KRV contains nanoparticles in the size range of 9.1 nm to 25.0 nm. FT-IR analysis exposed the presence of several anti-cancerous bioactive compounds.Further in vitro testing against HCV virus proved KRV to inhibit HCV virus a close relative to SARS-CoV-2. MTT assay confirmed the anticancer effect of KRV against Huh-7 and MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusion The anticancer and antiviral properties in the ancient herbomineral drug with a cocktail of metal nanoparticles acknowledge the traditional medical practice as a pioneering approach for present-day ailments. However, the study concludes that the use of KRV depends on safety dosage and genuine preparation as described by ancient saints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parameswari Paul
- Department of Horticulture, Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
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21
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Thirumal Kumar D, Shree Devi M, Udhaya Kumar S, Sherlin A, Mathew A, Lakshmipriya M, Sathiyarajeswaran P, Gnanasambandan R, Siva R, Magesh R, George Priya Doss C. Understanding the activating mechanism of the immune system against COVID-19 by Traditional Indian Medicine: Network pharmacology approach. IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS 2022; 129:275-379. [PMID: 35305722 PMCID: PMC8798878 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmissions are occurring rapidly; it is raising the alarm around the globe. Though vaccines are currently available, the evolution and mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 threaten available vaccines' significance. The drugs are still undergoing clinical trials, and certain medications are approved for “emergency use” or as an “off-label” drug during the pandemic. These drugs have been effective yet accommodating side effects, which also can be lethal. Complementary and alternative medicine is highly demanded since it embraces a holistic approach. Since ancient times, natural products have been used as drugs to treat various diseases in the medical field and are still widely practiced. Medicinal plants contain many active compounds that serve as the key to an effective drug design. The Kabasura kudineer and Nilavembu kudineer are the two most widely approved formulations to treat COVID-19. However, the mechanism of these formulations is not well known. The proposed study used a network pharmacology approach to understand the immune-boosting mechanism by the Kabasura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, and JACOM in treating COVID-19. The plants and phytochemical chemical compounds in the Kabasura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, and JACOM were obtained from the literature. The Swiss target prediction algorithm was used to predict the targets for these phytochemical compounds. The common genes for the COVID-19 infection and the drug targets were identified. The gene–gene interaction network was constructed to understand the interactions between these common genes and enrichment analyses to determine the biological process, molecular functions, cellular functions, pathways involved, etc. Finally, virtual screening and molecular docking studies were performed to identify the most potential targets and significant phytochemical compounds to treat the COVID-19. The present study identified potential targets as ACE, Cathepsin L, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin K, DPP4, EGFR, HDAC2, IL6, RIPK1, and VEGFA. Similarly, betulinic acid, 5″-(2⁗-Hydroxybenzyl) uvarinol, antofine, (S)-1′-methyloctyl caffeate, (Z)-3-phenyl-2-propenal, 7-oxo-10α-cucurbitadienol, and PLX-4720 collectively to be potential treatment agents for COVID-19.
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Islam MT, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sarkar C, Sharma R, Garg N, Fredes LI, Martorell M, Alshehri MM, Sharifi-Rad J, Daştan SD, Calina D, Alsafi R, Alghamdi S, Batiha GES, Cruz-Martins N. Production, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Control of Dengue Virus: A Literature-Based Undivided Perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4224816. [PMID: 34957305 PMCID: PMC8694986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4224816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue remains one of the most serious and widespread mosquito-borne viral infections in human beings, with serious health problems or even death. About 50 to 100 million people are newly infected annually, with almost 2.5 billion people living at risk and resulting in 20,000 deaths. Dengue virus infection is especially transmitted through bites of Aedes mosquitos, hugely spread in tropical and subtropical environments, mostly found in urban and semiurban areas. Unfortunately, there is no particular therapeutic approach, but prevention, adequate consciousness, detection at earlier stage of viral infection, and appropriate medical care can lower the fatality rates. This review offers a comprehensive view of production, transmission, pathogenesis, and control measures of the dengue virus and its vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka)8100, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka)8100, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Radi Alsafi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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Kumar S, Garg C, Kaushik S, Buttar HS, Garg M. Demystifying therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against chikungunya virus. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53:403-411. [PMID: 34854411 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_81_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are posing a great threat to humanity for the last few years. Among these, Chikungunya which is a mosquito-borne viral infection has produced enormous epidemics around the world after been rebounded. Although this infection shows a low mortality rate, patients suffer from fever, arthralgia, and maculopapular rashes, which reduce the quality of life for several weeks to years. The currently available treatments only provide symptomatic relief based on analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs which are nonspecific without satisfactory results. Medicinal plants are a widely accepted source of new molecules for the treatment of infectious diseases including viral infections. The scientific reports, primarily focusing on the anti-chikungunya activity of plant extracts, natural origin pure compounds, and their synthetic analog published from 2011 to 2021, were selected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus by using related keywords like anti-chikungunya plants, natural antivirals for Chikungunya. The present review decodes scientific reports on medicinal plants against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and demystifies the potential phytoconstituents which reveals that the screening of flavonoids containing plants and phytochemicals showing efficacy against other arbovirus infections, may prove as a potential lead for drug development against CHIKV. The present article also outlines pathogenesis, clinical aspects, molecular virology, and diagnostic approaches of CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Chanchal Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Center for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Harpal Singh Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Munish Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Natarajan S, Anbarasi C, Sathiyarajeswaran P, Manickam P, Geetha S, Kathiravan R, Prathiba P, Pitchiahkumar M, Parthiban P, Kanakavalli K, Balaji P. Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), a poly-herbal Siddha medicine, reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load in asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals as compared to vitamin C and zinc supplementation: findings from a prospective, exploratory, open-labeled, comparative, randomized controlled trial, Tamil Nadu, India. Trials 2021; 22:623. [PMID: 34526104 PMCID: PMC8441246 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite several ongoing efforts in biomedicine and traditional medicine, there are no drugs or vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as of May 2020; Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), a polyherbal formulation from India's Siddha system of medicine, has been traditionally used for clinical presentations similar to that of COVID-19. We explored the efficacy of KSK in reducing viral load and preventing the disease progression in asymptomatic, COVID-19 cases. METHODS A prospective, single-center, open-labeled, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a COVID Care Centre in Chennai, India. We recruited reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 of 18 to 55 years of age, without clinical symptoms and co-morbidities. They were randomized (1:1 ratio) to KSK (60 mL twice daily for 7 days) or standard of care (7 days supplementation of vitamin C 60,000 IU morning daily and zinc 100 mg evening daily) groups. The primary outcomes were reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 load [as measured by cyclic threshold (CT) value of RT-PCR], prevention of progression of asymptomatic to symptomatic state, and changes in the immunity markers including interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-2), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF α). Siddha clinical assessment and the occurrence of adverse effects were documented as secondary outcomes. Paired t-test was used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Viral load in terms of the CT value (RdRp: 95% CI = 1.89 to 5.74) declined significantly on the seventh day in the KSK group and that of the control group, more pronounced in the study group. None progressed to the symptomatic state. There was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters. We did not observe any changes in the Siddha-based clinical examination and adverse events in both groups. CONCLUSION KSK significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and did not record any adverse effect, indicating the use of KSK in the strategy against COVID-19. Larger, multi-centric trials can strengthen the current findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI2020/05/025215 . Registered on 16 May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Natarajan
- Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, India.
| | - C Anbarasi
- Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | | | - P Manickam
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - S Geetha
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - R Kathiravan
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - P Prathiba
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
| | | | - P Parthiban
- Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - K Kanakavalli
- Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of AYUSH, Chennai, India
| | - P Balaji
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
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Srivastava A, Rengaraju M, Srivastava S, Narayanan V, Gupta V, Upadhayay R, Kumar J, Parameswaran S, KanakavalliKadarkarai, AarthiVelmurugan. Efficacy of two siddha polyherbal decoctions, Nilavembu Kudineer and Kaba Sura Kudineer, along with standard allopathy treatment in the management of mild to moderate symptomatic COVID-19 patients-a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22:570. [PMID: 34454572 PMCID: PMC8397852 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Globally, the ongoing pursuit in exploring an effective drug to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has not met with significant success to date. Indian traditional medicines, especially polyherbal formulations like Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) and Kaba Sura Kudineer (KSK) of the Siddha system of medicine, have been used as public health interventions for controlling viral epidemics like dengue and Chikungunya. These traditional therapies have been found safe, effective, and widely accepted. The current study evaluates the comparative efficacy of NVK and KSK as opposed to the placebo, in the management of mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. METHODS The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative clinical trial, with the primary objective of determining the efficacy of KSK and NVK. Patients (n=125) diagnosed with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms were enrolled in the study over a period of 4 months (Aug 2020-Dec 2020). Participants were randomized into 3 arms; placebo-decaffeinated tea in Arm I, NVK in Arm II, and KSK in Arm III. Each arm received 60 ml of the respective treatment twice a day, post morning and evening meals, along with standard allopathy treatment for a maximum of 10 days. The main outcome measures of the study were the reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load, hospital stay, and time taken by the patients to become asymptomatic from symptomatic. Efficacy assessments included clinical symptoms (fever, cough, and breathlessness) each day and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), liver function test (LFT), renal function test (RFT), and electrolytes and electrocardiogram (ECG) at baseline (day 0) and days 3, 6, and 10. Post-treatment, participants were followed up for 30 days via phone for adverse effects if any. Effects of drugs on inflammatory markers (IL6) at the end of treatment were also recorded. Adverse events (AE) were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS The results revealed that when compared to patients in the placebo arm, those in NVK and KSK arms showed a statistically significant reduction in hospital stay time, reduction in viral load of SARS-CoV-2, and the time taken to become symptomatic from asymptomatic. Out of 125 COVID-19 patients recruited, 120 completed the study; two from the placebo group developed severe symptoms and were shifted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and three patients from Arms II and III withdrew from the study. The mean age of females (n=60) and males (n=60) enrolled was between 40.2 and 44.3 years, respectively. Results were more promising for all the patients in NVK and KSK arms as all enrolled participants (100%) under this group got discharged by day 6 as compared to only 42.5% (n=17) from the placebo group on that day. The hospital stay time for patients in Arm I was significantly longer (mean [SD]=8.4 [2.0] days) as compared to the Arms II and III (mean [SD]=4.7 [1.5] and 4.2 [1.5] days, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.0001). Patients in the three groups took a significantly different number of days to become asymptomatic. While Arm II and III patients took mean of 2.5 and 1.7 days, respectively, Arm I, patients took a mean of 4.2 days (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.0001). In all, two adverse events were recorded, one for vomiting and one for diarrhea lasting a day in Arm I and Arm II, respectively. The mean value of interleukin-6 (IL6) was significantly different in comparison to the placebo-decaffeinated tea arm (NVK=2.6 and KSK=2.2, placebo=4.0, P=0.02). The other blood biochemical parameters like C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and D-dimer that were analyzed at the baseline and at the time of discharge from the hospital, were not significantly different in the three arms. CONCLUSION NVK and KSK arms showed a statistically significant reduction in hospital stay time, reduction in viral load of SARS-CoV-2, and time taken for patients to become asymptomatic from symptomatic, when compared to the placebo (decaffeinated tea). The primary outcome measures of the KSK arm were significantly better than those in the NVK arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Srivastava
- Government Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS), Greater Noida, India
| | | | | | - Vimal Narayanan
- Siddha Clinical Research Unit, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Government Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS), Greater Noida, India
| | - Rashmi Upadhayay
- Government Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS), Greater Noida, India
| | - Jitender Kumar
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Monteiro M, Lavrador AS, Santos R, Rangel F, Iglesias P, Tárraga M, Couto A, Serra CR, Tafalla C, Da Costa E, Domingues MR, Oliva-Teles A, Carvalho AP, Enes P, Díaz-Rosales P. Evaluation of the Potential of Marine Algae Extracts as a Source of Functional Ingredients Using Zebrafish as Animal Model for Aquaculture. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:529-545. [PMID: 34189658 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on immunotherapeutic agents has become a focus for the treatment of fish diseases. The ability of algae to produce secondary metabolites of potential interest as immunotherapeutics has been documented. The present research intended to assess antiviral and antibacterial activities of macro- and microalgae extracts against viral and bacterial pathogens and explore their immunomodulatory potential using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a model organism. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of eight methanolic and ethanolic extracts from two macroalgae (Fucus vesiculosus, Ulva rigida) and two microalgae (Nannochloropsis gaditana, Chlorella sp.) were analyzed in established fish cell lines. Six extracts were selected to evaluate antibacterial activity by disk diffusion and growth inhibition assays. The three most promising extracts were characterized in terms of fatty acid composition, incorporated at 1% into a plant-based diet, and evaluated their effect on zebrafish immune response and intestinal morphology in a short-term feeding trial. All extracts exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia and/or infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses. Methanolic extracts from F. vesiculosus and U. rigida were richer in saturated fatty acids and exhibited in vitro antibacterial action against several bacteria. Most promising results were obtained in vivo with F. vesiculosus methanol extract, which exerted an anti-inflammatory action when incorporated alone into diets and induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, when combined with the other extracts. Moreover, dietary inclusion of the extracts improved intestinal morphology. In summary, the results obtained in this study support the potential of algae as natural sources of bioactive compounds for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monteiro
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A S Lavrador
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - R Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Rangel
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Iglesias
- , Parque Industrial Base 2000, Lorquí, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Tárraga
- , Parque Industrial Base 2000, Lorquí, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Couto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - C R Serra
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - C Tafalla
- Inmunología Y Patología de Peces, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Da Costa
- Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M R Domingues
- Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - A P Carvalho
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Enes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Díaz-Rosales
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Universidade Do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Inmunología Y Patología de Peces, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130, Madrid, Spain
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Lim XY, Chan JSW, Tan TYC, Teh BP, Mohd Abd Razak MR, Mohamad S, Syed Mohamed AF. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees, Andrographolide, and Andrographolide Analogues as SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals? A Rapid Review. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211016610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is commonly employed in the search for potential therapeutic agents. Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant commonly used for symptomatic relief of the common cold, and its phytoconstituent andrographolide, have been repeatedly identified as potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. In light of new evidence emerging since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, this rapid review was conducted to identify and evaluate the current SARS-CoV-2 antiviral evidence for A. paniculata, andrographolide, and andrographolide analogs. A systematic search and screen strategy of electronic databases and gray literature was undertaken to identify relevant primary articles. One target-based in vitro study reported the 3CLpro inhibitory activity of andrographolide as being no better than disulfiram. Another Vero cell-based study reported potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory activity for both andrographolide and A. paniculata extract. Eleven in silico studies predicted the binding of andrographolide and its analogs to several key antiviral targets of SARS-CoV-2 including the spike protein-ACE-2 receptor complex, spike protein, ACE-2 receptor, RdRp, 3CLpro, PLpro, and N-protein RNA-binding domain. In conclusion, in silico and in vitro studies collectively suggest multi-pathway targeting SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties of andrographolide and its analogs, but in vivo data are needed to support these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Janice Sue Wen Chan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Terence Yew Chin Tan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Bee Ping Teh
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd Razak
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Saharuddin Mohamad
- Bioinformatics Programme, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Research for Computational Sciences and Informatics for Biology, Bioindustry, Environment, Agriculture and Healthcare, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ami Fazlin Syed Mohamed
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Al-Ansari MM, Ranjit Singh AJA, Al-Khattaf FS, Michael JS. Nano-formulation of herbo-mineral alternative medicine from linga chenduram and evaluation of antiviral efficacy. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1596-1606. [PMID: 33732045 PMCID: PMC7938193 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine is becoming a primary source of health care in many countries in recent years. The current study proposes a new dimension of understanding a traditional origin treatment, using herbo-mineral preparations in nanoform. The herbo-mineral preparation, Linga chenduram [HMLC], was prepared according to the ancient palm script protocol dates back to 1000 years. In search of alternative therapy for the coronavirus, an attempt was made to determine this ethnic medicine formulation's therapeutic potential for viral hepatitis infection. The Hepatitis C virus [HCV] has several genomic similarities with SARS-CoV-2 viruses. The herbo-mineral formulation (HMLC) were analyzed using UV–vis, EDAX, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM studies. SEM images confirmed the ' presence of nanoparticles with agglomerated conditions having an average grain size of 18 to 25 nm. EDAX studies showed the presence of metallic components in oxide or sulfide form in HMLC. The HCV inhibitory effects of HMLC indicated a good response. The cytotoxicity of this preparation against the Huh-7 human hepatoma cell line was significant. The HMLC showed a strong inhibitory effect on HCV replication in a dose-dependent manner. The genomic component of HCV is similar to COVID −19 virus. The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease has a striking three-dimensional structural similarity to the SARS-CoV2 Mpro protease, particularly in the arrangement of key active site residues. So HMLC can be tried to treat coronavirus infection. At higher concentrations, HMLC exhibited over 100-fold inhibition. In the MTT assay, HMLC did not show any apparent cytotoxic effect on cell viability at the concentrations 1–100 µg. Histological studies indicated that the liver and kidney did not experience any toxicity by 7 and 15 consecutive days of administration of HMLC on experimental Wistar rats. Hence, the HMLC can be tried as a therapy for COVID −19 infections using the preparations strictly according to ethnopharmacological protocol and optimum doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysoon M Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A J A Ranjit Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai 600056, India
| | - Fatimah S Al-Khattaf
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - J S Michael
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai 600056, India
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Ahmad S, Zahiruddin S, Parveen B, Basist P, Parveen A, Gaurav, Parveen R, Ahmad M. Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and Their Potential Against COVID-19-Preclinical and Clinical Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:578970. [PMID: 33737875 PMCID: PMC7962606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.578970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cases of COVID-19 are still increasing day-by-day worldwide, even after a year of its first occurrence in Wuhan city of China. The spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very fast and different from other SARS-CoV infections possibly due to structural differences in S proteins. The patients with severe diseases may die due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by systemic inflammatory reactions due to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the immune effector cells. In India too, it is spreading very rapidly, although the case fatality rate is below 1.50% (https://www.statista.com), which is markedly less than in other countries, despite the dense population and minimal health infrastructure in rural areas. This may be due to the routine use of many immunomodulator medicinal plants and traditional AYUSH formulations by the Indian people. This communication reviews the AYUSH recommended formulations and their ingredients, routinely used medicinal plants and formulations by Indian population as well as other promising Indian medicinal plants, which can be tested against COVID-19. Special emphasis is placed on Indian medicinal plants reported for antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory activities and they are categorized for prioritization in research on the basis of earlier reports. The traditional AYUSH medicines currently under clinical trials against COVID-19 are also discussed as well as furtherance of pre-clinical and clinical testing of the potential traditional medicines against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. The results of the clinical studies on AYUSH drugs will guide the policymakers from the AYUSH systems of medicines to maneuver their policies for public health, provide information to the global scientific community and could form a platform for collaborative studies at national and global levels. It is thereby suggested that promising AYUSH formulations and Indian medicinal plants must be investigated on a priority basis to solve the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sultan Zahiruddin
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Parakh Basist
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abida Parveen
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Minhaj Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, School of Unani Medical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
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Nagendran M, John J, Annamalai K, Gandhi Sethuraman MI, Balamurugan N, Rajendran HK, Deen Fakrudeen MA, Chandrasekar R, Ranjan S, Padmanaban VC. Can human overcome viral hijack-? Comprehensive review on COVID-19 in the view of diagnosis and mitigation across countries. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 61:102120. [PMID: 33014150 PMCID: PMC7521359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel COVID-19, a pandemic disease, is showing an alarming spread and severity throughout the world. Globally, the community transmission of this disease is affecting people in large clusters and so it is necessary to mitigate and control them in order to minimise the social and economic consequences. This review emphasize on the origin of the coronoviral epidemics, discussion on the structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology, pathognomonic symptoms, fatality, available rapid diagnostic methods and proposed possible treatment methods for the treatment of COVID-19. The diagnostic markers with respect to genetic material of the virus based on PCR, CRISPR & APTAMER and with respect to proteins based on Antigens were discussed which provides new arena for the development. In control of a pandemic situation the policy adoption and implementation by the governments plays a major role and the policy implementation in different countries are discussed which establishes the effectiveness of the policies framed by the governments. The effectiveness of ethnic traditional medicines of various countries such as India and China in Immunity enhancement, along with their utilisation is also discussed. This review provides an insights towards the COVID-19 which helps in continuous investigation on different dimensions which could help us to understand the mysteries behind the havoc created by this invisible creature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswari Nagendran
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Juliana John
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kavithakani Annamalai
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Nirkayani Balamurugan
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Harish Kumar Rajendran
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohammed Askkar Deen Fakrudeen
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ragavan Chandrasekar
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bala D. Attitudes, beliefs, and self-use of Kabasura Kudineer among urban and rural population in Tamil Nadu, India: A comparative cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:158-166. [PMID: 34017720 PMCID: PMC8132787 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1634_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: During an earlier outbreak of dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and swine flu in Tamil Nadu, India, Kabasura Kudineer and Nilavembu Kudineer were used to control the febrile episodes. No research is conducted in the past to understand the attitude and beliefs of people towards using Kabasura Kudineer as a means to improve immunity in people, especially in Tamil Nadu, the birthplace of Siddha medicine which led the researcher to conduct the study. Aims: The researcher in the present paper aims to understand the attitude, belief and self-use of Kabasura Kudineer among people in Tamil Nadu, India. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among various people in Tamilnadu, India wherein data was collected from 200 participants. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study involving explanatory/descriptive research design was considered for the study. Statistical Analysis Used: For the analysis of collected data statistical package for SPSS software version 25.0 was used. Results: The urban participants who participated in the study were 80.5% and the rural participants were 19.5%. The significant P value (0.002) indicated that people use kabasura kudineer because allopathic medicine is less effective medicine and the significant P value (0.001) shows that kabasura kudineer is taken as a self-medication among Tamil Nadu people. Conclusions: The findings of the study revealed the better empowerment of people in the select region towards the use of Kabasura Kudineer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Bala
- Public Health Dentistry, SRM University of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kumar S, Garg C, Kaushik S, Buttar HS, Garg M. Demystifying therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against chikungunya virus. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53. [PMID: 34854411 PMCID: PMC8641736 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_81_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are posing a great threat to humanity for the last few years. Among these, Chikungunya which is a mosquito-borne viral infection has produced enormous epidemics around the world after been rebounded. Although this infection shows a low mortality rate, patients suffer from fever, arthralgia, and maculopapular rashes, which reduce the quality of life for several weeks to years. The currently available treatments only provide symptomatic relief based on analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs which are nonspecific without satisfactory results. Medicinal plants are a widely accepted source of new molecules for the treatment of infectious diseases including viral infections. The scientific reports, primarily focusing on the anti-chikungunya activity of plant extracts, natural origin pure compounds, and their synthetic analog published from 2011 to 2021, were selected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus by using related keywords like anti-chikungunya plants, natural antivirals for Chikungunya. The present review decodes scientific reports on medicinal plants against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and demystifies the potential phytoconstituents which reveals that the screening of flavonoids containing plants and phytochemicals showing efficacy against other arbovirus infections, may prove as a potential lead for drug development against CHIKV. The present article also outlines pathogenesis, clinical aspects, molecular virology, and diagnostic approaches of CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Chanchal Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Center for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Harpal Singh Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Munish Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,Address for correspondence: Prof. Munish Garg, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak - 124 001, Haryana, India. E-mail:
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Santana AC, Silva Filho RC, Menezes JCJMDS, Allonso D, Campos VR. Nitrogen-Based Heterocyclic Compounds: A Promising Class of Antiviral Agents against Chikungunya Virus. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 33396631 PMCID: PMC7824564 DOI: 10.3390/life11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses, in general, are a global threat due to their morbidity and mortality, which results in an important social and economic impact. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), one of the most relevant arbovirus currently known, is a re-emergent virus that causes a disease named chikungunya fever, characterized by a severe arthralgia (joint pains) that can persist for several months or years in some individuals. Until now, no vaccine or specific antiviral drug is commercially available. Nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds are found in medications, such as aristeromycin, favipiravir, fluorouracil, 6-azauridine, thioguanine, pyrimethamine, among others. New families of natural and synthetic nitrogen analogous compounds are reported to have significant anti-CHIKV effects. In the present work, we focus on these nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds as an important class with CHIKV antiviral activity. We summarize the present understanding on this class of compounds against CHIKV and also present their possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza C. Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
| | - Ronaldo C. Silva Filho
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
| | - José C. J. M. D. S. Menezes
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
- Research & Development, Esteem Industries Pvt. Ltd., Bicholim, Goa 403 529, India
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R. Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
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Vincent S, Arokiyaraj S, Saravanan M, Dhanraj M. Molecular Docking Studies on the Anti-viral Effects of Compounds From Kabasura Kudineer on SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:613401. [PMID: 33425994 PMCID: PMC7785853 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.613401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 has now been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. No approved drug is currently available; therefore, an urgent need has been developed for any antiviral therapy for COVID-19. Main protease 3CLpro of this novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) play a critical role in the disease propagation, and hence represent a crucial target for the drug discovery. Herein, we have applied a bioinformatics approach for drug repurposing to identify the possible potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main proteases 3CLpro (6LU7). In search of the anti-COVID-19 compound, we selected 145 phyto-compounds from Kabasura kudineer (KK), a poly-herbal formulation recommended by AYUSH for COVID-19 which are effective against fever, cough, sore throat, shortness of breath (similar to SARS-CoV2-like symptoms). The present study aims to identify molecules from natural products which may inhibit COVID-19 by acting on the main protease (3CLpro). Obtained results by molecular docking showed that Acetoside (−153.06), Luteolin 7 -rutinoside (−134.6) rutin (−133.06), Chebulagic acid (−124.3), Syrigaresinol (−120.03), Acanthoside (−122.21), Violanthin (−114.9), Andrographidine C (−101.8), myricetin (−99.96), Gingerenone -A (−93.9), Tinosporinone (−83.42), Geraniol (−62.87), Nootkatone (−62.4), Asarianin (−79.94), and Gamma sitosterol (−81.94) are main compounds from KK plants which may inhibit COVID-19 giving the better energy score compared to synthetic drugs. Based on the binding energy score, we suggest that these compounds can be tested against Coronavirus and used to develop effective antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savariar Vincent
- Centre for Environmental Research and Development (CERD), Loyola College, Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, Chennai, India
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Division of Biomedical Science, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Manoj Dhanraj
- Centre for Environmental Research and Development (CERD), Loyola College, Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, Chennai, India
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Divya M, Vijayakumar S, Chen J, Vaseeharan B, Durán-Lara EF. South Indian medicinal plants can combat deadly viruses along with COVID-19? - A review. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104277. [PMID: 32473390 PMCID: PMC7253980 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is considered as a fatal disease for public health apprehension worldwide. This pathogenic virus can present everywhere. As it is a virus it can extend easily and cause severe illness to humans. Hence, an efficient international attentiveness of plan is necessary to cure and prevent. In this review, epidemic outbreak, clinical findings, prevention recommendations of COVID-19 and suggestive medicinal value of south Indian plant sources have been discussed. Though the varieties of improved approaches have been taken in scientific and medicinal concern, we have to pay attention to the medicinal value of the plant-based sources to prevent these types of pandemic diseases. This is one of the suggestive and effective ways to control the spreading of viruses. In the future, it is required to provide medicinal plant-based clinical products (Masks, sanitizers, soap, etc.,) with better techniques by clinicians to contend the scarcity and expose towards the nature-based medicine rather than chemical drugs. This may be a benchmark for the economical clinical trials of specific plant material to treat the viral diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Divya
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- Bio & NanoMaterials Lab| Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile.
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Kamsani K, Franco FM, Slik F. A comparative account of the traditional healing practices of healers and non-healers in the Kiudang area of Brunei Darussalam. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 256:112788. [PMID: 32224194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In this study, we compare the traditional medicinal knowledge and associated spiritual practices of healers with that of non-healers, to understand the relevance of healers in contemporary times. Given that Brunei Darussalam is well-known for its forest cover, the study also aims to understand the number of species collected from the forests, compared to those from human influenced habitats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of six specialist healers from Belait, Tutong, Dusun and Iban communities, and seven non-healers who had personal experience in self-medication using medicinal plants participated in the study. We identified the specialist healers through purposive sampling, on the basis of their reputation in the locality, while the non-healers were those experienced in self-medication, recommended by the healers. Informants were interviewed at their residences, followed by collection trips to the plant habitats. We classified the total recorded ailments into 15 disease categories. We then compared the medicinal uses cited by healers to those mentioned by non-healers, as well as with prior published records from Brunei Darussalam. We also compare the habitats of species cited by both healers and non-healers to understand the dependency of the local pharmacopoeia on forests and human-influenced habitats. RESULTS Our study records 175 medicinal plants belonging to 85 families, the majority of which (92) were exotic to Borneo. There were 110 species collected from disturbed, human influenced habitats such as roadsides, agricultural fields, secondary and degraded forests, and homestead lands, while 58 species were collected from the forests surrounding Kiudang. Majority of the plants used by both healers and non-healers were collected from human-influenced habitats, indicating that the local pharmacopoeia could be a disturbance one. Most of the medicinal plants recorded in this study were used to treat chronic, but non-life threatening conditions. Ailments affecting the digestive system were the most targeted group with 67 species used. All medicinal uses with more than one citation were recorded from healers. Medicinal uses cited by healers also had greater correspondence with prior published reports from Brunei Darussalam. Healers believe that combining medicinal plants can produce a synergistic effect. Our study found that traditional knowledge related to healing practices is mostly transmitted vertically from parents to children. We also show that a ritual gift (pikaras) and invocations characteristic of the beliefs of the healers play an important role in facilitating healing. CONCLUSION Our study adds further evidence to prior studies that the medicinal plants and healing practices in the Kiudang region could be considered as disturbance pharmacopoeia. Healers with their knowledge on both therapeutic and spiritual aspects of healing continue to play an important role in local healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairunzahidah Kamsani
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - F Merlin Franco
- Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
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In Silico computational screening of Kabasura Kudineer - Official Siddha Formulation and JACOM against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 13:100324. [PMID: 32527713 PMCID: PMC7247487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Siddha Medicine is a valuable therapeutic choice which is classically used for treating viral respiratory infections, this principle of medicine is proven to contain antiviral compounds. Objective The study is aimed to execute the In Silico computational studies of phytoconstituents of Siddha official formulation Kabasura Kudineer and novel herbal preparation - JACOM which are commonly used in treating viral fever and respiratory infectious diseases and could be affective against the ongoing pandemic novel corona virus disease SARS-CoV-2. Method Cresset Flare software was used for molecular docking studies against the spike protein SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 6VSB). Further, we also conducted insilico prediction studies on the pharmacokinetics (ADME) properties and the safety profile in order to identify the best drug candidates by using online pkCSM and SwissADME web servers. Results Totally 37 compounds were screened, of these 9 compounds showed high binding affinity against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. All the phytoconstituents were free from carcinogenic and tumorigenic properties. Based on these, we proposed the new formulation called as “SNACK–V” Conclusion Based on further experiments and clinical trials, these formulations could be used for effective treatment of COVID-19.
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Kumar SU, Kumar DT, Christopher BP, Doss CGP. The Rise and Impact of COVID-19 in India. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:250. [PMID: 32574338 PMCID: PMC7256162 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which originated in the city of Wuhan, China, has quickly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported worldwide. As of May 8th, 2020, in India, 56,342 positive cases have been reported. India, with a population of more than 1.34 billion-the second largest population in the world-will have difficulty in controlling the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among its population. Multiple strategies would be highly necessary to handle the current outbreak; these include computational modeling, statistical tools, and quantitative analyses to control the spread as well as the rapid development of a new treatment. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has raised awareness about the recent outbreak and has taken necessary actions to control the spread of COVID-19. The central and state governments are taking several measures and formulating several wartime protocols to achieve this goal. Moreover, the Indian government implemented a 55-days lockdown throughout the country that started on March 25th, 2020, to reduce the transmission of the virus. This outbreak is inextricably linked to the economy of the nation, as it has dramatically impeded industrial sectors because people worldwide are currently cautious about engaging in business in the affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Udhaya Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | | | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Sendhilkumar M, Manickam P. Time to tread cautiously during public health emergencies: Reactions from traditional and complementary/alternative medical systems to ongoing Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 13:100315. [PMID: 32382221 PMCID: PMC7203041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Kaushik S, Jangra G, Kundu V, Yadav JP, Kaushik S. Anti-viral activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) ingredients against the Chikungunya virus. Virusdisease 2020; 31:270-276. [PMID: 32420412 PMCID: PMC7223110 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is one of the highly infectious viral disease without vaccine and anti-viral. Aim of present study is to check the anti-chikungunya activities of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in the animal cell culture model. The medicinal plant extract was prepared from Z. officinale rhizome. Median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of Z. officinale extract was determined in Vero cell-line on the basis of cell viability followed by MTT assay. In vitro anti-chikungunya activity was performed in Vero cell-line with MNTD and half of MNTD of Z. officinale medicinal plant extract. The anti-viral effect of Z. officinale was studied by observing the cytopathic effects and cell viability measured by MTT assay. Maximum non-toxic dose of Z. officinale plant extract was found 62.5 μg/ml. During anti-chikungunya experimentation, cell viability increased to 51.05% and 35.10%, when Vero cells were pre-treated with MNTD and half of MNTD of Z. officinale extract respectively. Similarly, in co-treatment, when MNTD, half of MNTD of Z. officinale and Median tissue culture infective dose CHIKV were inoculated simultaneously, then the viability of Vero cell-line was increases by 52.90% and 49.02% respectively. The rhizome extracts of Z. officinale have high potential to treat CHIKV. Medicinal plants and their metabolites are most important sources of antimicrobial and can be utilized for the development of new drugs. In view of the rapid expansion of CHIKV at the global level, there is an urgent need to develop newer anti-chikungunya drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulochana Kaushik
- 2Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Hr India
| | - Ginni Jangra
- 1Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Hr India
| | - Vaibhav Kundu
- 3Department of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, U.P India
| | | | - Samander Kaushik
- 1Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Hr India
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Oliveira Silva Martins D, de Andrade Santos I, Moraes de Oliveira D, Riquena Grosche V, Carolina Gomes Jardim A. Antivirals against Chikungunya Virus: Is the Solution in Nature? Viruses 2020; 12:v12030272. [PMID: 32121393 PMCID: PMC7150839 DOI: 10.3390/v12030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide outbreaks of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the last years demonstrated the need for studies to screen antivirals against CHIKV. The virus was first isolated in Tanzania in 1952 and was responsible for outbreaks in Africa and Southwest Asia in subsequent years. Between 2007 and 2014, some cases were documented in Europe and America. The infection is associated with low rates of death; however, it can progress to a chronic disease characterized by severe arthralgias in infected patients. This infection is also associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome. There is no specific antivirus against CHIKV. Treatment of infected patients is palliative and based on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce arthralgias. Several natural molecules have been described as antiviruses against viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, hepatitis C, and influenza. This review aims to summarize the natural compounds that have demonstrated antiviral activity against chikungunya virus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Igor de Andrade Santos
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Débora Moraes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(34)-3225-8679
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