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Park H, Lee Y, Hwang J, Lee Y. Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the KNHANES 2016-2020. Nutrition 2024; 122:112374. [PMID: 38430845 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and the risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults. METHODS The study consisted of 22 688 Korean adults ≥19 y of age from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2020. The NOVA classification categorizes foods according to the nature, extent, and purpose of industrial processing. MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and a modified waist circumference cut-off for Korean adults. We estimated the usual percent total food intake from UPFs. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between UPFs and risk for MetS, adjusted for age, sex, education level, income level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total energy intake. We further analyzed the association of UPFs with each component of MetS. RESULTS The median usual percent total food intake from UPFs was 22%, and the midpoint of intake ranged from 3% (quartile 1) to 48% (quartile 4). The group with the highest UPF consumption had a 19% higher risk for developing MetS than the lowest quartile of UPF consumption (odds ratio [OR],1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.33; Ptrend = 0.006). In analysis of the relationship between UPF intake and MetS components, a higher UPF was associated with an increased risk for hypertension (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.26; Ptrend = 0.037) and abdominal obesity (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.33; Ptrend = 0.001), but had no significant association with other components (hyperglycemia, hypertriacylglycerolmia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Higher UPF contribution to total daily food intake is associated with an increased risk for MetS, particularly with a higher risk for hypertension and abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jinah Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea.
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Park JE, Han A, Mun EG, Cha YS. A traditional Korean fermented food, Gochujang exerts anti-hypertensive effects, regardless of its high salt content by regulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in SD rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30451. [PMID: 38726141 PMCID: PMC11079108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the distinct outcomes of table salt and salt in Gochujang on blood pressure (BP). Animals were divided into 3 groups, including normal diet (NS, 0.5 % NaCl), high-salt diet (HS, normal diet with 8 % NaCl), or high-salt Gochujang diet (HSG, normal diet with Gochujang containing 8 % NaCl). Compared to the NS groups, the HS group showed significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), while the HSG group did not elevate SBP. The HS group had lower serum angiotensin II and aldosterone levels than the NS group, while the HSG group showed higher levels of those parameters than the HS group. The renal mRNA expression related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was significantly higher in the HS group than the NS group, while the HSG group had markedly lower expression of those markers. The urinary and fecal Na+/K+ proportion was higher in both HS and HSG groups relative to the NS group, but the HSG group showed a decreased Na+/K+ ratio in urine and feces compared to the HS group. Moreover, the HS group had a significantly upregulated mRNA level of Na+/HCO3- co-transporter (Slc4a4) in the kidney than the NS group, whereas the HSG group showed downregulated mRNA expression of Slc4a4 compared to the HS group. This study demonstrates that Gochujang has anti-hypertensive effects regardless of its high salt content and provide the evidence regarding the distinct impacts between salt in Gochujang and the table salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
- K-Food Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Han
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
- K-Food Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Mun
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, 111-27, Wonjangdong-gil, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
- K-Food Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
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Bello II, Omigbodun A, Morhason-Bello I. Common salt aggravated pathology of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in adult male Wistar rat. BMC Urol 2023; 23:207. [PMID: 38082261 PMCID: PMC10712029 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major health concern associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in men. Recurrent inflammation, decreased apoptotic rate and oxidative stress are some of the theories that explain the pathophysiology of BPH. Common salt, a food additive, is known to cause systemic inflammation and redox imbalance, and may serve as a potential risk factor for BPH development or progression. This study examined the effect of common salt intake on the pathology of testosterone-induced BPH. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups of 10: a control and three salt diet groups-low-salt diet (LSD), standard-salt diet (SSD) and high-salt diet (HSD). The rats were castrated, allowed to recuperate and placed on salt-free diet (control), 0.25% salt diet (LSD), 0.5% salt diet (SSD) and 1.25% salt diet (HSD) for 60 days ad libitum. On day 33, BPH was induced in all the rats with daily injections of testosterone propionate-Testost® (3 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. The rats had overnight fast (12 h) on day 60 and were euthanized the following day in order to collect blood and prostate samples for biochemical, molecular and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. Mean ± SD values were calculated for each group and compared for significant difference with ANOVA followed by post hoc test (Tukey HSD) at p < 0.05. RESULTS This study recorded a substantially higher level of IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 in salt diet groups and moderate IHC staining of COX-2 in HSD group. The prostatic level of IL-17, IL-1β, PGE2, relative prostate weight and serum PSA levels were not statistically different. The concentrations of IGF-1, TGF-β were similar in all the groups but there were multiple fold increase in Bcl-2 expression in salt diet groups-LSD (13.2), SSD (9.5) and HSD (7.9) and multiple fold decrease in VEGF expression in LSD (-6.3), SSD (-5.1) and HSD (-14.1) compared to control. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and concentration of nitric oxide rose in LSD and SSD groups, and SSD and HSD groups respectively. Activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and concentration of NADPH and hydrogen peroxide were not significantly different. IHC showed positive immunostaining for iNOS expression in all the groups while histopathology revealed moderate to severe prostatic hyperplasia in salt diet groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that low, standard and high salt diets aggravated the pathology of testosterone-induced BPH in Wistar rats by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, while suppressing apoptosis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Idowu Bello
- Department of Reproductive Health Sciences, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (including Health and Agriculture), PAULESI, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Animal Health Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Akinyinka Omigbodun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Imran Morhason-Bello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Gomes PM, Batista JS, Sá RWM, Antunes VR. Short exposure to high salt in drinking solution leads to a cardiovascular phenotype of hypertension without changes in the blood volume of rats. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:361-370. [PMID: 36715005 PMCID: PMC10103861 DOI: 10.1113/ep090912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is the cardiovascular phenotype of high blood pressure observed in rats salt loaded with 2% NaCl in drinking solution a blood volume-dependent hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? Animals exposed to 2% NaCl drinking solution develop hypertension, with dominance of sympathetic outflow and high [Na+ ] in the cerebrospinal fluid, but without changes in the blood volume. The phenotype of salt-dependent hypertension might be related to accumulation of [Na+ ] in the cerebrospinal fluid, which makes it an interesting animal model in which to study the neuronal pathways involved in control of the circulation in osmotic challenge conditions. ABSTRACT Evidence suggests that hypertension induced by high salt intake is correlated with an autonomic imbalance that favours sympathetic hyperactivity and an increase in vascular resistance, indicating a neurogenic component to this pathology. Although there are several animal models in which to study salt-induced hypertension with prolonged exposure to a high-sodium diet, here we sought to investigate whether the increase in arterial blood pressure of rats subjected to a short exposure to high salt, with 2% NaCl drinking solution instead of water, relies on changes in the circulating blood volume. Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups: euhydrated (EU, n = 10), salt loaded (SL, n = 13) and water deprived (WD, n = 6). The SL rats exhibited a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure, with a large low-frequency component of systolic arterial blood pressure variability, when compared with the EU group. Circulating blood volume did not differ between SL and EU rats, but it was lower in WD rats. Compared with EU rats, the [Na+ ] in cerebrospinal fluid was higher in SL rats and similar in magnitude to the WD rats. Plasma [Na+ ] did not differ between SL and EU rats, but it was higher in WD rats. Collectively, our data suggest that the hypertension induced by a short exposure to high salt intake closely resembles a neurogenic mechanism, but not a blood volume-dependent mechanism, with cumulative [Na+ ] in the cerebrospinal fluid that could be associated with changes in the neurochemistry of autonomic nuclei, which are highly susceptible to osmotic stress related to high salt consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Magalhães Gomes
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Julia Santos Batista
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Renato Willian Martins Sá
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
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Riojas AM, Reeves KD, Shade RE, Puppala SR, Christensen CL, Birnbaum S, Glenn JP, Li C, Shaltout H, Hall-Ursone S, Cox LA. Blood pressure and the kidney cortex transcriptome response to high-sodium diet challenge in female nonhuman primates. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:443-454. [PMID: 36062883 PMCID: PMC9639778 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00144.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is influenced by genetic variation and sodium intake with sex-specific differences; however, studies to identify renal molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of sodium intake on BP in nonhuman primates (NHP) have focused on males. To address the gap in our understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating BP in female primates, we studied sodium-naïve female baboons (n = 7) fed a high-sodium (HS) diet for 6 wk. We hypothesized that in female baboons variation in renal transcriptional networks correlates with variation in BP response to a high-sodium diet. BP was continuously measured for 64-h periods throughout the study by implantable telemetry devices. Sodium intake, blood samples for clinical chemistries, and ultrasound-guided kidney biopsies were collected before and after the HS diet for RNA-Seq and bioinformatic analyses. We found that on the LS diet but not the HS diet, sodium intake and serum 17 β-estradiol concentration correlated with BP. Furthermore, kidney transcriptomes differed by diet-unbiased weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed modules of genes correlated with BP on the HS diet but not the LS diet. Our results showed variation in BP on the HS diet correlated with variation in novel kidney gene networks regulated by ESR1 and MYC; i.e., these regulators have not been associated with BP regulation in male humans or rodents. Validation of the mechanisms underlying regulation of BP-associated gene networks in female NHP will inform better therapies toward greater precision medicine for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Riojas
- Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly D Reeves
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Robert E Shade
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sobha R Puppala
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Shifra Birnbaum
- Molecular Services Core, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jeremy P Glenn
- Molecular Services Core, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Cun Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Hossam Shaltout
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Shannan Hall-Ursone
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laura A Cox
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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Levanovich PE, Daugherty AM, Komnenov D, Rossi NF. Dietary fructose and high salt in young male Sprague Dawley rats induces salt-sensitive changes in renal function in later life. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15456. [PMID: 36117446 PMCID: PMC9483717 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fructose and salt are associated with hypertension and renal disease. Dietary input during critical postnatal periods may impact pathophysiology in maturity. The highest consumption of fructose occurs during adolescence. We hypothesized that a diet high in fructose with or without high salt in young male Sprague Dawley rats will lead to salt-sensitive hypertension, albuminuria, and decreased renal function in maturity. Four groups were studied from age 5 weeks: 20% glucose + 0.4% salt (GCS-GCS) or 20% fructose + 4% salt throughout (FHS-FHS). Two groups received 20% fructose + 0.4% salt or 20% fructose + 4% salt for 3 weeks (Phase I) followed by 20% glucose + 0.4% salt (Phase II). In Phase III (age 13-15 weeks), these two groups were challenged with 20% glucose + 4% salt, (FCS-GHS) and (FHS-GHS), respectively. Each group fed fructose in Phase I exhibited significantly higher MAP than GCS-GCS in Phase III. Net sodium balance, unadjusted, or adjusted for caloric intake and urine flow rate, and cumulative sodium balance were positive in FHS during Phase I and were significantly higher in FCS-GHS, FHS-GHS, and FHS-FHS vs GCS-GCS during Phase III. All three groups fed fructose during Phase I displayed significantly elevated albuminuria. GFR was significantly lower in FHS-FHS vs GCS-GCS at maturity. Qualitative histology showed mesangial expansion and hypercellularity in FHS-FHS rats. Thus, fructose ingestion during a critical period in rats, analogous to human preadolescence and adolescence, results in salt-sensitive hypertension and albuminuria in maturity. Prolonged dietary fructose and salt ingestion lead to a decline in renal function with evidence suggestive of mesangial hypercellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana M. Daugherty
- Department of Psychology and Institute of GerontologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Dragana Komnenov
- Department of Internal MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Noreen F. Rossi
- Department of PhysiologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical CenterDetroitMichiganUSA
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Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking-Based Mechanism Study to Reveal Antihypertensive Effect of Gedan Jiangya Decoction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3353464. [PMID: 36046450 PMCID: PMC9423997 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3353464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypertension is understood as a disease with diverse etiology, a complicated pathological mechanism, and progressive changes. Gedan Jiangya Decoction (GJD), with the patent publication number CN114246896A, was designed to treat primary hypertension. It contains six botanical drugs; however, the underlying mechanism is uncertain. We utilized network pharmacology to predict the active components, targets, and signaling pathways of GJD in the treatment of primary hypertension. We also investigated the potential molecular mechanism using molecular docking and animal experiments. The Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), the Protein Database (UniProt), and a literature review were used to identify the active components and related targets of GJD's pharmacological effects. The GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), and DrugBank databases were utilized to identify hypertension-related targets. Based on a Venn diagram of designed intersection targets, 214 intersection targets were obtained and 35 key targets for the treatment of hypertension were determined using the STRING data platform and Cytoscape software. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of key targets revealed that the relevant molecular action pathways of GJD in the treatment of hypertension include the Toll-like receptor, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and renin-angiotensin signaling pathways. A GJD active ingredient-key target-pathway connection diagram was created using Cytoscape software, and 11 essential active components were selected. Molecular docking was then used to verify the binding activity of key targets and key active ingredients in GJD to treat primary hypertension. The results of this study indicate that AGTR1, AKT1 with puerarin, EDNRA with tanshinone IIA, MAPK14 with daidzein, MAPK8 with ursolic acid, and CHRM2 with cryptotanshinone had high binding activity to the targets with active components, whereas AGTR1 was selected as target genes verified by our experiment. HPLC was utilized to identify the five active ingredients. Experiments in high-salt rats demonstrated that GJD might decrease the expression of AGTR1 in the kidney and thoracic aorta while increasing the expression of eNOS by preventing the activation of the renin-angiotensin pathway, thereby reducing lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Korivi M, Chen X, Zhu R. Status of Sedentary Time and Physical Activity of Rural Residents: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study in Eastern China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:838226. [PMID: 35493367 PMCID: PMC9047957 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.838226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe urbanization process may affect the lifestyle of rural residents in China. Limited information exists on the extent of sedentarism and physical activity (PA) level of rural residents in middle-income countries. This is the first survey on sedentary time (ST) and PA among rural residents in eastern China.MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study randomly samples rural adults from Zhejiang Province in eastern China (n = 1,320). Participants' ST and PA levels were determined from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form through face-to-face interviews, and the influencing factors of PA levels were assessed through multi-class logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe findings showed that the daily ST of the participants ranged from 30 to 660 min, with a median of 240 min (P25, P75:120, 240 min), and 54.6% of participants were sedentary for 240 min or above. The daily ST in men, people aged 18 to 44 years, people with bachelors' degree and above, people working for government agencies or institutions, people with unmarried status, and people with an average income of < 2,000 Yuan was longer than that of other respective groups (p < 0.01). In contrast, the daily ST of people with hypertension or with patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia was less than that of normal people (p < 0.01). Additionally, 69.4% of participants generally had a low level of PA (LPA). Compared with those living in northern Zhejiang, people living in southern Zhejiang who were aged 18–44 years, had bachelor's degree or above, were farmers, and had household incomes below 10,000 Yuan per month were more likely to engage in LPA compared to people > 60 years, with high school or technical education levels or with junior college degrees, working in government agencies and institutions, and with household income above 10,000 Yuan per month (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no correlation between ST and PA levels.ConclusionMost rural residents in the Zhejiang Province of eastern China had longer daily ST and a LPA. This was predominant in men, young people, highly educated people, unmarried people, and middle to high-income people. Health education programs should be targeted toward specific population groups to decrease the ST and increase PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise Metabolism and Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Xi Chen
| | - Rong Zhu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Zhu
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Su Q, Yu XJ, Wang XM, Li HB, Li Y, Bai J, Qi J, Zhang N, Liu KL, Zhang Y, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Bilateral Paraventricular Nucleus Upregulation of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Decreases Blood Pressure by Regulation of the NLRP3 and Neurotransmitters in Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:756671. [PMID: 34899311 PMCID: PMC8656229 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.756671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Long-term salt diet induces the oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and increases the blood pressure. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (Ec-SOD) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that exists in extracellular space and plays an essential role in scavenging excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the underlying mechanism of Ec-SOD in the PVN remains unclear. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were fed either a high salt diet (8% NaCl, HS) or normal salt diet (0.9% NaCl, NS) for 6 weeks. Each group of rats was administered with bilateral PVN microinjection of AAV-Ec-SOD (Ec-SOD overexpression) or AAV-Ctrl for the next 6 weeks. Results: High salt intake not only increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the plasma noradrenaline (NE) but also elevated the NAD(P)H oxidase activity, the NAD(P)H oxidase components (NOX2 and NOX4) expression, and ROS production in the PVN. Meanwhile, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-dependent inflammatory proteins (ASC, pro-cas-1, IL-β, CXCR, CCL2) expression and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the PVN with high salt diet were higher, but the GSH level, Ec-SOD activity, GAD67 expression, and GABA level were lower than the NS group. Bilateral PVN microinjection of AAV-Ec-SOD decreased MAP and the plasma NE, reduced NAD(P)H oxidase activity, the NOX2 and NOX4 expression, and ROS production, attenuated NLRP3-dependent inflammatory expression and TH, but increased GSH level, Ec-SOD activity, GAD67 expression, and GABA level in the PVN compared with the high salt group. Conclusion: Excessive salt intake not only activates oxidative stress but also induces the NLRP3-depensent inflammation and breaks the balance between inhibitory and excitability neurotransmitters in the PVN. Ec-SOD, as an essential anti-oxidative enzyme, eliminates the ROS in the PVN and decreases the blood pressure, probably through inhibiting the NLRP3-dependent inflammation and improving the excitatory neurotransmitter release in the PVN in the salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
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Kumagai A, Takeda S, Sohara E, Uchida S, Iijima H, Itakura A, Koya D, Kanasaki K. Dietary Magnesium Insufficiency Induces Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Mice Associated With Reduced Kidney Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Activity. Hypertension 2021; 78:138-150. [PMID: 33840199 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Kumagai
- Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine I, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan (A.K., K.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.K., S.T., A.I.)
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (A.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.K., S.T., A.I.)
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Japan (E.S., S.U.)
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Japan (E.S., S.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Iijima
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan (H.I.)
| | - Astuo Itakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.K., S.T., A.I.)
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (A.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine I, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan (A.K., K.K.)
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (D.K., K.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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11
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Kim HY, Choi HS, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Sung SA, Han SH, Oh KH, Ahn C, Kim SW. Effect of urinary angiotensinogen and high-salt diet on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD). Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:659-667. [PMID: 33028070 PMCID: PMC8137406 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study aimed to investigate whether urinary angiotensinogen (UAGT) excretion was associated with elevated blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to evaluate the relationship among blood pressure, intra-renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, and dietary sodium in patients with CKD. METHODS Participants from the Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) were included. Of the total cohort of 2,238 individuals with CKD, we included 1,955 participants who underwent complete 24-hour urinary sodium (24-hour UNa) analysis. They were categorized into three groups according to three tertiles of their 24-hour UNa, reflecting daily salt intake. To measure intra-renal RAS activity, the UAGT excretion was assayed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Elevated 24-hour UNa levels, logarithm of UAGT-to-creatinine ratio (UAGT/Cr), increased waist-to-hip ratio, and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate were the risk factors for increased systolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure showed a positive correlation with 24-hour UNa levels and logarithm of UAGT/Cr. CONCLUSION UAGT and urinary sodium excretion are independent determinants of systolic blood pressure in patients with CKD. These findings suggest that increased systolic blood pressure in CKD patients is associated with both increased dietary sodium levels and intra-renal RAS activity. The risk of elevated systolic blood pressure in the 3rd tertile of both the UAGT/Cr and 24-hour UNa groups was about 2.3 times higher than that in the reference group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hong Sang Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Su-Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Correspondence to Soo Wan Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-6271, Fax: +82-62-225-8578 E-mail:
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12
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A high salt diet induces tubular damage associated with a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic response in a hypertension-independent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Kataoka H, Ohara M, Suzuki T, Inoue T, Akanuma T, Kawachi K, Manabe S, Ushio Y, Kawasoe K, Akihisa T, Sato M, Iwasa N, Sawara Y, Honda K, Mochizuki T, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K. Time series changes in pseudo-R2 values regarding maximum glomerular diameter and the Oxford MEST-C score in patients with IgA nephropathy: A long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232885. [PMID: 32379841 PMCID: PMC7205238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effectual pathological factor to predict the long-term renal prognosis of IgA nephropathy. Glomerular hypertrophy plays a crucial role in kidney disease outcomes in both experimental models and humans. This study aimed to 1) confirm the long-term prognostic significance of a maximal glomerular diameter (Max GD) ≥ 242.3 μm, 2) test a renal prognosis prediction model adding Max GD ≥ 242.3 μm to the Oxford classification (MEST-C), and 3) examine the time series changes in the long-term renal prognosis of patients with IgA nephropathy. The study included 43 patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy from 1993 to 1998 at Kameda General Hospital. Renal prognosis with the endpoint of a 50% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or the development of end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis was examined using logistic regression analysis, Cox regression analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier method. Pathological evaluation was performed using MEST-C and Max GD, and the validity of the prediction model was evaluated. Patients with Max GD ≥ 242.3 μm had significantly poor renal prognosis with multivariate Cox analysis (P = 0.0293). The results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that kidney survival rates in the high-Max GD group were significantly lower than those in the low-Max GD group (log rank, P = 0.0043), which was confirmed in propensity score-matched models (log rank, P = 0.0426). Adding Max GD ≥ 242.3 μm to MEST-C improved diagnostic power of the renal prognosis prediction model by renal pathology tissue examination (R2: 3.3 to 14.5%, AICc: 71.8 to 68.0, C statistic: 0.657 to 0.772). We confirm that glomerular hypertrophy is useful as a long-term renal prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (HK)
| | - Mamiko Ohara
- Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Kawachi
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Manabe
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ushio
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawasoe
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Akihisa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Iwasa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Sawara
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Mochizuki
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (HK)
| | - Ken Tsuchiya
- Department of Blood Purification, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Lindoso RS, Lopes JA, Binato R, Abdelhay E, Takiya CM, Miranda KRD, Lara LS, Viola A, Bussolati B, Vieyra A, Collino F. Adipose Mesenchymal Cells-Derived EVs Alleviate DOCA-Salt-Induced Hypertension by Promoting Cardio-Renal Protection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 16:63-77. [PMID: 31871958 PMCID: PMC6909095 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a long-term condition that can increase organ susceptibility to insults and lead to severe complications such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures that participate in cell-cell communication by exporting encapsulated molecules to target cells, regulating physiological and pathological processes. We here demonstrate that multiple administration of EVs from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC-EVs) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive model can protect renal tissue by maintaining its filtration capacity. Indeed, ASC-EVs downregulated the pro-inflammatory molecules monocyte chemoattracting protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 (PAI1) and reduced recruitment of macrophages in the kidney. Moreover, ASC-EVs prevented cardiac tissue fibrosis and maintained blood pressure within normal levels, thus demonstrating their multiple favorable effects in different organs. By applying microRNA (miRNA) microarray profile of the kidney of DOCA-salt rats, we identified a selective miRNA signature associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). One of the key pathways found was the axis miR-200-TGF-β, that was significantly altered by EV administration, thereby affecting the EMT signaling and preventing renal inflammatory response and fibrosis development. Our results indicate that EVs can be a potent therapeutic tool for the treatment of hypertension-induced CKD in cardio-renal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jarlene Alécia Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Binato
- Brazilian National Institute of Cancer, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Brazilian National Institute of Cancer, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kildare Rocha de Miranda
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Silva Lara
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Research Institute “Citta della Speranza,” University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, Grande Rio University, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Research Institute “Citta della Speranza,” University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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15
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Blockade of c-Src Within the Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in the Mechanism of the TLR4 Signal Pathway in Salt-Induced Hypertension. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:385-395. [PMID: 31641986 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cellular Src (c-Src) are closely associated with inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in hypertension, so we designed this study to explore the exact role of c-Src in the mechanism of action of the TLR4 signaling pathway in salt-induced hypertension. Salt-sensitive rats were given a high salt diet for 10 weeks to induce hypertension. This resulted in higher levels of TLR4, activated c-Src, pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and arterial pressure. Infusion of a TLR4 blocker into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) decreased the activated c-Src, while microinjection of a c-Src inhibitor attenuated the PVN levels of nuclear factor-kappa B, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that a long-term high-salt diet increases TLR4 expression in the PVN and this promotes the activation of c-Src, which upregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, inhibiting central c-Src activity may be a new target for treating hypertension.
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16
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Oudot C, Gomes A, Nicolas V, Le Gall M, Chaffey P, Broussard C, Calamita G, Mastrodonato M, Gena P, Perfettini JL, Hamelin J, Lemoine A, Fischmeister R, Vieira HL, Santos CN, Brenner C. CSRP3 mediates polyphenols-induced cardioprotection in hypertension. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 66:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Herman BA, Ferguson KM, Fernandez JVB, Kauffman S, Spicher JT, King RJ, Halterman JA. NFAT5 is differentially expressed in Sprague-Dawley rat tissues in response to high salt and high fructose diets. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:452-464. [PMID: 30816906 PMCID: PMC6726159 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diets contain an increasing amount of salt and high fructose corn syrup,
but it remains unclear as to how dietary salt and fructose affect organ function
at the molecular level. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that consumption
of high salt and fructose diets would increase tissue-specific expression of two
critical osmotically-regulated genes, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5
(NFAT5) and aldose reductase (AR). Fifty
Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a control, 4% NaCl, 8% NaCl, or 64% fructose
diet for eight weeks. Fourteen different tissue samples were harvested and
snap-frozen, followed by RNA purification, cDNA synthesis, and
NFAT5 and AR gene expression
quantification by real-time PCR.Our findings demonstrate that
NFAT5 and AR expression are up-regulated
in the kidney medulla, liver, brain, and adipose tissue following consumption of
a high salt diet. NFAT5 expression is also up-regulated in the
kidney cortex following consumption of a 64% fructose diet. These findings
highlight the kidney medulla, liver, brain, and adipose tissue as being
“salt-responsive” tissues and reveal that a high fructose diet can lead to
enhanced NFAT5 expression in the kidney cortex. Further
characterization of signaling mechanisms involved could help elucidate how these
diets affect organ function long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden A Herman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Kaylee M Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Jared V B Fernandez
- Master's in Biomedicine Program, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Samantha Kauffman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Jason T Spicher
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachel J King
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Julia A Halterman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.,Master's in Biomedicine Program, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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18
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Protective effect of Xin-Ji-Er-Kang on cardiovascular remodeling in high salt-induced hypertensive mice. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:1551-1562. [PMID: 30783421 PMCID: PMC6364186 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Xin-Ji-Er-Kang (XJEK) on high salt-induced hypertensive mice. Mice with high-salt diet-induced hypertension were divided into four groups: Control (standard diet alone for 8 weeks), model (diet containing 8% NaCl for 8 weeks and intragastric administration of distilled water for the last 4 weeks), XJEK + high-salt-treated (diet containing 8% NaCl for 8 weeks and intragastric administration of XJEK for the last 4 weeks) and irbesartan + high-salt-treated (diet containing 8% NaCl for 8 weeks with intragastric administration of irbesartan for the last 4 weeks). The hemodynamic index and cardiac pathological changes in the hypertensive mice were then examined. An aortic ring apparatus was used to detect acetylcholine-dependent endothelium relaxation function. Colorimetric analysis was applied to determine serum nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content; ELISA was employed to measure brain natriuretic peptide, serum angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin-1 content and aldosterone; and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in cardiac tissues. XJEK improved the heart systolic and diastolic function, ameliorated hemodynamic parameters and cardiovascular remodeling indices, blunted the cardiac pathological changes and improved endothelial dysfunction (ED) via boosting eNOS activity, promoting NO bioavailability and decreasing serum Ang II content. Furthermore, treatment with XJEK inhibited the increase of IL-1β and TNF-α expression and the decrease of IL-10 expression in cardiac tissues, and ameliorated oxidative stress status. Therefore, XJEK exerted protective effects against high salt-induced hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling in mice via improving ED, restoring pro- and anti-inflammatory factor balance and decreasing oxidative stress.
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Beaini S, Saliba Y, Hajal J, Smayra V, Bakhos JJ, Joubran N, Chelala D, Fares N. VEGF-C attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9616-9630. [PMID: 30378108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for renal impairment leading to chronic kidney disease. High-salt diet leads to hypertonic skin interstitial volume retention enhancing the activation of the tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) within macrophages leading to vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) secretion and NOS3 modulation. This promotes skin lymphangiogenesis and blood pressure regulation. Whether VEGF-C administration enhances renal and skin lymphangiogenesis and attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension remains to be elucidated. Hypertension was induced in BALB/c mice by a high-salt diet. VEGF-C was administered subcutaneously to high-salt-treated mice as well as control animals. Analyses of kidney injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and biochemical markers were performed in vivo. VEGF-C reduced plasma inflammatory markers in salt-treated mice. In addition, VEGF-C exhibited a renal anti-inflammatory effect with the induction of macrophage M2 phenotype, followed by reductions in interstitial fibrosis. Antioxidant enzymes within the kidney as well as urinary RNA/DNA damage markers were all revelatory of abolished oxidative stress under VEGF-C. Furthermore, VEGF-C decreased the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and blood pressure as well as glomerular and tubular damages. These improvements were associated with enhanced TonEBP, NOS3, and lymphangiogenesis within the kidney and skin. Our data show that VEGF-C administration plays a major role in preserving renal histology and reducing blood pressure. VEGF-C might constitute an interesting potential therapeutic target for improving renal remodeling in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Beaini
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youakim Saliba
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Hajal
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Viviane Smayra
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jules-Joel Bakhos
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Joubran
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Saint Georges Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dania Chelala
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nassim Fares
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Afolabi OA, Alagbonsi AI, Oyinloye RT, Salahdeen HM, Salman TM, Olatunji LA. High-fat diet reduces weight gain but increases other cardio-metabolic indices in offspring of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:218-225. [PMID: 28952789 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1383441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of post-natal consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) on cardio-metabolic indices in male offspring of hypertensive female rats. There were neither significant differences in body weight gain either in pups from normotensive or hypertensive dams that received normal diet during the post-weaning periods (except at 7th and 9th weeks), nor in both pup groups that received HFD. However, both pup groups that received HFD had reduced body weight gain when compared to their counterparts that received normal diet. Post-weaning administration of HFD to pups of hypertensive and normotensive dams significantly increased their blood glucose, pressure and lipid profiles when compared to those weaned to normal diet. It was concluded that male offspring consumption of HFD diet elicits cardio-metabolic disturbance that slightly depended of maternal cardiovascular status but majorly depended on post-weaning weight gain, while that elicited by maternal hypertension is not related to post-weaning weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladele Ayobami Afolabi
- a Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences , Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbosomo , Oyo , Nigeria
| | - Abdullateef Isiaka Alagbonsi
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Gitwe , Gitwe , Republic of Rwanda
| | - Roseline Toyosi Oyinloye
- a Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences , Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbosomo , Oyo , Nigeria
| | | | - Toyin Mohammed Salman
- d Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences , University of Ilorin , Ilorin , Kwara , Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- d Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences , University of Ilorin , Ilorin , Kwara , Nigeria
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Wei S, Cheng D, Yu H, Wang X, Song S, Wang C. Millet-enriched diets attenuate high salt-induced hypertension and myocardial damage in male rats. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Mehta V, O'Keefe JH. Is Salt a Culprit or an Innocent Bystander in Hypertension? A Hypothesis Challenging the Ancient Paradigm. Am J Med 2017; 130:893-899. [PMID: 28373112 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades the notion that an excessive consumption of salt (NaCl) leads to hypertension has persisted. However, this idea is based on opinion, not scientific proof. Despite this, every health organization, agency, and clinicians around the world have been advising salt restriction, especially to hypertensive patients. The present review article suggests that the consumption of a high-salt diet is not the cause of hypertension and that there are other factors, such as added sugars, which are causative for inducing hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varshil Mehta
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY; MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
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Chronic high-sodium diet intake after weaning lead to neurogenic hypertension in adult Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5655. [PMID: 28720883 PMCID: PMC5515999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated some mechanisms involved in sodium-dependent hypertension of rats exposed to chronic salt (NaCl) intake from weaning until adult age. Weaned male Wistar rats were placed under high (0.90% w/w, HS) or regular (0.27% w/w, Cont) sodium diets for 12 weeks. Water consumption, urine output and sodium excretion were higher in HS rats compared to control. Blood pressure (BP) was directly measured by the arterial catheter and found 13.8% higher in HS vs Cont rats. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium caused greater fall in the BP of HS rats (33%), and central antagonism of AT1 receptors (losartan) microinjected into the lateral ventricle reduced BP level of HS, but not of Cont group. Heart rate variability analysis revealed sympathetic prevalence on modulation of the systolic interval. HS diet did not affect creatinine clearance. Kidney histological analysis revealed no significant change in renal corpuscle structure. Sodium and potassium concentrations in CSF were found higher in HS rats despite no change in plasma concentration of these ions. Taken together, data suggest that animals exposed to chronic salt intake to a level close to that reported for human' diet since weaning lead to hypertension, which appears to rely on sodium-driven neurogenic mechanisms.
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Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure is one of the most chronic and deadliest disorders in the world. There are many risk factors responsible for HTN which include age, race, using tobacco, high salt intake, etc. One of the risk factors we would like to highlight is low vitamin D levels. While there is strong evidence that Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining bone and muscle health, there has been recent debate regarding its role in hypertension. However, there are many studies that have shown an indirect relation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum level and blood pressure. However, we suggest that more studies, especially randomised trials, should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshil Mehta
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Shivika Agarwal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad, India
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Yuan M, Chen W, Teng B, Fang Y. Occupational Disparities in the Association between Self-Reported Salt-Eating Habit and Hypertension in Older Adults in Xiamen, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13010148. [PMID: 26805865 PMCID: PMC4730539 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure responses to sodium intake are heterogeneous among populations. Few studies have assessed occupational disparities in the association between sodium intake and hypertension in older people. We used cross-sectional data from 14,292 participants aged 60 years or older in Xiamen, China, in 2013. Self-reported salt-eating habit was examined with three levels: low, medium, and high. The main lifetime occupation was classified into indoor laborer and outdoor laborer. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations of hypertension with self-reported salt-eating habit, main lifetime occupation, and their interactions by adjusting for some covariates, with further stratification by sex. Overall, 13,738 participants had complete data, of whom 30.22% had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 31.57%, 28.63%, and 31.97% in participants who reported to have low, medium, and high salt-eating habit, respectively. Outdoor laborers presented significantly lower prevalence of hypertension than indoor laborers (26.04% vs. 34.26%, p < 0.001). Indoor laborers with high salt-eating habit had the greatest odds of hypertension (OR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.09–1.59]). An increased trend of odds in eating habit as salt-heavier was presented in indoor laborers (p-trend = 0.048), especially for women (p-trend = 0.001). No clear trend presented in men. Conclusively, sex-specific occupational disparities exist in the association between self-reported salt-eating habit and hypertension in older individuals. Overlooking the potential moderating role of sex and occupation might affect the relationship between sodium intake and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Bogang Teng
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Ya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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Cheng D, Zhang X, Meng M, Han L, Li Z, Hou L, Qi W, Wang C. The protective effect of a buckwheat-enriched diet on renal injury in high salt-induced hypertension in rats. Food Funct 2016; 7:3548-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An excess of dietary salt is the most common factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Lirong Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Lihua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Wentao Qi
- Academy of State Administration of Grain
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Sanitation
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
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Lankhorst S, Baelde HJ, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, Smedts FMM, Danser AHJ, van den Meiracker AH. Effect of high salt diet on blood pressure and renal damage during vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition with sunitinib. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:914-21. [PMID: 26681729 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiangiogenic treatment with the multitargeted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor sunitinib associates with a blood pressure (BP) rise and glomerular renal injury. Recent evidence indicates that VEGF derived from tubular cells is required for maintenance of the peritubular vasculature. In the present study, we focussed on tubular and glomerular pathology induced by sunitinib and explored whether a high salt (HS) diet augments the BP rise and renal abnormalities. METHODS Normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to a normal salt (NS) or HS diet for 2 weeks and subsequently for 8 days to sunitinib or vehicle administration after which the rats were euthanized and kidneys excised. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was telemetrically measured. Urine was sampled for proteinuria and endothelinuria, and blood for measurement of endothelin-1, creatinine and cystatin C. RESULTS Compared with the NS diet, MAP rapidly rose by 27 ± 3 mmHg with the HS diet. On sunitinib, MAP rose further by 15 ± 1 with the NS and by 23 ± 4 mmHg with the HS diet (P < 0.05). The HS diet itself had no effect on proteinuria, endothelinuria or the plasma levels of endothelin-1, creatinine and cystatin C. Only with the HS diet, sunitinib administration massively increased proteinuria and endothelinuria and these two parameters were related (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). Likewise, renal glomerular pathology was enhanced during sunitinib with the HS diet, whereas tubulointerstitial injury or reduced peritubular capillary density did not occur. CONCLUSIONS An HS diet induces a marked BP rise in WKY rats and exacerbates both the magnitude of the BP rise and glomerular injury induced by sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lankhorst
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank M M Smedts
- Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Shah PT, Maxwell KD, Shapiro JI. Dashing away hypertension: Evaluating the efficacy of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet in controlling high blood pressure. World J Hypertens 2015; 5:119-128. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v5.i4.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet has been developed and popularized as a non-pharmaceutical intervention for high blood pressure reduction since 1995. However, to date, a comprehensive description of the biochemical rationale behind the diet’s principal guidelines has yet to be compiled. With rising interest for healthy and reliable life-style modifications to combat cardiovascular disease, this review aims to compile the most recent and relevant studies on this topic and make an informed assessment as to the efficacy of and underlying mechanisms operant in the DASH diet. Specifically, the merits of lowering dietary intake of sodium and saturated fat, as well as increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and dairy, have been shown to attenuate hypertension individually. Upon review of this evidence, we conclude that the combination of dietary patterns proposed in the DASH diet is effective in attenuating high blood pressure. We also suggest that efforts to more widely implement adoption of the DASH diet would be beneficial to public health.
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Li HB, Qin DN, Suo YP, Guo J, Su Q, Miao YW, Sun WY, Yi QY, Cui W, Cheng K, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Blockade of Salusin-β in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Salt-induced Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:323-31. [PMID: 26038832 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salusin-β, a multifunctional bioactive peptide, is considered as a promising candidate biomarker for predicting cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of salusin-β in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) delays the progression of hypertension and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by restoring neurotransmitters and cytokines. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with a normal salt diet (NS, 0.3%) or a high salt diet (HS, 8%) for 8 weeks to induce hypertension. Then, these rats received bilateral PVN infusion of a specific salusin-β blocker, antisalusin-β IgG (SIgG), or control IgG (CIgG) for 2 weeks. HS rats exhibited higher mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by increased whole heart weight/bodyweight ratio, whole heart weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, and messenger RNA levels of cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and β-myosin heavy chain. Compared with NS rats, HS rats had higher levels of glutamate, norepinephrine, tyrosine hydroxylase, proinflammatory cytokines, and lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid, interleukin 10, and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the PVN, and higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic PVN infusion of SIgG attenuated all these changes in HS rats. Our findings suggest that HS rats have an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, as well as an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the PVN; and chronic inhibition of salusin-β in the PVN restores neurotransmitters and cytokines in the PVN, thereby attenuating hypertensive responses and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- *Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China; †Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; ‡Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China; §Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Public Health, Xi'an, China; ¶Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; ‖Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and **Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang M, Qin DN, Suo YP, Su Q, Li HB, Miao YW, Guo J, Feng ZP, Qi J, Gao HL, Mu JJ, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Endogenous hydrogen peroxide in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus regulates neurohormonal excitation in high salt-induced hypertension. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:206-15. [PMID: 25891026 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain plays an important role in the progression of hypertension and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major component of ROS. The aim of this study is to explore whether endogenous H2O2 changed by polyethylene glycol-catalase (PEG-CAT) and aminotriazole (ATZ) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates neurotransmitters, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and cytokines, and whether subsequently affects the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in high salt-induced hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a high-salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) or a normal-salt diet (NS, 0.3% NaCl) for 10 weeks. Then rats were treated with bilateral PVN microinjection of PEG-CAT (0.2 i.u./50nl), an analog of endogenous catalase, the catalase inhibitor ATZ (10nmol/50nl) or vehicle. High salt-fed rats had significantly increased MAP, RSNA, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs). In addition, rats with high-salt diet had higher levels of NOX-2, NOX-4 (subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), glutamate and NE, and lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the PVN than normal diet rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of PEG-CAT attenuated the levels of RAS and restored the balance of neurotransmitters and cytokines, while microinjection of ATZ into the PVN augmented those changes occurring in hypertensive rats. Our findings demonstrate that ROS component H2O2 in the PVN regulating MAP and RSNA are partly due to modulate neurotransmitters, renin-angiotensin system, and cytokines within the PVN in salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Da-Nian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yu-Ping Suo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Wang Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Covic A, Voroneanu L, Goldsmith D. Routine bioimpedance-derived volume assessment for all hypertensives: a new paradigm. Am J Nephrol 2014; 40:434-40. [PMID: 25427586 DOI: 10.1159/000369218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common worldwide diseases. Is linked with increased morbidity and mortality and amplified costs to society; in this context, preventing and treating hypertension is an imperative public health challenge. Unidentified, clinically unapparent volume expansion is an important cause for hypertension. Optimization of fluid status was associated with an improvement in BP control, a substantial regression of the left ventricular mass index, arterial stiffness and better survival rate in several cohorts. Clinical assessment of hydration status is an inaccurate clinical science. Bioimpedance provides a noninvasive and reliable, simple, reproducible technology for diagnosing subclinical fluid accumulation. Several small studies and a recent meta-analysis performed in patients with resistant hypertension reported an improved BP control in the impedance treated group compared with the group of patients treated as per clinical judgment alone. A combined approach (using both sphygmomanometers and bioimpedance) and individualized antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive's patients it seems probable to improve BP control and possibly end organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, C.I. Parhon University, Hospital, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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Hyndman KA, Xue J, MacDonell A, Speed JS, Jin C, Pollock JS. Distinct regulation of inner medullary collecting duct nitric oxide production from mice and rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:233-9. [PMID: 23331097 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase 1 (NOS1) maintain sodium and water homeostasis. The NOS1α and NOS1β splice variants are expressed in the rat inner medulla, but only NOS1β is expressed in the mouse. Collecting duct NOS1 is necessary for blood pressure control. We hypothesized that NOS1 splice variant expression and NO production in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) are regulated differently in mice and rats by high dietary sodium. Male C57blk/J6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 0.4% (normal salt; NS), or 4% (high salt; HS) NaCl diet for 2 or 7 days. Mean arterial pressure was not altered by HS, whereas urinary sodium excretion in mice and rats was increased significantly. Urinary excretion of nitrate/nitrite (NO(x)) and IMCD nitrite production were significantly greater in mice compared with rats on the HS diet. Western blotting indicated that only NOS1β and NOS3 were expressed in the mouse IMCD and that expression was unaffected by the HS diet at either time point. In contrast, NOS1α was detected in the IMCD of rats, in addition to NOS1β and NOS3. Feeding of the HS diet for 2 days increased NOS1α and NOS1β expression in the rat IMCD and 7 day feeding of the HS diet further increased NOS1β expression. Expression of NOS3 was unchanged by the HS diet at either time point. In conclusion, IMCD NO production in mice and rats is distinctly regulated under both NS and HS conditions, including expression of NOS1 splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hyndman
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Combination therapy with losartan and pioglitazone additively reduces renal oxidative and nitrative stress induced by chronic high fat, sucrose, and sodium intake. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:856085. [PMID: 23213350 PMCID: PMC3505666 DOI: 10.1155/2012/856085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that combination therapy with losartan and pioglitazone provided synergistic effects compared with monotherapy in improving lesions of renal structure and function in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat, high-sodium diet and 20% sucrose solution. This study was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms of additive renoprotection provided by combination therapy. Losartan, pioglitazone, and their combination were orally administered for 8 weeks. The increased level of renal malondialdehyde and expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit p47phox and nitrotyrosine as well as the decreased total superoxide dismutase activity and copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase expression were tangible evidence for the presence of oxidative and nitrative stress in the kidney of model rats. Treatment with both drugs, individually and in combination, improved these abnormal changes. Combination therapy showed synergistic effects in reducing malondialdehyde level, p47phox, and nitrotyrosine expression to almost the normal level compared with monotherapy. All these results suggest that the additive renoprotection provided by combination therapy might be attributed to a further reduction of oxidative and nitrative stress.
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Kong X, Zhang DY, Wu HB, Li FX. Losartan and pioglitazone ameliorate nephropathy in experimental metabolic syndrome rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:693-9. [PMID: 21532159 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that metabolic syndrome (MS) is a risk factor for proteinuria and chronic kidney disease. Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker, ARB) and pioglitazone (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, PPARγ agonist) have been shown to confer renoprotection. However, to date, whether or not an ARB and a PPARγ agonist have synergistic renoprotective effects remains controversial. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate a combined treatment with losartan and pioglitazone in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat, high-salt (HFS) diet and 20% sucrose solution for 16 weeks, an animal model of MS accompanying with renal lesions. Losartan, pioglitazone, and their combination were orally administered in the MS rats from 8 weeks to the end of this study. At 16 weeks, the MS rats showed the elevation in systolic blood pressure (SBP), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and glomerulosclerosis (GS) score, but creatinine clearance, urinary protein excretion, and score of tubulointerstitial damage were not affected. Renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein level, mRNA and protein expression, which were respectively measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis, were obviously decreased in the MS rats. Treatment with the combination of losartan and pioglitazone provided synergistic effects in reducing the SBP, UAE, and GS score when compared with monotherapy. These effects were not associated with ameliorated the downregulation of renal VEGF expression. Our data suggest that combined treatment with losartan and pioglitazone may offer additional advantages in treating MS nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Third-Grade Pharmacology Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Anhui, China
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Lu X, Bean JS, Kassab GS, Rekhter MD. Protein kinase C inhibition ameliorates functional endothelial insulin resistance and vascular smooth muscle cell hypersensitivity to insulin in diabetic hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:48. [PMID: 21635764 PMCID: PMC3127756 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance, diabetes, and hypertension are considered elements of metabolic syndrome which is associated with vascular dysfunction. We investigated whether inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) would affect vascular function in diabetic hypertensive (DH) rats. METHODS A combination of type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension was produced in male Sprague Dawley rats by intrauterine protein deprivation (IUPD) followed by high salt diet. At the age of 32 weeks, DH rats were treated for 2 weeks with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (Capto, 30 mg/kg), PKC inhibitor ruboxistaurin (RBX, 50 mg/kg) or vehicle (n = 8 per group) and blood pressure was monitored using telemetry. At the end of experiments, femoral arteries were dissected, and vascular reactivity was evaluated with isovolumic myography. RESULTS The IUPD followed by high salt diet resulted in significant elevation of plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and blood pressure. Endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in response to acetylcholine was blunted while vascular contraction in response to phenylephrine was enhanced in the DH rats. Neither Capto nor RBX restored endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation while both suppressed vascular contraction. Ex-vivo incubation of femoral arteries from control rats with insulin induced dose-response vasorelaxation while insulin failed to induce vasorelaxation in the DH rat arteries. In the control arteries treated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, insulin induced vasoconstriction that was exacerbated in DH rats. Capto and RBX partially inhibited insulin-stimulated vascular contraction. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PKC inhibition ameliorates functional endothelial insulin resistance and smooth muscle cell hypersensitivity to insulin, but does not restore acetylcholine-activated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in DH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Surgery, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Drenjančević-Perić I, Jelaković B, Lombard JH, Kunert MP, Kibel A, Gros M. High-salt diet and hypertension: focus on the renin-angiotensin system. Kidney Blood Press Res 2010; 34:1-11. [PMID: 21071956 DOI: 10.1159/000320387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet is one of the major risk factors in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Numerous experimental and observational studies have confirmed the association of sodium intake with blood pressure levels. The effects of a high-salt diet are related to the function of the renin-angiotensin system, which is normally suppressed by a high-salt diet. Endothelial dysfunction probably plays an important role in the influence of high sodium intake on blood pressure, although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Genetic factors are known to be very important, and various consomic and congenic rat strains as animal models have proven to be very useful in bringing us a step closer to understanding the interaction between salt intake and hypertension. In this article, experimental data obtained in studies on animals and humans, as well as epidemiological data are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Drenjančević-Perić
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, School of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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Oike H, Nagai K, Fukushima T, Ishida N, Kobori M. High-salt diet advances molecular circadian rhythms in mouse peripheral tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:7-13. [PMID: 20888322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dietary compounds influence the expression of various genes and play a major role in changing physiological and metabolic states. However, little is known about the role of food ingredients in the regulation of circadian gene expression. Here, we show that feeding mice with a high-salt (HS) diet ad libitum for over 2weeks advanced the phase of clock gene expression by about 3h in the liver, kidney, and lung, but did not change circadian feeding, drinking, and locomotor rhythms. Focused DNA microarray analysis showed that the expression phase of many genes related to metabolism in the liver was also advanced. Immediately before phase advancement in peripheral tissues, the mRNA expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (Sglt1) and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), that are responsible for glucose absorption, was increased in the jejunum. Furthermore, blood glucose uptake increased more rapidly after consuming the HS diet than the control diet. Moreover, phloridzin, a specific inhibitor of SGLT1, prevented the increased glucose transporter expression in the jejunum and phase advancement in the livers of mice on the HS diet. These results suggest that increased glucose absorption induced by dietary HS alters the food entrainment of peripheral molecular circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Oike
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
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Gu JW, Manning RD, Young E, Shparago M, Sartin B, Bailey AP. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor enhances dietary salt-induced hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R142-8. [PMID: 19420288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90972.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence links the inhibition of VEGF to hypertension. However, the mechanisms by which VEGF affects the pathogenesis of hypertension remain in question. We determined 1) whether administration of VEGF receptor inhibitor SU5416 enhances dietary salt-induced hypertension in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and 2) whether VEGF or SU5416 directly affects proliferation of cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in cultured human glomerular microvessel endothelial cells (HGMEC). Ten 10-wk-old male SD rats received a high sodium diet (HS; 8%) and the other 10 SD rats received a normal sodium diet (NS; 0.5%) for 4 wks. After 2 wks of the dietary program, five rats were administered with SU5416 at 10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) ip or DMSO (vehicle) for 14 days in HS and NS groups. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in rats treated with SU5416, as opposed to those treated with DMSO and fed with HS for 4 wk (157.6 +/- 3.9 vs. 125.9 +/- 4.3 mmHg, P < 0.01). Increased proteinuria and albuminuria were associated with marked renal histological abnormalities in HS group with SU5416 administration, compared with those in the vehicle HS group. 3H-thymidine incorporation assay showed that SU5416 blocked the actions of both exogenous and endogenous VEGF on the proliferation of HRPTEC. VEGF (10 ng/ml) significantly increased eNOS protein levels by 29% in cultured HGMEC, but its action was completely abolished by SU5416. These results suggest that VEGF receptor inhibition enhances dietary salt-induced hypertension and kidney injury, possibly by direct damage on renal cells and decreasing NO production by eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Gu
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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