1
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Dirican CD, Nelson PS. Y Chromosome Loss and Implications for Oncology. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:603-612. [PMID: 38647375 PMCID: PMC11217729 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-24-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The Y chromosome has recognized functions in promoting male sex determination and regulating aspects of fertility. However, recent work has demonstrated important roles for the Y chromosome and Y-encoded genes in multiple domains of male health, including cancer. It is well established that males experience shorter lifespans than females, and this sex bias on overall mortality is accentuated in populations with longer life expectancy, in part related to elevated rates of cancer. The majority of human malignancies exhibit a sex bias with elevated frequencies in males. For many of these cancer types, the disparity has not been explained by environmental risk factors such as tobacco use. Notably, loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) detected in blood cells, termed mosaic LOY, is a common event that is related to advancing age and is associated with a shortened lifespan. Mosaic LOY is linked to increased incidence and mortality across a range of malignancies. Furthermore, tumors arising in different anatomic sites exhibit different frequencies of partial or complete Y chromosome loss. Causal oncogenic or tumor-suppressive roles have been documented for several Y-encoded genes, such as lysine-specific demethylase 5 D, that exert pleiotropic effects on cellular functions by virtue of genome-wide regulation of gene activity. In this review, we discuss aspects of the Y chromosome relevant to oncology. The recent completion of the entire human Y-chromosome sequence provides a reference map of Y-encoded genes and regulatory elements to enable causal molecular studies that may explain and exploit the marked disparity in male cancer risk and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan D. Dirican
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington.
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2
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Djos A, Svensson J, Gaarder J, Umapathy G, Nilsson S, Ek T, Vogt H, Georgantzi K, Öra I, Träger C, Kogner P, Martinsson T, Fransson S. Loss of Chromosome Y in Neuroblastoma Is Associated With High-Risk Disease, 11q-Deletion, and Telomere Maintenance. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23260. [PMID: 39031441 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous childhood cancer with a slightly higher incidence in boys than girls, with the reason for this gender disparity unknown. Given the growing evidence for the involvement of loss of the Y chromosome (LoY) in male diseases including cancer, we investigated Y chromosome status in NB. Male NB tumor samples from a Swedish cohort, analyzed using Cytoscan HD SNP-microarray, were selected. Seventy NB tumors were analyzed for aneuploidy of the Y chromosome, and these data were correlated with other genetic, biological, and clinical parameters. LoY was found in 21% of the male NB tumors and it was almost exclusively found in those with high-risk genomic profiles. Furthermore, LoY was associated with increased age at diagnosis and enriched in tumors with 11q-deletion and activated telomere maintenance mechanisms. In contrast, tumors with an MYCN-amplified genomic profile retained their Y chromosome. The understanding of LoY in cancer is limited, making it difficult to conclude whether LoY is a driving event in NB or function of increased genomic instability. Gene expression analysis of Y chromosome genes in male NB tumors showed low expression of certain genes correlating with worse overall survival. KDM5D, encoding a histone demethylase stands out as an interesting candidate for further studies. LoY has been shown to impact the epigenomic layer of autosomal loci in nonreproductive tissues, and KDM5D has been reported as downregulated and/or associated with poor survival in different malignancies. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms and functional consequences of LoY in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Djos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Svensson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennie Gaarder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ganesh Umapathy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torben Ek
- Children's Cancer Centre, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hartmut Vogt
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Division of Children's and Women's Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kleopatra Georgantzi
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Pediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Öra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catarina Träger
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Pediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Martinsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Fransson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Kuznetsova IL, Uralsky LI, Tyazhelova TV, Andreeva TV, Rogaev EI. Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome in human neurodegenerative and oncological diseases. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:502-511. [PMID: 37808213 PMCID: PMC10551935 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new biomarkers for prediction and early detection of human diseases, as well as for monitoring the response to therapy is one of the most relevant areas of modern human genetics and genomics. Until recently, it was believed that the function of human Y chromosome genes was limited to determining sex and controlling spermatogenesis. Thanks to occurance of large databases of the genome-wide association study (GWAS), there has been a transition to the use of large samples for analyzing genetic changes in both normal and pathological conditions. This has made it possible to assess the association of mosaic aneuploidy of the Y chromosome in somatic cells with a shorter lifespan in men compared to women. Based on data from the UK Biobank, an association was found between mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLOY) in peripheral blood leukocytes and the age of men over 70, as well as a number of oncological, cardiac, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. As a result, mLOY in peripheral blood cells has been considered a potential marker of biological age in men and as a marker of certain age-related diseases. Currently, numerous associations have been identified between mLOY and genes based on GWAS and transcriptomes in affected tissues. However, the exact cause of mLOY and the impact and consequences of this phenomenon at the whole organism level have not been established. In particular, it is unclear whether aneuploidy of the Y chromosome in blood cells may affect the development of pathologies that manifest in other organs, such as the brain in Alzheimer's disease, or whether it is a neutral biomarker of general genomic instability. This review examines the main pathologies and genetic factors associated with mLOY, as well as the hypotheses regarding their interplay. Special attention is given to recent studies on mLOY in brain cells in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Kuznetsova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Moscow, Russia Sirius University of Science and Technology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - L I Uralsky
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Moscow, Russia Sirius University of Science and Technology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - T V Tyazhelova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - T V Andreeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Moscow, Russia Sirius University of Science and Technology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sochi, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University, Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Moscow, Russia Sirius University of Science and Technology, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sochi, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University, Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Sano S, Thel MC, Walsh K. Mosaic Loss of Y Chromosome in White Blood Cells: Its Impact on Men's Health. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 36976266 PMCID: PMC10281780 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a brief introduction of loss of Y chromosome (LOY) in blood and describe the known risk factors for this condition. We then overview the associations between LOY and age-related disease traits. Finally, we discuss murine models and the potential mechanisms by which LOY contributes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Sano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Mosaicism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mark C Thel
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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5
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Ocañas SR, Ansere VA, Kellogg CM, Isola JVV, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Freeman WM. Chromosomal and gonadal factors regulate microglial sex effects in the aging brain. Brain Res Bull 2023; 195:157-171. [PMID: 36804773 PMCID: PMC10810555 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex contributes to phenotypic sex effects through genetic (sex chromosomal) and hormonal (gonadal) mechanisms. There are profound sex differences in the prevalence and progression of age-related brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation of neural tissue is one of the most consistent age-related phenotypes seen with healthy aging and disease. The pro-inflammatory environment of the aging brain has primarily been attributed to microglial reactivity and adoption of heterogeneous reactive states dependent upon intrinsic (i.e., sex) and extrinsic (i.e., age, disease state) factors. Here, we review sex effects in microglia across the lifespan, explore potential genetic and hormonal molecular mechanisms of microglial sex effects, and discuss currently available models and methods to study sex effects in the aging brain. Despite recent attention to this area, significant further research is needed to mechanistically understand the regulation of microglial sex effects across the lifespan, which may open new avenues for sex informed prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Ocañas
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Victor A Ansere
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Collyn M Kellogg
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jose V V Isola
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ana J Chucair-Elliott
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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6
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Suarez LM, Diaz-Del Cerro E, Felix J, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Ceprian N, Guerra-Perez N, G Novelle M, Martinez de Toda I, De la Fuente M. Sex differences in neuroimmunoendocrine communication. Involvement on longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111798. [PMID: 36907251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine, nervous, and immune systems work coordinately to maintain the global homeostasis of the organism. They show sex differences in their functions that, in turn, contribute to sex differences beyond reproductive function. Females display a better control of the energetic metabolism and improved neuroprotection and have more antioxidant defenses and a better inflammatory status than males, which is associated with a more robust immune response than that of males. These differences are present from the early stages of life, being more relevant in adulthood and influencing the aging trajectory in each sex and may contribute to the different life lifespan between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Suarez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estefania Diaz-Del Cerro
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Felix
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi Ceprian
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Guerra-Perez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta G Novelle
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martinez de Toda
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Hubbard AK, Brown DW, Machiela MJ. Clonal hematopoiesis due to mosaic chromosomal alterations: Impact on disease risk and mortality. Leuk Res 2023; 126:107022. [PMID: 36706615 PMCID: PMC9974917 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2023.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) are the clonal expansion of large somatically acquired structural chromosomal changes present on the autosomes and sex chromosomes. Most studies of mCAs use existing genotype array intensity data from large populations to investigate potential risk factors and disease outcomes associated with mCAs. In this review, we perform a comprehensive examination of existing evidence for mCA disease and mortality associations and provide a framework for interpreting these associations in the context of important biases specific to mCA studies. Our goal is to motivate well-designed mCA studies to assist in unlocking the potential of mCAs to improve understanding of the effects of ageing and accelerate translational applications for improving public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey K Hubbard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Derek W Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA; Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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8
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Iannuzzi V, Bacalini MG, Franceschi C, Giuliani C. The role of genetics and epigenetics in sex differences in human survival. GENUS 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41118-023-00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSex differences in human survival have been extensively investigated in many studies that have in part uncovered the biological determinants that promote a longer life in females with respect to males. Moreover, researches performed in the past years have prompted increased awareness about the biological effects of environmental factors that can modulate the magnitude of the sex gap in survival. Besides the genetic background, epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation, that can modulate cell function, have been particularly studied in this framework. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in promoting female advantage from the early in life (“INNATE” features), and in influencing the magnitude of the gap in sex differences in survival and ageing (“VARIABLE” features). After briefly discussing the biological bases of sex determination in humans, we will provide much evidence showing that (i) “innate” mechanisms common to all males and to all females (both genetic and epigenetic) play a major role in sex differences in lifespan; (ii) “variable” genetic and epigenetic patterns, that vary according to context, populations and exposures to different environments, can affect the magnitude of the gap in sex differences in survival. Then we will describe recent findings in the use of epigenetic clocks to uncover sex differences in biological age and thus potentially in mortality. In conclusion, we will discuss how environmental factors cannot be kept apart from the biological factors providing evidence from the field of human ecology.
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9
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Evans MA, Walsh K. Clonal hematopoiesis, somatic mosaicism, and age-associated disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:649-716. [PMID: 36049115 PMCID: PMC9639777 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mosaicism, the occurrence of multiple genetically distinct cell clones within the same tissue, is an evitable consequence of human aging. The hematopoietic system is no exception to this, where studies have revealed the presence of expanded blood cell clones carrying mutations in preleukemic driver genes and/or genetic alterations in chromosomes. This phenomenon is referred to as clonal hematopoiesis and is remarkably prevalent in elderly individuals. While clonal hematopoiesis represents an early step toward a hematological malignancy, most individuals will never develop blood cancer. Somewhat unexpectedly, epidemiological studies have found that clonal hematopoiesis is associated with an increase in the risk of all-cause mortality and age-related disease, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Studies using murine models of clonal hematopoiesis have begun to shed light on this relationship, suggesting that driver mutations in mature blood cells can causally contribute to aging and disease by augmenting inflammatory processes. Here we provide an up-to-date review of clonal hematopoiesis within the context of somatic mosaicism and aging and describe recent epidemiological studies that have reported associations with age-related disease. We will also discuss the experimental studies that have provided important mechanistic insight into how driver mutations promote age-related disease and how this knowledge could be leveraged to treat individuals with clonal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Evans
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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10
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Bruhn-Olszewska B, Davies H, Sarkisyan D, Juhas U, Rychlicka-Buniowska E, Wójcik M, Horbacz M, Jąkalski M, Olszewski P, Westholm JO, Smialowska A, Wierzba K, Torinsson Naluai Å, Jern N, Andersson LM, Järhult JD, Filipowicz N, Tiensuu Janson E, Rubertsson S, Lipcsey M, Gisslén M, Hultström M, Frithiof R, Dumanski JP. Loss of Y in leukocytes as a risk factor for critical COVID-19 in men. Genome Med 2022; 14:139. [PMID: 36514076 PMCID: PMC9747543 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic, which has a prominent social and economic impact worldwide, shows a largely unexplained male bias for the severity and mortality of the disease. Loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is a risk factor candidate in COVID-19 due to its prior association with many chronic age-related diseases, and its impact on immune gene transcription. METHODS Publicly available scRNA-seq data of PBMC samples derived from male patients critically ill with COVID-19 were reanalyzed, and LOY status was added to the annotated cells. We further studied LOY in whole blood for 211 COVID-19 patients treated at intensive care units (ICU) from the first and second waves of the pandemic. Of these, 139 patients were subject to cell sorting for LOY analysis in granulocytes, low-density neutrophils (LDNs), monocytes, and PBMCs. RESULTS Reanalysis of available scRNA-seq data revealed LDNs and monocytes as the cell types most affected by LOY. Subsequently, DNA analysis indicated that 46%, 32%, and 29% of critically ill patients showed LOY above 5% cut-off in LDNs, granulocytes, and monocytes, respectively. Hence, the myeloid lineage that is crucial for the development of severe COVID-19 phenotype is affected by LOY. Moreover, LOY correlated with increasing WHO score (median difference 1.59%, 95% HDI 0.46% to 2.71%, p=0.025), death during ICU treatment (median difference 1.46%, 95% HDI 0.47% to 2.43%, p=0.0036), and history of vessel disease (median difference 2.16%, 95% HDI 0.74% to 3.7%, p=0.004), among other variables. In 16 recovered patients, sampled during ICU stay and 93-143 days later, LOY decreased significantly in whole blood and PBMCs. Furthermore, the number of LDNs at the recovery stage decreased dramatically (median difference 76.4 per 10,000 cell sorting events, 95% HDI 55.5 to 104, p=6e-11). CONCLUSIONS We present a link between LOY and an acute, life-threatening infectious disease. Furthermore, this study highlights LOY as the most prominent clonal mutation affecting the myeloid cell lineage during emergency myelopoiesis. The correlation between LOY level and COVID-19 severity might suggest that this mutation affects the functions of monocytes and neutrophils, which could have consequences for male innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Bruhn-Olszewska
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulana Juhas
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Rychlicka-Buniowska
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójcik
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Horbacz
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Jąkalski
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Olszewski
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub O. Westholm
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agata Smialowska
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karol Wierzba
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biobank Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Jern
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biobank Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars-Magnus Andersson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Filipowicz
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sten Rubertsson
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklós Lipcsey
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Hedenstierna laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Hultström
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Frithiof
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan P. Dumanski
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 34263P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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Cīrulis A, Hansson B, Abbott JK. Sex-limited chromosomes and non-reproductive traits. BMC Biol 2022; 20:156. [PMID: 35794589 PMCID: PMC9261002 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are typically viewed as having originated from a pair of autosomes, and differentiated as the sex-limited chromosome (e.g. Y) has degenerated by losing most genes through cessation of recombination. While often thought that degenerated sex-limited chromosomes primarily affect traits involved in sex determination and sex cell production, accumulating evidence suggests they also influence traits not sex-limited or directly involved in reproduction. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of sex-limited chromosomes on non-reproductive traits in XY, ZW or UV sex determination systems, and discuss evolutionary processes maintaining variation at sex-limited chromosomes and molecular mechanisms affecting non-reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aivars Cīrulis
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Alagpulinsa DA, Toribio MP, Alhallak I, Shmookler Reis RJ. Advances in understanding the molecular basis of clonal hematopoiesis. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:360-377. [PMID: 35341686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are polyfunctional, regenerating all blood cells via hematopoiesis throughout life. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is said to occur when a substantial proportion of mature blood cells is derived from a single dominant HSC lineage, usually because these HSCs have somatic mutations that confer a fitness and expansion advantage. CH strongly associates with aging and enrichment in some diseases irrespective of age, emerging as an independent causal risk factor for hematologic malignancies, cardiovascular disease, adverse disease outcomes, and all-cause mortality. Defining the molecular mechanisms underlying CH will thus provide a framework to develop interventions for healthy aging and disease treatment. Here, we review the most recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of CH in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Alagpulinsa
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Mabel P Toribio
- Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Iad Alhallak
- Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Robert J Shmookler Reis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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13
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Abstract
Contrary to earlier beliefs, every cell in the individual is genetically different due to somatic mutations. Consequently, tissues become a mixture of cells with distinct genomes, a phenomenon termed somatic mosaicism. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology have unveiled possible causes of mutations and how they shape the unique mutational landscape of the tissues. Moreover, the analysis of sequencing data in combination with clinical information has revealed the impacts of somatic mosaicism on disease processes. In this review, we discuss somatic mosaicism in various tissues and its clinical implications for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Horitani
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Izumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Soichi Sano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan;
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14
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Fukami M, Miyado M. Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome and men's health. Reprod Med Biol 2022; 21:e12445. [PMID: 35386373 PMCID: PMC8967293 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
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15
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Riaz M, Mattisson J, Polekhina G, Bakshi A, Halvardson J, Danielsson M, Ameur A, McNeil J, Forsberg LA, Lacaze P. A polygenic risk score predicts mosaic loss of chromosome Y in circulating blood cells. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:205. [PMID: 34895331 PMCID: PMC8667399 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosaic loss of Y chromosome (LOY) is the most common somatic change that occurs in circulating white blood cells of older men. LOY in leukocytes is associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality and a range of common disease such as hematological and non-hematological cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular events. Recent genome-wide association studies identified up to 156 germline variants associated with risk of LOY. The objective of this study was to use these variants to calculate a novel polygenic risk score (PRS) for LOY, and to assess the predictive performance of this score in a large independent population of older men. Results We calculated a PRS for LOY in 5131 men aged 70 years and older. Levels of LOY were estimated using microarrays and validated by whole genome sequencing. After adjusting for covariates, the PRS was a significant predictor of LOY (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74 per standard deviation of the PRS, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.62–1.86, p < 0.001). Men in the highest quintile of the PRS distribution had > fivefold higher risk of LOY than the lowest (OR = 5.05, 95% CI 4.05–6.32, p < 0.001). Adding the PRS to a LOY prediction model comprised of age, smoking and alcohol consumption significantly improved prediction (AUC = 0.628 [CI 0.61–0.64] to 0.695 [CI 0.67–0.71], p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that a PRS for LOY could become a useful tool for risk prediction and targeted intervention for common disease in men. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00716-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeen Riaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonas Mattisson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Galina Polekhina
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonatan Halvardson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Danielsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Ameur
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,The Beijer Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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16
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Guo X, Li J, Xue J, Fenech M, Wang X. Loss of Y chromosome: An emerging next-generation biomarker for disease prediction and early detection? MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108389. [PMID: 34893154 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases substantially and aging is the primary risk factor for most chronic diseases, there is an urgent need for advancing the development of post-genomic era biomarkers that can be used for disease prediction and early detection (DPED). Mosaic loss of Y chromosome (LOY) is the state of nullisomy Y in sub-groups of somatic cells acquired from different post-zygotic development stages and onwards throughout the lifespan. Multiple large-cohort based epidemiology studies have found that LOY in blood cells is a significant risk factor for future mortality and various diseases in males. Many features intrinsic to LOY analysis may be leveraged to enhance its use as a non-invasive, sensitive, reliable, high throughput-biomarker for DPED. Here, we review the emerging literatures in LOY studies and highlight ten strengths for using LOY as a novel biomarker for genomics-driven DPED diagnostics. Meanwhile, the current limitations in this area are also discussed. We conclude by identifying some important knowledge gaps regarding the consequences of malsegregation of the Y chromosome and propose further steps that are required before clinical implementation of LOY. Taken together, we think that LOY has substantial potential as a biomarker for DPED, despite some hurdles that still need to be addressed before its integration into healthcare becomes acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Jianfei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia; University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Centre of Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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17
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Tilson MD. A New Twist in the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Story. AORTA : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AORTIC INSTITUTE AT YALE-NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL 2021; 9:167-168. [PMID: 34715700 PMCID: PMC8642074 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin David Tilson
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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18
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Abstract
Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) is a common, age-related expansion of blood cells with somatic mutations that is associated with an increased risk of haematological malignancies, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. CH may be caused by point mutations in genes associated with myeloid neoplasms, chromosomal copy number changes and loss of heterozygosity events. How inherited and environmental factors shape the incidence of CH is incompletely understood. Even though the several varieties of CH may have distinct phenotypic consequences, recent research points to an underlying genetic architecture that is highly overlapping. Moreover, there are numerous commonalities between the inherited variation associated with CH and that which has been linked to age-associated biomarkers and diseases. In this Review, we synthesize what is currently known about how inherited variation shapes the risk of CH and how this genetic architecture intersects with the biology of diseases that occur with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Silver
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael R Savona
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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19
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Mattisson J, Danielsson M, Hammond M, Davies H, Gallant CJ, Nordlund J, Raine A, Edén M, Kilander L, Ingelsson M, Dumanski JP, Halvardson J, Forsberg LA. Leukocytes with chromosome Y loss have reduced abundance of the cell surface immunoprotein CD99. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15160. [PMID: 34312421 PMCID: PMC8313698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in immune cells is a male-specific mutation associated with increased risk for morbidity and mortality. The CD99 gene, positioned in the pseudoautosomal regions of chromosomes X and Y, encodes a cell surface protein essential for several key properties of leukocytes and immune system functions. Here we used CITE-seq for simultaneous quantification of CD99 derived mRNA and cell surface CD99 protein abundance in relation to LOY in single cells. The abundance of CD99 molecules was lower on the surfaces of LOY cells compared with cells without this aneuploidy in all six types of leukocytes studied, while the abundance of CD proteins encoded by genes located on autosomal chromosomes were independent from LOY. These results connect LOY in single cells with immune related cellular properties at the protein level, providing mechanistic insight regarding disease vulnerability in men affected with mosaic chromosome Y loss in blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mattisson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Danielsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hammond
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline J Gallant
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amanda Raine
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Edén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 3P Medicine Laboratory, International Research Agendas Programme, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jonatan Halvardson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,The Beijer Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Lin SH, Brown DW, Rose B, Day F, Lee OW, Khan SM, Hislop J, Chanock SJ, Perry JRB, Machiela MJ. Incident disease associations with mosaic chromosomal alterations on autosomes, X and Y chromosomes: insights from a phenome-wide association study in the UK Biobank. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:143. [PMID: 34301302 PMCID: PMC8299574 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) are large chromosomal gains, losses and copy-neutral losses of heterozygosity (LOH) in peripheral leukocytes. While many individuals with detectable mCAs have no notable adverse outcomes, mCA-associated gene dosage alterations as well as clonal expansion of mutated leukocyte clones could increase susceptibility to disease. RESULTS We performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) using existing data from 482,396 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants to investigate potential associations between mCAs and incident disease. Of the 1290 ICD codes we examined, our adjusted analysis identified a total of 50 incident disease outcomes associated with mCAs at PheWAS significance levels. We observed striking differences in the diseases associated with each type of alteration, with autosomal mCAs most associated with increased hematologic malignancies, incident infections and possibly cancer therapy-related conditions. Alterations of chromosome X were associated with increased lymphoid leukemia risk and, mCAs of chromosome Y were linked to potential reduced metabolic disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that a wide range of diseases are potential sequelae of mCAs and highlight the critical importance of careful covariate adjustment in mCA disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hong Lin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Derek W Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brandon Rose
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Felix Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivia W Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sairah M Khan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jada Hislop
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA.
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21
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GIGYF1 loss of function is associated with clonal mosaicism and adverse metabolic health. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4178. [PMID: 34234147 PMCID: PMC8263756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in leukocytes is the most common form of clonal mosaicism, caused by dysregulation in cell-cycle and DNA damage response pathways. Previous genetic studies have focussed on identifying common variants associated with LOY, which we now extend to rarer, protein-coding variation using exome sequences from 82,277 male UK Biobank participants. We find that loss of function of two genes—CHEK2 and GIGYF1—reach exome-wide significance. Rare alleles in GIGYF1 have not previously been implicated in any complex trait, but here loss-of-function carriers exhibit six-fold higher susceptibility to LOY (OR = 5.99 [3.04–11.81], p = 1.3 × 10−10). These same alleles are also associated with adverse metabolic health, including higher susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes (OR = 6.10 [3.51–10.61], p = 1.8 × 10−12), 4 kg higher fat mass (p = 1.3 × 10−4), 2.32 nmol/L lower serum IGF1 levels (p = 1.5 × 10−4) and 4.5 kg lower handgrip strength (p = 4.7 × 10−7) consistent with proposed GIGYF1 enhancement of insulin and IGF-1 receptor signalling. These associations are mirrored by a common variant nearby associated with the expression of GIGYF1. Our observations highlight a potential direct connection between clonal mosaicism and metabolic health. Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is a common form of clonal mosaicism in leukocytes. Here, the authors extend genetic association analyses to rare variation using exome-sequence data from 82,277 males, finding that loss-of-function alleles in GIGYF1 are associated with six-fold higher susceptibility to both LOY and Type 2 Diabetes.
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22
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Dai X, Guo X. Decoding and rejuvenating human ageing genomes: Lessons from mosaic chromosomal alterations. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101342. [PMID: 33866012 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most curious findings emerged from genome-wide studies over the last decade was that genetic mosaicism is a dominant feature of human ageing genomes. The clonal dominance of genetic mosaicism occurs preceding the physiological and physical ageing and associates with propensity for diseases including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These findings are revolutionizing the ways biologists thinking about health and disease pathogenesis. Among all mosaic mutations in ageing genomes, mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) have the most significant functional consequences because they can produce intercellular genomic variations simultaneously involving dozens to hundreds or even thousands genes, and therefore have most profound effects in human ageing and disease etiology. Here, we provide a comprehensive picture of the landscapes, causes, consequences and rejuvenation of mCAs at multiple scales, from cell to human population, by reviewing data from cytogenetic, genetic and genomic studies in cells, animal models (fly and mouse) and, more frequently, large-cohort populations. A detailed decoding of ageing genomes with a focus on mCAs may yield important insights into the genomic architecture of human ageing, accelerate the risk stratification of age-related diseases (particularly cancers) and development of novel targets and strategies for delaying or rejuvenating human (genome) ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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23
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Dumanski JP, Halvardson J, Davies H, Rychlicka-Buniowska E, Mattisson J, Moghadam BT, Nagy N, Węglarczyk K, Bukowska-Strakova K, Danielsson M, Olszewski P, Piotrowski A, Oerton E, Ambicka A, Przewoźnik M, Bełch Ł, Grodzicki T, Chłosta PL, Imreh S, Giedraitis V, Kilander L, Nordlund J, Ameur A, Gyllensten U, Johansson Å, Józkowicz A, Siedlar M, Klich-Rączka A, Jaszczyński J, Enroth S, Baran J, Ingelsson M, Perry JRB, Ryś J, Forsberg LA. Immune cells lacking Y chromosome show dysregulation of autosomal gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4019-4033. [PMID: 33837451 PMCID: PMC8106578 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations show that mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in leukocytes is associated with earlier mortality and morbidity from many diseases in men. LOY is the most common acquired mutation and is associated with aberrant clonal expansion of cells, yet it remains unclear whether this mosaicism exerts a direct physiological effect. We studied DNA and RNA from leukocytes in sorted- and single-cells in vivo and in vitro. DNA analyses of sorted cells showed that men diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease was primarily affected with LOY in NK cells whereas prostate cancer patients more frequently displayed LOY in CD4 + T cells and granulocytes. Moreover, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing in leukocytes allowed scoring of LOY from mRNA data and confirmed considerable variation in the rate of LOY across individuals and cell types. LOY-associated transcriptional effect (LATE) was observed in ~ 500 autosomal genes showing dysregulation in leukocytes with LOY. The fraction of LATE genes within specific cell types was substantially larger than the fraction of LATE genes shared between different subsets of leukocytes, suggesting that LOY might have pleiotropic effects. LATE genes are involved in immune functions but also encode proteins with roles in other diverse biological processes. Our findings highlight a surprisingly broad role for chromosome Y, challenging the view of it as a "genetic wasteland", and support the hypothesis that altered immune function in leukocytes could be a mechanism linking LOY to increased risk for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Faculty of Pharmacy and 3P Medicine Laboratory, International Research Agendas Programme, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jonatan Halvardson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edyta Rychlicka-Buniowska
- International Research Agendas Programme, 3P Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jonas Mattisson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Behrooz Torabi Moghadam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Bukowska-Strakova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcus Danielsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paweł Olszewski
- International Research Agendas Programme, 3P Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and 3P Medicine Laboratory, International Research Agendas Programme, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Erin Oerton
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Kraków Branch, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Kraków Branch, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bełch
- Department and Clinic of Urology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grodzicki
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr L Chłosta
- Department and Clinic of Urology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Imreh
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Ameur
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Klich-Rączka
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Jaszczyński
- Department of Urology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre, Institute of Oncology, Kraków Branch, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Kraków Branch, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,The Beijer Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ouseph MM, Hasserjian RP, Dal Cin P, Lovitch SB, Steensma DP, Nardi V, Weinberg OK. Genomic alterations in patients with somatic loss of the Y chromosome as the sole cytogenetic finding in bone marrow cells. Haematologica 2021; 106:555-564. [PMID: 32193254 PMCID: PMC7849577 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.240689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) is one of the most common somatic genomic alterations in hematopoietic cells in men. However, due to the high prevalence of LOY as the sole cytogenetic finding in the healthy older population, differentiating isolated LOY associated with clonal hematologic processes from aging-associated mosaicism can be difficult in the absence of definitive morphological features of disease. In the past, various investigators have proposed that a high percentage of metaphases with LOY is more likely to represent expansion of a clonal myeloid disease-associated population. It is unknown whether the proportion of metaphases with LOY is associated with the incidence of myeloid neoplasia-associated genomic alterations. To address this question, we identified bone marrow samples with LOY as an isolated cytogenetic finding and used targeted next generation sequencing-based molecular analysis to identify common myeloid neoplasia-associated somatic mutations. Among 73 patients with a median age of 75 years (range, 29-90), the percentage of metaphases with LOY was <25% in 23 patients, 25-49% in 10, 50-74% in 8 and ≥75% in 32. A threshold of ≥75% LOY was significantly associated with a morphological diagnosis of myeloid neoplasm (P=0.004). Furthermore, ≥75% LOY was associated with a higher lifetime incidence of a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (P<0.0001), and in multivariate analysis ≥75% LOY was a statistically significant independent predictor of myeloid neoplasia (odds ratio 6.17; 95% confidence interval: 2.15-17.68; P=0.0007]. Higher LOY percentage (≥75%) was associated with greater likelihood of having somatic mutations (P=0.0009) and a higher number of these mutations (P=0.0002). Our findings indicate that ≥75% LOY in bone marrow cells is associated with an increased likelihood of molecular aberrations in genes commonly seen to be altered in myeloid neoplasia and with morphological features of MDS. These observations suggest that ≥75% LOY in bone marrow should be considered an MDS-associated cytogenetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu M Ouseph
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Paola Dal Cin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Scott B Lovitch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - David P Steensma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Olga K Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, USA
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25
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Baliakas P, Forsberg LA. Chromosome Y loss and drivers of clonal hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome. Haematologica 2021; 106:329-331. [PMID: 33522783 PMCID: PMC7849334 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.266601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University; The Beijer Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
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26
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Inflammatory cytokine storms severity may be fueled by interactions of micronuclei and RNA viruses such as COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2. A hypothesis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108395. [PMID: 34893160 PMCID: PMC8479308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review we bring together evidence that (i) RNA viruses are a cause of chromosomal instability and micronuclei (MN), (ii) those individuals with high levels of lymphocyte MN have a weakened immune response and are more susceptible to RNA virus infection and (iii) both RNA virus infection and MN formation can induce inflammatory cytokine production. Based on these observations we propose a hypothesis that those who harbor elevated frequencies of MN within their cells are more prone to RNA virus infection and are more likely, through combined effects of leakage of self-DNA from MN and RNA from viruses, to escalate pro-inflammatory cytokine production via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) mechanisms to an extent that is unresolvable and therefore confers high risk of causing tissue damage by an excessive and overtly toxic immune response. The corollaries from this hypothesis are (i) those with abnormally high MN frequency are more prone to infection by RNA viruses; (ii) the extent of cytokine production and pro-inflammatory response to infection by RNA viruses is enhanced and possibly exceeds threshold levels that may be unresolvable in those with elevated MN levels in affected organs; (iii) reduction of MN frequency by improving nutrition and life-style factors increases resistance to RNA virus infection and moderates inflammatory cytokine production to a level that is immunologically efficacious and survivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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27
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Asim A, Agarwal S, Avasthi KK, Sureka S, Rastogi N, Dean DD, Mohindra S. Investigation of LOY in Prostate, Pancreatic, and Colorectal Cancers in males: A case-control study. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1259-1263. [PMID: 33210965 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1853528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: LOY is associated with ageing and increase the incidence of cancers. Aims: To elucidate the role of LOY in various cancer types, namely, prostate (PRT), pancreatic (PC), and colorectal (CRC) cancers in males. Material and Methods: Fifty CRC patients [mean age = 44.58±11.2 years], fifty PRT [mean age= 60.48± 17.07 years] and fifty PC [mean age = 48.74 ±16.45 years] along with 100 healthy controls [mean age= 54.06 ±15.04 years] were recruited. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and was subjected to multiplex QF-PCR. The Y/X ratio was calculated from the peak height. Results: The mean Y/X ratio was lower in all patients with cancers (0.875333± 0.086; p value˂ 0.0001) than in controls (1.11 ± 0.071), as well as, in CRC (0.926±0.192; p value˂0.0001), PC (0.85 ± 0.0311; p value˂0.0001) and PRT (0.85±0.122; p value˂0.0001) when calculated separately. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the strength of the presence of cancer prediction using the percentage of LOY and age showed that LOY (p= 0.001) is a better predictor of cancer presence than age (p= 0.359). Conclusion: LOY in blood could be a predictive biomarker in the carcinogenesis of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Asim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
| | - Sarita Agarwal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
| | - Kapil Kumar Avasthi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjoy Sureka
- Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
| | - Deepika Delsa Dean
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
| | - Samir Mohindra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) , Lucknow, India
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28
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The Y Chromosome: A Complex Locus for Genetic Analyses of Complex Human Traits. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111273. [PMID: 33137877 PMCID: PMC7693691 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Y chromosome (ChrY) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for phylogenetics, population genetics, genetic genealogy and forensics. However, the importance of ChrY genetic variation in relation to human complex traits is less clear. In this review, we summarise existing evidence about the inherent complexities of ChrY variation and their use in association studies of human complex traits. We present and discuss the specific particularities of ChrY genetic variation, including Y chromosomal haplogroups, that need to be considered in the design and interpretation of genetic epidemiological studies involving ChrY.
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29
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Y Chromosome Loss is a Frequent Event in Barrett's Adenocarcinoma and Associated with Poor Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071743. [PMID: 32629877 PMCID: PMC7408596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The loss of the Y chromosome in various malignant diseases has been described previously. There are no reliable information on the actual frequency, significance and homogeneity of Y chromosome loss (LoY) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods: 400 male EAC including lymph-node metastases were analyzed with commercially available Y chromosome specific fluorescence in-situ probes. The results were correlated with molecular and immunohistochemical markers and clinicopathological aspects. Results: The entire cohort (n = 400) showed a singular LoY of one chromosome arm in 1.0% (q-arm) and 2.8% (p-arm), complete LoY in 52.5%. LoY was strongly associated with shortened overall-survival (OS). Patients with preserved Y chromosome had a median OS of 58.8 months, patients with LoY an OS of 19.4 months (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed LoY as an independent prognostic marker with a hazard ratio of 1.835 (95% CI 1.233–2.725). LoY correlated with TP53 mutations (p = 0.003), KRAS amplification (p = 0.004), loss of ARID1a (p = 0.045) and presence of LAG3 (p = 0.018). Conclusions: Loss of the Y chromosome is a very common phenomenon in EAC. The LoY is heterogeneously distributed within the tumor, but corresponding lymph node metastases frequently show homogeneous LoY, indicating a selection and metastasizing advantage with poor prognosis. To date, the male predominance of EAC (7–9:1) is unclear, so genetic explanatory models are favored. The LoY in EAC may be biologically and functionally relevant and additional genomic or functional analyses are needed.
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30
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Liu Y, Bai Y, Wu X, Li G, Wei W, Fu W, Wang G, Feng Y, Meng H, Li H, Li M, Guan X, Zhang X, He M, Wu T, Guo H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and their joint effects with age, smoking, and TCL1A variants on mosaic loss of chromosome Y among coke-oven workers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113655. [PMID: 31818624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) is the most common structure somatic event that related to increased risks of various diseases and mortality. Environmental pollution and genetic susceptibility were important contributors to mLOY. We aimed to explore the associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure, as well as their joint effects with age, smoking, and genetic variants on peripheral blood mLOY. A total of 1005 male coke-oven workers were included in this study and their internal PAHs exposure levels of 10 urinary PAH metabolites and plasma benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8,t-9,c-10-tetrahydotetrol-albumin (BPDE-Alb) adducts were measured. mLOY was defined by the median log R ratio(mLRR) of 1480 probes in male-specific region of chromosome-Y from genotyping array. We found that the PAHs exposure levels were linearly associated with mLOY. A 10-fold increase in urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHNa), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OHPh), 2-OHPh, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), ΣOH-PAHs, and plasma BPDE-Alb adducts could generate 0.0111, 0.0085, 0.0069, 0.0103, 0.0134, and 0.0152 decrease in mLRR-Y, respectively. Additionally, mLOY accelerated with age, smoking pack-years, and TCL1A rs1122138-C allele, and we observed the most severe mLOY among subjects carrying more than 3 of the above risk factors. Our results revealed the linear dose-effect associations between PAHs exposure and mLOY. Elder male smokers carrying rs1122138CC genotype were the most susceptible subpopulations to mLOY, who should be given protections for PAHs exposure induced chromosome-Y aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yansen Bai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiulong Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Guyanan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshan Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Gege Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Meng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengying Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, China.
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31
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Guo X, Dai X, Zhou T, Wang H, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why. Hum Genet 2020; 139:421-446. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Thompson DJ, Genovese G, Halvardson J, Ulirsch JC, Wright DJ, Terao C, Davidsson OB, Day FR, Sulem P, Jiang Y, Danielsson M, Davies H, Dennis J, Dunlop MG, Easton DF, Fisher VA, Zink F, Houlston RS, Ingelsson M, Kar S, Kerrison ND, Kinnersley B, Kristjansson RP, Law PJ, Li R, Loveday C, Mattisson J, McCarroll SA, Murakami Y, Murray A, Olszewski P, Rychlicka-Buniowska E, Scott RA, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tomlinson I, Moghadam BT, Turnbull C, Wareham NJ, Gudbjartsson DF, Kamatani Y, Hoffmann ER, Jackson SP, Stefansson K, Auton A, Ong KK, Machiela MJ, Loh PR, Dumanski JP, Chanock SJ, Forsberg LA, Perry JRB. Genetic predisposition to mosaic Y chromosome loss in blood. Nature 2019; 575:652-657. [PMID: 31748747 PMCID: PMC6887549 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in circulating white blood cells is the most common form of clonal mosaicism1-5, yet our knowledge of the causes and consequences of this is limited. Here, using a computational approach, we estimate that 20% of the male population represented in the UK Biobank study (n = 205,011) has detectable LOY. We identify 156 autosomal genetic determinants of LOY, which we replicate in 757,114 men of European and Japanese ancestry. These loci highlight genes that are involved in cell-cycle regulation and cancer susceptibility, as well as somatic drivers of tumour growth and targets of cancer therapy. We demonstrate that genetic susceptibility to LOY is associated with non-haematological effects on health in both men and women, which supports the hypothesis that clonal haematopoiesis is a biomarker of genomic instability in other tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies dysregulated expression of autosomal genes in leukocytes with LOY and provides insights into why clonal expansion of these cells may occur. Collectively, these data highlight the value of studying clonal mosaicism to uncover fundamental mechanisms that underlie cancer and other ageing-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonatan Halvardson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Wright
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Open Targets Core Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Applied Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcus Danielsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit and CRUK Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria A Fisher
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Geriatrics Research Group, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola D Kerrison
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Philip J Law
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chey Loveday
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jonas Mattisson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pawel Olszewski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Rychlicka-Buniowska
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Behrooz Torabi Moghadam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steve P Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory of Genome Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Longitudinal changes in the frequency of mosaic chromosome Y loss in peripheral blood cells of aging men varies profoundly between individuals. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 28:349-357. [PMID: 31654039 PMCID: PMC7028735 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is the most common somatic genetic aberration and is associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality, various forms of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other common human diseases. By tracking LOY frequencies in subjects from which blood samples have been serially collected up to five times during up to 22 years, we observed a pronounced intra-individual variation of changes in the frequency of LOY within individual men over time. We observed that in some individuals the frequency of LOY in blood clearly progressed over time and that in other men, the frequency was constant or showed other types of longitudinal development. The predominant method used for estimating LOY is calculation of the median Log R Ratio of probes located in the male specific part of chromosome Y (mLRRY) from intensity data generated by SNP-arrays, which is difficult to interpret due to its logarithmic and inversed scale. We present here a formula to transform mLRRY-values to percentage of LOY that is a more comprehensible unit. The formula was derived using measurements of LOY from matched samples analysed using SNP-array, whole genome sequencing and a new AMELX/AMELY-based assay for droplet digital PCR. The methods described could be applied for analyses of the vast amount of SNP-array data already generated in the scientific community, allowing further discoveries of LOY associated diseases and outcomes.
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Tang D, Han Y, Lun Y, Jiang H, Xin S, Duan Z, Zhang J. Y chromosome loss is associated with age-related male patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1227-1241. [PMID: 31413553 PMCID: PMC6662525 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s202188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) demonstrates many features of autoimmune diseases. Y chromosome, sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene, androgen receptor (AR) gene, and androgen appear as potential candidates for influence of the male immune function. This study investigated Y chromosome numbers, SRY gene, AR gene, and androgen levels in male AAAs. We also investigated the correlation between Y chromosome loss (LOY) ratio, SRY expression, androgen levels, and age. Patients and methods We investigated LOY by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 37 AAAs and compared with 12 patients with abdominal aortic atherosclerotic occlusive disease (AOD) and 91 healthy controls (HC). We investigated SRY and AR expression at mRNA level by real-time PCR in peripheral T lymphocytes in AAA compared with AOD and HC, and AR protein levels by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in AAA. LOY, SRY expression, androgen levels, and age were examined for correlations using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results LOY ratio in peripheral T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the AAA group compared with the HC (9.11% vs 5.56%, P<0.001) and AOD groups (9.11% vs 6.42%, P=0.029). The SRY mRNA expression in peripheral T lymphocytes was 4.7-fold lower expressed in the AAA group than in the HC group (P<0.001). Free plasma testosterone levels were lower in the AAA group compared with the HC group (P=0.036), whereas sex hormone-binding globulin levels were higher (P=0.020). LOY ratio and expression of SRY mRNA level increased with age in the AAA group (R=0.402 and, R=0.366, respectively). A significant correlation between AR mRNA level (R=0.692) and aortic diameter was detected. Simultaneously, in AAA tissue, the rate of LOY increased with age (R=0.547) and also positively associated with LOY in peripheral blood T lymphocytes (R=0.661). Conclusion This study identified a prominent Y chromosome loss in male AAAs, which is correlated to age, lower level of SRY expression and free testosterone, providing a new clue for the mechanisms of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuo Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiquan Duan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Dumanski JP, Sundström J, Forsberg LA. Loss of Chromosome Y in Leukocytes and Major Cardiovascular Events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e001820. [PMID: 28768755 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.117.001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dumanski
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology (J.P.D., L.A.F.), Science for Life Laboratory (J.P.D., L.A.F.), Department of Medical Sciences (J.S.), and Beijer Laboratory of Genome Research (L.A.F.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (J.P.D.)
| | - Johan Sundström
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology (J.P.D., L.A.F.), Science for Life Laboratory (J.P.D., L.A.F.), Department of Medical Sciences (J.S.), and Beijer Laboratory of Genome Research (L.A.F.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (J.P.D.)
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology (J.P.D., L.A.F.), Science for Life Laboratory (J.P.D., L.A.F.), Department of Medical Sciences (J.S.), and Beijer Laboratory of Genome Research (L.A.F.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (J.P.D.).
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Gerussi A, Cristoferi L, Carbone M, Asselta R, Invernizzi P. The immunobiology of female predominance in primary biliary cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Forsberg LA, Halvardson J, Rychlicka-Buniowska E, Danielsson M, Moghadam BT, Mattisson J, Rasi C, Davies H, Lind L, Giedraitis V, Lannfelt L, Kilander L, Ingelsson M, Dumanski JP. Mosaic loss of chromosome Y in leukocytes matters. Nat Genet 2018; 51:4-7. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Back to the drawing board-loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in leukocytes is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:17-19. [PMID: 30353152 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Haitjema S, Kofink D, van Setten J, van der Laan SW, Schoneveld AH, Eales J, Tomaszewski M, de Jager SCA, Pasterkamp G, Asselbergs FW, den Ruijter HM. Loss of Y Chromosome in Blood Is Associated With Major Cardiovascular Events During Follow-Up in Men After Carotid Endarterectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:e001544. [PMID: 28768751 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies found an immune regulatory role for Y chromosome and a relationship between loss of Y chromosome (LOY) in blood cells and a higher risk of cancer and mortality. Given involvement of immune cells in atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that LOY is associated with the severity of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics and outcome in men undergoing carotid endarterectomy. METHODS AND RESULTS LOY was quantified in blood and plaque from raw intensity genotyping data in men within the Athero-Express biobank study. Plaques were dissected, and the culprit lesions used for histology and the measurement of inflammatory proteins. We tested LOY for association with (inflammatory) atherosclerotic plaque phenotypes and cytokines and assessed the association of LOY with secondary events during 3-year follow-up. Of 366 patients with carotid endarterectomy, 61 exhibited some degree of LOY in blood. LOY was also present in atherosclerotic plaque lesions (n=8/242, 3%). LOY in blood was negatively associated with age (β=-0.03/10 y; r2=0.07; P=1.6×10-7) but not with cardiovascular disease severity at baseline. LOY in blood was associated with a larger atheroma size (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.76; P=0.04); however, this association was not significant after correction for multiple testing. LOY was independently associated with secondary major cardiovascular events (hazard ratio=2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-4.67; P=0.02) in blood when corrected for confounders. CONCLUSIONS In this hypothesis-generating study, LOY in blood is independently associated with secondary major cardiovascular events in a severely atherosclerotic population. Our data could indicate that LOY affects secondary outcome via other mechanisms than inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Haitjema
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Daniel Kofink
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Jessica van Setten
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Arjan H Schoneveld
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - James Eales
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.).
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Hirata T, Hishimoto A, Otsuka I, Okazaki S, Boku S, Kimura A, Horai T, Sora I. Investigation of chromosome Y loss in men with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2115-2122. [PMID: 30154659 PMCID: PMC6108341 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s172886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy is 10-20 years lower in patients with schizophrenia than in the general population. In addition, men with schizophrenia have an earlier age at onset, more pronounced deficit symptoms, poorer course, and poorer response to antipsychotic medications than women. Recent studies have indicated that loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in peripheral blood is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. In order to elucidate the pathophysiology of male-specific features, we investigated the association between LOY and schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included 360 Japanese men (146 patients with schizophrenia vs 214 controls). The relative amount of Y chromosome was defined as the ratio of chromosome Y to chromosome X (Y/X ratio) based on the fluorescent signal of co-amplified short sequences from the Y-X homologous amelogenin genes (AMELY and AMELX). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the frequency of LOY between the schizophrenia and control groups. However, longer duration of illness was associated with LOY after controlling for age and smoking status in the schizophrenia group (P=0.007, OR =1.11 [95% CI =1.03-1.19]). CONCLUSION According to our results, schizophrenia may not have a remarkable effect on blood LOY; however, LOY may be associated with disease course in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirata
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan,
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:521. [PMID: 28536577 PMCID: PMC5422478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases have a high prevalence in the population, and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common representatives. Thyroid autoantibodies are not only frequently detected in patients with AITD but also in subjects without manifest thyroid dysfunction. The high prevalence raises questions regarding a potential role in extra-thyroidal diseases. This review summarizes the etiology and mechanism of AITD and addresses prevalence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), and anti-thyroglobulin and their action outside the thyroid. The main issues limiting the reliability of the conclusions drawn here include problems with different specificities and sensitivities of the antibody detection assays employed, as well as potential confounding effects of altered thyroid hormone levels, and lack of prospective studies. In addition to the well-known effects of TSHR antibodies on fibroblasts in Graves' disease (GD), studies speculate on a role of anti-thyroid antibodies in cancer. All antibodies may have a tumor-promoting role in breast cancer carcinogenesis despite anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies having a positive prognostic effect in patients with overt disease. Cross-reactivity with lactoperoxidase leading to induction of chronic inflammation might promote breast cancer, while anti-thyroid antibodies in manifest breast cancer might be an indication for a more active immune system. A better general health condition in older women with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies might support this hypothesis. The different actions of the anti-thyroid antibodies correspond to differences in cellular location of the antigens, titers of the circulating antibodies, duration of antibody exposure, and immunological mechanisms in GD and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Internal Medicine (Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Wahl
- Internal Medicine (Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Forsberg LA. Loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in blood cells is associated with increased risk for disease and mortality in aging men. Hum Genet 2017; 136:657-663. [PMID: 28424864 PMCID: PMC5418310 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have shown that harboring cells without the Y chromosome in the peripheral blood is associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality and disease such as different forms of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other conditions in aging men. In the entire world, the life expectancy of men is shorter compared to women, a sex difference that has been known for centuries, but the underlying mechanism(s) are not well understood. As a male-specific genetic risk factor, an increased risk for pathology and mortality associated with mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in blood cells could help to explain that men on average live shorter lives compared to women. This review primarily focuses on observed associations between LOY in blood and various diseases in aging men. Other topics covered are known risk factors for LOY, methods to detect LOY, and a discussion regarding mechanisms such as immunosurveillance, that could possibly explain how an acquired mutation in blood cells can be associated with disease processes in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Forsberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Beijer Laboratory of Genome Research, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ciabatti E, Valetto A, Bertini V, Ferreri MI, Guazzelli A, Grassi S, Guerrini F, Petrini I, Metelli MR, Caligo MA, Rossi S, Galimberti S. Myelodysplastic syndromes: advantages of a combined cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic workup. Oncotarget 2017; 8:79188-79200. [PMID: 29108298 PMCID: PMC5668031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we present a new diagnostic workup for the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) including FISH, aCGH, and somatic mutation assays in addition to the conventional cytogenetics (CC). We analyzed 61 patients by CC, FISH for chromosome 5, 7, 8 and PDGFR rearrangements, aCGH, and PCR for ASXL1, EZH2, TP53, TET2, RUNX1, DNMT3A, SF3B1 somatic mutations. Moreover, we quantified WT1 and RPS14 gene expression levels, in order to find their possible adjunctive value and their possible clinical impact. CC analysis showed 32% of patients with at least one aberration. FISH analysis detected chromosomal aberrations in 24% of patients and recovered 5 cases (13.5%) at normal karyotype (two 5q- syndromes, one del(7) case, two cases with PDGFR rearrangement). The aGCH detected 10 "new" unbalanced cases in respect of the CC, including one with alteration of the ETV6 gene. After mutational analysis, 33 patients (54%) presented at least one mutation and represented the only marker of clonality in 36% of all patients. The statistical analysis confirmed the prognostic role of CC either on overall or on progression-free-survival. In addition, deletions detected by aCGH and WT1 over-expression negatively conditioned survival. In conclusion, our work showed that 1) the addition of FISH (at least for chr. 5 and 7) can improve the definition of the risk score; 2) mutational analysis, especially for the TP53 and SF3B1, could better define the type of MDS and represent a "clinical warning"; 3) the aCGH use could be probably applied to selected cases (with suboptimal response or failure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciabatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,GenOMec, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Angelo Valetto
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Bertini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Immacolata Ferreri
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Guazzelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Grassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,GenOMec, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Petrini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Metelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rossi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Post-zygotic variation refers to genetic changes that arise in the soma of an individual and that are not usually inherited by the next generation. Although there is a paucity of research on such variation, emerging studies show that it is common: individuals are complex mosaics of genetically distinct cells, to such an extent that no two somatic cells are likely to have the exact same genome. Although most types of mutation can be involved in post-zygotic variation, structural genetic variants are likely to leave the largest genomic footprint. Somatic variation has diverse physiological roles and pathological consequences, particularly when acquired variants influence the clonal trajectories of the affected cells. Post-zygotic variation is an important confounder in medical genetic testing and a promising avenue for research: future studies could involve analyses of sorted and single cells from multiple tissue types to fully explore its potential.
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Dumanski JP, Lambert JC, Rasi C, Giedraitis V, Davies H, Grenier-Boley B, Lindgren CM, Campion D, Dufouil C, Pasquier F, Amouyel P, Lannfelt L, Ingelsson M, Kilander L, Lind L, Forsberg LA, Forsberg LA. Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y in Blood Is Associated with Alzheimer Disease. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1208-1219. [PMID: 27231129 PMCID: PMC4908225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Men have a shorter life expectancy compared with women but the underlying factor(s) are not clear. Late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common and lethal neurodegenerative disorder and many germline inherited variants have been found to influence the risk of developing AD. Our previous results show that a fundamentally different genetic variant, i.e., lifetime-acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in blood cells, is associated with all-cause mortality and an increased risk of non-hematological tumors and that LOY could be induced by tobacco smoking. We tested here a hypothesis that men with LOY are more susceptible to AD and show that LOY is associated with AD in three independent studies of different types. In a case-control study, males with AD diagnosis had higher degree of LOY mosaicism (adjusted odds ratio = 2.80, p = 0.0184, AD events = 606). Furthermore, in two prospective studies, men with LOY at blood sampling had greater risk for incident AD diagnosis during follow-up time (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.80, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.16–21.43, AD events = 140, p = 0.0011). Thus, LOY in blood is associated with risks of both AD and cancer, suggesting a role of LOY in blood cells on disease processes in other tissues, possibly via defective immunosurveillance. As a male-specific risk factor, LOY might explain why males on average live shorter lives than females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Noveski P, Madjunkova S, Sukarova Stefanovska E, Matevska Geshkovska N, Kuzmanovska M, Dimovski A, Plaseska-Karanfilska D. Loss of Y Chromosome in Peripheral Blood of Colorectal and Prostate Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146264. [PMID: 26745889 PMCID: PMC4706411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although age-related loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in normal hematopoietic cells is a well-known phenomenon, the phenotypic consequences of LOY have been elusive. However, LOY has been found in association with smoking, shorter survival and higher risk of cancer. It was suggested that LOY in blood cells could become a predictive biomarker of male carcinogenesis. Aims, Methods & Findings To investigate the association of LOY in blood cells with the risk for development of colorectal (CC) and prostate cancers (PC), we have analyzed DNA samples from peripheral blood of 101 CC male patients (mean age 60.5±11.9 yrs), 70 PC patients (mean age 68.8±8.0 yrs) and 93 healthy control males (mean age 65.8±16.6 yrs). The methodology included co-amplification of homologous sequences on chromosome Y and other chromosomes using multiplex quantitative fluorescent (QF) PCR followed by automatic detection and analysis on ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer. The mean Y/X ratio was significantly lower in the whole group of cancer patients (0.907±0.12; p = 1.17x10-9) in comparison to the controls (1.015±0.15), as well as in CC (0.884±0.15; p = 3.76x10-9) and PC patients (0.941±0.06; p = 0.00012), when analyzed separately. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for LOY and age showed that LOY is a more significant predictor of cancer presence than age, and that age probably does not contribute to the increased number of subjects with detectable LOY in cancer patients cohort. Conclusion In conclusion, our results support the recent findings of association of LOY in blood cells with carcinogenesis in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Noveski
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Madjunkova
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Emilija Sukarova Stefanovska
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Nadica Matevska Geshkovska
- Center for Biomolecular Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Maja Kuzmanovska
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Dimovski
- Center for Biomolecular Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Dijana Plaseska-Karanfilska
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Immunological Characteristics of Children with Hashimoto’s Autoimmune Thyroiditis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 833:47-53. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2014_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ngo ST, Steyn FJ, McCombe PA. Gender differences in autoimmune disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:347-69. [PMID: 24793874 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic or can affect specific organs or body systems. For most autoimmune diseases there is a clear sex difference in prevalence, whereby females are generally more frequently affected than males. In this review, we consider gender differences in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases, and we summarize human data that outlines the prevalence of common autoimmune diseases specific to adult males and females in countries commonly surveyed. We discuss possible mechanisms for sex specific differences including gender differences in immune response and organ vulnerability, reproductive capacity including pregnancy, sex hormones, genetic predisposition, parental inheritance, and epigenetics. Evidence demonstrates that gender has a significant influence on the development of autoimmune disease. Thus, considerations of gender should be at the forefront of all studies that attempt to define mechanisms that underpin autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ngo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - P A McCombe
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
The initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity recognize numerous checkpoints, from the genomic susceptibility to the breakdown of tolerance. This latter phenomenon includes the loss of B cell anergy and T regulatory cell failure, as well as the production of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells. These mechanisms ultimately lead to tissue injury via different mechanisms that span from the production of proinflammatory cytokines to the chemotaxis of immune cells to the target sites. The pathways to autoimmunity have been widely investigated over the past year and resulted in a number of articles in peer-reviewed journals that has increased by nearly 10 % compared to 2011. We herein follow on the attempt to provide a brief discussion of the majority of articles on autoimmune diseases that were published in the major immunology journals in the previous solar year. The selection is necessarily arbitrary and may thus not be seen as comprehensive but reflects current research trends. Indeed, 2012 articles were mostly dedicated to define new and old mechanisms with potential therapeutic implications in autoimmunity in general, though based on specific clinical conditions or animal models. As paradigmatic examples, the environmental influence on autoimmunity, Th17 changes modulating the autoimmune response, serum autoantibodies and B cell changes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets were major issues addressed by experimental articles in 2012. Further, a growing number of studies investigated the sex bias of autoimmunity and supported different working hypotheses to explain the female predominance, including sex chromosome changes and reproductive life factors. In conclusion, the resulting scenario illustrates that common factors may underlie different autoimmune diseases and this is well represented by the observed alterations in interferon-α and TGFβ or by the shared signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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50
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Sex-biased chromatin and regulatory cross-talk between sex chromosomes, autosomes, and mitochondria. Biol Sex Differ 2014; 5:2. [PMID: 24422881 PMCID: PMC3907150 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several autoimmune and neurological diseases exhibit a sex bias, but discerning the causes and mechanisms of these biases has been challenging. Sex differences begin to manifest themselves in early embryonic development, and gonadal differentiation further bifurcates the male and female phenotypes. Even at this early stage, however, there is evidence that males and females respond to environmental stimuli differently, and the divergent phenotypic responses may have consequences later in life. The effect of prenatal nutrient restriction illustrates this point, as adult women exposed to prenatal restrictions exhibited increased risk factors of cardiovascular disease, while men exposed to the same condition did not. Recent research has examined the roles of sex-specific genes, hormones, chromosomes, and the interactions among them in mediating sex-biased phenotypes. Such research has identified testosterone, for example, as a possible protective agent against autoimmune disorders and an XX chromosome complement as a susceptibility factor in murine models of lupus and multiple sclerosis. Sex-biased chromatin is an additional and likely important component. Research suggesting a role for X and Y chromosome heterochromatin in regulating epigenetic states of autosomes has highlighted unorthodox mechanisms of gene regulation. The crosstalk between the Y chromosomes and autosomes may be further mediated by the mitochondria. The organelles have solely maternal transmission and exert differential effects on males and females. Altogether, research supports the notion that the interaction between sex-biased elements might exert novel regulatory functions in the genome and contribute to sex-specific susceptibilities to autoimmune and neurological diseases.
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