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Moldenhauer LM, Foyle KL, Wilson JJ, Wong YY, Sharkey DJ, Green ES, Barry SC, Hull ML, Robertson SA. A disrupted FOXP3 transcriptional signature underpins systemic regulatory T cell insufficiency in early pregnancy failure. iScience 2024; 27:108994. [PMID: 38327801 PMCID: PMC10847744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cell defects are implicated in disorders of embryo implantation and placental development, but the origins of Treg cell dysfunction are unknown. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the phenotypes and transcriptional profile of peripheral blood Treg cells in individuals with early pregnancy failure (EPF). Compared to fertile subjects, EPF subjects had 32% fewer total Treg cells and 54% fewer CD45RA+CCR7+ naive Treg cells among CD4+ T cells, an altered Treg cell phenotype with reduced transcription factor FOXP3 and suppressive marker CTLA4 expression, and lower Treg:Th1 and Treg:Th17 ratios. RNA sequencing demonstrated an aberrant gene expression profile, with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes including CSF2, IL4, IL17A, IL21, and IFNG in EPF Treg cells. In silico analysis revealed 25% of the Treg cell dysregulated genes are targets of FOXP3. We conclude that EPF is associated with systemic Treg cell defects arising due to disrupted FOXP3 transcriptional control and loss of lineage fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M. Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kerrie L. Foyle
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jasmine J. Wilson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ying Y. Wong
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David J. Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ella S. Green
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M. Louise Hull
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Qiu J, Yin W, Wang R, Luo S, Zhou Z. Fulminant type 1 diabetes: Focusing on triggering factors. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3731. [PMID: 37814918 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a novel type of type 1 diabetes that is caused by extremely rapid destruction of the pancreatic β cells. Early diagnosis or prediction of FT1D is critical for the prevention or timely treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening. Understanding its triggers or promoting factors plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of FT1D. In this review, we summarised the various triggering factors of FT1D, including susceptibility genes, immunological factors (cellular and humoural immunity), immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies, drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms or drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, pregnancy, viral infections, and vaccine inoculation. This review provides the basis for future research into the pathogenetic mechanisms that regulate FT1D development and progression to further improve the prognosis and clinical management of patients with FT1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenfeng Yin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuoming Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Shan F, Cillo AR, Cardello C, Yuan DY, Kunning SR, Cui J, Lampenfeld C, Williams AM, McDonough AP, Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Kirkwood JM, Ferris RL, Bruno TC, Workman CJ, Benos PV, Vignali DAA. Integrated BATF transcriptional network regulates suppressive intratumoral regulatory T cells. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf6717. [PMID: 37713508 PMCID: PMC11045170 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Human regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial regulators of tissue repair, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. However, it is challenging to inhibit the suppressive function of Tregs for cancer therapy without affecting immune homeostasis. Identifying pathways that may distinguish tumor-restricted Tregs is important, yet the transcriptional programs that control intratumoral Treg gene expression, and that are distinct from Tregs in healthy tissues, remain largely unknown. We profiled single-cell transcriptomes of CD4+ T cells in tumors and peripheral blood from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and those in nontumor tonsil tissues and peripheral blood from healthy donors. We identified a subpopulation of activated Tregs expressing multiple tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) genes (TNFR+ Tregs) that is highly enriched in the tumor microenvironment (TME) compared with nontumor tissue and the periphery. TNFR+ Tregs are associated with worse prognosis in HNSCC and across multiple solid tumor types. Mechanistically, the transcription factor BATF is a central component of a gene regulatory network that governs key aspects of TNFR+ Tregs. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated BATF knockout in human activated Tregs in conjunction with bulk RNA sequencing, immunophenotyping, and in vitro functional assays corroborated the central role of BATF in limiting excessive activation and promoting the survival of human activated Tregs. Last, we identified a suite of surface molecules reflective of the BATF-driven transcriptional network on intratumoral Tregs in patients with HNSCC. These findings uncover a primary transcriptional regulator of highly suppressive intratumoral Tregs, highlighting potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in cancer without affecting immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R. Cillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carly Cardello
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Yuan
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheryl R. Kunning
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caleb Lampenfeld
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asia M. Williams
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra P. McDonough
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arjun Pennathur
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James D. Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tullia C. Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J. Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panayiotis V. Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dario A. A. Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ma W, Huang G, Wang Z, Wang L, Gao Q. IRF7: role and regulation in immunity and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236923. [PMID: 37638030 PMCID: PMC10449649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 7 was originally identified as master transcriptional factor that produced IFN-I and regulated innate immune response, subsequent studies have revealed that IRF7 performs a multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge of the role of IRF7 in immunity and autoimmunity. We focus on the latest regulatory mechanisms of IRF7 in IFN-I, including signaling pathways, transcription, translation, and post-translational levels, the dimerization and nuclear translocation, and the role of IRF7 in IFN-III and COVID-19. In addition to antiviral immunity, we also discuss the role and mechanism of IRF7 in autoimmunity, and the further research will expand our understanding of IRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiangguo Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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5
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Harsini S, Rezaei N. Autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Noso S, Babaya N, Hiromine Y, Taketomo Y, Niwano F, Yoshida S, Ikegami H. Metabolic signatures of β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:48-57. [PMID: 36227003 PMCID: PMC9807153 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION In the development of type 1 diabetes, metabolites are significantly altered and might be involved in β-cell destruction and protection. We aimed to identify new metabolic markers of β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 33 participants were recruited for this cross-sectional observational study: 23 with type 1 diabetes, seven with type 2 diabetes and three healthy controls. Those with type 1 diabetes were further subdivided into three groups: new-onset, microsecretors and complete lack of endogenous insulin in type 1 diabetes. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis identified a total of 737 peaks, and partial least square analysis was successful in discriminating between the three groups of type 1 diabetes. Among the factor loadings discriminating type 1 diabetes, 3-phenylpropionic acid (r = 0.80, P = 4.7E-6 ) and hypotaurine (r = -0.484, P = 1.9E-2 ) strongly contributed to identifying new-onset type 1 diabetes, and 5-methylcytosine to identifying complete-lack type 1 diabetes (r = 0.586, P = 6.5E-3 ). Reporter operating characteristics analysis, including all type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and healthy controls, showed that high 3-phenylpropionic acid (Pc <0.0001) and low hypotaurine (Pc <0.0001) were useful for identifying new-onset type 1 diabetes, and high 5-methylcytosine (Pc = 0.002) for the complete-lack type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, metabolic signatures were shown to be useful in identifying type 1 diabetes at different clinical stages, and 3-phenylpropionic acid and hypotaurine are novel biomarkers for identifying new-onset type 1 diabetes, suggesting the involvement of the gut bacterial environment, anti-oxidant mechanisms through the hypotaurine-taurine pathway and methylated deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in the process of β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Noso
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Naru Babaya
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Hiromine
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yasunori Taketomo
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Fumimaru Niwano
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Sawa Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegami
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesKindai University Faculty of MedicineOsakaJapan
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7
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Yang CL, Sun F, Wang FX, Rong SJ, Yue TT, Luo JH, Zhou Q, Wang CY, Liu SW. The interferon regulatory factors, a double-edged sword, in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Cell Immunol 2022; 379:104590. [PMID: 36030565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulted from the unrestrained inflammatory attack towards the insulin-producing islet β cells. Although the exact etiology underlying T1D remains elusive, viral infections, especially those specific strains of enterovirus, are acknowledged as a critical environmental cue involved in the early phase of disease initiation. Viral infections could either directly impede β cell function, or elicit pathological autoinflammatory reactions for β cell killing. Autoimmune responses are bolstered by a massive body of virus-derived exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the presence of β cell-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In particular, the nucleic acid components and the downstream nucleic acid sensing pathways serve as the major effector mechanism. The endogenous retroviral RNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and genomic fragments generated by stressed or dying β cells induce host responses reminiscent of viral infection, a phenomenon termed as viral mimicry during the early stage of T1D development. Given that the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are considered as hub transcription factors to modulate immune responses relevant to viral infection, we thus sought to summarize the critical role of IRFs in T1D pathogenesis. We discuss with focus for the impact of IRFs on the sensitivity of β cells to cytokine stimulation, the vulnerability of β cells to viral infection/mimicry, and the intensity of immune response. Together, targeting certain IRF members, alone or together with other therapeutics, could be a promising strategy against T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, the Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Qiu J, Li X, Chen W, Ma X, Xie Z, Huang G, Luo S, Zhou Z. The fulminant index: A method of rapidly differentiating fulminant type 1 diabetes from diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3501. [PMID: 34614535 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) could present diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) at early onset. It is crucial to identify FT1D from DKA manifestations in time at clinical practice. This study was aimed at investigating whether the fulminant index (FI), encompassing plasma glucose (PG) to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ratio (PG/HbA1c), serum potassium ion (K+ ) to HbA1c ratio (K+ /HbA1c) and serum sodium ion (Na+ ) multiplied by HbA1c (Na+ *HbA1c), is a feasible indicator for early FT1D diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 78 subjects were enroled, including 40 FT1D patients and 38 non-FT1D patients with DKA. We utilised receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the FI cut-off values between FT1D and non-FT1D groups and examined efficacies of FI based on statistics. RESULTS ROC curve analyses showed that the maximum Youden's index for PG/HbA1c bonding to a cut-off value of 4.389, with the sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 81.6% in identifying FT1D from DKA. And optimal K+ /HbA1c cut-off value was 0.728 with a sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 84.2%. For Na+ *HbA1c, the best cut-off value was 923.65, and its sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 73.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested FI could work as a valid and convenient indicator for differentiating FT1D from initial DKA patients. FI (K+ /HbA1c) presented the best efficacy as an independent index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Qiu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Beihai People's Hospital, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Beihai People's Hospital, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ma
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuoming Luo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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9
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Li J, Li L, Wang Y, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. Insights Into the Role of DNA Methylation in Immune Cell Development and Autoimmune Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:757318. [PMID: 34790667 PMCID: PMC8591242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, nearly 100 autoimmune diseases have been an area of focus, and these diseases bring health challenges to approximately 5% of the population worldwide. As a type of disease caused by tolerance breakdown, both environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to autoimmune disease development. However, in most cases, there are still gaps in our understanding of disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of disease pathogenesis and potential therapies is indispensable. DNA methylation, which does not affect the DNA sequence, is one of the key epigenetic silencing mechanisms and has been indicated to play a key role in gene expression regulation and to participate in the development of certain autoimmune diseases. Potential epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation has garnered more attention as a disease biomarker in recent years. In this review, we clarify the basic function and distribution of DNA methylation, evaluate its effects on gene expression and discuss related key enzymes. In addition, we summarize recent aberrant DNA methylation modifications identified in the most important cell types related to several autoimmune diseases and then provide potential directions for better diagnosing and monitoring disease progression driven by epigenetic control, which may broaden our understanding and contribute to further epigenetic research in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Shao Y, Yang WY, Saaoud F, Drummer C, Sun Y, Xu K, Lu Y, Shan H, Shevach EM, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. IL-35 promotes CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and inhibits atherosclerosis via maintaining CCR5-amplified Treg-suppressive mechanisms. JCI Insight 2021; 6:152511. [PMID: 34622804 PMCID: PMC8525592 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs play vital roles in suppressing atherogenesis. Pathological conditions reshape Tregs and increase Treg-weakening plasticity. It remains unclear how Tregs preserve their function and how Tregs switch into alternative phenotypes in the environment of atherosclerosis. In this study, we observed a great induction of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleen and aorta of ApoE–/– mice, accompanied by a significant increase of plasma IL-35 levels. To determine if IL-35 devotes its role in the rise of Tregs, we generated IL-35 subunit P35–deficient (IL-35P35–deficient) mice on an ApoE–/– background and found Treg reduction in the spleen and aorta compared with ApoE–/– controls. In addition, our RNA sequencing data show the elevation of a set of chemokine receptor transcripts in the ApoE–/– Tregs, and we have validated higher CCR5 expression in ApoE–/– Tregs in the presence of IL-35 than in the absence of IL-35. Furthermore, we observed that CCR5+ Tregs in ApoE–/– have lower Treg-weakening AKT-mTOR signaling, higher expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptors TIGIT and PD-1, and higher expression of IL-10 compared with WT CCR5+ Tregs. In conclusion, IL-35 counteracts hyperlipidemia in maintaining Treg-suppressive function by increasing 3 CCR5-amplified mechanisms, including Treg migration, inhibition of Treg weakening AKT-mTOR signaling, and promotion of TIGIT and PD-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research
| | - Huimin Shan
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Centers for Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Pedersen K, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Krogvold L, Kaur S, Gerling IC, Pociot F, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Buschard K. Genetic predisposition in the 2'-5'A pathway in the development of type 1 diabetes: potential contribution to dysregulation of innate antiviral immunity. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1805-1815. [PMID: 33973017 PMCID: PMC8245375 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing more rapidly than can be explained by genetic drift. Viruses may play an important role in the disease, as they seem to activate the 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate (2'-5'A) pathway of the innate antiviral immune system. Our aim was to investigate this possibility. METHODS Innate antiviral immune pathways were searched for type 1 diabetes-associated polymorphisms using genome-wide association study data. SNPs within ±250kb flanking regions of the transcription start site of 64 genes were examined. These pathways were also investigated for type 1 diabetes-associated RNA expression profiles using laser-dissected islets from two to five tissue sections per donor from the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study and the network of Pancreatic Organ Donors (nPOD). RESULTS We found 27 novel SNPs in genes nominally associated with type 1 diabetes. Three of those SNPs were located upstream of the 2'-5'A pathway, namely SNP rs4767000 (p = 1.03 × 10-9, OR 1.123), rs1034687 (p = 2.16 × 10-7, OR 0.869) and rs739744 (p = 1.03 × 10-9, OR 1.123). We also identified a large group of dysregulated islet genes in relation to type 1 diabetes, of which two were novel. The most aberrant genes were a group of IFN-stimulated genes. Of those, the following distinct pathways were targeted by the dysregulation (compared with the non-diabetic control group): OAS1 increased by 111% (p < 1.00 × 10-4, 95% CI -0.43, -0.15); MX1 increased by 142% (p < 1.00 × 10-4, 95% CI -0.52, -0.22); and ISG15 increased by 197% (p = 2.00 × 10-4, 95% CI -0.68, -0.18). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We identified a genetic predisposition in the 2'-5'A pathway that potentially contributes to dysregulation of the innate antiviral immune system in type 1 diabetes. This study describes a potential role for the 2'-5'A pathway and other components of the innate antiviral immune system in beta cell autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pedersen
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ivan C Gerling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Wu W, Ling D, Zhang Q, Zhao P, Hu X. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido) inhibitors and their nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121018. [PMID: 34284200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) as a principle enzyme in tryptophan (Trp) catabolism, modulates immune responses and promotes cancer progression. In recent decades, the newly emerging IDO inhibitors are regarded as the breakthrough for cancer immunotherapy. Intensified efforts have been increasingly made to, on the one hand, optimize the IDO inhibitors-based combination therapy in clinical trials; on the other hand, develop IDO inhibitors nanomedicines for tumor-targeted delivery in preclinical studies. This review will discuss the types of IDO inhibitors and the relevant clinical trials, especially those of the feasible combined therapeutic modalities. Moreover, it would be the first time to overview the cutting-edge nanomedicines that combine IDO inhibitors with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and immune checkpoint blockade) to effectively improve the effect of cancer therapy. Lastly, the prospects of IDO inhibitors in terms of clinical application and potential breakthroughs will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Daishun Ling
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xi Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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13
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Piotrowska M, Gliwiński M, Trzonkowski P, Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes D. Regulatory T Cells-Related Genes Are under DNA Methylation Influence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7144. [PMID: 34281195 PMCID: PMC8267835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert a highly suppressive function in the immune system. Disturbances in their function predispose an individual to autoimmune dysregulation, with a predominance of the pro-inflammatory environment. Besides Foxp3, which is a master regulator of these cells, other genes (e.g., Il2ra, Ctla4, Tnfrsf18, Ikzf2, and Ikzf4) are also involved in Tregs development and function. Multidimensional Tregs suppression is determined by factors that are believed to be crucial in the action of Tregs-related genes. Among them, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, tend to be widely studied over the past few years. DNA methylation acts as a repressive mark, leading to diminished gene expression. Given the role of increased CpG methylation upon Tregs imprinting and functional stability, alterations in the methylation pattern can cause an imbalance in the immune response. Due to the fact that epigenetic changes can be reversible, so-called epigenetic modifiers are broadly used in order to improve Tregs performance. In this review, we place emphasis on the role of DNA methylation of the genes that are key regulators of Tregs function. We also discuss disease settings that have an impact on the methylation status of Tregs and systematize the usefulness of epigenetic drugs as factors able to influence Tregs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dorota Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (M.G.); (P.T.)
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14
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that resulted from the severe destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreases of individuals with a genetic predisposition. Genome-wide studies have identified HLA and other risk genes associated with T1D susceptibility in humans. However, evidence obtained from the incomplete concordance of diabetes incidence among monozygotic twins suggests that environmental factors also play critical roles in T1D pathogenesis. Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field that serves as a bridge to link T1D risk genes and environmental exposures, thereby modulating the expression of critical genes relevant to T1D development beyond the changes of DNA sequences. Indeed, there is compelling evidence that epigenetic changes induced by environmental insults are implicated in T1D pathogenesis. Herein, we sought to summarize the recent progress in terms of epigenetic mechanisms in T1D initiation and progression, and discuss their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the T1D setting.
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15
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Mirizio E, Liu C, Yan Q, Waltermire J, Mandel R, Schollaert KL, Konnikova L, Wang X, Chen W, Torok KS. Genetic Signatures From RNA Sequencing of Pediatric Localized Scleroderma Skin. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:669116. [PMID: 34164359 PMCID: PMC8215272 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.669116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the skin transcriptional profile in pediatric localized scleroderma (LS) to provide a better understanding of the altered immune and fibrotic pathways promoting disease. LS is a progressive disease of the skin and underlying tissue that causes significant functional disability and disfigurement, especially in developing children. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) technology allows for improved understanding of relevant cellular expression through transcriptome analysis of phases during LS disease progression (more active/inflammatory vs. inactive/fibrotic) and also permits the use of RNA extracted from existing paraffin-embedded skin tissue, which is important in pediatrics. A strong correlation was observed between the comparison of genes expressed between fresh (RNAlater) and paraffinized skin in healthy and LS subjects, supporting the use of paraffinized tissue. LS gene signatures compared to healthy controls showed a distinct expression of an inflammatory response gene signature (IRGS) composed of IFNγ-, IFNα-, and TNFα-associated genes. GSEA© enrichment analysis showed that the IRGS, including interferon-inducible chemokines such as CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and IFNγ itself, was more highly expressed in LS patients with more inflammatory lesions. The use of paraffinized skin for sequencing was proven to be an effective substitute for fresh skin by comparing gene expression profiles. The prevalence of the IFNγ signature in the lesion biopsies of active LS patients indicates that these genes reflect clinical activity parameters and may be the promoters of early, inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mirizio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christopher Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qi Yan
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Julia Waltermire
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Roosha Mandel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kaila L Schollaert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xinjun Wang
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kathryn S Torok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Possible involvement of autoimmunity in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Diabetol Int 2020; 11:329-335. [PMID: 33088639 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is characterized by a relatively low HbA1c level at the onset, despite the abrupt occurrence of marked hyperglycemia with ketosis or ketoacidosis. The initial symptoms/findings are flu-like, absence of islet-associated autoantibodies, and a drastic decrease in β-cells and α-cells, which strongly suggest the involvement of a viral infection. In fact, we successfully demonstrated that a FT1D-like phenotype can be reproduced in encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes murine model. However, there is a discussion on the possible involvement of autoimmunity rather than viral infection as the underlying cause of FT1D. For example, HLA-DRB1*04:05, a susceptible antigen of type 1A diabetes, is reportedly associated with FT1D in Japan. Moreover, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody is reportedly detected in ~ 5% of the patients. Additionally, half of the patients with anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy-related type 1 diabetes fulfilled the criteria of the disease. These findings suggest that islet-associated autoimmunity can partially contribute to the development of FT1D. Furthermore, using nonobese diabetic mice with reduced regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers, we found that a human FT1D-like phenotype can be induced by islet-associated autoimmunity through collaboration between innate immunity (macrophages and/or natural killer cells) and acquired immunity (predominantly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells) in genetically predisposed individuals of autoimmune type 1 diabetes with low Tregs or Treg dysfunction. To clarify greater details regarding the association of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of FT1D, further studies using suitable animal models and accumulation of the relevant patients are required.
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17
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Luo S, Ma X, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. Fulminant type 1 diabetes: A comprehensive review of an autoimmune condition. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3317. [PMID: 32223049 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a subset of type 1 diabetes characterized by extremely rapid pancreatic β-cell destruction with aggressive progression of hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis. It was initially classified as idiopathic type 1 diabetes due to the absence of autoimmune markers. However, subsequent studies provide evidences supporting the involvement of autoimmunity in rapid β-cell loss in FT1D pathogenesis, which are crucial for FT1D being an autoimmune disease. This article highlights the role of immunological aspects in FT1D according to the autoimmune-associated genetic background, viral infection, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and pancreas histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoming Luo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ma
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
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18
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Walshaw RC, Honeychurch J, Choudhury A, Illidge TM. Toll-Like Receptor Agonists and Radiation Therapy Combinations: An Untapped Opportunity to Induce Anticancer Immunity and Improve Tumor control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:27-37. [PMID: 32339645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The premise that therapies targeting immune checkpoints can enhance radiation therapy (RT)-induced antitumor immunity is being explored rigorously in the preclinical setting, and early clinical trials testing this hypothesis are beginning to report. Although such approaches might prove efficacious in certain settings, it is likely that many tumor types, particularly those that have a deeply immune-suppressed microenvironment with little or no T cell infiltration, will require alternative approaches. Thus, there is now considerable drive to develop novel immune modulatory therapies that target other areas of the cancer immunity cycle. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on sentinel immune cells and play a key role in the host defense against invading pathogens. Innate sensing via TLR-mediated detection of pathogen-derived molecular patterns can lead to maturation of antigen-presenting cells and downstream activation of adaptive immunity. After demonstrating promising efficacy in preclinical studies, drugs that stimulate TLR have been approved for use clinically, albeit to a limited extent. There is a growing body of preclinical evidence that novel agonists targeting TLR3, TLR7/8, or TLR9 in combination with RT might lead to enhanced antitumor immunity. Mechanistic studies have revealed that TLR agonists enhance dendritic cell-mediated T cell priming after RT, in some cases leading to the generation of systemic antitumor immunity and immune memory. In this report, we describe results from preclinical studies that advocate the strategy of combining RT with TLR agonists, discuss reported mechanisms of action, and explore the exciting opportunities of how this approach may be successfully translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Walshaw
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Illidge
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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19
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Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes with Diversity in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: A Case Report. J UOEH 2020; 42:57-62. [PMID: 32213743 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.42.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for treatment of fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) with diabetic ketoacidosis. The phenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes was analyzed using an 8-color flow cytometer. An analysis of the CD4-positive T cells showed a tendency for higher proportions of effector and central memory T cells and a normal proportion of regulatory T (Treg) cells, compared to healthy control. An analysis of B cell differentiation showed higher proportions of switched memory B cells and plasmablasts. The differences in lymphocyte phenotypes between our case and previously reported cases suggest a diversity of FT1D pathology.
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20
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The multifaceted functional role of DNA methylation in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:459-476. [PMID: 32613397 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic predisposition cannot explain the onset of complex diseases, as well illustrated by the largely incomplete concordance among monozygotic twins. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, chromatin remodelling and non-coding RNA, are considered to be the link between environmental stimuli and disease onset on a permissive genetic background in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The paradigmatic cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) and type-1 diabetes (T1D) share the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigen influenced by several factors, with a largely incomplete role of individual genomic susceptibility. The most widely investigated epigenetic mechanism is DNA methylation which is associated with gene silencing and is due to the binding of methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD)-containing proteins, such as MECP2, to 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Indeed, a causal relationship occurs between DNA methylation and transcription factors occupancy and recruitment at specific genomic locus. In most cases, the results obtained in different studies are controversial in terms of DNA methylation comparison while fascinating evidence comes from the comparison of the epigenome in clinically discordant monozygotic twins. In this manuscript, we will review the mechanisms of epigenetics and DNA methylation changes in specific immune-mediated rheumatic diseases to highlight remaining unmet needs and to identify possible shared mechanisms beyond different tissue involvements with common therapeutic opportunities. Key Points • DNA methylation has a crucial role in regulating and tuning the immune system. • Evidences suggest that dysregulation of DNA methylation is pivotal in the context of immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. • DNA methylation dysregulation in FOXP3 and interferons-related genes is shared within several autoimmune diseases. • DNA methylation is an attractive marker for diagnosis and therapy.
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21
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Xie Z, Chang C, Huang G, Zhou Z. The Role of Epigenetics in Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1253:223-257. [PMID: 32445098 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the interaction between genetic alterations and environmental factors. More than 60 susceptible genes or loci of T1D have been identified. Among them, HLA regions are reported to contribute about 50% of genetic susceptibility in Caucasians. There are many environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. Environmental factors may change the expression of genes through epigenetic mechanisms, thus inducing individuals with susceptible genes to develop T1D; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The major epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. There has been extensive research on the role of epigenetic mechanisms including aberrant DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA in the pathogenesis of T1D. DNA methylation and microRNA have been proposed as biomarkers to predict islet β cell death, which needs further confirmation before any clinical application can be developed. Small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases, histone methylation, and DNA methylation are potentially important for preventing T1D or in the reprogramming of insulin-producing cells. This chapter mainly focuses on T1D-related DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA, as well as their possible translational potential in the early diagnosis and treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, 33021, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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22
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Phenotypic Switching of Naïve T Cells to Immune-Suppressive Treg-Like Cells by Mutant KRAS. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101726. [PMID: 31635338 PMCID: PMC6832522 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic (mutant) Ras protein Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) promotes uncontrolled proliferation, altered metabolism, and loss of genome integrity in a cell-intrinsic manner. Here, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells when incubated with tumor-derived exosomes from mutant (MT) KRAS non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, patient sera, or a mouse xenograft model, induce phenotypic conversion to FOXP3+ Treg-like cells that are immune-suppressive. Furthermore, transfecting T cells with MT KRAS cDNA alone induced phenotypic switching and mathematical modeling supported this conclusion. Single-cell sequencing identified the interferon pathway as the mechanism underlying the phenotypic switch. These observations highlight a novel cytokine-independent, cell-extrinsic role for KRAS in T cell phenotypic switching. Thus, targeting this new class of Tregs represents a unique therapeutic approach for NSCLC. Since KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in a wide variety of cancers, the findings of this investigation are likely to be of broad interest and have a large scientific impact.
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Wu H, Chen Y, Zhu H, Zhao M, Lu Q. The Pathogenic Role of Dysregulated Epigenetic Modifications in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2305. [PMID: 31611879 PMCID: PMC6776919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be chronic with relapse of inflammatory symptoms, but it can be also acute and life-threatening if immune cells destroy life-supporting organs, such as lupus nephritis. The etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has been revealed as that genetics and environmental factors-mediated dysregulated immune responses contribute to the initiation and development of autoimmune disorders. However, the current understanding of pathogenesis is limited and the underlying mechanism has not been well defined, which lows the development of novel biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases. To improve this, broadening and deepening our understanding of pathogenesis is an unmet need. As genetic susceptibility cannot explain the low accordance rate of incidence in homozygous twins, epigenetic regulations might be an additional explanation. Therefore, this review will summarize current progress of studies on epigenetic dysregulations contributing to autoimmune diseases, including SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, type 1 diabetes (T1D), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), hopefully providing opinions on orientation of future research, as well as discussing the clinical utilization of potential biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Mazzone R, Zwergel C, Artico M, Taurone S, Ralli M, Greco A, Mai A. The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 30808407 PMCID: PMC6390373 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic pathways play a pivotal role in the development and function of the immune system. Over the last decade, a growing body of studies has been published out seeking to explain a correlation between epigenetic modifications and the development of autoimmune disorders. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases mainly by regulating gene expression. This paper reviews the importance of epigenetic alterations during the development of the most prevalent human autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), and type 1 diabetes (T1D), aiming to provide new insights in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the possibility to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Samanta Taurone
- IRCCS G.B. Bietti Foundation, Via Livenza, 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Hashemi R, Morshedi M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Altafi D, Saeed Hosseini-Asl S, Rafie-Arefhosseini S. Anti-inflammatory effects of dietary vitamin D 3 in patients with multiple sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e278. [PMID: 30533524 PMCID: PMC6244020 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the effects of dietary vitamin D3 on proinflammatory (interleukin-17A [IL-17A] and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Methods Our study was conducted on 75 participants who were divided into 3 groups: multiple sclerosis participants (MSPs, n = 25), first-degree relative participants (FDRPs, n = 25), and healthy participants (HPs, n = 25). All groups received 50,000 IU vitamin D3/wk for 8 weeks. Serum 25-(OH) vitamin D3 levels and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of ILs were determined using electrochemiluminescence assay and real-time PCR, respectively. Results Vitamin D3 affected the levels of IL-17A, IL-10, and IL-6 among the 3 groups (p < 0.001 for all). Levels of IL-17A (MSPs: fold change [FC] = 5.9, p = 0.014; FDRPs: FC = 5.2, p = 0.006; HPs: FC = 4.2, p = 0.012) and IL-6 (MSPs: FC = 5.6, p = 0.003; FDRPs: FC = 5.5, p = 0.002; HPs: FC = 5.1, p < 0.001) were downregulated after vitamin D3 treatment. In addition, levels of IL-10 (MSPs: FC = 6.2, p = 0.005; FDRPs: FC = 4.6, p < 0.001; HPs: FC = 5.2, p < 0.001) were upregulated after 8 weeks. Conclusions Although supplementation with vitamin D3 reduced the mRNA expression levels of IL-17A and IL-6, it increased the mRNA expression level of IL-10 in all groups. However, these effects were more considerable in the MSP group than in the other groups. Of interest, in a deficiency state of serum vitamin D3, IL-17A expression had a positive feedback effect on the expression of IL-6. Conversely, in the sufficient state, IL-10 expression had a negative feedback effect on the expression of IL-17A and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hashemi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences (R.H., M.M), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Road Traffic Injury Research Center (M.A.-J), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Ardabil Province (D.A.); Department of Genetics (S.S.H.-A.), School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy (S.R.-A.), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morshedi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences (R.H., M.M), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Road Traffic Injury Research Center (M.A.-J), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Ardabil Province (D.A.); Department of Genetics (S.S.H.-A.), School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy (S.R.-A.), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences (R.H., M.M), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Road Traffic Injury Research Center (M.A.-J), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Ardabil Province (D.A.); Department of Genetics (S.S.H.-A.), School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy (S.R.-A.), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Davar Altafi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences (R.H., M.M), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Road Traffic Injury Research Center (M.A.-J), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Ardabil Province (D.A.); Department of Genetics (S.S.H.-A.), School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy (S.R.-A.), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hosseini-Asl
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences (R.H., M.M), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Road Traffic Injury Research Center (M.A.-J), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Ardabil Province (D.A.); Department of Genetics (S.S.H.-A.), School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy (S.R.-A.), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Seyed Rafie-Arefhosseini
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences (R.H., M.M), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Road Traffic Injury Research Center (M.A.-J), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Ardabil Province (D.A.); Department of Genetics (S.S.H.-A.), School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy (S.R.-A.), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Dynamic DNA Methylation Changes of Tbx21 and Rorc during Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9129163. [PMID: 30254507 PMCID: PMC6142759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The key transcription factors of T helper cell subpopulations, including T-bet, GATA3, RORγt, and Foxp3 are involved in various autoimmune diseases. Whether methylation of these master transcription factors is associated with the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and the possible epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved has however not yet been addressed. In our study, significant methylation changes in both Tbx21 and Rorc were observed in one CpG site in the retinas of EAU mice. Two CpG sites of Tbx21 and one CpG site of Rorc showed significant dynamic methylation changes in the RPE-choroid complex during EAU. The mRNA expressions of Tbx21 and Rorc in both the retinas and RPE-choroid complexes correlated with the methylation changes at the various time points during EAU development. The methylation changes were associated with the production of the Th1/Th17 cells' signature cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-17. Dynamic changes in mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1) were also noted, which may be related to the observed methylation changes of these genes. The present study provides evidence that DNA methylation of Tbx21 and Rorc may be associated with the development of EAU. DNMT1 activation may have an important effect on regulating DNA methylation dynamics.
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Epigenetic regulation of Toll-like receptors and its roles in type 1 diabetes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:741-751. [PMID: 30003291 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system can be divided into adaptive immunity and innate immunity. Adaptive immunity has been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the role of innate immunity in T1D has only been studied recently. T1D is caused by selective autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. A series of studies have suggested that TLRs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of T1D. Aberrant TLR signaling will change immune homeostasis and result in immunopathological conditions such as endotoxin shock and autoimmune responses. Thus, TLR signaling pathways are supposed to be strictly and finely regulated. Epigenetics has recently been proven to be a new regulator of TLR expression. DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs are the three main epigenetic modifications. This review will mainly focus on these epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of TLRs and the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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STAT3-mediated epigenetic silencing of FOXP3 in LADA T cells is regulated through HDAC5 and DNMT1. Clin Immunol 2018; 191:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wu H, Liao J, Li Q, Yang M, Zhao M, Lu Q. Epigenetics as biomarkers in autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2018; 196:34-39. [PMID: 29574040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are immune system disorders in which immune cells cannot distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones. The current criteria for autoimmune disease diagnosis are based on clinical manifestations and laboratory tests. However, none of these markers shows both high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, some autoimmune diseases, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are highly heterogeneous and often exhibit various manifestations. On the other hand, certain autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren's syndrome versus SLE, share similar symptoms and autoantibodies, which also causes difficulties in diagnosis. Therefore, biomarkers that have both high sensitivity and high specificity for diagnosis, reflect disease activity and predict drug response are necessary. An increasing number of publications have proposed the abnormal epigenetic modifications as biomarkers of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, this review will comprehensively summarize the epigenetic progress in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and unearth potential biomarkers that might be appropriate for disease diagnosis and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieyue Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Li D, Yan J, Yuan Y, Wang C, Wu J, Chen Q, Song J, Wang J. Genome-wide DNA methylome alterations in acute coronary syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:220-232. [PMID: 29115576 PMCID: PMC5746328 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a common disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. The methylation status of blood DNA may serve as a potential early diagnosis and prevention biomarker for numerous diseases. The present study was designed to explore novel genome-wide aberrant DNA methylation patterns associated with ACS. The Infinium HumanMethylation450 assay was used to examine genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in 3 pairs of ACS and control group samples. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation, genomic distribution, Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The results were confirmed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and Sequenom MassARRAY analyses in ACS, stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and control samples. A total of 11,342 differentially methylated (DM) 5′-C-phosphate-G-3′ (CpG) sites were identified, including 8,865 hypomethylated and 2,477 hypermethylated CpG sites in the ACS group compared with the control samples. They varied in frequency across genomic compartments, but were particularly notable in gene bodies and shores. The results of GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the methylated genes were associated with certain biological processes and pathways. Despite the considerable variability in methylation data, the candidate selected possessed significant methylation alteration in mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3) transcription start site 155 (Chr1:67356838-Chr1:67356942). MSP analysis from 81 ACS samples, 74 SCAD samples and 53 healthy samples, and Sequenom MassARRAY analysis, confirmed that differential CpG methylation of SMAD3 was significantly corrected with the reference results of the HumanMethylation450 array. The data identified an ACS-specific DNA methylation profile with a large number of novel DM CpG sites, some of which may serve as candidate markers for the early diagnosis of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Qingwen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Wang Z, Lu Q, Wang Z. Epigenetic Alterations in Cellular Immunity: New Insights into Autoimmune Diseases. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:645-660. [PMID: 28214857 DOI: 10.1159/000457944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification is an additional regulator in immune responses as the genome-wide profiling somehow fails to explain the sophisticated mechanisms in autoimmune diseases. The effect of epigenetic modifications on adaptive immunity derives from their regulations to induce a permissive or negative gene expression. Epigenetic events, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs (miRNAs) are often found in T cell activation, differentiation and commitment which are the major parts in cellular immunity. Recognizing the complexity of interactions between epigenetic mechanisms and immune disturbance in autoimmune diseases is essential for the exploration of efficient therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize a list of studies that indicate the significance of dysregulated epigenetic modifications in autoimmune diseases while focusing on T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Devarapu SK, Lorenz G, Kulkarni OP, Anders HJ, Mulay SR. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmunity and Lupus Nephritis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:43-154. [PMID: 28526137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves immune responses directed against self, which are a result of defective self/foreign distinction of the immune system, leading to proliferation of self-reactive lymphocytes, and is characterized by systemic, as well as tissue-specific, inflammation. Numerous mechanisms operate to ensure the immune tolerance to self-antigens. However, monogenetic defects or genetic variants that weaken immune tolerance render susceptibility to the loss of immune tolerance, which is further triggered by environmental factors. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of immune tolerance, genetic and environmental factors that influence the immune tolerance, factors that induce autoimmunity such as epigenetic and transcription factors, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, extracellular vesicles, ion channels, and lipid mediators, as well as costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules that contribute to an autoimmune response. Further, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune tissue injury and inflammation during systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Devarapu
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Lorenz
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - H-J Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - S R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Cheng J, Song J, He X, Zhang M, Hu S, Zhang S, Yu Q, Yang P, Xiong F, Wang DW, Zhou J, Ning Q, Chen Z, Eizirik DL, Zhou Z, Zhao C, Wang CY. Loss of Mbd2 Protects Mice Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Regulating the Homeostasis of Energy Storage and Expenditure. Diabetes 2016; 65:3384-3395. [PMID: 27554473 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies including ours demonstrated that methyl-CpG-binding domain 2 (MBD2) acts as a reader to decipher DNA methylome-encoded information. We thus in the current study used Mbd2-/- mice as a model to dissect the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) on DNA methylome relevant to the pathoetiology of obesity. It was interestingly noted that mice deficient in Mbd2 were protected from HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Mechanistic study revealed that HFD rendered epididymal adipose tissues to undergo a DNA methylation turnover as evidenced by the changes of methylation levels and patterns. Specifically, HFD was noted with higher potency to induce DNA hypomethylation in genes relevant to energy storage than that in genes associated with energy expenditure. As a result, arrays of genes were subjected to expression changes, which led to an altered homeostasis for energy storage and expenditure in favor of obesity development. Loss of Mbd2 resulted in impaired implementation of above DNA methylation changes associated with altered energy homeostasis, which then protected mice from HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Those data would provide novel insight into the understanding of the pathoetiology underlying obesity with potential for developing effective therapies against obesity in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Song
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Center for Diabetes Research, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Diabetes Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shu Y, Hu Q, Long H, Chang C, Lu Q, Xiao R. Epigenetic Variability of CD4+CD25+ Tregs Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 52:260-272. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Monjazeb AM, Kent MS, Grossenbacher SK, Mall C, Zamora AE, Mirsoian A, Chen M, Kol A, Shiao SL, Reddy A, Perks JR, T N Culp W, Sparger EE, Canter RJ, Sckisel GD, Murphy WJ. Blocking Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Rebound Immune Suppression Boosts Antitumor Effects of Radio-Immunotherapy in Murine Models and Spontaneous Canine Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4328-40. [PMID: 26979392 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrate that intratumoral CpG immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy acts as an in-situ vaccine inducing antitumor immune responses capable of eradicating systemic disease. Unfortunately, most patients fail to respond. We hypothesized that immunotherapy can paradoxically upregulate immunosuppressive pathways, a phenomenon we term "rebound immune suppression," limiting clinical responses. We further hypothesized that the immunosuppressive enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a mechanism of rebound immune suppression and that IDO blockade would improve immunotherapy efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the efficacy and immunologic effects of a novel triple therapy consisting of local radiotherapy, intratumoral CpG, and systemic IDO blockade in murine models and a pilot canine clinical trial. RESULTS In murine models, we observed marked increase in intratumoral IDO expression after treatment with radiotherapy, CpG, or other immunotherapies. The addition of IDO blockade to radiotherapy + CpG decreased IDO activity, reduced tumor growth, and reduced immunosuppressive factors, such as regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. This triple combination induced systemic antitumor effects, decreasing metastases, and improving survival in a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent manner. We evaluated this novel triple therapy in a canine clinical trial, because spontaneous canine malignancies closely reflect human cancer. Mirroring our mouse studies, the therapy was well tolerated, reduced intratumoral immunosuppression, and induced robust systemic antitumor effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IDO maintains immune suppression in the tumor after therapy, and IDO blockade promotes a local antitumor immune response with systemic consequences. The efficacy and limited toxicity of this strategy are attractive for clinical translation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4328-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | | | - Christine Mall
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Abhinav Reddy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Julian R Perks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - William T N Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
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Critical Link Between Epigenetics and Transcription Factors in the Induction of Autoimmunity: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 50:333-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Immunological Aspects of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes in Chinese. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1858202. [PMID: 26981545 PMCID: PMC4769748 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1858202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a novel subtype of type 1 diabetes characterized by extremely rapid onset and complete deficiency of insulin due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the etiology of this disease remain unclear. Methods. A total of 22 patients with FT1D and 10 healthy subjects were recruited. Serum antibodies to GAD, IA2, and ZnT8 in patients were tested. And peripheral T cell responses to GAD65, insulin B9–23 peptide, or C peptide were determined in 10 FT1D patients and 10 healthy controls. The mRNA levels of several related cytokines and molecules, such as IFN-γ, IL-4, RORC, and IL-17 in PBMCs from FT1D patients were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Result. We found that a certain proportion of Chinese FT1D patients actually have developed islet-related autoantibodies after onset of the disease. The GAD, insulin, or C peptide-reactive T cells were found in some FT1D patients. We also detected a significant increase for IFN-γ expression in FT1D PBMCs as compared with that of healthy controls. Conclusion. Autoimmune responses might be involved in the pathogenesis of Chinese FT1D.
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Deng J, Liang H, Ying G, Dong Q, Zhang R, Yu J, Fan D, Hao X. Poor survival is associated with the methylated degree of zinc-finger protein 545 (ZNF545) DNA promoter in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4482-95. [PMID: 25714013 PMCID: PMC4414205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-finger protein 545 (ZNF545) was identified as a gastric tumour suppressor and potentially independent prognostic factor. At the present study, we found that lower expression of ZNF545 was specific in gastric cancer (GC) tissues, and the inconsistently methylated levels of ZNF545 promoter were identified in the gastric cancer tissues. In the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis cohort, we found that GC patients with hypermethylated ZNF545 promoter exhibited significantly shorter median OS than those with unmethylated ZNF545 promoter and those with hypomethylated ZNF545 promoter. In the other cohort, we also demonstrated that GC patients with three or more methylated CpG sites in the ZNF545 promoter were significantly associated with poor survival by using the bisulphite gene sequencing (BGS). The methylated degrees of five CpG sites (−232, −214, −176, −144 and −116) could also provide distinct survival discrimination of patients with GC. These findings indicated that the methylated CpG sites of the ZNF545 promoter could be used for the clinical prediction of the prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuping Dong
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Chinese University of HongKong, Shatin, HongKong
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xishan Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
There have been significant advances in our understanding of human autoimmunity that have led to improvements in classification and diagnosis and, most importantly, research advances in new therapies. The importance of autoimmunity and the mechanisms that lead to clinical disease were first recognized about 50 years ago following the pioneering studies of Macfarlane Burnett and his Nobel Prize-winning hypothesis of the 'forbidden clone'. Such pioneering efforts led to a better understanding not only of autoimmunity, but also of lymphoid cell development, thymic education, apoptosis and deletion of autoreactive cells. Contemporary theories suggest that the development of an autoimmune disease requires a genetic predisposition and environmental factors that trigger the immune pathways that lead, ultimately, to tissue destruction. Despite extensive research, there are no genetic tools that can be used clinically to predict the risk of autoimmune disease. Indeed, the concordance of autoimmune disease in identical twins is 12-67%, highlighting not only a role for environmental factors, but also the potential importance of stochastic or epigenetic phenomena. On the other hand, the identification of cytokines and chemokines, and their cognate receptors, has led to novel therapies that block pathological inflammatory responses within the target organ and have greatly improved the therapeutic effect in patients with autoimmune disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Further advances involving the use of multiplex platforms for diagnosis and identification of new therapeutic agents should lead to major breakthroughs within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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41
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Epigenetic dynamics in immunity and autoimmunity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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42
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Chop deficiency prevents UUO-induced renal fibrosis by attenuating fibrotic signals originated from Hmgb1/TLR4/NFκB/IL-1β signaling. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1847. [PMID: 26247732 PMCID: PMC4558499 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis is considered to be the final manifestation of almost all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Herein we demonstrated evidence that CHOP-related ER stress is associated with the development of renal fibrosis in both CKD patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced animals, and specifically, mice deficient in Chop were protected from UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that loss of Chop protected tubular cells from UUO-induced apoptosis and secondary necrosis along with attenuated Hmgb1 passive release and active secretion. As a result, Chop deficiency suppressed Hmgb1/TLR4/NFκB signaling, which then repressed UUO-induced IL-1β production. Consequently, the IL-1β downstream Erk1/2 activity and its related c-Jun transcriptional activity were reduced, leading to attenuated production of TGF-β1 following UUO insult. It was further noted that reduced IL-1β production also inhibited UUO-induced PI3K/AKT signaling, and both of which ultimately protected mice from UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Together, our data support that suppression of CHOP expression could be a viable therapeutic strategy to prevent renal fibrosis in patients with CKDs.
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43
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Islam AD, Selmi C, Datta-Mitra A, Sonu R, Chen M, Gershwin ME, Raychaudhuri SP. The changing faces of IgG4-related disease: Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:914-22. [PMID: 26112170 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the earliest reports in 2001, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease has been defined as an autoimmune systemic disease characterized by the lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of affected tissues leading to fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis along with elevated serum IgG4 levels. Prior to this unifying hypothesis, a plethora of clinical manifestations were considered as separate entities despite the similar laboratory profile. The pathology can be observed in virtually all organs and may thus be a challenging diagnosis, especially when the adequate clinical suspicion is not present or when obtaining a tissue biopsy is not feasible. Nonetheless, the most frequently involved organs are the pancreas and exocrine glands but these may be spared. Immunosuppressants lead to a prompt clinical response in virtually all cases and prevent histological sequelae and, as a consequence, an early differential diagnosis from other conditions, particularly infections and cancer, as well as an early treatment should be pursued. We describe herein two cases in which atypical disease manifestations were observed, i.e., one with recurrent neck lymph node enlargement and proptosis, and one with jaundice. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease is largely incomplete but data support a significant role for Th2 cytokines with the contribution of innate immunity factors such as Toll-like receptors, macrophages and basophils. Further, macrophages activated by IL4 overexpress B cell activating factors and contribute to chronic inflammation and the development of fibrosis. We cannot rule out the possibility that the largely variable disease phenotypes reflect different pathogenetic mechanisms and the tissue microenvironment may then contribute to the organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Duza Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rebecca Sonu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Siba P Raychaudhuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA.
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44
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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45
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FCGR2A Promoter Methylation and Risks for Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment Responses in Kawasaki Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:564625. [PMID: 26089602 PMCID: PMC4451985 DOI: 10.1155/2015/564625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by pediatric systemic vasculitis of an unknown cause. The low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a (FCGR2A) gene was reported to be involved in the susceptibility of KD. DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression; thus, we hypothesized that methylation status of CpG islands in FCGR2A promoter associates with the susceptibility and therapeutic outcomes of Kawasaki disease. In this study, 36 KD patients and 24 healthy subjects from out-patient clinic were recruited. Eleven potential methylation sites within the targeted promoter region of FCGR2A were selected for investigation. We marked the eleven methylation sites from A to K. Our results indicated that methylation at the CpG sites G, H, and J associated with the risk of KD. CpG sites B, C, E, F, H, J, and K were found to associate with the outcomes of IVIG treatment. In addition, CpG sites G, J, and K were predicted as transcription factors binding sites for NF-kB, Myc-Max, and SP2, respectively. Our study reported a significant association among the promoter methylation of FCGR2A, susceptibility of KD, and the therapeutic outcomes of IVIG treatment. The methylation levels of CpG sites of FCGR2A gene promoter should be an important marker for optimizing IVIG therapy.
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46
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Divergent effects of type-I interferons on regulatory T cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Garcia-Martinez I, Mehal WZ. DNA: adding injury to insult. Hepatology 2015; 61:35-6. [PMID: 25145786 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Shang X, Su J, Wan Q, Su J. CpA/CpG methylation of CiMDA5 possesses tight association with the resistance against GCRV and negatively regulates mRNA expression in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:86-94. [PMID: 25260715 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) plays a crucial role in recognizing intracellular viral infection, activating the interferon regulatory factor pathways as well as inducing antiviral response. While the antiviral regulatory mechanism of MDA5 remains unclear. In the present study, CiMDA5 (Ctenopharyngodon idella MDA5) against grass carp reovirus (GCRV) would be initially revealed from the perspective of DNA methylation, a pivotal epigenetic modification. Two CpG islands (CGIs) were predicted located in the first exon of CiMDA5, of which the first CpG island was 427 bp in length possessed 29 candidate CpG loci and 34 CpA loci, and the second one was 130 bp in length involving 7 CpG loci as well as 10 CpA loci. By bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP), the methylation statuses were detected in spleen of 70 individuals divided into resistant/susceptible groups post challenge experiment, and the resistance-association analysis was performed with Chi-square test. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out to explore the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression in CiMDA5. Results indicated that the methylation levels of CpA/CpG sites at +200, +202, +204, +207 nt, which consisted of a putative densely methylated element (DME), were significantly higher in the susceptible group than those in the resistant group. Meanwhile, the average transcription of CiMDA5 was down-regulated in the susceptible individuals compared with the resistant individuals. Evidently, the DNA methylation may be the negative modulator of CiMDA5 antiviral expression. Collectively, the methylation levels of CiMDA5 demonstrated the tight association with the resistance against GCRV and the negative-regulated roles in mRNA expression. This study first discovered the resistance-associated gene modulated by DNA methylation in teleost, preliminary revealed the underlying regulatory mechanism of CiMDA5 transcription against GCRV as well as laid a theoretical foundation on molecular nosogenesis of hemorrhagic diseases in C. idella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Juanjuan Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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49
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Zhong J, Yu Q, Yang P, Rao X, He L, Fang J, Tu Y, Zhang Z, Lai Q, Zhang S, Kuczma M, Kraj P, Xu JF, Gong F, Zhou J, Wen L, Eizirik DL, Du J, Wang W, Wang CY. MBD2 regulates TH17 differentiation and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by controlling the homeostasis of T-bet/Hlx axis. J Autoimmun 2014; 53:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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Zhao M, Liu S, Luo S, Wu H, Tang M, Cheng W, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Yu X, Xia Y, Yi N, Gao F, Wang L, Yung S, Chan TM, Sawalha AH, Richardson B, Gershwin ME, Li N, Lu Q. DNA methylation and mRNA and microRNA expression of SLE CD4+ T cells correlate with disease phenotype. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:127-36. [PMID: 25091625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease well known for its clinical heterogeneity, and its etiology secondary to a cross-talk involving genetic predisposition and environmental stimuli. Although genome-wide analysis has contributed greatly to our understanding of the genetic basis of SLE, there is increasing evidence for a role of epigenetics. Indeed, recent data have demonstrated that in patients with SLE, there are striking alterations of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and deregulated microRNA expression, the sum of which contribute to over-expression of select autoimmune-related genes and loss of tolerance. To address this issue at the level of clinical phenotype, we performed DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression screening using high-throughput sequencing of purified CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE, compared to age and sex matched controls. In particular, we studied 42 patients with SLE and divided this group into three clinical phenotypes: a) the presence of skin lesions without signs of systemic pathology; b) skin lesions but also chronic renal pathology; and c) skin lesions, chronic renal pathology and polyarticular disease. Interestingly, and as expected, sequencing data revealed changes in DNA methylation in SLE compared to controls. However, and more importantly, although there were common methylation changes found in all groups of SLE compared to controls, there was specific DNA methylation changes that correlated with clinical phenotype. These included changes in the novel key target genes NLRP2, CD300LB and S1PR3, as well as changes in the critical pathways, including the adherens junction and leukocyte transendothelial migration. We also noted that a significant proportion of genes undergoing DNA methylation changes were inversely correlated with gene expression and that miRNA screening revealed the existence of subsets with changes in expression. Integrated analysis of this data highlights specific sets of miRNAs controlled by DNA methylation, and genes that are altered by methylation and targeted by miRNAs. In conclusion, our findings suggest select epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to clinical phenotypes and further shed light on a new venue for basic SLE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honglong Wu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meini Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinhai Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yudong Xia
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Yi
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Susan Yung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruce Richardson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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