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Olivieri G, Cotugno N, Palma P. Emerging insights into atypical B cells in pediatric chronic infectious diseases and immune system disorders: T(o)-bet on control of B-cell immune activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:12-27. [PMID: 37890706 PMCID: PMC10842362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive or persistent cellular stimulation in vivo has been associated with the development of a heterogeneous B-cell population that exhibits a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B-cell markers, often expresses the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid marker CD11c. Research suggests that this atypical population consists of B cells with distinct B-cell receptor specificities capable of binding the antigens responsible for their development. The expansion of this population occurs in the presence of chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases where different nomenclatures have been used to describe them. However, as a result of the diverse contexts in which they have been investigated, these cells have remained largely enigmatic, with much ambiguity remaining regarding their phenotype and function in humoral immune response as well as their role in autoimmunity. Atypical B cells have garnered considerable interest because of their ability to produce specific antibodies and/or autoantibodies and because of their association with key disease manifestations. Although they have been widely described in the context of adults, little information is present for children. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to describe the characteristics of this population, suggest their function in pediatric immune-related diseases and chronic infections, and explore their potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Olivieri
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Liang F, Peng C, Luo X, Wang L, Huang Y, Yin L, Yue L, Yang J, Zhao X. A single-cell atlas of immunocytes in the spleen of a mouse model of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104783. [PMID: 37944382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a disorder characterized by rare X-linked genetic immune deficiency with mutations in the Was gene, which is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells. The spleen plays a major role in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. However, to date, comprehensive analyses of the spleen in wild-type (WT) and WASp-deficient (WAS-KO) mice, especially at the transcriptome level, have not been reported. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was adopted to identify various types of immune cells and investigate the mechanisms underlying immune deficiency. We identified 30 clusters and 10 major cell subtypes among 11,269 cells; these cell types included B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, stem cells and erythrocytes. Moreover, we evaluated gene expression differences among cell subtypes, identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and performed enrichment analyses to identify the reasons for the dysfunction in these different cell populations in WAS. Furthermore, some key genes were identified based on a comparison of the DEGs in each cell type involved in specific and nonspecific immune responses, and further analysis showed that these key genes were previously undiscovered pathology-related genes in WAS-KO mice. In summary, we present a landscape of immune cells in the spleen of WAS-KO mice based on detailed data obtained at single-cell resolution. These unprecedented data revealed the transcriptional characteristics of specific and nonspecific immune cells, and the key genes were identified, laying a foundation for future studies of WAS, especially studies into novel and underexplored mechanisms that may improve gene therapies for WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianze Luo
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Yin
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luming Yue
- Singleron Biotechnologies, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Labrosse R, Chu JI, Armant MA, Everett JK, Pellin D, Kareddy N, Frelinger AL, Henderson LA, O’Connell AE, Biswas A, Coenen-van der Spek J, Miggelbrink A, Fiorini C, Adhikari H, Berry CC, Cantu VA, Fong J, Jaroslavsky J, Karadeniz DF, Li QZ, Reddy S, Roche AM, Zhu C, Whangbo JS, Dansereau C, Mackinnon B, Morris E, Koo SM, London WB, Baris S, Ozen A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Despotovic JM, Forbes Satter LR, Saitoh A, Aizawa Y, King A, Nguyen MAT, Vu VDU, Snapper SB, Galy A, Notarangelo LD, Bushman FD, Williams DA, Pai SY. Outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Blood 2023; 142:1281-1296. [PMID: 37478401 PMCID: PMC10731922 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by combined immunodeficiency, eczema, microthrombocytopenia, autoimmunity, and lymphoid malignancies. Gene therapy (GT) to modify autologous CD34+ cells is an emerging alternative treatment with advantages over standard allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients who lack well-matched donors, avoiding graft-versus-host-disease. We report the outcomes of a phase 1/2 clinical trial in which 5 patients with severe WAS underwent GT using a self-inactivating lentiviral vector expressing the human WAS complementary DNA under the control of a 1.6-kB fragment of the autologous promoter after busulfan and fludarabine conditioning. All patients were alive and well with sustained multilineage vector gene marking (median follow-up: 7.6 years). Clinical improvement of eczema, infections, and bleeding diathesis was universal. Immune function was consistently improved despite subphysiologic levels of transgenic WAS protein expression. Improvements in platelet count and cytoskeletal function in myeloid cells were most prominent in patients with high vector copy number in the transduced product. Two patients with a history of autoimmunity had flares of autoimmunity after GT, despite similar percentages of WAS protein-expressing cells and gene marking to those without autoimmunity. Patients with flares of autoimmunity demonstrated poor numerical recovery of T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), interleukin-10-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs), and transitional B cells. Thus, recovery of the Breg compartment, along with Tregs appears to be protective against development of autoimmunity after GT. These results indicate that clinical and laboratory manifestations of WAS are improved with GT with an acceptable safety profile. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01410825.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Labrosse
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia I. Chu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Myriam A. Armant
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John K. Everett
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danilo Pellin
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Niharika Kareddy
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew L. Frelinger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Amy E. O’Connell
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amlan Biswas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jet Coenen-van der Spek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexandra Miggelbrink
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Claudia Fiorini
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hriju Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles C. Berry
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Vito Adrian Cantu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Johnson Fong
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason Jaroslavsky
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Derin F. Karadeniz
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shantan Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aoife M. Roche
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jennifer S. Whangbo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colleen Dansereau
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Brenda Mackinnon
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Morris
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie M. Koo
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy B. London
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Safa Baris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Işıl Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Işıl Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Işıl Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jenny M. Despotovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Lisa R. Forbes Satter
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Aizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Alejandra King
- Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Clínica Alemana De Santiago Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mai Anh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vy Do Uyen Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Galy
- Genethon, Évry, France
- University of Paris-Saclay, University of Évry, INSERM, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Évry, France
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David A. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Vieira RC, Pinho LG, Westerberg LS. Understanding immunoactinopathies: A decade of research on WAS gene defects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e13951. [PMID: 37102395 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunoactinopathies caused by mutations in actin-related proteins are a growing group of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Immunoactinopathies are caused by a dysregulated actin cytoskeleton and affect hematopoietic cells especially because of their unique capacity to survey the body for invading pathogens and altered self, such as cancer cells. These cell motility and cell-to-cell interaction properties depend on the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is the archetypical immunoactinopathy and the first described. WAS is caused by loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in the actin regulator WASp, uniquely expressed in hematopoietic cells. Mutations in WAS cause a profound disturbance of actin cytoskeleton regulation of hematopoietic cells. Studies during the last 10 years have shed light on the specific effects on different hematopoietic cells, revealing that they are not affected equally by mutations in the WAS gene. Moreover, the mechanistic understanding of how WASp controls nuclear and cytoplasmatic activities may help to find therapeutic alternatives according to the site of the mutation and clinical phenotypes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have added to the complexity and increased our understanding of WAS-related diseases and immunoactinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaissa Calixto Vieira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lia Goncalves Pinho
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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Naseem A, Steinberg Z, Cavazza A. Genome editing for primary immunodeficiencies: A therapeutic perspective on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966084. [PMID: 36059471 PMCID: PMC9433875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a group of rare inherited disorders affecting the immune system that can be conventionally treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and with experimental autologous gene therapy. With both approaches still facing important challenges, gene editing has recently emerged as a potential valuable alternative for the treatment of genetic disorders and within a relatively short period from its initial development, has already entered some landmark clinical trials aimed at tackling several life-threatening diseases. In this review, we discuss the progress made towards the development of gene editing-based therapeutic strategies for PIDs with a special focus on Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome and outline their main challenges as well as future directions with respect to already established treatments.
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Zhao Q, Dai R, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Shu Z, Zhou L, Ding Y, Tang X, Zhao X. Trends in TREC values according to age and gender in Chinese children and their clinical applications. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:529-538. [PMID: 34405301 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) are small circularized DNA elements produced during rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. Because TRECs are fairly stable, do not replicate during mitosis, and are not diluted during division of naïve T cells (Dion et al. [1]), they are suitable for assessing the number of newly formed T cells (Ping and Denise [2]). In this study, we detected TRECs in 521 healthy Chinese children aged 0-18 years in different clinical settings. The TRECs decrease with aging and show lower levels in preterm and low birth weight (BW) babies compared to those in full-term infants, while the preterm babies can also show comparable levels of TRECs when they have a gestation age (GA)-matched BW. We found a strong correlation between TRECs and peripheral CD4 naïve T cell numbers, which was age-related. We also analyzed the TRECs in different PIDs. Since T cell defects vary in PIDs, TREC levels change inconsistently. For example, in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), combining the level of TREC with lymphocyte subsets can help to distinguish subtypes of disease.Conclusion: We established the reference value range for TRECs by evaluating children below 18 years old in China, which could be used to screen for PIDs during early life. What is Known: • The TREC levels are decreased with age, and there is a positive correlation between TRECs and the numbers of naïve T cells. What is New: • This is the largest study to determine TREC reference levels in healthy Chinese pediatric, we provide solid data showing a correlation between CD4 naïve T cell counts and TREC levels according to age. We point out the GA matched BW is need to be considered during the SCID newborn screening. We are the first group showed that TREC levels can help clinician distinguish different WAS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Rongxin Dai
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhou Shu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Health Management, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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8
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Corrente F, Terreri S, Palomba P, Capponi C, Mirabella M, Perno CF, Carsetti R. CD21 - CD27 - Atypical B Cells in a Pediatric Cohort Study: An Extensive Single Center Flow Cytometric Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:822400. [PMID: 35722474 PMCID: PMC9204099 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.822400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical B cells (atBCs) are a distinct B-cell population and represent approximately 5% of B cells in peripheral blood (PB) of healthy adult individuals. However, in adults these cells are expanded in conditions of chronic infections, inflammation, primary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and aging. Their immunophenotype is characterized by the lack of CD21 expression and the hallmark human memory B-cell marker CD27. In this study, we investigated the immunophenotype of atBCs in different pediatric pathological conditions and correlated their expansion with the children's clinical diagnosis. We were able to retrospectively evaluate 1,571 consecutive PB samples, corresponding to 1,180 pediatric patients, by using a 9-color flow-cytometric panel. The results, compared with a pediatric healthy cohort, confirmed an expansion of atBCs in patient samples with percentages greater than 5% of total B cells. Four subpopulations with different expressions of IgM and IgD were discriminated: IgM+IgD+, IgM+-only, IgD+-only, and IgM-IgD-. IgG+ atBCs were predominant in the IgM- IgD- subpopulation. Moreover, the study highlighted some features of atBCs, such as a low CD38 expression, a heterogeneity of CD24, a high expression of CD19 and a large cell size. We also demonstrated that an increase of atBCs in a pediatric cohort is correlated with immunodeficiencies, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders, consistent with previous studies mainly performed in adults. Furthermore, our flow cytometric clustering analysis corroborated the recent hypothesis of an alternative B origin for atBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Corrente
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mirabella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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9
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Kamnev A, Lacouture C, Fusaro M, Dupré L. Molecular Tuning of Actin Dynamics in Leukocyte Migration as Revealed by Immune-Related Actinopathies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750537. [PMID: 34867982 PMCID: PMC8634686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility is a crucial activity of immune cells allowing them to patrol tissues as they differentiate, sample or exchange information, and execute their effector functions. Although all immune cells are highly migratory, each subset is endowed with very distinct motility patterns in accordance with functional specification. Furthermore individual immune cell subsets adapt their motility behaviour to the surrounding tissue environment. This review focuses on how the generation and adaptation of diversified motility patterns in immune cells is sustained by actin cytoskeleton dynamics. In particular, we review the knowledge gained through the study of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) related to actin defects. Such pathologies are unique models that help us to uncover the contribution of individual actin regulators to the migration of immune cells in the context of their development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kamnev
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Lacouture
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire De Physique Théorique, IRSAMC, Université De Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Fusaro
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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10
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Sudhakar M, Rikhi R, Loganathan SK, Suri D, Singh S. Autoimmunity in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: Updated Perspectives. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:363-388. [PMID: 34447261 PMCID: PMC8384432 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s213920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an uncommon X-linked combined-immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a triad of thrombocytopenia, eczema, and immunodeficiency. Patients with WAS are also predisposed to autoimmunity and malignancy. Autoimmune manifestations have been reported in 26%–72% of patients with WAS. Autoimmunity is an independent predictor of poor prognosis and predisposes to malignancy. Development of autoimmunity is also an early pointer of the need for hematopoietic stem–cell transplantation. In this manuscript, we have collated the published data and present a narrative review on autoimmune manifestations in WAS. A summary of currently proposed immunopathogenic mechanisms and genetic variants associated with development of autoimmunity in WAS is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Sudhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rashmi Rikhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Loganathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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11
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He M, Saeed MB, Record J, Keszei M, Gonçalves Pinho L, Vasconcelos-Fontes L, D'Aulerio R, Vieira R, Oliveira MMS, Geyer C, Bohaumilitzky L, Thiemann M, Deordieva E, Buedts L, Matias Lopes JP, Pershin D, Hammarström L, Xia Y, Zhao X, Cunningham-Rundles C, Thrasher AJ, Burns SO, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Liu C, Shcherbina A, Vandenberghe P, Westerberg LS. Overactive WASp in X-linked neutropenia leads to aberrant B-cell division and accelerated plasma cell generation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1069-1084. [PMID: 34384840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell affinity maturation in germinal center relies on regulated actin dynamics for cell migration and cell-to-cell communication. Activating mutations in the cytoskeletal regulator Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) cause X-linked neutropenia (XLN) with reduced serum level of IgA. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of B cells in XLN pathogenesis. METHODS We examined B cells from 6 XLN patients, 2 of whom had novel R268W and S271F mutations in WASp. By using immunized XLN mouse models that carry the corresponding patient mutations, WASp L272P or WASp I296T, we examined the B-cell response. RESULTS XLN patients had normal naive B cells and plasmablasts, but reduced IgA+ B cells and memory B cells, and poor B-cell proliferation. On immunization, XLN mice had a 2-fold reduction in germinal center B cells in spleen, but with increased generation of plasmablasts and plasma cells. In vitro, XLN B cells showed reduced immunoglobulin class switching and aberrant cell division as well as increased production of immunoglobulin-switched plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS Overactive WASp predisposes B cells for premature differentiation into plasma cells at the expense of cell proliferation and immunoglobulin class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui He
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Record
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marton Keszei
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lia Gonçalves Pinho
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vasconcelos-Fontes
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta D'Aulerio
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rhaissa Vieira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Geyer
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Bohaumilitzky
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meike Thiemann
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Deordieva
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical and Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lieselot Buedts
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joao Pedro Matias Lopes
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dmitry Pershin
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical and Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yu Xia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Adrian J Thrasher
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical and Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Abstract
Ras homology (RHO) GTPases are signalling proteins that have crucial roles in triggering multiple immune functions. Through their interactions with a broad range of effectors and kinases, they regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, cell polarity and the trafficking and proliferation of immune cells. The activity and localization of RHO GTPases are highly controlled by classical families of regulators that share consensus motifs. In this Review, we describe the recent discovery of atypical modulators and partners of RHO GTPases, which bring an additional layer of regulation and plasticity to the control of RHO GTPase activities in the immune system. Furthermore, the development of large-scale genetic screening has now enabled researchers to identify dysregulation of RHO GTPase signalling pathways as a cause of many immune system-related diseases. We discuss the mutations that have been identified in RHO GTPases and their signalling circuits in patients with rare diseases. The discoveries of new RHO GTPase partners and genetic mutations in RHO GTPase signalling hubs have uncovered unsuspected layers of crosstalk with other signalling pathways and may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for patients affected by complex immune or broader syndromes.
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13
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Amadio R, Piperno GM, Benvenuti F. Self-DNA Sensing by cGAS-STING and TLR9 in Autoimmunity: Is the Cytoskeleton in Control? Front Immunol 2021; 12:657344. [PMID: 34084165 PMCID: PMC8167430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified or misplaced DNA can be recognized as a danger signal by mammalian cells. Activation of cellular responses to DNA has evolved as a defense mechanism to microbial infections, cellular stress, and tissue damage, yet failure to control this mechanism can lead to autoimmune diseases. Several monogenic and multifactorial autoimmune diseases have been associated with type-I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by deregulated recognition of self-DNA. Hence, understanding how cellular mechanism controls the pathogenic responses to self-nucleic acid has important clinical implications. Fine-tuned membrane trafficking and cellular compartmentalization are two major factors that balance activation of DNA sensors and availability of self-DNA ligands. Intracellular transport and organelle architecture are in turn regulated by cytoskeletal dynamics, yet the precise impact of actin remodeling on DNA sensing remains elusive. This review proposes a critical analysis of the established and hypothetical connections between self-DNA recognition and actin dynamics. As a paradigm of this concept, we discuss recent evidence of deregulated self-DNA sensing in the prototypical actin-related primary immune deficiency (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome). We anticipate a broader impact of actin-dependent processes on tolerance to self-DNA in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Amadio
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Piperno
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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14
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Acquired Hemophilia A in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1119-1122. [PMID: 33660143 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Mastio J, Saeed MB, Wurzer H, Krecke M, Westerberg LS, Thomas C. Higher Incidence of B Cell Malignancies in Primary Immunodeficiencies: A Combination of Intrinsic Genomic Instability and Exocytosis Defects at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581119. [PMID: 33240268 PMCID: PMC7680899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital defects of the immune system called primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) describe a group of diseases characterized by a decrease, an absence, or a malfunction of at least one part of the immune system. As a result, PID patients are more prone to develop life-threatening complications, including cancer. PID currently include over 400 different disorders, however, the variety of PID-related cancers is narrow. We discuss here reasons for this clinical phenotype. Namely, PID can lead to cell intrinsic failure to control cell transformation, failure to activate tumor surveillance by cytotoxic cells or both. As the most frequent tumors seen among PID patients stem from faulty lymphocyte development leading to leukemia and lymphoma, we focus on the extensive genomic alterations needed to create the vast diversity of B and T lymphocytes with potential to recognize any pathogen and why defects in these processes lead to malignancies in the immunodeficient environment of PID patients. In the second part of the review, we discuss PID affecting tumor surveillance and especially membrane trafficking defects caused by altered exocytosis and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. As an impairment of these membrane trafficking pathways often results in dysfunctional effector immune cells, tumor cell immune evasion is elevated in PID. By considering new anti-cancer treatment concepts, such as transfer of genetically engineered immune cells, restoration of anti-tumor immunity in PID patients could be an approach to complement standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mastio
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Max Krecke
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in genomics and animal models of human disease have enabled the discovery of mechanisms important for host immunity and self-tolerance. Here, we summarize conceptual and clinical discoveries identified from 2018 to 2019 in the field of primary immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Three new primary immunodeficiencies with autoimmunity were identified and the clinical phenotypes of NFKB1 haploinsufficiency and RASGRP1 deficiency were expanded. A diversity of novel mechanisms leading to autoimmunity associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) was reported, including pathways important for the metabolism and function of regulatory T cells and germinal B cells, the contribution of neutrophil extracellular traps to plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and the influence of commensal bacteria on the generation of autoantibodies. With regard to therapeutic developments in the field, we highlight the use of janus kinase inhibitors for immune dysregulation associated with gain-of-function variants in STAT1 and STAT3, as well as the risks of persistent hypogammaglobulinemia associated with rituximab treatment. SUMMARY Mechanistic studies of PIDs with autoimmunity elucidate key principles governing the balance between immune surveillance and self-tolerance.
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17
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Rocchetti MT, Rascio F, Castellano G, Fiorentino M, Netti GS, Spadaccino F, Ranieri E, Gallone A, Gesualdo L, Stallone G, Pontrelli P, Grandaliano G. Altered Phosphorylation of Cytoskeleton Proteins in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Characterizes Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186509. [PMID: 32899575 PMCID: PMC7556000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR) is the major cause of kidney transplant failure. The molecular mechanisms underlying this event are still poorly defined and this lack of knowledge deeply influences the potential therapeutic strategies. The aim of our study was to analyze the phosphoproteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), to identify cellular signaling networks differentially activated in CAMR. Phosphoproteins isolated from PBMCs of biopsy proven CAMR, kidney transplant recipients with normal graft function and histology and healthy immunocompetent individuals, have been investigated by proteomic analysis. Phosphoproteomic results were confirmed by Western blot and PBMCs’ confocal microscopy analyses. Overall, 38 PBMCs samples were analyzed. A differential analysis of PBMCs’ phosphoproteomes revealed an increase of lactotransferrin, actin-related protein 2 (ARPC2) and calgranulin-B in antibody-mediated rejection patients, compared to controls. Increased expression of phosphorylated ARPC2 and its correlation to F-actin filaments were confirmed in CAMR patients. Our results are the first evidence of altered cytoskeleton organization in circulating immune cells of CAMR patients. The increased expression of phosphorylated ARPC2 found in the PBMCs of our patients, and its association with derangement of F-actin filaments, might suggest that proteins regulating actin dynamics in immune cells could be involved in the mechanism of CAMR of kidney grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Federica Rascio
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Federica Spadaccino
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Anna Gallone
- Experimental Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Experimental Biology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-05-478-868
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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18
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Piperno GM, Naseem A, Silvestrelli G, Amadio R, Caronni N, Cervantes-Luevano KE, Liv N, Klumperman J, Colliva A, Ali H, Graziano F, Benaroch P, Haecker H, Hanna RN, Benvenuti F. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein restricts cGAS/STING activation by dsDNA immune complexes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132857. [PMID: 32721945 PMCID: PMC7526445 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated sensing of self-nucleic acid is a leading cause of autoimmunity in multifactorial and monogenic diseases. Mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), a key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics in immune cells, cause autoimmune manifestations and increased production of type I IFNs by innate cells. Here we show that immune complexes of self-DNA and autoantibodies (DNA-ICs) contribute to elevated IFN levels via activation of the cGAS/STING pathway of cytosolic sensing. Mechanistically, lack of endosomal F-actin nucleation by WASp caused a delay in endolysosomal maturation and prolonged the transit time of ingested DNA-ICs. Stalling in maturation-defective organelles facilitated leakage of DNA-ICs into the cytosol, promoting activation of the TBK1/STING pathway. Genetic deletion of STING and STING and cGAS chemical inhibitors abolished IFN production and rescued systemic activation of IFN-stimulated genes in vivo. These data unveil the contribution of cytosolic self-nucleic acid sensing in WAS and underscore the importance of WASp-mediated endosomal actin remodeling in preventing innate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Naseem
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Silvestrelli
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Amadio
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Caronni
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Colliva
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hashim Ali
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Graziano
- Institute Curie Laboratoire Immunité et Cancer - INSERM U932 Transport Intracellulaire et Immunité, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institute Curie Laboratoire Immunité et Cancer - INSERM U932 Transport Intracellulaire et Immunité, Paris, France
| | - Hans Haecker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard N Hanna
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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19
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Mansour R, El-Orfali Y, Saber A, Noun D, Youssef N, Youssef Y, Hanna-Wakim R, Dbaibo G, Abboud M, Massaad MJ. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome in four male siblings from a consanguineous family from Lebanon. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108573. [PMID: 32814211 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) characterized by microthrombocytopenia, bloody diarrhea, eczema, recurrent infections, and a high incidence of autoimmunity and malignancy. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of thrombocytopenia and infections in four boys of consanguineous parents from Lebanon. METHODS Patient gDNA was studied using Next Generation Sequencing and Sanger Sequencing. Protein expression was determined by immunoblotting, and mRNA expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. F-actin polymerization and cellular proliferation were assayed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We identified a threonine to a methionine change at position 45 (T45M) of the WAS protein (WASp) that abolished protein expression and disturbed F-actin polymerization and T cell proliferation, but not B cell proliferation. In addition, the levels of the WAS-interacting protein (WIP) were significantly decreased in the patients. CONCLUSION The mutation identified severely destabilizes WASp and affects the downstream signaling events important for T cell function, but not B cell function. It was previously known that the stability of WASp depends on WIP. In this manuscript, we report that the stability of WIP also depends on WASp. Finally, it is important to suspect X-linked PIDs even in consanguineous families. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The patients are above the optimal age for transplant in WAS, and it is difficult to identify one or more donors for four patients, therefore, they represent ideal candidates for gene therapy or interleukin-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Mansour
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youmna El-Orfali
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Saber
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dolly Noun
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon; Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nour Youssef
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yolla Youssef
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Hanna-Wakim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miguel Abboud
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon; Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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20
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Rai R, Romito M, Rivers E, Turchiano G, Blattner G, Vetharoy W, Ladon D, Andrieux G, Zhang F, Zinicola M, Leon-Rico D, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Cavazza A. Targeted gene correction of human hematopoietic stem cells for the treatment of Wiskott - Aldrich Syndrome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4034. [PMID: 32788576 PMCID: PMC7423939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked primary immunodeficiency with severe platelet abnormalities and complex immunodeficiency. Although clinical gene therapy approaches using lentiviral vectors have produced encouraging results, full immune and platelet reconstitution is not always achieved. Here we show that a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing strategy allows the precise correction of WAS mutations in up to 60% of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), without impairing cell viability and differentiation potential. Delivery of the editing reagents to WAS HSPCs led to full rescue of WASp expression and correction of functional defects in myeloid and lymphoid cells. Primary and secondary transplantation of corrected WAS HSPCs into immunodeficient mice showed persistence of edited cells for up to 26 weeks and efficient targeting of long-term repopulating stem cells. Finally, no major genotoxicity was associated with the gene editing process, paving the way for an alternative, yet highly efficient and safe therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Rai
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marianna Romito
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Rivers
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Giandomenico Turchiano
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Georges Blattner
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Winston Vetharoy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dariusz Ladon
- SIHMDS-Acquired Genomics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and System Medicine, University of Freiburg, 26 Stefan-Meier-Strasse, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fang Zhang
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marta Zinicola
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Diego Leon-Rico
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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21
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Lewandowicz-Uszyńska A, Pasternak G, Świerkot J, Bogunia-Kubik K. Primary Immunodeficiencies: Diseases of Children and Adults - A Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1289:37-54. [PMID: 32803731 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) belong to a group of rare congenital diseases occurring all over the world that may be seen in both children and adults. In most cases, genetic predispositions are already known. As shown in this review, genetic abnormalities may be related to dysfunction of the immune system, which manifests itself as recurrent infections, increased risk of cancer, and autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the various forms of PIDs, including their characterization, management strategies, and complications. Novel aspects of the diagnostics and monitoring of PIDs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lewandowicz-Uszyńska
- Third Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Immunology and Rheumatology of Developmental Age, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Department of Immunology and Pediatrics, The J. Gromkowski Provincial Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Gerard Pasternak
- Third Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Immunology and Rheumatology of Developmental Age, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Świerkot
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, The Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Janssen E, Geha RS. Primary immunodeficiencies caused by mutations in actin regulatory proteins. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:121-134. [PMID: 30565251 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The identification of patients with monogenic gene defects have illuminated the function of different proteins in the immune system, including proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Many of these actin regulatory proteins are exclusively expressed in leukocytes and regulate the formation and branching of actin filaments. Their absence or abnormal function leads to defects in immune cell shape, cellular projections, migration, and signaling. Through the study of patients' mutations and generation of mouse models that recapitulate the patients' phenotypes, our laboratory and others have gained a better understanding of the role these proteins play in cell biology and the underlying pathogenesis of immunodeficiencies and immune dysregulatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Meffre E, O'Connor KC. Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Kevin C. O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Department of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
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24
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Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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25
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Sun X, Wei Y, Lee PP, Ren B, Liu C. The role of WASp in T cells and B cells. Cell Immunol 2019; 341:103919. [PMID: 31047647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a form of primary immunodeficiency (PIDs) resulting from mutations of the gene that encodes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). WASp is the first identified and most widely studied protein belonging to the actin nucleation-promoting factor family and plays significant role in integrating and transforming signals from critical receptors on the cell surface to actin remodeling. WASp functions in immune defense and homeostasis through the regulation of actin cytoskeleton-dependent cellular processes as well as processes uncoupled with actin polymerization like nuclear transcription programs. In this article, we review the mechanisms of WASp activation through an understanding of its structure. We further discuss the role of WASp in adaptive immunity, paying special attention to some recent findings on the crucial role of WASp in the formation of immunological synapse, the regulation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and in the prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela P Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Sereni L, Castiello MC, Di Silvestre D, Della Valle P, Brombin C, Ferrua F, Cicalese MP, Pozzi L, Migliavacca M, Bernardo ME, Pignata C, Farah R, Notarangelo LD, Marcus N, Cattaneo L, Spinelli M, Giannelli S, Bosticardo M, van Rossem K, D'Angelo A, Aiuti A, Mauri P, Villa A. Lentiviral gene therapy corrects platelet phenotype and function in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:825-838. [PMID: 30926529 PMCID: PMC6721834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Thrombocytopenia is a serious issue for all patients with classical Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) and X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT) because it causes severe and life-threatening bleeding. Lentiviral gene therapy (GT) for WAS has shown promising results in terms of immune reconstitution. However, despite the reduced severity and frequency of bleeding events, platelet counts remain low in GT-treated patients. Objective We carefully investigated platelet defects in terms of phenotype and function in untreated patients with WAS and assessed the effect of GT treatment on platelet dysfunction. Methods We analyzed a cohort of 20 patients with WAS/XLT, 15 of them receiving GT. Platelet phenotype and function were analyzed by using electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and an aggregation assay. Platelet protein composition was assessed before and after GT by means of proteomic profile analysis. Results We show that platelets from untreated patients with WAS have reduced size, abnormal ultrastructure, and a hyperactivated phenotype at steady state, whereas activation and aggregation responses to agonists are decreased. GT restores platelet size and function early after treatment and reduces the hyperactivated phenotype proportionally to WAS protein expression and length of follow-up. Conclusions Our study highlights the coexistence of morphologic and multiple functional defects in platelets lacking WAS protein and demonstrates that GT normalizes the platelet proteomic profile with consequent restoration of platelet ultrastructure and phenotype, which might explain the observed reduction of bleeding episodes after GT. These results are instrumental also from the perspective of a future clinical trial in patients with XLT only presenting with microthrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sereni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Patrizia Della Valle
- Coagulation Service & Thrombosis Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Brombin
- University Centre for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences (CUSSB), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris Pozzi
- Coagulation Service & Thrombosis Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Migliavacca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roula Farah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Saint George Hospital University Medical Centre, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lucia Dora Notarangelo
- Pediatric Onco-Haematology and BMT Unit, Children's Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nufar Marcus
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel; Kipper Institute of Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Marco Spinelli
- Pediatric Clinic, MBBM Foundation, Maria Letizia Verga Center, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefania Giannelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Koen van Rossem
- Rare Diseases Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | - Armando D'Angelo
- Coagulation Service & Thrombosis Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy.
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27
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He M, Westerberg LS. Congenital Defects in Actin Dynamics of Germinal Center B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:296. [PMID: 30894852 PMCID: PMC6414452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a transient anatomical structure formed during the adaptive immune response that leads to antibody affinity maturation and serological memory. Recent works using two-photon microscopy reveals that the GC is a highly dynamic structure and GC B cells are highly motile. An efficient selection of high affinity B cells clones within the GC crucially relies on the interplay of proliferation, genome editing, cell-cell interaction, and migration. All these processes require actin cytoskeleton rearrangement to be well-coordinated. Dysregulated actin dynamics may impede on multiple stages during B cell affinity maturation, which could lead to aberrant GC response and result in autoimmunity and B cell malignancy. This review mainly focuses on the recent works that investigate the role of actin regulators during the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui He
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Pfajfer L, Mair NK, Jiménez-Heredia R, Genel F, Gulez N, Ardeniz Ö, Hoeger B, Bal SK, Madritsch C, Kalinichenko A, Chandra Ardy R, Gerçeker B, Rey-Barroso J, Ijspeert H, Tangye SG, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Huppa JB, van der Burg M, Dupré L, Boztug K. Mutations affecting the actin regulator WD repeat–containing protein 1 lead to aberrant lymphoid immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1589-1604.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Cervantes-Luevano KE, Caronni N, Castiello MC, Fontana E, Piperno GM, Naseem A, Uva P, Bosticardo M, Marcovecchio GE, Notarangelo LD, Cicalese MP, Aiuti A, Villa A, Benvenuti F. Neutrophils drive type I interferon production and autoantibodies in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1605-1617.e4. [PMID: 29447842 PMCID: PMC6089666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), a key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics in hematopoietic cells. A high proportion of patients experience autoimmunity caused by a breakdown in T- and B-cell tolerance. Moreover, excessive production of type I interferon (IFN-I) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) contributes to autoimmune signs; however, the factors that trigger excessive innate activation have not been defined. OBJECTIVE Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) emerged as major initiating factors in patients with diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study we explored the possible involvement of aberrant neutrophil functions in patients with WAS. METHODS We evaluated the expression of a set of granulocyte genes associated with NETs in a cohort of patients with WAS and the presence of NET inducers in sera. Using a mouse model of WAS, we analyzed NET release by WASp-null neutrophils and evaluated the composition and homeostasis of neutrophils in vivo. By using depletion experiments, we assessed the effect of neutrophils in promoting inflammation and reactivity against autoantigens. RESULTS Transcripts of genes encoding neutrophil enzymes and antimicrobial peptides were increased in granulocytes of patients with WAS, and serum-soluble factors triggered NET release. WASp-null neutrophils showed increased spontaneous NETosis, induced IFN-I production by pDCs, and activated B cells through B-cell activating factor. Consistently, their depletion abolished constitutive pDC activation, normalized circulating IFN-I levels, and, importantly, abolished production of autoantibodies directed against double-stranded DNA, nucleosomes, and myeloperoxidase. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that neutrophils are involved in the pathogenic loop that causes excessive activation of innate cells and autoreactive B cells, thus identifying novel mechanisms that contribute to the autoimmunity of WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Caronni
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria C Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia M Piperno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Asma Naseem
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Pula, Italy
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Genni E Marcovecchio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Maria P Cicalese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy and the Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy and the Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy.
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30
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Knight T, Kotz K, Savaşan S. Autoimmune thyroiditis following HLA-matched sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Pediatr Transplant 2018; 22:e13222. [PMID: 29761856 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
WAS is a fatal X-linked combined immunodeficiency syndrome, the only cures for which are HSCT or gene therapy. AID occur in up to 72% of patients with WAS who do not receive HSCT, likely arising secondary to impaired multilineage immune autoregulatory function; AITD is not typically seen. In this article, we describe the case of a male patient who underwent HLA-matched HSCT for WAS at the age of 5 months, with his sister (a WAS carrier) acting as his donor and subsequently developed AITD 12 months post-transplant, with marked elevation of antithyroid peroxidase antibody titer. His donor sister was subsequently found to have elevated antithyroid peroxidase antibody titer with increasing trend and normal thyroid function. Although several mechanisms exist by which our patient may have developed AITD, we suggest the transfer of autoreactive donor immune cells as the most plausible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Knight
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Kotz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Süreyya Savaşan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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Caso F, Costa L, Nucera V, Barilaro G, Masala IF, Talotta R, Caso P, Scarpa R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F. From autoinflammation to autoimmunity: old and recent findings. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:2305-2321. [PMID: 30014358 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases have a number of similar etiopathogenetic and clinical characteristics, including genetic predisposition and recurrent systemic inflammatory flares. The first phase of ADs involves innate immunity: by means of TLRs, autoantigen presentation, B and T cell recruitment and autoantibody synthesis. The second phase involves adaptive immunity, a self-sustaining process in which immune complexes containing nucleic acids and autoantibodies activate self-directed inflammation. The link between autoimmunity and autoinflammation is IL-1ß, which is crucial in connecting the innate immune response due to NLR activation and the adaptive immune responses of T and B cells. In conclusion, although ADs are still considered adaptive immunity-mediated disorders, there is increasing evidence that innate immunity and inflammasomes are also involved. The aim of this review is to highlight the link between the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Caso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Nucera
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barilaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Caso
- Geriatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are genetic disorders that mostly cause susceptibility to infections and are sometimes associated with autoimmune and malignant diseases. For early detection and management of these diseases, flow cytometric procedures allow an encompassing assessment of cellular phenotypes and cellular functions. State-of-the art cytometry is based today on 8- to 10-color staining and includes an assessment of lineage maturation and functional markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boldt
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Michael Bitar
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
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33
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Sereni L, Castiello MC, Marangoni F, Anselmo A, di Silvestre D, Motta S, Draghici E, Mantero S, Thrasher AJ, Giliani S, Aiuti A, Mauri P, Notarangelo LD, Bosticardo M, Villa A. Autonomous role of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome platelet deficiency in inducing autoimmunity and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1272-1284. [PMID: 29421274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency characterized by eczema, infections, and susceptibility to autoimmunity and malignancies. Thrombocytopenia is a constant finding, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To dissect the basis of the WAS platelet defect, we used a novel conditional mouse model (CoWas) lacking Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) only in the megakaryocytic lineage in the presence of a normal immunologic environment, and in parallel we analyzed samples obtained from patients with WAS. METHODS Phenotypic and functional characterization of megakaryocytes and platelets in mutant CoWas mice and patients with WAS with and without autoantibodies was performed. Platelet antigen expression was examined through a protein expression profile and cluster proteomic interaction network. Platelet immunogenicity was tested by using ELISAs and B-cell and platelet cocultures. RESULTS CoWas mice showed increased megakaryocyte numbers and normal thrombopoiesis in vitro, but WASp-deficient platelets had short lifespan and high expression of activation markers. Proteomic analysis identified signatures compatible with defects in cytoskeletal reorganization and metabolism yet surprisingly increased antigen-processing capabilities. In addition, WASp-deficient platelets expressed high levels of surface and soluble CD40 ligand and were capable of inducing B-cell activation in vitro. WASp-deficient platelets were highly immunostimulatory in mice and triggered the generation of antibodies specific for WASp-deficient platelets, even in the context of a normal immune system. Patients with WAS also showed platelet hyperactivation and increased plasma soluble CD40 ligand levels correlating with the presence of autoantibodies. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that intrinsic defects in WASp-deficient platelets decrease their lifespan and dysregulate immune responses, corroborating the role of platelets as modulators of inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sereni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Sara Motta
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Elena Draghici
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular & Cellular immunology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Giliani
- A. Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, and Cytogenetics and Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratory Department, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy.
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34
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Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29086100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0453-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder originally described by Dr. Alfred Wiskott in 1937 and Dr. Robert Aldrich in 1954 as a familial disease characterized by infections, bleeding tendency, and eczema. Today, it is well recognized that the syndrome has a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild, isolated thrombocytopenia to full-blown presentation that can be complicated by life-threatening hemorrhages, immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and cancer. The pathophysiology of classic and emerging features is being elucidated by clinical studies, but remains incompletely defined, which hinders the application of targeted therapies. At the same time, progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy offer optimistic prospects for treatment options aimed at the replacement of the defective lymphohematopoietic system that have the potential to provide a cure for this rare and polymorphic disease.
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35
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Ghraichy M, Galson JD, Kelly DF, Trück J. B-cell receptor repertoire sequencing in patients with primary immunodeficiency: a review. Immunology 2017; 153:145-160. [PMID: 29140551 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now allows a detailed assessment of the adaptive immune system in health and disease. In particular, high-throughput B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire sequencing provides detailed information about the functionality and abnormalities of the B-cell system. However, it is mostly unknown how the BCR repertoire is altered in the context of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and whether findings are consistent throughout phenotypes and genotypes. We have performed an extensive literature search of the published work on BCR repertoire sequencing in PID patients, including several forms of predominantly antibody disorders and combined immunodeficiencies. It is somewhat surprising that BCR repertoires, even from severe clinical phenotypes, often show only mild abnormalities and that diversity or immunoglobulin gene segment usage is generally preserved to some extent. Despite the great variety of wet laboratory and analytical methods that were used in the different studies, several findings are common to most investigated PIDs, such as the increased usage of gene segments that are associated with self-reactivity. These findings suggest that BCR repertoire characteristics may be used to assess the functionality of the B-cell compartment irrespective of the underlying defect. With the use of NGS approaches, there is now the opportunity to apply BCR repertoire sequencing to multiple patients and explore the PID BCR repertoire in more detail. Ultimately, using BCR repertoire sequencing in translational research could aid the management of PID patients by improving diagnosis, estimating functionality of the immune system and improving assessment of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ghraichy
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob D Galson
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Trück
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Lee PP, Lobato-Márquez D, Pramanik N, Sirianni A, Daza-Cajigal V, Rivers E, Cavazza A, Bouma G, Moulding D, Hultenby K, Westerberg LS, Hollinshead M, Lau YL, Burns SO, Mostowy S, Bajaj-Elliott M, Thrasher AJ. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates autophagy and inflammasome activity in innate immune cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 29146903 PMCID: PMC5691069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy and inflammasome activity contributes to the development of auto-inflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of the actin cytoskeleton in modulating inflammatory responses. Here we show that deficiency of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), which signals to the actin cytoskeleton, modulates autophagy and inflammasome function. In a model of sterile inflammation utilizing TLR4 ligation followed by ATP or nigericin treatment, inflammasome activation is enhanced in monocytes from WAS patients and in WAS-knockout mouse dendritic cells. In ex vivo models of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri infection, WASp deficiency causes defective bacterial clearance, excessive inflammasome activation and host cell death that are associated with dysregulated septin cage-like formation, impaired autophagic p62/LC3 recruitment and defective formation of canonical autophagosomes. Taken together, we propose that dysregulation of autophagy and inflammasome activities contribute to the autoinflammatory manifestations of WAS, thereby identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela P Lee
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Damián Lobato-Márquez
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nayani Pramanik
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrea Sirianni
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vanessa Daza-Cajigal
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Elizabeth Rivers
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Hollinshead
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1AP, UK
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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37
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Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2017; 38:13-27. [PMID: 29086100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder originally described by Dr. Alfred Wiskott in 1937 and Dr. Robert Aldrich in 1954 as a familial disease characterized by infections, bleeding tendency, and eczema. Today, it is well recognized that the syndrome has a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild, isolated thrombocytopenia to full-blown presentation that can be complicated by life-threatening hemorrhages, immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and cancer. The pathophysiology of classic and emerging features is being elucidated by clinical studies, but remains incompletely defined, which hinders the application of targeted therapies. At the same time, progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy offer optimistic prospects for treatment options aimed at the replacement of the defective lymphohematopoietic system that have the potential to provide a cure for this rare and polymorphic disease.
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38
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Rivers E, Thrasher AJ. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein: Emerging mechanisms in immunity. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1857-1866. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Basso-Ricci L, Scala S, Milani R, Migliavacca M, Rovelli A, Bernardo ME, Ciceri F, Aiuti A, Biasco L. Multiparametric Whole Blood Dissection: A one-shot comprehensive picture of the human hematopoietic system. Cytometry A 2017; 91:952-965. [PMID: 28609016 PMCID: PMC5697613 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human hematopoiesis is a complex and dynamic system where morphologically and functionally diverse mature cell types are generated and maintained throughout life by bone marrow (BM) Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPC). Congenital and acquired hematopoietic disorders are often diagnosed through the detection of aberrant frequency or composition of hematopoietic cell populations. We here describe a novel protocol, called “Whole Blood Dissection” (WBD), capable of analyzing in a single test‐tube, hematopoietic progenitors and all major mature cell lineages composing either BM or peripheral blood (PB) through a multiparametric flow‐cytometry analysis. WBD allows unambiguously identifying in the same tube up to 23 different blood cell types including HSPC subtypes and all the major myeloid and lymphoid lineage compartments at different stages of maturation, through a combination of 17 surface and 1 viability cell markers. We assessed the efficacy of WBD by analyzing BM and PB samples from adult (n = 8) and pediatric (n = 9) healthy donors highlighting age‐related shift in cell composition. We also tested the capability of WBD on detecting aberrant hematopoietic cell composition in clinical samples of patients with primary immunodeficiency or leukemia unveiling expected and novel hematopoietic unbalances. Overall, WBD allows unambiguously identifying >99% of the cell subpopulations composing a blood sample in a reproducible, standardized, cost‐, and time‐efficient manner. This tool has a wide range of potential pre‐clinical and clinical applications going from the characterization of hematopoietic disorders to the monitoring of hematopoietic reconstitution in patients after transplant or gene therapy. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Basso-Ricci
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Raffaella Milani
- Cytometry Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Migliavacca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Attilio Rovelli
- BMT Unit, Pediatric Department, Milano-Bicocca University, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Biasco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
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40
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Zhou L, Li W, Zhang X, Liu D, Ding Y, Dai R, Zhao X. Abnormal distribution of distinct lymphocyte subsets in children with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:565-573. [PMID: 28535968 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a severe and rare primary immunodeficiency. Several studies show that WAS protein (WASp) plays a key role in the function of certain lymphocyte subsets. So far, no study has described distinct immunophenotypic abnormalities associated with WAS; thus the prognostic significance of any such abnormalities is unclear. This study examined many differences in the percentage/absolute numbers of distinct lymphocyte subsets in 20 WAS patients and 20 age/sex-matched healthy controls, and analyzed the association between these abnormalities and clinical disease scores. The results showed that the numbers of CD4+ T cells, B cells, and CD8+ naïve T cells were significantly lower in WAS patients; furthermore, the numbers in WASp-negative patients were lower than those in WASp-positive patients. WAS patients showed a selective reduction in expression of CD19 by naïve and transitional B cells. There was a negative association between the number of B cells and the WAS clinical scores. Also, CD8+ naïve T cell numbers in patients with a score of 3-5A were lower than those in patients with a score of 2. The absence of WASp leads to a reduction in the population of specific lymphocyte subsets; therefore, these findings may help future management of patients with WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxin Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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41
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Castiello MC, Pala F, Sereni L, Draghici E, Inverso D, Sauer AV, Schena F, Fontana E, Radaelli E, Uva P, Cervantes-Luevano KE, Benvenuti F, Poliani PL, Iannacone M, Traggiai E, Villa A, Bosticardo M. In Vivo Chronic Stimulation Unveils Autoreactive Potential of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein-Deficient B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:490. [PMID: 28512459 PMCID: PMC5411424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene encoding the hematopoietic-specific WAS protein (WASp). WAS is frequently associated with autoimmunity, indicating a critical role of WASp in maintenance of tolerance. The role of B cells in the induction of autoreactive immune responses in WAS has been investigated in several settings, but the mechanisms leading to the development of autoimmune manifestations have been difficult to evaluate in the mouse models of the disease that do not spontaneously develop autoimmunity. We performed an extensive characterization of Was−/− mice that provided evidence of the potential alteration in B cell selection, because of the presence of autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA, platelets, and tissue antigens. To uncover the mechanisms leading to the activation of the potentially autoreactive B cells in Was−/− mice, we performed in vivo chronic stimulations with toll-like receptors agonists (LPS and CpG) and apoptotic cells or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. All treatments led to increased production of autoantibodies, increased proteinuria, and kidney tissue damage in Was−/− mice. These findings demonstrate that a lower clearance of pathogens and/or self-antigens and the resulting chronic inflammatory state could cause B cell tolerance breakdown leading to autoimmunity in WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmina Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sereni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Draghici
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Inverso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses, Division of Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aisha V Sauer
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Schena
- Laboratory of Immunology and Rheumatic Disease, IGG, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Pula, Italy
| | - Karla E Cervantes-Luevano
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Pietro L Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses, Division of Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Vander Heiden JA, Stathopoulos P, Zhou JQ, Chen L, Gilbert TJ, Bolen CR, Barohn RJ, Dimachkie MM, Ciafaloni E, Broering TJ, Vigneault F, Nowak RJ, Kleinstein SH, O'Connor KC. Dysregulation of B Cell Repertoire Formation in Myasthenia Gravis Patients Revealed through Deep Sequencing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1460-1473. [PMID: 28087666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical B cell-mediated autoimmune disease affecting 20-50 people per 100,000. The majority of patients fall into two clinically distinguishable types based on whether they produce autoantibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor (AChR-MG) or muscle specific kinase (MuSK-MG). The autoantibodies are pathogenic, but whether their generation is associated with broader defects in the B cell repertoire is unknown. To address this question, we performed deep sequencing of the BCR repertoire of AChR-MG, MuSK-MG, and healthy subjects to generate ∼518,000 unique VH and VL sequences from sorted naive and memory B cell populations. AChR-MG and MuSK-MG subjects displayed distinct gene segment usage biases in both VH and VL sequences within the naive and memory compartments. The memory compartment of AChR-MG was further characterized by reduced positive selection of somatic mutations in the VH CDR and altered VH CDR3 physicochemical properties. The VL repertoire of MuSK-MG was specifically characterized by reduced V-J segment distance in recombined sequences, suggesting diminished VL receptor editing during B cell development. Our results identify large-scale abnormalities in both the naive and memory B cell repertoires. Particular abnormalities were unique to either AChR-MG or MuSK-MG, indicating that the repertoires reflect the distinct properties of the subtypes. These repertoire abnormalities are consistent with previously observed defects in B cell tolerance checkpoints in MG, thereby offering additional insight regarding the impact of tolerance defects on peripheral autoimmune repertoires. These collective findings point toward a deformed B cell repertoire as a fundamental component of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Vander Heiden
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Julian Q Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Luan Chen
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Christopher R Bolen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Richard J Barohn
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Mazen M Dimachkie
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Emma Ciafaloni
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642
| | | | | | - Richard J Nowak
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511; and.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511;
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Cavazzana M, Ribeil JA, Lagresle-Peyrou C, André-Schmutz I. Gene Therapy with Hematopoietic Stem Cells: The Diseased Bone Marrow's Point of View. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:71-76. [PMID: 27750026 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When considering inherited diseases that can be treated by gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), there are only two in which the HSC and progenitor cell distribution inside the bone marrow and its microenvironment are exactly the same as in a healthy subject: metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). In all other settings [X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID), adenosine deaminase deficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and β-hemoglobinopathies], the bone marrow content of the different stem and precursor cells and the cells' relationship with the stroma have very specific characteristics. These peculiarities can influence the cells' harvesting and behavior in culture, and the postgraft uptake and further behavior of the gene-modified hematopoietic/precursor cells. In the present mini-review, we shall briefly summarize these characteristics and outline the possible consequences and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cavazzana
- 1 Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France .,2 Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France .,3 Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University , Imagine Institute, Paris, France .,4 Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Ribeil
- 1 Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- 2 Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France .,3 Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University , Imagine Institute, Paris, France .,4 Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
| | - Isabelle André-Schmutz
- 2 Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France .,3 Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University , Imagine Institute, Paris, France .,4 Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
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The early activation of memory B cells from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients is suppressed by CD19 downregulation. Blood 2016; 128:1723-34. [PMID: 27330000 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-703579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) pediatric patients exhibit a deficiency in humoral immune memory. However, the mechanism by which Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) regulates the differentiation and activation of memory B cells remains elusive. Here we examine the early activation events of memory B cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of WAS patients and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. In response to stimulation through the B-cell receptor (BCR), memory B cells from HCs showed significantly higher magnitudes of BCR clustering and cell spreading than naive B cells from the same individuals. This was associated with increases in CD19 recruitment to the BCR and the activation of its downstream signaling molecule Btk and decreases in FcγRIIB recruitment and the activation of its downstream molecule Src homology 2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase (SHIP). However, these enhanced signaling activities mediated by CD19 and Btk are blocked in memory B cells from WAS patients, whereas the activation of FcγRIIB and SHIP was increased. Although the expression levels of CD19, Btk, and FcγRIIB did not change between CD27(-) and CD27(+) B cells of HCs, the protein and mRNA levels of CD19 but not Btk and FcγRIIB were significantly reduced in both CD27(-) and CD27(+) B cells of WAS patients, compared with those of HCs. Overall, our study suggests that WASP is required for memory B-cell activation, promoting the activation by positive regulating CD19 transcription and CD19 recruitment to the BCR.
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45
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of common disorders defined by complex trait genetics and environmental effects. The genetic variants usually align in immune and metabolic pathways that affect cell survival or apoptosis and modulate leukocyte function. Nevertheless, the exact triggers of disease development remain poorly understood and the current therapeutic interventions only modify the disease course. Both the prevention and the cure of autoimmune disorders are beyond our present medical capabilities. In contrast, a growing number of single gene autoimmune disorders have also been identified and characterized in the last few decades. Mutations and other gene alterations exert significant effects in these conditions, and often affect genes involved in central or peripheral immunologic tolerance induction. Even though a single genetic abnormality may be the disease trigger, it usually upsets a number of interactions among immune cells, and the biological developments of these monogenic disorders are also complex. Nevertheless, identification of the triggering molecular abnormalities greatly contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and facilitates the development of newer and more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Plander
- a Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital , Szombathely , Hungary and
| | - Bernadette Kalman
- a Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital , Szombathely , Hungary and.,b University of Pecs , Pecs , Hungary
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46
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Abnormalities of follicular helper T-cell number and function in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Blood 2016; 127:3180-91. [PMID: 27170596 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-06-652636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a hematopoietic-specific regulator of actin nucleation. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients show immunodeficiencies, most of which have been attributed to defective T-cell functions. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the major CD4(+) T-cell subset with specialized B-cell helper capabilities. Aberrant Tfh cells activities are involved in immunopathologies such as autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies, and lymphomas. We found that in WAS patients, the number of circulating Tfh cells was significantly reduced due to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis, and Tfh cells were Th2 and Th17 polarized. The expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS) in circulating Tfh cells was higher in WAS patients than in controls. BCL6 expression was decreased in total CD4(+) T and Tfh cells of WAS patients. Mirroring the results in patients, the frequency of Tfh cells in WAS knockout (KO) mice was decreased, as was the frequency of BCL6(+) Tfh cells, but the frequency of ICOS(+) Tfh cells was increased. Using WAS chimera mice, we found that the number of ICOS(+) Tfh cells was decreased in WAS chimera mice, indicating that the increase in ICOS(+) Tfh cells in WAS KO mice was cell extrinsic. The data from in vivo CD4(+) naive T-cell adoptive transfer mice as well as in vitro coculture of naive B and Tfh cells showed that the defective function of WASp-deficient Tfh cells was T-cell intrinsic. Consistent findings in both WAS patients and WAS KO mice suggested an essential role for WASp in the development and memory response of Tfh cells and that WASp deficiency causes a deficient differentiation defect in Tfh cells by downregulating the transcription level of BCL6.
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47
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Wang JZ, Zhang YH, Guo XH, Zhang HY, Zhang Y. The double-edge role of B cells in mediating antitumor T-cell immunity: Pharmacological strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:73-85. [PMID: 27111515 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals the controversial role of B cells in antitumor immunity, but the underlying mechanisms have to be explored. Three latest articles published in the issue 521 of Nature in 2015 reconfirmed the puzzling topic and put forward some explanations of how B cells regulate antitumor T-cell responses both positively and negatively. This paper attempts to demonstrate that different B-cell subpopulations have distinct immunological properties and that they are involved in either antitumor responses or immunosuppression. Recent studies supporting the positive and negative roles of B cells in tumor development were summarized comprehensively. Several specific B-cell subpopulations, such as IgG(+), IgA(+), IL-10(+), and regulatory B cells, were described in detail. The mechanisms underlying the controversial B-cell effects were mainly attributed to different B-cell subpopulations, different B-cell-derived cytokines, direct B cell-T cell interaction, different cancer categories, and different malignant stages, and the immunological interaction between B cells and T cells is mediated by dendritic cells. Promising B-cell-based antitumor strategies were proposed and novel B-cell regulators were summarized to present interesting therapeutic targets. Future investigations are needed to make sure that B-cell-based pharmacological strategies benefit cancer immunotherapy substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhang Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China.
| | - Yu-Hua Zhang
- Department of Library, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Guo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
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Meffre E, Louie A, Bannock J, Kim LJY, Ho J, Frear CC, Kardava L, Wang W, Buckner CM, Wang Y, Fankuchen OR, Gittens KR, Chun TW, Li Y, Fauci AS, Moir S. Maturational characteristics of HIV-specific antibodies in viremic individuals. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27152362 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.84610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rare appearance of potent HIV-neutralizing mAbs in infected individuals requiring prolonged affinity maturation, little is known regarding this process in the majority of viremic individuals. HIV-infected individuals with chronic HIV viremia have elevated numbers of nonconventional tissue-like memory (TLM) B cells that predominate in blood over conventional resting memory (RM) B cells. Accordingly, we investigated affinity maturation in these 2 memory B cell populations. Analysis of IgG-expressing TLM B cells revealed a higher number of cell divisions compared with RM B cells; however, TLM B cells paradoxically displayed significantly lower frequencies of somatic hypermutation (SHM). To assess Ab reactivity in TLM and RM B cells, single-cell cloning was performed on HIV envelope CD4-binding site-sorted (CD4bs-sorted) B cells from 3 individuals with chronic HIV viremia. Several clonal families were present among the 127 cloned recombinant mAbs, with evidence of crosstalk between TLM and RM B cell populations that was largely restricted to non-VH4 families. Despite evidence of common origins, SHM frequencies were significantly decreased in TLM-derived mAbs compared with SHM frequencies in RM-derived mAbs. However, both cell populations had lower frequencies of SHMs than did broadly neutralizing CD4bs-specific mAbs. There was a significant correlation between SHM frequencies and the HIV-neutralizing capacities of the mAbs. Furthermore, HIV neutralization was significantly higher in the RM-derived mAbs compared with that seen in the TLM-derived mAbs, and both SHM frequencies and neutralizing capacity were lowest in TLM-derived mAbs with high polyreactivity. Thus, deficiencies in memory B cells that arise during chronic HIV viremia provide insight into the inadequacy of the Ab response in viremic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron Louie
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Bannock
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leo J Y Kim
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Ho
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cody C Frear
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clarisa M Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivia R Fankuchen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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49
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Bianco AM, Girardelli M, Tommasini A. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease from multifactorial to monogenic forms. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12296-12310. [PMID: 26604638 PMCID: PMC4649114 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic multifactorial disorders. According to a recent study, the number of IBD association loci is increased to 201, of which 37 and 27 loci contribute specifically to the development of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. Some IBD associated genes are involved in innate immunity, in the autophagy and in the inflammatory response such as NOD2, ATG16L1 and IL23R, while other are implicated in immune mediated disease (STAT3) and in susceptibility to mycobacterium infection (IL12B). In case of early onset of IBD (VEO-IBD) within the 6th year of age, the disease may be caused by mutations in genes responsible for severe monogenic disorders such as the primary immunodeficiency diseases. In this review we discuss how these monogenic disorders through different immune mechanisms can similarly be responsible of VEO-IBD phenotype. Moreover we would highlight how the identification of pathogenic genes by Next Generation Sequencing technologies can allow to obtain a rapid diagnosis and to apply specific therapies.
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50
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N-WASP is required for B-cell-mediated autoimmunity in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Blood 2015; 127:216-20. [PMID: 26468226 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-643817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene (WAS) are responsible for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), a disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity. Mice with conditional deficiency of Was in B lymphocytes (B/WcKO) have revealed a critical role for WAS protein (WASP) expression in B lymphocytes in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Neural WASP (N-WASP) is a broadly expressed homolog of WASP, and regulates B-cell signaling by modulating B-cell receptor (BCR) clustering and internalization. We have generated a double conditional mouse lacking both WASP and N-WASP selectively in B lymphocytes (B/DcKO). Compared with B/WcKO mice, B/DcKO mice showed defective B-lymphocyte proliferation and impaired antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens, associated with decreased autoantibody production and lack of autoimmune kidney disease. These results demonstrate that N-WASP expression in B lymphocytes is required for the development of autoimmunity of WAS and may represent a novel therapeutic target in WAS.
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