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Hong J, Cheng H, Wang P, Wu Y, Lu S, Zhou Y, Wang XB, Zhu X. CXCL9 may serve as a potential biomarker for primary Sjögren's syndrome with extra-glandular manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:26. [PMID: 38229121 PMCID: PMC10792874 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune condition that causes harm to exocrine glands and also has extra-glandular manifestations (EGM). pSS patients with EGM have a worse prognosis than those with only sicca symptoms. Previous studies have shown that the minor salivary glands (MSG) of pSS patients exhibit a unique profile of cytokines and chemokines compared to healthy controls. However, there is a lack of research comparing pSS with EGM (pSS-EGM) and pSS without EGM (pSS-non-EGM). This study aims to explore potential biomarkers associated with pSS, particularly pSS with EGM. METHODS By utilizing RNA sequencing, we conducted an analysis on the gene expression profiles of MSG in 63 patients diagnosed with pSS, as well as 12 non-pSS individuals. Furthermore, we also investigated the MSG of pSS patients, both with and without EGM. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified genes with differential expression (DEGs) and determined the core hub genes using PPI network. We then analyzed the top 20 DEGs and their correlation with the patients' clinical characteristics, and validated our findings using peripheral blood plasma. RESULTS A total of 725 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the comparison between pSS and non-pSS groups, and 727 DEGs were observed between pSS-EGM and pSS-non-EGM. It is noteworthy that the expression levels of CXCL9 were higher in both pSS patients and pSS-EGM when compared to the control group. Taking into consideration the significance of the top 20 DEGs in relation to clinical parameters and the central hub genes, we ultimately chose CXCL9. In comparison to the non-pSS group, pSS patients exhibited notably greater expression of the CXCL9 gene in the MSG, as well as higher levels of CXCL9 protein in their plasma (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the expression of the CXCL9 gene and levels of CXCL9 protein were notably higher in pSS patients accompanied by EGM and those with SSA antibodies. Additionally, a correlation was found between the expression of the CXCL9 gene and the EULAR Sjogren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI), as well as with immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Meanwhile, the protein levels of CXCL9 were found to be correlated with IgG levels and ESSDAI. CONCLUSION CXCL9 proves to be a valuable biomarker in pSS, specifically due to its strong ability to differentiate between pSS patients with EGM and those without EGM. There is a significant correlation between CXCL9 and various clinical parameters both at the gene and protein level. Therefore, CXCL9 could be a potential target for future treatment of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Hong
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanzhi Wu
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saisai Lu
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Bing Wang
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Rheumatology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, China.
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Jackman RP, Darst O, Gaillard B, Tran JQ, Tomayko MM, Muench MO. Enhanced alloresponse to platelet transfusion due to immune dysregulation following ablative chemotherapy in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281123. [PMID: 38090570 PMCID: PMC10711281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alloimmunization is common following platelet transfusion and can result in negative outcomes for recipients such as refractoriness to subsequent transfusions and rejection of transplants. Healthy people do not receive blood transfusions, and the diseases and therapies that result in a need to transfuse have significant impacts on the immunological environment to which these alloantigens are introduced. Ablative chemotherapies are common among platelet recipients and have potent immunological effects. In this study, we modeled the impact of chemotherapy on the alloresponse to platelet transfusion. As chemotherapies are generally regarded as immunosuppressive, we hypothesized that that they would result in a diminished alloresponse. Methods Mice were given a combination chemotherapeutic treatment of cytarabine and doxorubicin followed by transfusion of allogeneic platelets, and compared to controls given no treatment, chemotherapy alone, or transfusion alone. Alloantibody responses were measured 2 weeks after transfusion, and cellular responses and growth factors were monitored over time. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that chemotherapy led to increased alloantibody responses to allogeneic platelet transfusion. This enhanced response was antigen-specific and was associated with increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Chemotherapy led to rapid lymphocyte depletion followed by reconstitution, non-specific activation of transitional B cells with the highest levels of activation in the least mature subsets, and increased serum levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF). Conclusion These data suggest that ablative chemotherapy can increase the risk of alloimmunization and, if confirmed clinically, that additional measures to protect these patient populations may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Betty Gaillard
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Johnson Q. Tran
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mary M. Tomayko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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3
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Czaja AJ. Review article: targeting the B cell activation system in autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:902-922. [PMID: 34506662 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The B cell activation system, consisting of B cell activating factor and a proliferation-inducing ligand, may have pathogenic effects in autoimmune hepatitis. AIMS To describe the biological actions of the B cell activation system, indicate its possible role in autoimmune diseases, and evaluate its prospects as a therapeutic target in autoimmune hepatitis METHODS: English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. RESULTS The B cell activating factor is crucial for the maturation and survival of B cells, and it can co-stimulate T cell activation, proliferation, and survival. It can also modulate the immune response by inducing interleukin 10 production by regulatory B cells. A proliferation-inducing ligand modulates and diversifies the antibody response by inducing class-switch recombination in B cells. It can also increase the proliferation, survival, and antigen activation of T cells. These immune stimulatory actions can be modulated by inducing proliferation of regulatory T cells. The B cell activation system has been implicated in diverse autoimmune diseases, and therapeutic blockade is a management strategy now being evaluated in autoimmune hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS The B cell activation system has profound effects on B and T cell function in autoimmune diseases. Blockade therapy is being actively evaluated in autoimmune hepatitis. Clarification of the critical pathogenic components of the B cell activation system will improve the targeting, efficacy, and safety of blockade therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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4
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Schweighoffer E, Tybulewicz VL. BAFF signaling in health and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:124-131. [PMID: 34352467 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BAFF is a critical cytokine supporting the survival of mature naïve B cells, acting through the BAFFR receptor. Recent studies show that BAFF and BAFFR are also required for the survival of memory B cells, autoimmune B cells as well as malignant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells. BAFFR cooperates with other receptors, notably the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), a process which is critical for the expansion of autoimmune and CLL cells. This crosstalk may be mediated by TRAF3 which interacts with BAFFR and with CD79A, a signalling subunit of the BCR and the downstream SYK kinase, inhibiting its activity. BAFF binding to BAFFR leads to degradation of TRAF3 which may relieve inhibition of SYK activity transducing signals to pathways required for B cell survival. BAFFR activates both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signalling and both pathways play important roles in the survival of B cells and CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Lj Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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5
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Canny SP, Jackson SW. B Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Disease Mechanisms to Targeted Therapies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2021; 47:395-413. [PMID: 34215370 PMCID: PMC8357318 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
B cells exert a prominent contribution to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we review the immune mechanisms underlying autoreactive B cell activation in SLE, focusing on how B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signals integrate to drive breaks in tolerance to nuclear antigens. In addition, we discuss autoantibody-dependent and autoantibody-independent B cell effector functions during lupus pathogenesis. Finally, we address efforts to target B cells therapeutically in human SLE. Despite initial disappointing clinical trials testing B cell depletion in lupus, more recent studies show promise, emphasizing how greater understanding of underlying immune mechanisms can yield clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Canny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Salzer U, Grimbacher B. TACI deficiency - a complex system out of balance. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:81-88. [PMID: 34247095 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
TACI promotes T-cell independent antibody responses and plasma cell differentiation and counteracts BAFF driven B-cell activation. Mutations in TNFRSF13B (encoding TACI) are associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) but are also found in 1-2% of the general population. Although not diseases causing, certain TNFRSF13B mutations predispose CVID patients to autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. Recently, studies of TACI-deficient humans and murine models revealed novel aspects of TACI, especially its crosstalk with the TLR pathways, differential expression of TACI isoforms, and its role in the generation of autoreactive B-cells. Vice versa, these studies are instrumental for a better understanding of TACI deficiency in humans and suggest that gene dosage, mutation type, and additional clinical or laboratory abnormalities influence the relevance of TNFRSF13B variants in individual CVID patients. TACI is embedded in a complex and well-balanced system, which is vulnerable to genetic and possibly also environmental hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiencies, Medical Center - University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Jacobs HM, Arkatkar T, Du SW, Scharping NE, Woods J, Li QZ, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. TACI haploinsufficiency protects against BAFF-driven humoral autoimmunity in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2225-2236. [PMID: 34146342 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in TACI, a BAFF family cytokine receptor, are linked to diverse human immune disorders including common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Functional studies of individual variants show modest impacts on surface TACI expression and/or downstream signal transduction, indicating that relatively subtle variation in TACI activity can impact human B-cell biology. However, significant complexity underlies TACI biology, including both positive and negative regulation of physiologic and pathogenic B-cell responses. To model these contradictory events, we compared the functional impact of TACI deletion on separate models of murine SLE driven by T cell-independent and -dependent breaks in B-cell tolerance. First, we studied whether reduced surface TACI expression was sufficient to protect against progressive BAFF-mediated systemic autoimmunity. Strikingly, despite a relatively modest impact on surface TACI levels, TACI haploinsufficiency markedly reduced pathogenic RNA-associated autoantibody titers and conferred long-term protection from BAFF-driven lupus nephritis. In contrast, B cell-intrinsic TACI deletion exerted a limited impact of autoantibody generation in murine lupus characterized by spontaneous germinal center formation and T cell-dependent humoral autoimmunity. Together, these combined data provide new insights into TACI biology and highlight how TACI signals must be tightly regulated during protective and pathogenic B-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kelly L Hudkins
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Charles E Alpers
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Washington, WA, USA
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8
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Atisha-Fregoso Y, Toz B, Diamond B. Meant to B: B cells as a therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:149095. [PMID: 34128474 PMCID: PMC8203443 DOI: 10.1172/jci149095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They are mediators of inflammation through the production of pathogenic antibodies that augment inflammation and cause direct tissue and cell damage. Multiple therapeutic agents targeting B cells have been successfully used in mouse models of SLE; however, these preclinical studies have led to approval of only one new agent to treat patients with SLE: belimumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cell-activating factor (BAFF). Integrating the experience acquired from previous clinical trials with the knowledge generated by new studies about mechanisms of B cell contributions to SLE in specific groups of patients is critical to the development of new treatment strategies that will help to improve outcomes in patients with SLE. In particular, a sharper focus on B cell differentiation to plasma cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Bahtiyar Toz
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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9
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Neys SFH, Heukels P, van Hulst JAC, Rip J, Wijsenbeek MS, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Aberrant B Cell Receptor Signaling in Naïve B Cells from Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061321. [PMID: 34073225 PMCID: PMC8226954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and ultimately fatal disease in which an impaired healing response to recurrent micro-injuries is thought to lead to fibrosis. Recent findings hint at a role for B cells and autoimmunity in IPF pathogenesis. We previously reported that circulating B cells from a fraction of patients, compared with healthy controls, express increased levels of the signaling molecule Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). However, it remains unclear whether B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is altered in IPF. Here, we show that the response to BCR stimulation is enhanced in peripheral blood B cells from treatment-naïve IPF patients. We observed increased anti-immunoglobulin-induced phosphorylation of BTK and its substrate phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) in naïve but not in memory B cells of patients with IPF. In naïve B cells of IPF patients enhanced BCR signaling correlated with surface expression of transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) but not B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR), both of which provide pro-survival signals. Interestingly, treatment of IPF patients with nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity, induced substantial changes in BCR signaling. These findings support the involvement of B cells in IPF pathogenesis and suggest that targeting BCR signaling has potential value as a treatment option.
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10
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Bhat N, Virgen-Slane R, Ramezani-Rad P, Leung CR, Chen C, Balsells D, Shukla A, Kao E, Apgar JR, Fu M, Ware CF, Rickert RC. Regnase-1 is essential for B cell homeostasis to prevent immunopathology. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200971. [PMID: 33822844 PMCID: PMC8025244 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regnase-1 is an emerging regulator of immune responses with essential roles in the posttranscriptional control of immune cell activation. Regnase-1 is expressed in B cells; however, its B cell-specific functions remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Regnase-1 prevents severe autoimmune pathology and show its essential role in maintaining B cell homeostasis. Using Cre driver mice for ablation of Regnase-1 at various stages of B cell development, we demonstrate that loss of Regnase-1 leads to aberrant B cell activation and differentiation, resulting in systemic autoimmunity and early morbidity. The basis of these findings was informed by gene expression data revealing a regulatory role for Regnase-1 in the suppression of a transcriptional program that promotes B cell activation, survival, and differentiation. Overall, our study shows that Regnase-1 exerts critical control of B cell activation, which is required for prevention of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numana Bhat
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Richard Virgen-Slane
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Parham Ramezani-Rad
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Charlotte R. Leung
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Cindi Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel Balsells
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ashima Shukla
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elaine Kao
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - John R. Apgar
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Carl F. Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert C. Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, National Cancer Institute designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Tan AHM, Tso GHW, Zhang B, Teo PY, Ou X, Ng SW, Wong AXF, Tan SJX, Sanny A, Kim SSY, Lee AP, Xu S, Lam KP. TACI Constrains T H17 Pathogenicity and Protects against Gut Inflammation. iScience 2020; 23:101707. [PMID: 33205021 PMCID: PMC7653077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor) plays critical roles in B cells by promoting immunoglobulin class switching and plasma cell survival. However, its expression and function in T cells remain controversial. We show here that TACI expression can be strongly induced in murine CD4+ T cells in vitro by cytokines responsible for TH17 but not TH1 or TH2 differentiation. Frequencies and numbers of TH17 cells were elevated in TACI-/ - compared with wild-type mice as well as among TACI-/ - versus wild-type CD4+ T cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras, arguing for a T cell-intrinsic effect in the contribution of TACI deficiency to TH17 cell accumulation. TACI-/ - mice were more susceptible to severe colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate or adoptive T cell transfer, suggesting that TACI negatively regulates TH17 function and limits intestinal inflammation in a cell-autonomous manner. Finally, transcriptomic and biochemical analyses revealed that TACI-/ - CD4+ T cells exhibited enhanced activation of TH17-promoting transcription factors NFAT, IRF4, c-MAF, and JUNB. Taken together, these findings reveal an important role of TACI in constraining TH17 pathogenicity and protecting against gut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Gloria Hoi Wan Tso
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Pei-Yun Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Xijun Ou
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Sze-Wai Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Alex Xing Fah Wong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Sean Jing Xiang Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Arleen Sanny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Susana Soo-Yeon Kim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Alison P Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Departments of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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12
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Giltiay NV, Giordano D, Clark EA. The Plasticity of Newly Formed B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:3095-3104. [PMID: 31818922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly formed B cells (NF-B cells) that emerge from the bone marrow to the periphery have often been referred to as immature or transitional B cells. However, NF-B cells have several striking characteristics, including a distinct BCR repertoire, high expression of AID, high sensitivity to PAMPs, and the ability to produce cytokines. A number of findings do not support their designation as immature because NF-B cells have the potential to become Ab-producing cells and to undergo class-switch recombination. In this review, we provide a fresh perspective on NF-B cell functions and describe some of the signals driving their activation. We summarize growing evidence supporting a role for NF-B cells in protection against infections and as a potential source of autoantibody-producing cells in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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Jackson SW, Davidson A. BAFF inhibition in SLE-Is tolerance restored? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:102-119. [PMID: 31562657 PMCID: PMC6935406 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares and organ damage. BAFF and its homolog APRIL are TNF-like cytokines that support the survival and differentiation of B cells at distinct developmental stages. BAFF is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells that acts as rheostat for the maturation of low-affinity autoreactive cells. In addition, BAFF augments innate B cell responses via complex interactions with the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll like receptor (TLR) pathways. In this manner, BAFF impacts autoreactive B cell activation via extrafollicular pathways and fine tunes affinity selection within germinal centers (GC). Finally, BAFF and APRIL support plasma cell survival, with differential impacts on IgM- and IgG-producing populations. Therapeutically, BAFF and combined BAFF/APRIL inhibition delays disease onset in diverse murine lupus strains, although responsiveness to BAFF inhibition is model dependent, in keeping with heterogeneity in clinical responses to belimumab treatment in humans. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BAFF/APRIL signals promote autoreactive B cell activation, discuss whether altered selection accounts for therapeutic benefits of BAFF inhibition, and address whether new insights into BAFF/APRIL family complexity can be exploited to improve human lupus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Hobeika L, Ng L, Lee IJ. Moving Forward With Biologics in Lupus Nephritis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:338-350. [PMID: 31733718 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus develop lupus nephritis (LN) which significantly contributes to increased risks of hospitalizations, ESRD, and death. Unfortunately, treatments for LN have not changed over the past 15 years. Despite continued efforts to elucidate the pathogenesis of LN, no new drugs have yet replaced the standard-of-care regimens of cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil plus high-dose corticosteroids. The significant limitations of standard-of-care are low complete response rates, risk of flares, and ongoing inflammation in the kidney leading to progressive renal dysfunction. Repeat and prolonged treatments are often needed to control disease, leading to a high level of severe side effects. The development of targeted drugs with better efficacy and safety are desperately needed. The rationale for targeting key immunologic pathways in LN continues to be strongly supported by basic and translational research and has generated the hope and excitement of testing these therapies in human LN. This review provides an overview of biologics studied to date in clinical trials of LN, discusses the potential reasons for their failure, and addresses the challenges moving forward.
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Cavazzana I, Kumar R, Pozzari C, Ottaviani R, Fredi M, Piantoni S, Andreoli L, Tincani A, Franceschini F. Autoantibodies' titre modulation by anti-BlyS treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2019; 28:1074-1081. [PMID: 31296140 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319860191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyse autoantibodies' titres modulation during belimumab treatment in 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Sera were collected at belimumab start (T0) and every six months until the 24th month. Disease activity index (SLEDAI-2K) was analysed at every timepoint. High avidity anti-dsDNA was detected by radioimmunological method, anti-ENA, anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL), anti-β2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS Fifty patients with SLE (mean SLEDAI-2K: 7.18 ± :3), mean age of 39 ± 11 years and mean follow-up of 13 ± 7.8 years were enrolled. A significant decrease of anti-dsDNA and anti-β2GPI IgM titres was observed at all timepoints. IgG aCL titre showed significant decrease only at T18. Anti-dsDNA negativization was detected in 21%, anti-β2GPI IgG in 33% and aCL IgG in 30% of sera, mostly at T6. Anti-ribosomal showed a significant titre decrease at T6 and T12, with negative seroconversion at T18. Anti-Sm titre significantly dropped down at T6, then remained stable during the time. Significant correlations were found between anti-dsDNA and anti-ribosomal titre and between SLEDAI ratio (SLEDAI value/SLEDAI T0) and anti-ribosomal titre ratio (value/value T0). CONCLUSIONS Belimumab treatment induced a significant reduction of SLE-specific autoantibodies titre and IgM anti-β2GPI. Anti-ribosomal titre decrease correlates with anti-dsDNA titre and disease activity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cavazzana
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Kumar
- 2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - C Pozzari
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Ottaviani
- 2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - M Fredi
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - S Piantoni
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - L Andreoli
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - A Tincani
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - F Franceschini
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
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Du SW, Jacobs HM, Arkatkar T, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Integrated B Cell, Toll-like, and BAFF Receptor Signals Promote Autoantibody Production by Transitional B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3258-3268. [PMID: 30373855 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The B cell survival cytokine BAFF has been linked with the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). BAFF binds distinct BAFF-family surface receptors, including the BAFF-R and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). Although originally characterized as a negative regulator of B cell activation, TACI signals are critical for class-switched autoantibody (autoAb) production in BAFF transgenic mice. Consistent with this finding, a subset of transitional splenic B cells upregulate surface TACI expression and contribute to BAFF-driven autoAb. In the current study, we interrogated the B cell signals required for transitional B cell TACI expression and Ab production. Surprisingly, despite established roles for dual BCR and TLR signals in autoAb production in SLE, signals downstream of these receptors exerted distinct impacts on transitional B cell TACI expression and autoAb titers. Whereas loss of BCR signals prevented transitional B cell TACI expression and resulted in loss of serum autoAb across all Ig isotypes, lack of TLR signals exerted a more limited impact restricted to autoAb class-switch recombination without altering transitional B cell TACI expression. Finally, in parallel with the protective effect of TACI deletion, loss of BAFF-R signaling also protected against BAFF-driven autoimmunity. Together, these findings highlight how multiple signaling pathways integrate to promote class-switched autoAb production by transitional B cells, events that likely impact the pathogenesis of SLE and other BAFF-dependent autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105
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17
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Cytokine markers of B lymphocytes in minor salivary gland infiltrates in Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:709-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Arkatkar T, Jacobs HM, Du SW, Li QZ, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. TACI deletion protects against progressive murine lupus nephritis induced by BAFF overexpression. Kidney Int 2018; 94:728-740. [PMID: 29907458 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
B cells are known to promote the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) via the production of pathogenic anti-nuclear antibodies. However, the signals required for autoreactive B cell activation and the immune mechanisms whereby B cells impact lupus nephritis pathology remain poorly understood. The B cell survival cytokine B cell activating factor of the TNF Family (BAFF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE and lupus nephritis in both animal models and human clinical studies. Although the BAFF receptor has been predicted to be the primary BAFF family receptor responsible for BAFF-driven humoral autoimmunity, in the current study we identify a critical role for signals downstream of Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor (TACI) in BAFF-dependent lupus nephritis. Whereas transgenic mice overexpressing BAFF develop progressive membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, albuminuria and renal dysfunction, TACI deletion in BAFF-transgenic mice provided long-term (about 1 year) protection from renal disease. Surprisingly, disease protection in this context was not explained by complete loss of glomerular immune complex deposits. Rather, TACI deletion specifically reduced endocapillary, but not mesangial, immune deposits. Notably, although excess BAFF promoted widespread breaks in B cell tolerance, BAFF-transgenic antibodies were enriched for RNA- relative to DNA-associated autoantigen reactivity. These RNA-associated autoantibody specificities were specifically reduced by TACI or Toll-like receptor 7 deletion. Thus, our study provides important insights into the autoantibody specificities driving proliferative lupus nephritis, and suggests that TACI inhibition may be novel and effective treatment strategy in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly L Hudkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles E Alpers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Abstract
The number of peer-reviewed articles published during the 2016 solar year and retrieved using the "autoimmunity" key word remained stable while gaining a minimal edge among the immunology articles. Nonetheless, the quality of the publications has been rising significantly and, importantly, acquisitions have become available through scientific journals dedicated to immunology or autoimmunity. Major discoveries have been made in the fields of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity of the central nervous system, vasculitis, and seronegative spondyloarthrithritides. Selected examples include the role of IL17-related genes and long noncoding RNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus or the effects of anti-pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in the treatment of this paradigmatic autoimmune condition. In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, there have been reports of the role of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) or fibrocytes and T cell interactions with exciting implications. The large number of studies dealing with neuroimmunology pointed to Th17 cells, CD56(bright) NK cells, and low-level TLR2 ligands as involved in multiple sclerosis, along with a high salt intake or the micriobiome-derived Lipid 654. Lastly, we focused on the rare vasculitides to which numerous studies were devoted and suggested that unsuspected cell populations, including monocytes, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and innate lymphoid cells, may be crucial to ANCA-associated manifestations. This brief and arbitrary discussion of the findings published in 2016 is representative of a promising background for developments that will enormously impact the work of laboratory scientists and physicians at an exponential rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, via A. Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Garcillán B, Figgett WA, Infantino S, Lim EX, Mackay F. Molecular control of B-cell homeostasis in health and malignancy. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:453-462. [PMID: 29499091 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered B-cell homeostasis underlies a wide range of pathologies, from cancers to autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. The molecular safeguards against those disorders, which also allow effective immune responses, are therefore particularly critical. Here, we review recent findings detailing the fine control of B-cell homeostasis, during B-cell development, maturation in the periphery and during activation and differentiation into antibody-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcillán
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William A Figgett
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simona Infantino
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Xin Lim
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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Liu L, Allman WR, Coleman AS, Takeda K, Lin TL, Akkoyunlu M. Delayed onset of autoreactive antibody production and M2-skewed macrophages contribute to improved survival of TACI deficient MRL-Fas/Lpr mouse. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1308. [PMID: 29358664 PMCID: PMC5778001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-B cell activating factor belonging to TNF-family (BAFF) antibody therapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We hypothesized that the BAFF receptor, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin interactor (TACI) may be responsible for the generation of antibody secreting plasma cells in SLE. To test this hypothesis, we generated TACI deficient MRL-Fas/Lpr (LPR-TACI−/−) mouse. TACI deficiency resulted in improved survival of MRL-Fas/Lpr mice and delayed production of anti-dsDNA and anti-SAM/RNP antibodies. There was also a delay in the onset of proteinuria and the accumulation of IgG and inflammatory macrophages (Mϕs) in the glomeruli of young LPR-TACI−/− mice compared to wild-type mice. Underscoring the role of TACI in influencing Mϕ phenotype, the transfer of Mϕs from 12-week-old LPR-TACI−/− mice to age-matched sick wild-type animals led to a decrease in proteinuria and improvement in kidney pathology. The fact that, in LPR-TACI−/− mouse a more pronounced delay was in IgM and IgG3 autoreactive antibody isotypes and the kinetics of follicular helper T (Tfh) cell-development was comparable between the littermates suggest a role for TACI in T cell-independent autoantibody production in MRL-Fas/Lpr mouse prior to the onset of T cell-dependent antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunhua Liu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Windy Rose Allman
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Adam Steven Coleman
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Division of Viral Products, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Tsai-Lien Lin
- Vaccine Evaluation Branch, Division of Biostatistics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America.
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22
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Samy E, Wax S, Huard B, Hess H, Schneider P. Targeting BAFF and APRIL in systemic lupus erythematosus and other antibody-associated diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:3-19. [PMID: 28215100 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1276903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The B cell-stimulating molecules, BAFF (B cell activating factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), are critical factors in the maintenance of the B cell pool and humoral immunity. In addition, BAFF and APRIL are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human autoimmune diseases, with elevated levels of these cytokines detected in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), IgA nephropathy, Sjögren's syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. As such, both molecules are rational targets for new therapies in B cell-driven autoimmune diseases, and several inhibitors of BAFF or BAFF and APRIL together have been investigated in clinical trials. These include the BAFF/APRIL dual inhibitor, atacicept, and the BAFF inhibitor, belimumab, which is approved as an add-on therapy for patients with active SLE. Post hoc analyses of these trials indicate that baseline serum levels of BAFF and BAFF/APRIL correlate with treatment response to belimumab and atacicept, respectively, suggesting a role for the two molecules as predictive biomarkers. It will, however, be important to refine future testing to identify active forms of BAFF and APRIL in the circulation, as well as to distinguish between homotrimer and heteromer configurations. In this review, we discuss the rationale for dual BAFF/APRIL inhibition versus single BAFF inhibition in autoimmune disease, by focusing on the similarities and differences between the physiological and pathogenic roles of the two molecules. A summary of the preclinical and clinical data currently available is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Samy
- a EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Stephen Wax
- a EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Bertrand Huard
- b Institute for Advanced Biosciences , University Grenoble Alpes , INSERM U1209, Grenoble , France
| | | | - Pascal Schneider
- d Department of Biochemistry , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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23
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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Wu M, Xu J, Shen C, An X, Shen G, Yang M, Zhang C, Tao J. The Unknown Aspect of BAFF: Inducing IL-35 Production by a CD5+CD1dhiFcγRIIbhi Regulatory B-Cell Subset in Lupus. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2532-2543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Sintes J, Gentile M, Zhang S, Garcia-Carmona Y, Magri G, Cassis L, Segura-Garzón D, Ciociola A, Grasset EK, Bascones S, Comerma L, Pybus M, Lligé D, Puga I, Gutzeit C, He B, DuBois W, Crespo M, Pascual J, Mensa A, Aróstegui JI, Juan M, Yagüe J, Serrano S, Lloreta J, Meffre E, Hahne M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Mock BA, Cerutti A. mTOR intersects antibody-inducing signals from TACI in marginal zone B cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1462. [PMID: 29133782 PMCID: PMC5684130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) enhances immunity in addition to orchestrating metabolism. Here we show that mTOR coordinates immunometabolic reconfiguration of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a pre-activated lymphocyte subset that mounts antibody responses to T-cell-independent antigens through a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-amplified pathway involving transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). This receptor interacts with mTOR via the TLR adapter MyD88. The resulting mTOR activation instigates MZ B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin G (IgG) class switching, and plasmablast differentiation through a rapamycin-sensitive pathway that integrates metabolic and antibody-inducing transcription programs, including NF-κB. Disruption of TACI-mTOR interaction by rapamycin, truncation of the MyD88-binding domain of TACI, or B-cell-conditional mTOR deficiency interrupts TACI signaling via NF-κB and cooperation with TLRs, thereby hampering IgG production to T-cell-independent antigens but not B-cell survival. Thus, mTOR drives innate-like antibody responses by linking proximal TACI signaling events with distal immunometabolic transcription programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sintes
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Gentile
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda Garcia-Carmona
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Giuliana Magri
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Linda Cassis
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Daniel Segura-Garzón
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Alessandra Ciociola
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Bascones
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Marc Pybus
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - David Lligé
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Irene Puga
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Cindy Gutzeit
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bing He
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wendy DuBois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Mensa
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | | | - Manel Juan
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Jordi Yagüe
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Sergi Serrano
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Michael Hahne
- Molecular Genetics Institute of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
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Ge F, Wang F, Yan X, Li Z, Wang X. Association of BAFF with PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in lupus nephritis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5793-5798. [PMID: 28849060 PMCID: PMC5865758 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a connective tissue disease characterized by autoimmune inflammation, which leads to specific and nonspecific immune disorders with the formation of various autoantibodies by activated B cells. B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is secreted by macrophages and activated T cells, and is responsible for the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of B cells. However, the mechanism of BAFF involvement in lupus nephritis (LN) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between BAFF and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of LN. In the present study, 18 patients with LN and 20 controls were included. The clinical data were analyzed and plasma levels of BAFF were measured using an ELISA. The mRNA and protein levels of BAFF, phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR in kidney tissues were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Plasma BAFF levels were significantly increased in patients with LN compared with the controls (P<0.001). mRNA and protein levels of BAFF, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR in kidney tissue were significantly increased in patients with LN compared with the controls (all P<0.001). mRNA and protein levels of BAFF in the kidney tissues of patients with LN were positively correlated with the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR. The results of the present study revealed a correlation between BAFF and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and it is hypothesized that they are involved in the pathogenesis of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Ge
- Department of Rheumatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xiuqing Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
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26
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Celhar T, Fairhurst AM. Modelling clinical systemic lupus erythematosus: similarities, differences and success stories. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i88-i99. [PMID: 28013204 PMCID: PMC5410990 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of SLE have been indispensable tools to study disease pathogenesis, to identify genetic susceptibility loci and targets for drug development, and for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. Recent insights into immunological mechanisms of disease progression have boosted a revival in SLE drug development. Despite promising results in mouse studies, many novel drugs have failed to meet clinical end points. This is probably because of the complexity of the disease, which is driven by polygenic predisposition and diverse environmental factors, resulting in a heterogeneous clinical presentation. Each mouse model recapitulates limited aspects of lupus, especially in terms of the mechanism underlying disease progression. The main mouse models have been fairly successful for the evaluation of broad-acting immunosuppressants. However, the advent of targeted therapeutics calls for a selection of the most appropriate model(s) for testing and, ultimately, identification of patients who will be most likely to respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Rawlings DJ, Metzler G, Wray-Dutra M, Jackson SW. Altered B cell signalling in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:421-436. [PMID: 28393923 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has provided new insights into how altered B cell-intrinsic signals - through the B cell receptor (BCR) and key co-receptors - function together to promote the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. These combined signals affect B cells at two distinct stages: first, in the selection of the naive repertoire; and second, during extrafollicular or germinal centre activation responses. Thus, dysregulated signalling can lead to both an altered naive BCR repertoire and the generation of autoantibody-producing B cells. Strikingly, high-affinity autoantibodies predate and predict disease in several autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. This Review summarizes how, rather than being a downstream consequence of autoreactive T cell activation, dysregulated B cell signalling can function as a primary driver of many human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Wray-Dutra
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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28
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Targeting Vaccine-Induced Extrafollicular Pathway of B Cell Differentiation Improves Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02435-16. [PMID: 28148792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02435-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced B cells differentiate along two pathways. The follicular pathway gives rise to germinal centers (GCs) that can take weeks to fully develop. The extrafollicular pathway gives rise to short-lived plasma cells (PCs) that can rapidly secrete protective antibodies within days of vaccination. Rabies virus (RABV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) requires rapid vaccine-induced humoral immunity for protection. Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting extrafollicular B cell responses for activation would improve the speed and magnitude of RABV PEP. To test this hypothesis, we constructed, recovered, and characterized a recombinant RABV-based vaccine expressing murine B cell activating factor (BAFF) (rRABV-mBAFF). BAFF is an ideal molecule to improve early pathways of B cell activation, as it links innate and adaptive immunity, promoting potent B cell responses. Indeed, rRABV-mBAFF induced a faster, higher antibody response in mice and enhanced survivorship in PEP settings compared to rRABV. Interestingly, rRABV-mBAFF and rRABV induced equivalent numbers of GC B cells, suggesting that rRABV-mBAFF augmented the extrafollicular B cell pathway. To confirm that rRABV-mBAFF modulated the extrafollicular pathway, we used a signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP)-deficient mouse model. In response to antigen, SAP-deficient mice form extrafollicular B cell responses but do not generate GCs. rRABV-mBAFF induced similar anti-RABV antibody responses in SAP-deficient and wild-type mice, demonstrating that BAFF modulated immunity through the extrafollicular and not the GC B cell pathway. Collectively, strategies that manipulate pathways of B cell activation may facilitate the development of a single-dose RABV vaccine that replaces current complicated and costly RABV PEP.IMPORTANCE Effective RABV PEP is currently resource- and cost-prohibitive in regions of the world where RABV is most prevalent. In order to diminish the requirements for rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and multiple vaccinations for effective prevention of clinical rabies, a more rapidly protective vaccine is needed. This work presents a successful approach to rapidly generate antibody-secreting PCs in response to vaccination by targeting the extrafollicular B cell pathway. We demonstrate that the improved early antibody responses induced by rRABV-mBAFF confer improved protection against RABV in a PEP model. Significantly, activation of the early extrafollicular B cell pathway, such as that demonstrated here, could improve the efficacy of vaccines targeting other pathogens against which rapid protection would decrease morbidity and mortality.
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29
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Mina-Osorio P. Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases and Application in the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. NEXT-GENERATION THERAPIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7123283 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42252-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current systemic therapies help to improve the symptoms and quality of life for patients with severe life-threatening rheumatic diseases but provide no curative treatment. For the past two decades, preclinical and clinical studies of stem cell transplantation (SCT) have demonstrated tremendous therapeutic potential for patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Herein, the current advances on stem cell therapies, both in animal models and clinical studies, are discussed, with particular attention on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Despite extensive research and promising data, our knowledge on mechanisms of action for SCT, its administration route and timing, the optimal dose of cells, the cells’ fate and distribution in vivo, and the safety and efficacy of the treatments remains limited. Further research on stem cell biology is required to ensure that therapeutic safety and efficacy, as observed in animal models, can be successfully translated in clinical trials. Current understanding, limitations, and future directions for SCT with respect to rheumatic diseases are also discussed.
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30
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Jackson SW, Scharping NE, Jacobs HM, Wang S, Chait A, Rawlings DJ. Cutting Edge: BAFF Overexpression Reduces Atherosclerosis via TACI-Dependent B Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4529-4534. [PMID: 27837104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit accelerated atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. The impact of B cells in atherosclerosis is controversial, with both protective and pathogenic roles described. For example, natural IgM binding conserved oxidized lipid epitopes protect against atherosclerosis, whereas anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) IgG likely promotes disease. Because BAFF promotes B cell class-switch recombination and humoral autoimmunity, we hypothesized that excess BAFF would accelerate atherosclerosis. In contrast, BAFF overexpression markedly reduced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. BAFF-mediated atheroprotection required B cells and was associated with increased protective anti-oxLDL IgM. Surprisingly, high-titer anti-oxLDL IgM production and reduced atherosclerosis was dependent on the BAFF family receptor transmembrane activator and CAML interactor. In summary, we identified a novel role for B cell-specific, BAFF-dependent transmembrane activator and CAML interactor signals in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, of particular relevance to the use of BAFF-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shari Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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31
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Doria A, Gershwin ME, Selmi C. From old concerns to new advances and personalized medicine in lupus: The end of the tunnel is approaching. J Autoimmun 2016; 74:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Franks SE, Getahun A, Hogarth PM, Cambier JC. Targeting B cells in treatment of autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:39-45. [PMID: 27718447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells have emerged as effective targets for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunities in which the ultimate effectors are antibodies, as well as those in which T cells are primary drivers of inflammation. Proof of this principle has come primarily from studies of the efficacy of Rituximab, an anti-CD20 mAb that depletes B cells, in various autoimmune settings. These successes have inspired efforts to develop more effective anti-CD20s tailored for specific needs, as well as biologicals and small molecules that suppress B cell function without the risks inherent in B cell depletion. Here we review the current status of B cell-targeted therapies for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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33
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Metzler G, Kolhatkar NS, Rawlings DJ. BCR and co-receptor crosstalk facilitate the positive selection of self-reactive transitional B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 37:46-53. [PMID: 26605835 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a diverse B cell repertoire requires fine-tuning of antigen receptor selection during development in order to permit sufficient diversity while reducing the potential for autoimmunity. In this review, we highlight recent studies demonstrating the central role of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), in coordination with other key pro-survival signals mediated by CD40, BAFF-R, TACI and/or TLRs, in regulating both negative and positive selection of autoreactive B cells. In particular, we show how altered antigen or co-stimulatory signaling can facilitate positive selection of transitional B cells with self-reactive BCRs, ultimately leading to their entry into the mature, naive B cell compartment. We propose a model wherein altered receptor signals (due to inherited genetic changes) leads: first, to enhanced positive selection of autoreactive cells into the naïve B cell repertoire; subsequently, to an increased probability of pathogenic germinal center responses in individuals with a broad range of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genita Metzler
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.
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34
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Mistry P, Kaplan MJ. Cell death in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:59-73. [PMID: 27519955 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nephritis is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One key characteristic of lupus nephritis (LN) is the deposition of immune complexes containing nucleic acids and/or proteins binding to nucleic acids and autoantibodies recognizing these molecules. A variety of cell death processes are implicated in the generation and externalization of modified nuclear autoantigens and in the development of LN. Among these processes, apoptosis, primary and secondary necrosis, NETosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy have been proposed to play roles in tissue damage and immune dysregulation. Cell death occurs in healthy individuals during conditions of homeostasis yet autoimmunity does not develop, at least in part, because of rapid clearance of dying cells. In SLE, accelerated cell death combined with a clearance deficiency may lead to the accumulation and externalization of nuclear autoantigens and to autoantibody production. In addition, specific types of cell death may modify autoantigens and alter their immunogenicity. These modified molecules may then become novel targets of the immune system and promote autoimmune responses in predisposed hosts. In this review, we examine various cell death pathways and discuss how enhanced cell death, impaired clearance, and post-translational modifications of proteins could contribute to the development of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragnesh Mistry
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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35
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36
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Ding J, Zhang W, Haskett S, Pellerin A, Xu S, Petersen B, Jandreski L, Hamann S, Reynolds TL, Zheng TS, Mingueneau M. BAFF overexpression increases lymphocytic infiltration in Sjögren's target tissue, but only inefficiently promotes ectopic B-cell differentiation. Clin Immunol 2016; 169:69-79. [PMID: 27352977 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels are increased in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). However, BAFF contribution to pathogenesis is not completely understood. In pSS, immune infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands leads to xerostomia and xerophtalmia. Glandular B cell hyperactivation, differentiation into germinal center (GC)-like structures and plasma cell accumulation are histopathological hallmarks that were attributed to increased BAFF. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis by overexpressing BAFF in a mouse model of pSS. BAFF overexpression enhanced lymphocytic infiltration and MHCII expression on B cells. Increased BAFF also induced B cell differentiation into GC B cells within the autoimmune target tissue. However, even in these conditions, GC B cells only accounted for <1% of glandular B cells, demonstrating that BAFF is not efficiently promoting ectopic GC formation in pSS and warranting further investigation of therapeutics targeting both BAFF and the related TNF-family member APRIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Scott Haskett
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Alex Pellerin
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Shanqin Xu
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Britta Petersen
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Luke Jandreski
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Stefan Hamann
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Taylor L Reynolds
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Timothy S Zheng
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Immunology Research, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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37
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Jacobs HM, Thouvenel CD, Leach S, Arkatkar T, Metzler G, Scharping NE, Kolhatkar NS, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Cutting Edge: BAFF Promotes Autoantibody Production via TACI-Dependent Activation of Transitional B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3525-31. [PMID: 27022196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice overexpressing B cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) develop systemic autoimmunity characterized by class-switched anti-nuclear Abs. Transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) signals are critical for BAFF-mediated autoimmunity, but the B cell developmental subsets undergoing TACI-dependent activation in settings of excess BAFF remain unclear. We report that, although surface TACI expression is usually limited to mature B cells, excess BAFF promotes the expansion of TACI-expressing transitional B cells. TACI(+) transitional cells from BAFF-transgenic mice are characterized by an activated, cycling phenotype, and the TACI(+) cell subset is specifically enriched for autoreactivity, expresses activation-induced cytidine deaminase and T-bet, and exhibits evidence of somatic hypermutation. Consistent with a potential contribution to BAFF-mediated humoral autoimmunity, TACI(+) transitional B cells from BAFF-transgenic mice spontaneously produce class-switched autoantibodies ex vivo. These combined findings highlight a novel mechanism through which BAFF promotes humoral autoimmunity via direct, TACI-dependent activation of transitional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Sarah Leach
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | | | - Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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38
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Abstract
Suboptimal trial design and concurrent therapies are thought to account for the unexpected failure of two clinical trials of rituximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, in this Opinion article we propose an alternative explanation: that rituximab can trigger a sequence of events that exacerbates disease in some patients with SLE. Post-rituximab SLE flares that are characterized by high levels of antibodies to double-stranded DNA are associated with elevated circulating BAFF (B-cell-activating factor, also known as TNF ligand superfamily member 13B or BLyS) levels, and a high proportion of plasmablasts within the B-cell pool. BAFF not only perpetuates autoreactive B cells (including plasmablasts), particularly when B-cell numbers are low, but also stimulates T follicular helper (TFH) cells. Moreover, plasmablasts and TFH cells promote each others' formation. Thus, repeated rituximab infusions can result in a feedback loop characterized by ever-rising BAFF levels, surges in autoantibody production and worsening of disease. We argue that B-cell depletion should be swiftly followed by BAFF inhibition in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Ehrenstein
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Charlotte Wing
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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