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Hou WC, Massey LA, Rhoades D, Wu Y, Ren W, Frank C, Overkleeft HS, Kelly JW. A PIKfyve modulator combined with an integrated stress response inhibitor to treat lysosomal storage diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320257121. [PMID: 39150784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320257121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal degradation pathways coordinate the clearance of superfluous and damaged cellular components. Compromised lysosomal degradation is a hallmark of many degenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), which are caused by loss-of-function mutations within both alleles of a lysosomal hydrolase, leading to lysosomal substrate accumulation. Gaucher's disease, characterized by <15% of normal glucocerebrosidase function, is the most common LSD and is a prominent risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease. Here, we show that either of two structurally distinct small molecules that modulate PIKfyve activity, identified in a high-throughput cellular lipid droplet clearance screen, can improve glucocerebrosidase function in Gaucher patient-derived fibroblasts through an MiT/TFE transcription factor that promotes lysosomal gene translation. An integrated stress response (ISR) antagonist used in combination with a PIKfyve modulator further improves cellular glucocerebrosidase activity, likely because ISR signaling appears to also be slightly activated by treatment by either small molecule at the higher doses employed. This strategy of combining a PIKfyve modulator with an ISR inhibitor improves mutant lysosomal hydrolase function in cellular models of additional LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Hou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
| | - Lynée A Massey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
| | - Derek Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
| | - Wen Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
| | - Chiara Frank
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122
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2
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Roy A, DePamphilis ML. Selective Termination of Autophagy-Dependent Cancers. Cells 2024; 13:1096. [PMID: 38994949 PMCID: PMC11240546 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer research is to identify characteristics of cancer cells that allow them to be selectively eliminated without harming the host. One such characteristic is autophagy dependence. Cancer cells survive, proliferate, and metastasize under conditions where normal cells do not. Thus, the requirement in cancer cells for more energy and macromolecular biosynthesis can evolve into a dependence on autophagy for recycling cellular components. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy, as well as different forms of cellular trafficking, is regulated by five phosphoinositides associated with eukaryotic cellular membranes and that the enzymes that synthesize them are prime targets for cancer therapy. For example, PIKFYVE inhibitors rapidly disrupt lysosome homeostasis and suppress proliferation in all cells. However, these inhibitors selectively terminate PIKFYVE-dependent cancer cells and cancer stem cells with not having adverse effect on normal cells. Here, we describe the biochemical distinctions between PIKFYVE-sensitive and -insensitive cells, categorize PIKFYVE inhibitors into four groups that differ in chemical structure, target specificity and efficacy on cancer cells and normal cells, identify the mechanisms by which they selectively terminate autophagy-dependent cancer cells, note their paradoxical effects in cancer immunotherapy, and describe their therapeutic applications against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Roy
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Room 6N105, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-0001, USA;
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Room 4B413, 6 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-2790, USA
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3
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Xia J, Wang H, Zhong Z, Jiang J. Inhibition of PIKfyve Leads to Lysosomal Disorders via Dysregulation of mTOR Signaling. Cells 2024; 13:953. [PMID: 38891085 PMCID: PMC11171791 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PIKfyve is an endosomal lipid kinase that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate from phosphatidylinositol 3-phsphate. Inhibition of PIKfyve activity leads to lysosomal enlargement and cytoplasmic vacuolation, attributed to impaired lysosomal fission processes and homeostasis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain a topic of debate. In this study, we present findings from PIKfyve-deficient zebrafish embryos, revealing enlarged macrophages with giant vacuoles reminiscent of lysosomal storage disorders. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors or effective knockout of mTOR partially reverses these abnormalities and extend the lifespan of mutant larvae. Further in vivo and in vitro mechanistic investigations provide evidence that PIKfyve activity is essential for mTOR shutdown during early zebrafish development and in cells cultured under serum-deprived conditions. These findings underscore the critical role of PIKfyve activity in regulating mTOR signaling and suggest potential therapeutic applications of PIKfyve inhibitors for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.X.); (H.W.)
| | - Haiyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.X.); (H.W.)
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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4
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Lysosomes in senescence and aging. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57265. [PMID: 37811693 PMCID: PMC10626421 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of lysosomes, the primary hydrolytic organelles in animal cells, is frequently associated with aging and age-related diseases. At the cellular level, lysosomal dysfunction is strongly linked to cellular senescence or the induction of cell death pathways. However, the precise mechanisms by which lysosomal dysfunction participates in these various cellular or organismal phenotypes have remained elusive. The ability of lysosomes to degrade diverse macromolecules including damaged proteins and organelles puts lysosomes at the center of multiple cellular stress responses. Lysosomal activity is tightly regulated by many coordinated cellular processes including pathways that function inside and outside of the organelle. Here, we collectively classify these coordinated pathways as the lysosomal processing and adaptation system (LYPAS). We review evidence that the LYPAS is upregulated by diverse cellular stresses, its adaptability regulates senescence and cell death decisions, and it can form the basis for therapeutic manipulation for a wide range of age-related diseases and potentially for aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Xiaojun Tan
- Aging InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
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5
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Barlow-Busch I, Shaw AL, Burke JE. PI4KA and PIKfyve: Essential phosphoinositide signaling enzymes involved in myriad human diseases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 83:102207. [PMID: 37453227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid phosphoinositides are master regulators of multiple cellular functions. Misregulation of the activity of the lipid kinases that generate phosphoinositides is causative of human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, developmental disorders, immunodeficiencies, and inflammatory disease. This review will present a summary of recent discoveries on the roles of two phosphoinositide kinases (PI4KA and PIKfyve), which have emerged as targets for therapeutic intervention. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha (PI4KA) generates PI4P at the plasma membrane and PIKfyve generates PI(3,5)P2 at endo-lysosomal membranes. Both of these enzymes exist as multi-protein mega complexes that are under myriad levels of regulation. Human disease can be caused by either loss or gain-of-function of these complexes, so understanding how they are regulated will be essential in the design of therapeutics. We will summarize insight into how these enzymes are regulated by their protein-binding partners, with a major focus on the unanswered questions of how their activity is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Barlow-Busch
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Alexandria L Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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Roy A, Chakraborty AR, Nomanbhoy T, DePamphilis ML. PIP5K1C phosphoinositide kinase deficiency distinguishes PIKFYVE-dependent cancer cells from non-malignant cells. Autophagy 2023:1-21. [PMID: 36803256 PMCID: PMC10392749 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2182594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although PIKFYVE phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors can selectively eliminate PIKFYVE-dependent human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, the basis for this selectivity has remained elusive. Here we show that the sensitivity of cells to the PIKFYVE inhibitor WX8 is not linked to PIKFYVE expression, macroautophagic/autophagic flux, the BRAFV600E mutation, or ambiguous inhibitor specificity. PIKFYVE dependence results from a deficiency in the PIP5K1C phosphoinositide kinase, an enzyme required for conversion of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) into phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns[4,5]P2/PIP2), a phosphoinositide associated with lysosome homeostasis, endosome trafficking, and autophagy. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is produced via two independent pathways. One requires PIP5K1C; the other requires PIKFYVE and PIP4K2C to convert PtdIns3P into PtdIns(4,5)P2. In PIKFYVE-dependent cells, low concentrations of WX8 specifically inhibit PIKFYVE in situ, thereby increasing the level of its substrate PtdIns3P while suppressing PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis and inhibiting lysosome function and cell proliferation. At higher concentrations, WX8 inhibits both PIKFYVE and PIP4K2C in situ, which amplifies these effects to further disrupt autophagy and induce cell death. WX8 did not alter PtdIns4P levels. Consequently, inhibition of PIP5K1C in WX8-resistant cells transformed them into sensitive cells, and overexpression of PIP5K1C in WX8-sensitive cells increased their resistance to WX8. This discovery suggests that PIKFYVE-dependent cancers could be identified clinically by low levels of PIP5K1C and treated with PIKFYVE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Roy
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arup R Chakraborty
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Somogyi A, Kirkham ED, Lloyd-Evans E, Winston J, Allen ND, Mackrill JJ, Anderson KE, Hawkins PT, Gardiner SE, Waller-Evans H, Sims R, Boland B, O'Neill C. The synthetic TRPML1 agonist ML-SA1 rescues Alzheimer-related alterations of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259875. [PMID: 36825945 PMCID: PMC10112969 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) system are an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are unclear. The transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1(TRPML1, also known as MCOLN1), a vital endosomal-lysosomal Ca2+ channel whose loss of function leads to neurodegeneration, has not been investigated with respect to EAL pathogenesis in late-onset AD (LOAD). Here, we identify pathological hallmarks of TRPML1 dysregulation in LOAD neurons, including increased perinuclear clustering and vacuolation of endolysosomes. We reveal that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human cortical neurons expressing APOE ε4, the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, have significantly diminished TRPML1-induced endolysosomal Ca2+ release. Furthermore, we found that blocking TRPML1 function in primary neurons by depleting the TRPML1 agonist PI(3,5)P2 via PIKfyve inhibition, recreated multiple features of EAL neuropathology evident in LOAD. This included increased endolysosomal Ca2+ content, enlargement and perinuclear clustering of endolysosomes, autophagic vesicle accumulation and early endosomal enlargement. Strikingly, these AD-like neuronal EAL defects were rescued by TRPML1 reactivation using its synthetic agonist ML-SA1. These findings implicate defects in TRPML1 in LOAD EAL pathogenesis and present TRPML1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Somogyi
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily D Kirkham
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Jincy Winston
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen E Anderson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Sian E Gardiner
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, C14 4XN Cardiff, UK
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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8
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Hung ST, Linares GR, Chang WH, Eoh Y, Krishnan G, Mendonca S, Hong S, Shi Y, Santana M, Kueth C, Macklin-Isquierdo S, Perry S, Duhaime S, Maios C, Chang J, Perez J, Couto A, Lai J, Li Y, Alworth SV, Hendricks E, Wang Y, Zlokovic BV, Dickman DK, Parker JA, Zarnescu DC, Gao FB, Ichida JK. PIKFYVE inhibition mitigates disease in models of diverse forms of ALS. Cell 2023; 186:786-802.e28. [PMID: 36754049 PMCID: PMC10062012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that results from many diverse genetic causes. Although therapeutics specifically targeting known causal mutations may rescue individual types of ALS, these approaches cannot treat most cases since they have unknown genetic etiology. Thus, there is a pressing need for therapeutic strategies that rescue multiple forms of ALS. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of PIKFYVE kinase activates an unconventional protein clearance mechanism involving exocytosis of aggregation-prone proteins. Reducing PIKFYVE activity ameliorates ALS pathology and extends survival of animal models and patient-derived motor neurons representing diverse forms of ALS including C9ORF72, TARDBP, FUS, and sporadic. These findings highlight a potential approach for mitigating ALS pathogenesis that does not require stimulating macroautophagy or the ubiquitin-proteosome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Hung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Yunsun Eoh
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gopinath Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Sarah Hong
- AcuraStem Incorporated, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Yingxiao Shi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Manuel Santana
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chuol Kueth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Sarah Perry
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sarah Duhaime
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Maios
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Joscany Perez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Alexander Couto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse Lai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Eric Hendricks
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dion K Dickman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - J Alex Parker
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela C Zarnescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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9
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Rodrigues Martins D, Vandermeeren M, Van Kolen K, Brepoels E, Borgers M, Wintmolders C, Delay C, Bottelbergs A, Mercken M, Theunis C. Development and Characterization of Mouse-Specific Anti-Tau Monoclonal Antibodies: Relevance for Analysis of Murine Tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:151-167. [PMID: 36970909 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clearance of tau seeds by immunization with tau antibodies is currently evaluated as therapeutic strategy to block the spreading of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Preclinical evaluation of passive immunotherapy is performed in different cellular culture systems and in wild-type and human tau transgenic mouse models. Depending on the preclinical model used, tau seeds or induced aggregates can either be of mouse, human or mixed origin. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop human and mouse tau-specific antibodies to discriminate between the endogenous tau and the introduced form in preclinical models. METHODS Using hybridoma technology, we developed human and mouse tau-specific antibodies that were then used to develop several assays to specifically detect mouse tau. RESULTS Four antibodies, mTau3, mTau5, mTau8, and mTau9, with a high degree of specificity for mouse tau were identified. Additionally, their potential application in highly sensitive immunoassays to measure tau in mouse brain homogenate and cerebrospinal fluid is illustrated, as well as their application for specific endogenous mouse tau aggregation detection. CONCLUSION The antibodies reported here can be very important tools to better interpret the results obtained from different model systems as well as to study the role of endogenous tau in tau aggregation and pathology observed in the diverse mouse models available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Rodrigues Martins
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eddy Brepoels
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marianne Borgers
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Delay
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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10
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Ferreira A, Royaux I, Liu J, Wang Z, Su G, Moechars D, Callewaert N, De Muynck L. The 3-O sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans contributes to the cellular internalization of tau aggregates. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:61. [PMID: 36564747 PMCID: PMC9789671 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the high correlation between the functional decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the propagation of aggregated tau protein, many research efforts are focused on determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of tau spreading. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were reported to mediate cellular uptake of tau aggregates. Specifically, the heparan sulfates (HS) sulfation plays a critical role in the interaction of HSPGs with aggregated tau. HS can be N-/2-O/6-O- or 3-O-sulfated, some of which have been reported to take part in the interaction with tau aggregates. However, the role of the 3-O sulfation remains enigmatic. RESULTS Here, we studied the contribution of HS 3-O sulfation in the binding and cellular uptake of tau aggregates. We observed reduced tau aggregates uptake in absence of 3-O sulfation or when outcompeting available cellular 3-O sulfated HS (3S-HS) with antithrombin III. The lack of HS3ST1-generated HS products in the HS3ST1-/- cells was further corroborated with an LC-MS/MS using 13C-labeled HS calibrants. Here, we showed that these functional changes can be explained by a higher affinity of aggregated tau to 3S-HS. When targeting tau aggregates with 3-O sulfation-containing HS, we observed an increase in inhibition of tau aggregates uptake. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that HS 3-O sulfation plays a role in the binding of tau aggregates and, thus, contributes to their cellular uptake, highlighting a potential target value to modulate tau pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ferreira
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Royaux
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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11
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Burke JE, Triscott J, Emerling BM, Hammond GRV. Beyond PI3Ks: targeting phosphoinositide kinases in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 22:357-386. [PMID: 36376561 PMCID: PMC9663198 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid phosphoinositides are master regulators of almost all aspects of a cell's life and death and are generated by the tightly regulated activity of phosphoinositide kinases. Although extensive efforts have focused on drugging class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), recent years have revealed opportunities for targeting almost all phosphoinositide kinases in human diseases, including cancer, immunodeficiencies, viral infection and neurodegenerative disease. This has led to widespread efforts in the clinical development of potent and selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide kinases. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular basis for the involvement of phosphoinositide kinases in disease and assesses the preclinical and clinical development of phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Burke
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanna Triscott
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brooke M. Emerling
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Gerald R. V. Hammond
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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12
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Polanco JC, Götz J. Exosomal and vesicle-free tau seeds-propagation and convergence in endolysosomal permeabilization. FEBS J 2022; 289:6891-6907. [PMID: 34092031 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), β-amyloid peptides aggregate to form amyloid plaques, and the microtubule-associated protein tau forms neurofibrillary tangles. However, severity and duration of AD correlate with the stereotypical emergence of tau tangles throughout the brain, suggestive of a gradual region-to-region spreading of pathological tau. The current notion in the field is that misfolded tau seeds propagate transsynaptically and corrupt the proper folding of soluble tau in recipient neurons. This is supported by accumulating evidence showing that in AD, functional connectivity and not proximity predicts the spreading of tau pathology. Tau seeds can be found in two flavors, vesicle-free, that is, naked as in oligomers and fibrils, or encapsulated by membranes of secreted vesicles known as exosomes. Both types of seeds have been shown to propagate between interconnected neurons. Here, we describe potential ways of how their propagation can be controlled in several subcellular compartments by manipulating mechanisms affecting production, neuron-to-neuron transmission, internalization, endosomal escape, and autophagy. We emphasize that although vesicle-free tau seeds and exosomes differ, they share the ability to trigger endolysosomal permeabilization. Such a mechanistic convergence in endolysosomal permeabilization presents itself as a unique opportunity to target both types of tau seeding. We discuss the cellular response to endolysosomal damage that might be key to control permeabilization, and the significant overlap in the seeding mechanism of proteopathic agents other than tau, which suggests that targeting the endolysosomal pathway could pave the way toward developing broad-spectrum treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Polanco
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Drewry DH, Potjewyd FM, Bayati A, Smith JL, Dickmander RJ, Howell S, Taft-Benz S, Min SM, Hossain MA, Heise M, McPherson PS, Moorman NJ, Axtman AD. Identification and Utilization of a Chemical Probe to Interrogate the Roles of PIKfyve in the Lifecycle of β-Coronaviruses. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12860-12882. [PMID: 36111834 PMCID: PMC9574855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
From a designed library of indolyl pyrimidinamines, we
identified
a highly potent and cell-active chemical probe (17) that
inhibits phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve). Comprehensive
evaluation of inhibitor selectivity confirmed that this PIKfyve probe
demonstrates excellent kinome-wide selectivity. A structurally related
indolyl pyrimidinamine (30) was characterized as a negative
control that lacks PIKfyve inhibitory activity and exhibits exquisite
selectivity when profiled broadly. Chemical probe 17 disrupts
multiple phases of the lifecycle of β-coronaviruses: viral replication
and viral entry. The diverse antiviral roles of PIKfyve have not been
previously probed comprehensively in a single study or using the same
compound set. Our scaffold is a distinct chemotype that lacks the
canonical morpholine hinge-binder of classical lipid kinase inhibitors
and has a non-overlapping kinase off-target profile with known PIKfyve
inhibitors. Our chemical probe set can be used by the community to
further characterize the role of PIKfyve in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frances M. Potjewyd
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Armin Bayati
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jeffery L. Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J. Dickmander
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stefanie Howell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sharon Taft-Benz
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sophia M. Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark Heise
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter S. McPherson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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14
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Rivero-Ríos P, Weisman LS. Roles of PIKfyve in multiple cellular pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102086. [PMID: 35584589 PMCID: PMC9108489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide signaling lipids are crucial for eukaryotes and regulate many aspects of cell function. These signaling molecules are difficult to study because they are extremely low abundance. Here, we focus on two of the lowest abundance phosphoinositides, PI(3,5)P2 and PI(5)P, which play critical roles in cellular homeostasis, membrane trafficking and transcription. Their levels are tightly regulated by a protein complex that includes PIKfyve, Fig4 and Vac14. Importantly, mutations in this complex that decrease PI(3,5)P2 and PI(5)P are linked to human diseases, especially those of the nervous system. Paradoxically, PIKfyve inhibitors which decrease PI(3,5)P2 and PI(5)P, are currently being tested for some neurodegenerative diseases, as well as other diverse diseases including some cancers, and as a treatment for SARS-CoV2 infection. A more comprehensive picture of the pathways that are regulated by PIKfyve will be critical to understand the roles of PI(3,5)P2 and PI(5)P in normal human physiology and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivero-Ríos
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Tuck BJ, Miller LVC, Katsinelos T, Smith AE, Wilson EL, Keeling S, Cheng S, Vaysburd MJ, Knox C, Tredgett L, Metzakopian E, James LC, McEwan WA. Cholesterol determines the cytosolic entry and seeded aggregation of tau. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110776. [PMID: 35508140 PMCID: PMC9108550 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assemblies of tau can transit between neurons, seeding aggregation in a prion-like manner. To accomplish this, tau must cross cell-limiting membranes, a process that is poorly understood. Here, we establish assays for the study of tau entry into the cytosol as a phenomenon distinct from uptake, in real time, and at physiological concentrations. The entry pathway of tau is cell type specific and, in neurons, highly sensitive to cholesterol. Depletion of the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick type C1 or extraction of membrane cholesterol renders neurons highly permissive to tau entry and potentiates seeding even at low levels of exogenous tau assemblies. Conversely, cholesterol supplementation reduces entry and almost completely blocks seeded aggregation. Our findings establish entry as a rate-limiting step to seeded aggregation and demonstrate that dysregulated cholesterol, a feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, potentiates tau aggregation by promoting entry of tau assemblies into the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tuck
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
| | - Lauren V C Miller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Taxiarchis Katsinelos
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Annabel E Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Emma L Wilson
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Sophie Keeling
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Shi Cheng
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Marina J Vaysburd
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Claire Knox
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lucy Tredgett
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - William A McEwan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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16
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Synergistic Block of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Combined Drug Inhibition of the Host Entry Factors PIKfyve Kinase and TMPRSS2 Protease. J Virol 2021; 95:e0097521. [PMID: 34406858 PMCID: PMC8513479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00975-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing FDA-approved inhibitors able to prevent infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could provide a rapid path to establish new therapeutic options to mitigate the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proteolytic cleavages of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, mediated by the host cell proteases cathepsin and TMPRSS2, alone or in combination, are key early activation steps required for efficient infection. The PIKfyve kinase inhibitor apilimod interferes with late endosomal viral traffic and through an ill-defined mechanism prevents in vitro infection through late endosomes mediated by cathepsin. Similarly, inhibition of TMPRSS2 protease activity by camostat mesylate or nafamostat mesylate prevents infection mediated by the TMPRSS2-dependent and cathepsin-independent pathway. Here, we combined the use of apilimod with camostat mesylate or nafamostat mesylate and found an unexpected ∼5- to 10-fold increase in their effectiveness to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in different cell types. Comparable synergism was observed using both a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing S of SARS-CoV-2 (VSV-SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-2. The substantial ∼5-fold or higher decrease of the half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) suggests a plausible treatment strategy based on the combined use of these inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) global pandemic. There are ongoing efforts to uncover effective antiviral agents that could mitigate the severity of the disease by controlling the ensuing viral replication. Promising candidates include small molecules that inhibit the enzymatic activities of host proteins, thus preventing SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection. They include apilimod, an inhibitor of PIKfyve kinase, and camostat mesylate and nafamostat mesylate, inhibitors of TMPRSS2 protease. Our research is significant for having uncovered an unexpected synergism in the effective inhibitory activity of apilimod used together with camostat mesylate or nafamostat mesylate.
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17
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Kreutzberger AJ, Sanyal A, Ojha R, Pyle JD, Vapalahti O, Balistreri G, Kirchhausen T. Synergistic block of SARS-CoV-2 infection by combined drug inhibition of the host entry factors PIKfyve kinase and TMPRSS2 protease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.06.01.446623. [PMID: 34100014 PMCID: PMC8183009 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.01.446623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Repurposing FDA-approved inhibitors able to prevent infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could provide a rapid path to establish new therapeutic options to mitigate the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proteolytic cleavages of the spike S protein of SARS-CoV-2, mediated by the host cell proteases cathepsin and TMPRSS2, alone or in combination, are key early activation steps required for efficient infection. The PIKfyve kinase inhibitor apilimod interferes with late endosomal viral traffic, and through an ill-defined mechanism prevents in vitro infection through late endosomes mediated by cathepsin. Similarly, inhibition of TMPRSS2 protease activity by camostat mesylate or nafamostat mesylate prevents infection mediated by the TMPRSS2-dependent and cathepsin-independent pathway. Here, we combined the use of apilimod with camostat mesylate or nafamostat mesylate and found an unexpected ~5-10-fold increase in their effectiveness to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in different cell types. Comparable synergism was observed using both, a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing S of SARS-CoV-2 (VSV-SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-2 virus. The substantial ~5-fold or more decrease of half maximal effective concentrations (EC50 values) suggests a plausible treatment strategy based on the combined use of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J.B. Kreutzberger
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Av, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 200 Longwood Av, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Av, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 200 Longwood Av, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesse D. Pyle
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Av, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 200 Longwood Av, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Lakkaraju AKK, Frontzek K, Lemes E, Herrmann U, Losa M, Marpakwar R, Aguzzi A. Loss of PIKfyve drives the spongiform degeneration in prion diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14714. [PMID: 34291577 PMCID: PMC8518562 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain‐matter vacuolation is a defining trait of all prion diseases, yet its cause is unknown. Here, we report that prion infection and prion‐mimetic antibodies deplete the phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve—which controls endolysosomal maturation—from mouse brains, cultured cells, organotypic brain slices, and brains of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease victims. We found that PIKfyve is acylated by the acyltransferases zDHHC9 and zDHHC21, whose juxtavesicular topology is disturbed by prion infection, resulting in PIKfyve deacylation and rapid degradation, as well as endolysosomal hypertrophy and activation of TFEB‐dependent lysosomal enzymes. A protracted unfolded protein response (UPR), typical of prion diseases, also induced PIKfyve deacylation and degradation. Conversely, UPR antagonists restored PIKfyve levels in prion‐infected cells. Overexpression of zDHHC9 and zDHHC21, administration of the antiprion polythiophene LIN5044, or supplementation with the PIKfyve reaction product PI(3,5)P2 suppressed prion‐induced vacuolation and restored lysosomal homeostasis. Thus, PIKfyve emerges as a central mediator of vacuolation and neurotoxicity in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emina Lemes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uli Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Losa
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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